JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED VOLUME 45 (1962) PART 4 PUBLISHED 14TH DECEMBER, 1962 REGISTERED AT THE G.P.O., PERTH FOR TRANSMISSION BY POST AS A PERIODICAL THE ROYAL SOCIETY OP WESTERN AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED COUNCIL 1962-1963 President Past President Vice-Presidents Joint Hon. Secretaries Hon. Treasurer Hon. Librarian Hon. Editor W. D. L. Ride, M.A., D.Phil. J. E. Glover, B.Sc., Ph.D. C. F. H. Jenkins, M.A. W. R. Wallace, Dip. For. Margaret E. Redman, B.Sc. C. V. Malcolm, B.Sc. (Agric.). R. P. J. Pillow, Dip. P.T.C. Ariadna Neumann, B.A. J. E. Glover, B.Sc., Ph.D. N. H. Brittan, B.Sc., Ph.D. R. W. George, B.Sc., Ph.D. J. G. Kay, B.Sc. R. J. Little. D. Merrilees, B.Sc. R. T. Prider, B.Sc., Ph.D., M.Aust.I.M.M., F.G.S. R. D. Royce, B.Sc. (Agric.). L. W. Samuel, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.I.C., F.R.A.C.I Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia Vol. 45 Part 4 9. — Amosopollis cruciformis gen. et sp. nov., a Pollen Tetrad from the Cretaceous of Western Australia By Isabel C. Cookson* and B. E. Balmef Manuscript received — 20th March, 1962 Amosopollis cruciformis gen. et sp. nov., an obligate tetrad of monosulcate pollen grains, is described from Lower and early Upper Cretaceous sediments in the Perth Basin, Western Austra- lia. The species is of unknown affinities, but occurs also in Cretaceous sediments from Vic- toria and appears to have stratigraphical im- portance. Introduction Rich assemblages of spores, pollen grains, hys- trichosphaerids and dinoflagellates are known to occur in marine Cretaceous sediments which underlie the Molecap Greensand in the southern part of the Perth Basin, Western Australia. These strata, which are frequently glauconitic, do not outcrop and have, so far, yielded no identifiable megafossils. Their detailed stratigraphy is poorly known but they are at present correlated in a general way with the Osborne Formation, the type section of which occurs between 180 feet and 438 feet in the King Edward Street Bore, Osborne Park (McWhae, Playford, Lind- ner, Glenister and Balme 1958). Microplankton species from the Osborne Formation and its probable equivalents have been described in two recent papers (Cookson and Eisenack 1958, Cook- son and Eisenack 1960), and from the evidence of the dinoflagellate suites, the formation is mainly of Albian-Cenomanian age. No detailed account of the palynology of the Osborne Forma- tion has been published although Cookson (1961) has described Hoegisporis lenticulifera Cookson a distinctive plant microfossil which occurs in small numbers in most samples from the unit. Microfloras from the Osborne Formation are characterised by a variety of species of Gleiche- niidites, and most of the other forms present are trilete spores or saccate pollen grains, which do not differ obviously from species known to occur in early Cretaceous and late Jurassic sediments. Most assemblages, however, contain numerous specimens of an unusual tetrad of monosulcate pollen grains, which has not been recognised in older strata, and which appears to have strati- graphical importance, at least in Western Aus- tralia. The purpose of the present note is form- ally to name and describe this plant microfossil. * Department of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville N.2., Victoria. t Department of Geology, University of Western Aus- tralia, Nedlands, Western Australia. (2) — 60377 Storage of Material The holotype and two of the paratypes are stored in the collections of the National Museum of Victoria (N.M.V.) and the third paratype is lodged in the general collection of the Depart- ment of Geology, University of Western Austra- lia (U.W.A.). A bulk sample of the type ma- terial is also retained in the latter repository. Systematic Description Genus Amosopollis gen. nov. Type species. — Amosopollis cruciformis sp. nov., Cretaceous, Perth Basin, Western Australia. Diagnosis. — Pollen grains prolate, in obligate, tight, tetragonal or slightly rhomboidal tetrads. A broad, usually ragged, gaping longitudinal sulcus extends the full length of the distal face. Exine thin, surface finely granulate. Total diameter in lateral view 39-60 p. Remarks and comparisons. — United tetrads of colpate or porate pollen grains have been illus- trated, mainly from Tertiary sediments, in many publications. The majority of forms described have been referred by their authors to living genera (e.g. Traverse 1955) or to broad form categories such as Pollenites (e.g. R. Potonie 1934). Pflug and Thomson (in Thomson and Pflug 1953) created the genus Tetradopollenites with the brief diagnosis “Pollen zu vieren vere- inigt” and cited as the type species Pollenites ericius R. Potonie. Subsequently, the name Tet- radopollenites has been used as a broad category to include Classopollis tetrads (Lantz 1958), pollen resembling that of Typha (Deak 1960) and tricolpate pollens of uncertain affinities (Traverse 1955). Obviously the original diagnosis of Tetradopollenites was insufficiently precise, by modern standards, and it is inadvisable to ex- tend its usage until the definition is amended. Few of the existing generic names for obligate tetrads have undoubted validity. An exception is Ricciisporites Lundblad (= Tetradosulcites Erdtman), a species known to occur in the Rhaeto-Liassic of Sweden (Lundblad 1959) and the Liassic of Greenland (Erdtman 1954). A distal sulcus is present in Ricciisporites but the type species (R. tuberculatus Lundb.) has a thick, heavily clavate exine and is considerably larger than Amosopollis. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6 PLATE I Amosopollis cruciformis Cookson and Balme . — Reconstruction of mature pollen tetrad in polar view. 1200x. '• — Paratype U.W.A. Slide 47764 Lateral view optical section. 940x. . — Holotype N.M.V. Slide P21365. Lateral view. 1200x .—Paratype N.M.V. Slide P21367. Lateral view showing coarse grana along the margins of the distal sulcus 940x Paratype N.M.V. Slide P21366 940x. b e Q1SUU suicus. y*ux. . — Specimen from Fremantle Traffic Bridge No. 2 Bore, 98 144 ft., showing surface texture in high focus. 1200x. Amosopollis cruciformis sp. nov. Plate 1, Pigs. 1-6 Holotype: N.M.V. Slide P21365. Paratypes: N.M.V. Slides P21366 and P21367, U.W.A. Slide 47764. Description. — Holotype preserved in lateral view, consisting of prolate pollen grains united in a slightly rhomboidal tetrad. Exine about ly. thick, finely granulate, grana less than ly in diameter except along the margins of the distal sulcus where grana up to 3y in diameter may be distinguished. Gaping longitudinal, ragged sulcus extending the full length of the dis_tal face. Total width of holotype 52,u x 52y, polar diameter of individual grains 26 - 27^. In paratypes P21366 and P21367 the develop- ment of coarser grana along the margins of the distal sulcus can be clearly seen. These localized coarse grana are characteristic of Amosopollis cruciformis , although it is uncertain whether they represent true sculptural elements or gen- eral breakdown of the exine during dehiscence. Dimensions. — Total diameter in lateral view 39 - 60/x; length of individual grains 26 - 43^ (20 measured specimens). Locus typicus. — West Australian Petroleum Pty., Ltd., seismic shot hole Bl, 4 miles north of Gingin, Western Australia. Dark green, glau- conitic, sandy shale from 190 - 220 ft. (Sample U.W.A. 43985). ? Albian-Cenomanian (Cookson and Eisenack 1960). Known stratigraphic range in Western Aus- tralia. — Albian (perhaps late Aptian) — Ceno- manian. Remarks . — Amosopollis cruciformis is easily recognised even in poor states of preservation, and has been found in almost all samples from the Osborne Formation and its presumed corre- latives. It is seldom common, but its form is sufficiently distinctive to enable its easy recog- nition in low concentrations. It would be un- wise to speculate as to the affinities of Amo- sopollis cruciformis. Morphographically it re- sembles in some ways the pollen of certain liv- ing monocotyledons, but an angiospermous origin seems unlikely from the evidence of its associated microfossils. None of the other microfloral ele- ments in assemblages from the Osborne Forma- tion suggests an angiosperm component in the Albian-Cenomanian floras of south-west West- ern Australia. Distribution Perth Basin Perth Area . — The species has been recorded from sediments of ? Albian-Cenomanian age (upper part of the Osborne Formation) in King Edward Street Bore, Osborne Park, 265-295 ft.: Roberts Rd. Bore, Osborne Park, 470-490 ft.: Subiaco Bore, 358 ft., 436 ft.: Powerhouse Bore, East Perth, 478 ft. It has also been recorded in sediments of Albian or uppermost Aptian age (lower part of the Osborne Formation) in the Powerhouse Bore, East Perth, 590 ft., 640 ft. Fremantle District . — It has been recorded from the ? Albian-Cenomanian rocks in Attadale Bore, 104 ft., 164 ft., 354 ft., 428 ft., 479 ft.: Fremantle Traffic Bridge No. 2 Bore, 114 ft., 144 ft., 168 ft., 173 ft.: Fremantle Traffic Bridge No. 5 Bore, 100 ft.: Hampden Rd. Bore, 398-430 ft.; and from rocks of Albian or uppermost Aptian age in Attadale Bore, 529 ft., 539 ft.: Fremantle Traffic Bridge No. 2 Bore, 220-230 ft.: Jandakot Bore, 450 ft. Otway Basin, Victoria The species has been recorded from Frome- Broken Hill Co.’s Port Campbell No. 1 Bore, 5,705-5,708 ft., 5,931-5,934 ft.; Port Campbell No. 2 Bore, 7,403-7,408 ft., 7,904-7,913 ft., 7,913-7,930 ft., 8,174-8,182 ft.; Port Campbell No. 3 Bore, 4,676-4,693 ft., 4,781-4,792 ft.; Flax- mans Hill No. 1 Bore, 6,375-6,391 ft., 6,663 ft., 7,200 It. References Cookson, I. C. (1961). — Hoegisporis, a new Australian Cretaceous form genus. Palaeontology 3: 485-486. Cookson, I. C. and Eisenack, A. (1958). — Microplankton from Australian and New Guinea upper Mesozoic sediments. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 70: 19-78. Cookson, I. C. and Eisenack, A. (1960). — Microplankton from Australian Cretaceous sediments. Micropaleontology 6: 1-18. Deak, M. (I960). — A Bakony-Hegyseg bauxittelepeinek palynologiai vizsgalata. Foldtani Kozl. 90: 125-131. Erdtman, G. (1954). — Some remarks on terms, diagnoses, classification and methods in palynology. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 48: 471-484. Lantz, J. (1958). — Etude palynologique de quelques echantillons Mesozoiques du Dorset (Grande Bretagne). Rev. Inst. Franc. Petrole 13: 917-943. Lundblad, B. (1959). — On Ricciisporites tuberculatus and its occurrence in certain strata of the “Hollviken II” boring in S.W. Scania. Grana Palyn. 2: 1-10. McWhae, J. R. H., Playford, P. E., Lindner, A. W., Glen- ister, B. F. and Balme, B. E. (1958). — The Stratigraphy of Western Australia. J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 4: 1-161. Potonie, R. (1934). — Zur Mikrobotanik des eozanen Humodils des Geiseltales. Arb. Inst. Palaob. u. Petrog. Brennsteine 4: 26-125. Thomson, P. W. and Pflug, H. (1953). — Pollen und Sporen des mitteleuropaischen Tertiars. Palaeontographica 94B: 1-138. Traverse, A. (1955). — Pollen analysis of the Brandon Lignite of Vermont. U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 5151: 1-107. 99 10. — Description of Panulirus cygnus sp. nov., the Commercial Crayfish (or Spiny Lobster) of Western Australia By R. W. George* Manuscript received — 19th June, 1962 The Western Australian commercial crayfish has been compared with topotypical material of Panulirus longipes (from Zanzibar) and P. japonicus (from Japan) from both of which it is distinctive. It is therefore described as a new species — Panulirus cygnus. Notes on the biology and life history (including descriptions of the puerulus and some phyllosoma stages) are given. Introduction In 1934, Mr. L. Glauert, former Director of the Western Australian Museum, doubting the iden- tification of Panulirus penicillatus given by Dakin (1919) for the Western Australian crayfish, sent a specimen of it to Dr. Isabella Gordon at the British Museum. After using an unpublished key of Dr. W. T. Caiman, Dr. Gordon replied: “It appears to belong to P. longipes M. Edw.” (in litt. 27.ix.1934). As a result of that identifica- tion, the name Panulirus longipes (Milne Ed- wards) 1868 has been applied to this species in fishery reports (Sheard 1949, 1954; Taylor 1956; George 1957, 1958) and for the purpose of Fish- eries Regulations since that time. Some doubt about this identification was expressed by Sheard (1949, p. 10) but since he had no specimens from other localities with which to make satisfactory comparisons, he thought it “better to retain the name Panulirus longipes for the Western Austra- lian commercial species”. The Western Austra- lian population is different from P. longipes and from all other species of spiny lobster. Recent work by Dr. L. B. Holthuis and myself has indicated that a full revision of the P. japo- nicus - P. longipes complex of Palinuridae is needed. Such a revision will soon be presented jointly by us. In view of the requirements of fisheries workers for a name for the Western Australian form for use in its rapidly increasing literature it has been decided that this descrip- tion be published immediately. Genus Panulirus White Marine crayfish with long flagellae on the antennules; dorsally smooth supraorbital horns, endopod of pleopod of second abdominal seg- ment of female without stylamblys, antennal base with striaulating organ, carapace cylindrical (after Holthuis 1946). Panulirus cygnust sp.nov. Panulirus penicillatus; Dakin 1919. Panulirus longipes; Anon. 1936; Glauert 1936; Beck and Sheard 1949; Sheard 1949, 1950, 1954; Sheard and Dicks 1949; Kubo 1954 (part); George 1957, 1958; Hodg- kin, Marsh and Smith 1959; Ride and Serventy 1961. ♦ Western Australian Museum, Beaufort Street, Perth, Western Australia. t This name was selected since the Swan is Western Australia’s emblem. Diagnosis A species of Panulirus with uninterrupted ab- dominal grooves each continuous with corre- sponding pleural groove, with unmarked reddish carapace, spotted abdomen and without endopod on pleopod of second abdominal segment of male. Material Examined Holotype. (Plate I) Adult male 104 mm cara- pace length %, measured in the mid-line from the anterior transverse ridge between the supraorbi- tal horns to the posterior margin of the carapace. Total length 290 mm (to end of telson) W.A..M. 90-62. Collector R. W. George 13.xi.1961. Paratypes. 41 males (13 to 119.7 mm c.l.), 53 females (9 to 120 mm c.l.), 2 specimens sex in- determinate (8.3 and 8.4 c.l.) from between lati- tudes 21°45'S. and 32°16'S. at North West Cape (21°45'S. 114°10 / E.), Point Cloates, Dirk Hartogs I., Abrolhos I., Geraldton, Dongara, Beagle I., Cervantes I., Green I., Lancelin I., Yanchep, Quinns Rocks, Rottnest I., Fremantle, Garden I., Point Peron (32°16'S. 115°41'E.). W.A.M. 9319, 257/60-37, 64/5-53, 40/1-58, 51-58, 53/4-58, 69-58, 91/125-62; R.M.N.H. (Leiden) D 13107. Type locality. Radar Reef, Rottnest Island, Western Australia (32°00'S. 115°30'E.), in reef pool at depth of 1 metre. Description of Adult Holotype. — In addition to features characteris- tic of Panulirus described above, flagellum of exopod of third maxilliped multiarticulate (Fig. la) and reaches to level of middle of merus. Single uninterrupted transverse groove to ter- gum of each abdominal segment (Plate I) (on the basis of these two features, P. cygnus keys out to either P. japonicus , e.g. Barnard 1950, p. 547 or to P. Icngipes, e.g. Sheard 1949, p. 41 and Kubo 1954, p. 96). Antennular plate with 7 spines arranged in two posteriorly diverging rows (4 in the right row, 3 in the left row) be- hind the principal pair (Fig. Id). Transverse grooves of second to fifth abdominal segments joined to and continuous with corresponding pleural groove (Plate II, Fig. 2); grooves covered by fringe of setae. Posterior half of each ab- dominal tergum with transverse band of short erect setae, decreasing in abundance on posterior segments. Pleopod of second abdominal segment without endopod (Fig. lb). Mid posterior mar- gin of thoracic sternum with pair of small teeth (Fig. le). Triangular plate (referred to as Plate D) at antero-lateral margin of first abdominal t This measurement is hereafter characterised by the abbreviation c.l. immediately after the measurement. 100 PLATE I Male Holotype of Panulirus cygnus sp.nov., Radar Reef, Rottnest I., Western Australia, in reef pool, R. W. George, 13. xi. 1961 W.A.M. 90-62 c. \ x nat. size. 101 metre, ( 3)— 60377 Fig — (a-e) Panulirus cygnus sp.nov. holotype male, (a) left third maxilliped, setae omitted, from below, c. nat. size, (b) left pleopod of second segment of abdomen, from behind, c. 1£ x nat. size, (c) pleuron (pi) and “plate D’’ (pd) of first abdominal segment, from left. Note the vertical division of “plate D” by a hairy groove, c. nat. size, (d) antennular plate, from above, c. li x nat. size, (e) posterior thoracic segment, from below, c. 5 x nat. size, (f) Panulirus cygnus sp.nov. posterior thoracic segment of mated female W.A.M. 91-62, part of spermatophore removed, from below, c. nat. size, (g-h) Panulirus japonicus (von Siebold) male c.l. 69.8 mm W.A.M. 126-62. (g) antennular plate, from above, c. 2 x nat. size, (h) left pleopod of second segment of abdomen, from behind, c. x nat. size, (i-j) Panulirus longipes (Milne Edwards) mated female W.A.M. 130-62. (i) pleuron and “plate D” of first abdominal segment, from left. Note that “plate D” is not divided, c. 1\ x nat. size, (j) posterior thoracic segment, from below, c. % x nat. size. 102 segment divided vertically by groove containing erect setae (Fig. lc). Carapace dark red with- out obvious spots or markings, abdomen spotted dorsally and laterally; each walking leg with broad pale longitudinal stripe on dorsal surface and less obvious, narrower, ventral and lateral stripes. Variation in Paratypical Series. — In the series of 97 specimens examined, variations in the colour intensity, number of spines on the anten- nular plate, the two thoracic teeth, the division of Plate D, and the distribution of setae on the abdominal terga were found; these variations are associated with growth, sex or geographic dis- tribution. (a) Colour. The background colour varies in intensity from pink to dark red. Dark red is the usual colour for fresh specimens of all sizes, but in November and December, pale pink crayfish accumulate in the shallower waters (George 1959). These “white” crayfish do not vary from the “red” in the colour pattern of uniform non- spotted carapace, spotted abdomen, and broad striped legs. In alcohol, specimens may fade to yellow. (b) Antennular Plate Spines. The total num- ber of spines in the two main rows behind the principal spines may be 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 in speci- mens larger than 30 mm c.l. All specimens smaller than 30 mm c.l. have 6 spines (3 pairs), some of which may show as sharp prominences in the position of the incipient spine. Smaller spines or tufts of erect setae may be found cover- ing the remainder of the plate. (c) Thoracic Teeth. In the paratypical series, the presence or absence of thoracic teeth is ap- parently correlated with sex and size. The puerulus stage (see p. 108) has no teeth and teeth develop subsequently so that at 20 mm c.l. all animals possess them. Males subsequently retain the thoracic teeth but females carrying a sperm atophore or fibrillar pleopods do not have them (Fig. If). There are no specimens of mature females in the series which were col- lected during the non-breeding season. (d) Plate D. Specimens in the series from localities between Point Peron, near Fremantle, and Dirk Hartogs I. and greater than 60 mm c.l. all have Plate D divided by a hairy groove as described and figured for the holotype; the depth and extent of this groove in Plate D varies in specimens smaller than 60 mm c.l., some show the hairy groove clearly, others have a very narrow, very shallow groove with sparse setae in it and others have no groove and no setae at all. None of those smaller than 20 mm c.l. have a distinct groove. Specimens greater than 60 mm c.l. from areas north of Dirk Hartogs I. (i.e. from Point Cloates and North West Cape) do not always have the distinct hairy groove on Plate D but show the full range of variation described above for smaller sizes from the more southern areas. (e) Setae on Abdominal Terga. The variation in this character, like that in Plate D, is best considered by separately examining the north- ern and southern specimens. All specimens in the series from localities between Point Peron and Dirk Hartogs I. and of greater than 70 mm c.l. have bands of setae on the posterior region of all abdominal segments although the setae on segments 5 and 6 may be sparse. Those speci- mens in the size range 30 to 70 mm c.l. have the bands of setae on segments 1, 2 and 3 and may or may not have them on segments 4, 5 and 6 while specimens smaller than 30 mm c.l. only occasionally have sparse setae on segments 2 and 3 but none on segments 4, 5 and 6. The last two abdominal segments of the specimens from Point Cloates and North West Cape are without bands of setae and some of these specimens lack the setae on segments 4, 3 or even 2. In these specimens, setae on other parts of the crayfish are either sparser or ab- sent compared with those on crayfish from the southern areas; the parts examined which bear setae are: the first joints of the antennal and antennular peduncles, the epistome and the thoracic sternum. Comparison with Similar Species P. cygnus sp. nov. is compared below with the most similar species of Panulirus, P. japonicus (von Siebold) 1824 and P. longipes (Milne Ed- wards) 1868. Material For the comparison with the series of P. cygnus, the following specimens were examined from the Western Australian Museum (W.A.M.), Queensland Museum (Q.M.) and the Australian Museum (AM.). P. longipes. — Topotypical Material, Zanzibar, 1 male (75 mm c.l.), 1 female (87 mm c.l.) A. J. Bruce, 21.V.1960 W.A.M. 130-62. Australian Ma- terial.* Heron I., Queensland, 2 females (92 and 100 mm c.l.) R. W. George, 25.V.1961 in reef pool, W.A.M. 129-62 and 1 male (68 mm c.l.) carapace only, R. Manning, May 1961, W.A.M. 127-62. Off Ballina, N.S.W., 1 female (110 mm c.l.) carapace only, A. Heynatz, June 1959, 120 metres W.A.M. 131-62. Evans Head, N.S.W., 1 male (110 mm c.l.) R. Paddon, 29.i.l935 Q.M. W596, and 1 female (123 mm c.l.) State Fisheries Department, December 1926 A.M. P8747 and 1 female (109 mm c.l.) State Fisheries Department, December 1931 A.M. 10169. Stockton Bight, N.S.W., 1 male (62 mm c.l.) A. A. Racek, May 1955 A.M. 13025. Japanese Material, Wakayama, Japan, E. Harada, March 1960 W.A.M. 128-62. P. japonicus. — Topotypical Material. Japan, 3 males (65.7 to 69.8 mm c.l.) 3 females (48.9 to 63.0 mm c.l.) I. Kubo, 4.x. 1960 W.A.M. 126-62. Comparison Adult specimens of P. cygnus are readily sep- arated from P. japonicus by the following char- acters: (a) The antennular plate of P. cygnus has 4-8 spines arranged in two rows be- hind the principal pair of spines (Fig. Id.) whereas P. japonicus has no spines or a few very small scattered spinules in this position, (Fig. lg). ♦ This and the Japanese material here assigned to P. longipes, differs from the topotypical material In the colour of the legs and details of the mor- phology of Plate D. This variation within P. longipes will be fully discussed by Holthuis and George in a forthcoming revision. 103 3 4 PLATE II Fig. 1. — Panulirus japonicus (von Siebold), W.A.M. 126-62 c.l. 69.8, from left. c. % x nat. size. Fig. 2. — Panulirus cygnus sp.nov. holotype, from left. c. I x nat. size. Fig. 3. — Panulirus longipes (Milne Edwards) Japan, W.A.M. 128-62 c.l. 64.2 mm, dorsal view. c. I x nat. size. Fig. 4. — Panulirus longipes (Milne Edwards) Zanzibar, W.A.M. 130-62 c.l. 75 mm, dorsal view, c. \ x nat. size. 104 (b) The transverse grooves of the second to fifth abdominal segments of P. cygnus are continuous with the corresponding- pleural grooves whereas in P. japonicus the transverse grooves of segments 2, 3 and 4 at their lateral ends curve for- ward and end abruptly before reaching the pleural grooves (Plate II, Fig. 1). (c) The male pleopod of the second ab- dominal segment of P. cygnus does not have an endopod whereas in P. japoni- cus there is a distinct endopod on that pleopod (Figs, lb, lh). This endopod of P. japonicus figured here (Fig. lh) is net as foliate as that of the specimen of P. 'japonicus figured by Holthuis (1946). Adult specimens of P. cygnus and P. longipes are very similar morphologically but can be most readily distinguished by the colour pattern of the carapace. The carapace of P. cygnus is uni- formly coloured and bears no obvious spots or markings (although the tips and ventral sur- face of some few spines are pale, the overall appearance nevertheless is uniform and un- marked). In P. longipes however, the carapace is brightly marked and spotted, the central region is darker than the anterior, posterior and lateral regions and in addition the cara- pace is marked by distinct pale spots distributed over it and the dorsal surface of supraorbital horns; there is also a longitudinal pale mark on the side of the carapace leading back from the post-antennal spine towards the cervical groove. A bow-shaped pale mark demarks the posterior margin of the dark central region. (Plate II, Figs. 3 and 4). In addition to these colour markings, three morphological features, although variable, are useful in the separation of P. cygnus and P. longipes. (a) In adults of both sexes of P. longipes, there are two sharp spines on the posterior margin of the thoracic sternum (Fig. lj) whereas in P. cygnus adult females have no spines (Fig. If) and in males the two teeth are only poorly de- veloped (Fig. le). (b) The triangular Plate D of the first ab- dominal segment is fully divided by a vertical hairy groove in most P. cygnus (Fig. lc) whereas in P. longipes it is usually not divided (Fig. li). (c) P. cygnus usually has a band of setae across the posterior half of each abdominal tergum between the transverse groove and the posterior margin whereas in P. longipes only the first seg- ment shows a band of setae. (Plate II, Figs. 2, 3 and 4). There is one obvious difference between the specimens of P. longipes from Zanzibar and those from Japan and eastern Australia. This is in the colour pattern on the legs. The Zanzibar specimens have the dorsal surface of the merus of the legs ornamented with a thin white stripe which is interrupted along its length by three distinct white spots (Plate II, Fig. 4) ; the merus of the legs of the Japanese and eastern Austra- lian specimens have an unbroken thin white stripe on the dorsal surface (Plate II, Fig. 3). Fig. 2 .—Panulirus cygnus sp. nov. puerulus stage 22.5 mm t.l., (a) pleopod, further enlarged and setae omitted. Descriptions of Puerulus and Phyllosoma Puerulus of P. cygnus (Fig. 2) Thirty one specimens, (8 to 9 mm c.l., 21 to 24 mm total length) of the puerulus stage of P. cygnus are in the collection of the Western Australian Museum. (W.A.M. 66-58 to 68-58, 77-62 to 89-62) from the following localities: Maud Landing, Dirk Hartogs I., Abrolhos Is., Geraldton, Beagle I., Lancelin I., and Garden I. These were collected from craypots after they had fallen to the decks of crayfishing vessels. All were collected between the months of October and May. Description. — Carapace dorso-ventrally com- pressed with two lateral carinae, each terminat- ing anteriorly at a spine. Posterior half of cara- pace without spines, anterior region with one 105 ^ C Pig. 3 . — Panulirus cygnus sp.nov. phyllosoma stages (a) Stage I. 1.3 mm t.l. (b-d) Stage VIII. 16 mm pleopod and (c) second maxilla and first maxilliped, further enlarged, (e-g) Stage X. 25.5 mm t.l. (e) and (f) second maxilla and first maxilliped, further enlarged, (h-j) Stage XI. 32 mm t.l. (h) pleopod second maxilla and first maxilliped, further enlarged. t.l. (b) pleopod and (i) 106 Fig. 4 . — Pcnrulirus cygnus sp.nov. phyllosoma Stage VIII (a) first pereiopod, only 3 satae of exopod represented, c. 5 x nat. size, (b) first pereiopod, detail of exopod segments and plumose setae, c. 35 x nat. size, (c) second pereiopod ?, distal portion of propodus and dactyl, c. 15 x nat. size. 107 pair of depressed conjoined supraorbital spines, one pair of spines behind these, one pair behind the eyes and one pair at antero-lateral angles of carapace. Antennae gradually tapered to tip, slightly longer than total length of body (an- tennae 1.02 to 1.14 times total length). Tergum of antennular plate small, without spines. Pos- terior margin of thoracic sternum smoothly con- cave without teeth. Abdominal terga without transverse grooves; pleura of segments 2 to 6 terminate in single posteriorly recurved spines. Each pleopod biram- ous, setose along margins and with appendix in- terna on endopod. Exopod of third maxilliped uniarticulate, ex- tends at least to base of merus. Exopod of second maxilliped reaches distal end of carpus. Pereiopods more or less uniform in length, with- out trace of exopods. Live specimens are transparent, preserved specimens opaque or light brown. Sexes at the puerulus stage are externally indistinguishable. Phyllosoma of P. cygnus A detailed investigation of the morphology and distribution of larval stages of P. cygnus has been commenced with the support of the Com- monwealth Development Trust Fund and the co-operation of the State Fisheries Department. It is clear that a great extension to our know- ledge will result from this investigation but the results will not be available for some time: in the meantime, preliminary descriptions of some stages are presented. Eleven separate phyllosoma stages have been recognised for other species of Panulirus (e.g. Lewis 1951; Johnson 1956, 1960; Prasad and Tampi 1959). For P. cygnus, four separate stages (I, VIII, X, XI) are here described and the stage numbers which have been allocated to these specimens are assigned after comparison between these and the published descriptions of those other species. Except for the first phyllosoma specimens which were recovered direct from a spawning remale, all four late stage specimens were taken during the hours of darkness even though 37 daytime surface hauls were made compared with 22 night-time surface hauls over the two year sampling period. Phyllosoma Stage I (Fig. 3a). — Several speci- mens of this first larval stage were obtained on two separate occasions; hatched from a captive egg-bearing female, and collected directly from the eggmass of another. Description. — Body flattened, fore-body wider than hind-body, abdomen short and butted to hind-body. Antennae and antennules uniramous, each equal to total length of eye. Stalk of eye thick, unsegmented; eye large. Second maxilliped uniramous, third maxilliped with unsegmented exopod. First and second pereiopods with long coxal spine and segmented exopod. Third pereiopod with long coxal spine and short exo- pod bud. Total length 1.25 to 1.5 mm measured from anterior margin of fore-body to extremity of abdomen.* * This measurement of phyllosoma is hereafter indicated by the abbreviation t.l. When first hatched from the egg capsule, this first phyllosoma stage differs in some minor re- spects from the phyllosoma as described above. It is smaller (1.0 to 1.2 mm t.l.), globose, with the appendages and eyes closely folded against the body. The coxal spines and setae of the wrinkled and shorter legs are not apparent. It gives the general appearance of a somewhat “de- flated” stage I phyllosoma. Recently hatched specimens (presumably in this larval condition) were referred to by Sheard (1949) as “Naupliosoma” but here they are re- garded as early phyllosoma stage I. These could rapidly develop into the condition described above by becoming turgid, thus increasing the size of body and legs, and extruding the spines on the coxae and on the exopodites of the pereiopods. The “naupliosoma” is not here regarded as a distinct stage separated by a moult. Phyllosoma Stage VIII (Figs. 3b-d and 4 ), — A single specimen was collected in an N70 plank- ton tow net at surface 30 miles N.W. of Jurien Bay, W.A., on 3.ix.l957 at 0225 hours, W.A.M. 10-59. Description. — Fore-body pear-shaped, narrower than hind-body. Antenna and antennule of equal length and two-third total length of stalked eye. Third maxilliped and first to fourth pereiopod with setose exopods (Fig. 4) ; fifth pereiopod pre- sent as a single joint. Second maxilliped with- out exopod. Appendages without gills or coxal spines. First maxilliped and second maxilla are shown in Fig. 3c. Abdomen parallel sided, unseg- mented and butted to slightly concave margin of hind-body. Four pairs of pleopods present as simple lobes (Fig. 3b). Uropods free, bilobed without lateral spines. 16 mm, t.l. Phyllosoma Stage X (Fig. 3e-g) . — A single specimen was collected in an N70 plankton net at surface, 65 miles west of Fremantle, W.A., on 26.xi.1956 at 2300 hours. W.A.M. 8-59. Description. — General body shape as for stage VIII. Antenna twice length of antennule and equal to total length of stalked eye. Third maxilliped and first to fourth pereiopods with setose exopods; fifth pereiopod uniramous, four jointed. Second maxilliped with small exopod bud. Appendages without gills. First maxilli- ped and second maxilla are shown in Fig. 3f. Abdomen segmented with four pairs of bifid pleopods (Fig. 3e) . Uropods biramous with external lateral spine on each ramus. 25.5 mm t.l. Phyllosoma Stage XI (Fig. 3h-j). — Two speci- mens were collected with the stage X specimen above. W.A.M. 7-59. Description. — Antenna two and one half times length of antennule and one and one half times total length of stalked eye. Fifth pereiopod uniramous with four well defined segments. Second maxilliped with well defined exopod. Second and third maxillipeds and first to fourth pereiopods with two or more gills. First maxilli- ped and second maxilla are shown in Fig. 3i. Abdomen segmented with four pairs of biram- ous pleopods, showing rudiments of appendix interna (Fig. 3h). Uropods biramous, well de- veloped, with external lateral spine on each ramus. 32 mm t.l. 108 Distribution of P. cygnus P. cygnus occurs along the entire west coast of Australia from North West Cape (21°45'S.) to Hamelin Harbour (34°30'S.). The main fishing areas are between Shark Bay and Rottnest I. on the inner terraces of the Rottnest and Dirk Hartogs Shelf (see Carrigy and Fairbridge 1954 for definition of these terms) . Animals are com- mon in depths of 0-90 metres and specimens have been taken at 120 metres. During the day they shelter in the crevices and cavities of either reefs or coraline limestone, living coral or submerged aeolianite. Other palinurid species occur only rarely in the range of P. cygnus. Jasus lalandei (Milne Edwards) 1837 is occasionally taken on the lower west coast (e.g. at Rottnest I. and Hamelin Harbour) ; in the northern part of the west coast (e.g. at North West Cape), Panulirus versi- color (Latreille) 1804, P. ornatus (Fabricius) 1798, P. homarus (Linnaeus) 1758, and P. peni- cillatus (Olivier) 1791 are known to occur. The maximum and minimum water tempera- tures experienced in the area inhabited by P. cygnus are 27 °C — the February maximum at North West Cape — and 16 °C — the August mini- mum at Hamelin Harbour (Sverdrup et al. 1942). Vaughan (1940) recognised and named five water temperature zones and in accordance with his terminology, P cygnus inhabits the “sub- tropic temperature zone”. Feeding Habits of P. cygnus P. cygnus is omnivorous, foraging at night on reefs, wave cut platforms and general areas adjacent to its daytime shelter. In January and February 1956, seventeen specimens were caught at Radar Reef, Rottnest I. while actively feed- ing on the reef flat at night. The stomachs were examined and these contained fragments of XJlva sp., Lithothamnion sp., annelids, sipun- culids, small gastropods, small Crustacea and echinoid spines. On one occasion, P. cygnus was observed eating the foot of the large limpet Patellanax laticostata Blainville 1825 in the shallow water on a reef flat. Reproduction of P. cygnus Mated females are readily recognised by the black butterfly-shaped spermatophore which covers the last two thoracic segments. As far as is known, eggs are fertilized extern- ally by spermatozoa which escape from the spermatophore. After fertilization, the orange eggs adhere in bunches to long filaments of the pleopods and females with eggs attached to these filaments have the surface of the spermatophore eroded. This erosion presumably allows the escape of spermatozoa at the time of fertiliza- tion and is almost certainly caused by the claw on the fifth leg of the female. Recently mated females are first observed about July and in the Rottnest areas females with eggs beneath the abdomen are found during the sum- mer months (November to February). Once adult females have mated, they do not moult until the eggs on the pleopods have com- pleted their development and the first stage phyl- losoma have been released. Moulting of adult females occurs twice each year, just before mat- ing (about June), and just after larval release (about March). Adult females examined in the field between July and February possess long filaments on the pleopods whereas those exam- ined between March and June have very short filaments on the pleopods. Acknowledgments I wish to record my appreciation to the fol- lowing persons who willingly gave me assistance during the course of this investigation: Dr. A. R. Main, Zoology Department, University of Western Australia for advice and encourage- ment; Dr. L. B. Holthuis, Leiden Museum for guidance on certain taxonomic problems; Mr. A. J. Fraser, Director of Western Australian State Fisheries Department for the provision of boat facilities; the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation for financial assistance as a Post Graduate Student and also as an employee of the Fisheries Division; and Mr. G. Mack, Director of the Queensland Museum, Mr. F. McNeill of the Australian Museum and the many local and overseas col- lectors who provided essential research material. References Anon. (1936). — The wrong name. The West Austra- lian Newspaper for 11th July, 1936, p. 16. Barnard, K. H. (1950). — Descriptive catalogue of South African decapod Crustacea. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 38: 1-864. Beck, A. B., & Sheard, K. (1949). — The copper and nickel content of the blood of the Western Australian marine crayfish Panulirus lon- gipes (M.E.) Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 27: 307-312. Carrigy, M. A., & Fairbridge, R. W. (1954). — Recent sedi- mentation, physiography and structure of the continental shelves of Western Austra- lia. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 38: 65-95. Dakin, W. J. (1919). — The Percy Sladen Trust Expedi- tion to the Abrolhos Is. (Indian Ocean). J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 34: 127-180. George, R. W. (1957). — Continuous crayfishing tests: Pel- sart Group, Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia, 1953. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 8 (4): 476-490. (1958). — The status of the “White” Crayfish in Western Australia. Aust, J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 9 (4): 537-545. Glauert, L. (1936). — Exhibits. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 22: x. Hodgkin, E. P., Marsh, L., and Smith, G. G. (1959).— The littoral environment of Rottnest Island. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 42: 85-88. Holthuis, L. B. (1946). — The Decapoda Macrura of the Snellius Expedition 1. Temminckia 7: 1-178. Johnson, M. W. (1956). — The larval development of the California spiny lobster Panulirus interrup- ts (Randall) with notes on Panulirus graci- lis (Streets). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 29: 1-19. (1960). — Production and distribution of lar- vae of the spiny lobster Panulirus interrup- ts (Randall) with records on Panulirus gracilis (Streets). Bull. Scripps Instn. Oceanogr. 7: 413-462. Kubo, I. (1954). — Systematic studies on the Japanese macrurous decapod Crustacea. 3. On the panulirid lobsters. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 41: (1): 95-105. Lewis, J. B. (1951). — The phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 1 (2): 89-103. Milne Edwards, A. (1868). — Description de quelques crustaces nouveaux provenant des voyages de M. Alfred Grandidier k Zanzibar et a Madagascar. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 69-92. 109 Prasad, R. R., and Tampi, P. R. S. (1959).— On a col- lection of panulirid phyllosoma from the Laccadive seas. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 1: 143-164. Ride, W. D. L.. and Serventy, D. L. (1961). — The fauna of Western Australia. Off. Yearb. W. Aust. for 1960. 2: 59-70. Sheard, K. (1949). — Marine crayhshes of Western Aus- tralia, with particular reference to the fish- eries on the Western Australian crayfish Panulirus longipes. C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Bull. No. 247: 1-45. (1950). — Care in the handling of crayfish. W. Aust. Fish. Dept., Fish. Bull. No. 3: 1-11. (1954). — Report on continuous crayfishing tests, 1947-8. W. Aust. Fish. Dept., Fish. Bull. No. 5: 1-54. Sheard, K., and Dicks, H. G. (1949). — Skin lesions among fishermen at Houtman Abrolhos Western Australia. Med. J. Aust. 2 (TO): 352-354. Siebold, P. F. von (1824). — “Spicilegia Faunae Japonicae” (Batavia.) Sverdrup, H. W., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H. (1942). — “The Oceans” (Prentice Hall: New York.) Taylor, S. J. (1956). — A survey of the Western Austra- lian crayfishing industry 1948-55. In Uni- versity Studies in History and Economics, 2 (4): 94-117. (University of Western Aus- tralia: Fremantle.) Vaughan, W. T. (1940). — Ecology of modern marine organisms with reference to paleogeography. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 51: 433. 110 11. — Orientation and Composition of Plagioclase in a Basic Charnockite from Bunker Bay, Western Australia By John G. Kay* Manuscript received — 19th June, 1962 Bunker Bay is an area of excellent coastal outcrop of high-grade metamorphic rocks. A clinopyroxene - orthopyroxene - hornblende - plagio- clase granulite from the western shores of the bay is described, and attention drawn to the facts: (i) the plagioclase grains are strongly oriented with a-axes parallel to the t> tectonic direction. (ii) the plagioclase grains belong to a popu- lation of variable composition that forms a normal distribution from An 3 7 to An 56 . A chemical analysis of the plagioclase is given. Introduction Cape Naturaliste is the northern limit of an elongate belt of Precambrian gneiss and granu- lite that extends sixty miles south to Cape Leeu- win (see Fig. 1). This “Leeuwin-Naturaliste Precambrian ridge” is an extension of the main Western Australian Precambrian Shield, from which it is separated by a belt of sediments, some 40 miles in width, that constitutes the southern part of the Perth Basin. Bunker Bay is situated two miles east of Cape Naturaliste, and marks the axial region of a large-scale north-plunging anticline, the nose of which forms the prominence of Cape Naturaliste. Published references to Cape Naturaliste have described the geology in broad outline only. Saint-Smith (1912) in the course of a compre- hensive areal survey recognised the general rock types and their fundamental relationships as a Precambrian granite-gneiss basement overlain in part by limestone. Woodward (1916) men- tioned some tectonic aspects of the area, and Aurousseau (1926, p. 625) commented on Bunker Bay in these terms: “The exposures at Bunker Bay are admirable and should attract the at- tention of a student of metamorphism who wishes to make an intensive study of a small area. None could be more suitable than Bunker Bay.” Prider (1952 and 1955) considered the Cape Leeuwin-Cape Naturaliste Precambrian belt to be the southern part of a more compre- hensive “Leeuwin-Greenough Block”, which, in relation to the remainder of the Western Aus- tralian Shield constituted the “West Coast Pro- vince.” A detailed investigation was recently under- taken by the present author and the results of this work are the substance of a forthcoming paper. The following is a summary of the main features. The basement rocks are a succession of gneisses and granulites of highly variable miner- alogy. The dominant rocks are poorly fissile, and range from granitic through adamellitic to granodioritic in bulk mineralogical composition. Mafic components are one, or a combination of two or more of hornblende, biotite, ortho- pyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet, and very rarely, fayalite. Interbanded with these rocks are bands of basic granulite typically contain- ing the assemblage hornblende-clinopyroxene- * Department of Geology, University of Western Aus- tralia Nedlands, Western Australia. plagioclase or hornblende-clinopyroxene-ortho- pyroxene-plagioclase. The overall succession probably represents a sedimentary pile with concordant and possibly some discordant basic igneous rocks that has undergone regional metamorphism. This has produced rocks of granulite and upper almandine-amphibolite facies, with some evidence that the latter facies has developed by downgrading of the former. The rocks contain a foliation which is more likely a consequence of isoclinal folding than a relict pre-metamorphism feature. This foliation is warped into large-scale folds plunging north and overturned to the west. Linear structures are present and these essentially parallel the axes of associated drag folds. The lineation plunges 20° -40° in a direction that varies from north-east to 20° west of north. At Bunker Bay the lineation consistently plunges 30°-37° in the direction 350°. Following prolonged erosion, the basement rocks have been lateritized and later covered on their western flank by a varying but appreciable thickness of aeolian Quaternary calcarenite. This forms part of the Coastal Limestone of Western Australia, and has been described by Fairbridge and Teichert (1953, pp. 68-87). Ill Petrography The remainder of this paper sets out the re- sults of a detailed investigation of plagioclase from basic granulites, 39407* and 39409, from Bunker Bay. These rocks outcrop as two closely spaced parallel bands, each several yards in width, extending into the western waters of the Bay. Specimen 39407 is representative of the southern band, and 39409 of the northern band. At low tide and after prolonged sand scour the two bands can be seen to form a single U-shaped mass with a joining segment that in part trans- gresses the surrounding foliation. Outcrop boun- daries of the two bands strike 77° and dip 33 °- 37° N, and parallel the foliation of surrounding garnetiferous, biotitic and hornblendic gneiss. Specimen 39407 is an almost black rock, of somewhat “greasy” appearance, with medium- grained saccharoidal texture, and devoid of ob- vious mineralogical banding. A well-developed preferred orientation of hornblende and pyroxene prisms plunges 33° in the direction 350°. This lineation lies within, and parallel to the dip of a poorly developed foliation. Thin veins of horn- blendite traverse the granulite, and many of these strike 67° and dip 70° S. In thin section specimen 39407 is seen to have a xenomorphic granular texture with a strongly oriented fabric of the ferromagnesian minerals and plagioclase. The mineralogy of the rock is: Plagioclase (40.1% f) — andesine, An 45 +; generally in anhedral, equi-dimensional grains between 0.25 mm and 0.5 mm in diameter; non-antiperthitic and un- zoned; 2V/7 80°; albite and acline twinning well developed ; inclusions of euhedral apatite; a-axes strongly oriented (see Fig. 2) ; extinction X 7 A 010 in sections j _a 24.0° ±5° (see Fig. 4). Hornblende (27.6%) — as anhedral grains, in cross section 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm and com- monly 1 mm in length; c-axes show dis- tinct orientation, and the fabric of 200 grains is shown in Fig. 3; strongly pleo- chroic in shades of brown, with a mid yellow-brown, p very deep brown, 7 very deep brown; a < p = 7, p 1.680 zb 0.003; 2V/a = approximately 80°; 7 A c 20°. Orthopyroxene (16.9% ) — ferrohypersthene, Fs 52 ; generally as anhedral grains 0.25 mm x 0.25 mm; distinctly pleochroic with a pale pink, p pale yellow, 7 pale aqua-green; 7 1.730 zb 0.002; a 1.714 ± 0.002; 7 - a 0.016; 2 V/a 52° ± 1°. Clinopyroxene (11.0%) — salite Wo 4S En 33 Fsi 9 ; similar in habit to ferrohypers- thene, pale yellow-green and faintly pleochroic 7 1.719 ± 0.003; 2V/7 = 56.5° ± 0.5°; r > v (weak); 7 A c = 42°. * The specimens are catalogued and housed in the rock collection of the Department of Geology, Univer- sity of Western Australia. t All such percentages are volume percentage obtained from parallel line traverses on section cut normal to lineation. :j: Mineral compositions were estimated by reference to the following graphical data: for plagioclase, Winchell and Winchell (1951, p. 283); for ortho- pyroxene, Hess (1952); for clinopyroxene, Hess (1949, p. 634). Iron Ores (4.4%) — (undifferentiated); as small anhedral grains throughout the rock; in part showing minor leucoxe- nization. Apatite is a minor accessory, and occurs in small discrete anhedra, and as rare scattered inclusions in the plagioclase. K-feldspar, quartz and zircon are absent. The secondary hornblendic bands contain amphibole optically similar to that in the en- closing granulite, i.e. pleochroic with a = mid brownish yellow, p - very deep brown, 7 = very deep brown, a < p = 7; 7 = 1.703 zb 0.003, a 1.685 zb 0.004; 7 - a 0.018 zb 0.007. The granulite is cut by small tabular pegma- tites of secretion origin. These are rather dis- continuous, and normally less than 3 inches thick. Plagioclase is the dominant mineral — forming approximately 80% by volume and de- termined optically as andesine, zoned somewhat irregularly from An 45 at the centres of grains to An.jo at the margins. Quartz and untwinned microcline occur as interplagioclase fillings. Hypersthene (Fs 3 s) is present to the extent of 5%, and clinopyroxene frequently forms a mar- gin to the pegmatites. An interesting accessory is zircon; interesting because of its absence from the studied samples of enclosing granulite. Zir- conium has apparently concentrated into the secreted pegmatitic phase. Specimen 39409 conforms in general to the description for 39407. In detail, however, the plagioclase ( andesine, An 45 ; 47.8%) and ortho- pyroxene (ferrohypersthene, Fs 52 ; 18.5%) con- tent is greater than in 39407, the hornblende (14.7%) content is considerably lower, and the clinopyroxene (En 36 . 5 , Fs 2 i, Wo 42 . 5 ; 11.9%) con- tent is similar. Aurousseau (1926, p. 624) published a brief account of a “hornblende-orthopyroxene-plagio- clase amphibolite” from Bunker Bay, and in- cluded a chemical analysis of the specimen. Al- though an exact field location for the analysed rock is not given, there can be little doubt that the sample was taken from the granulite (39407 or 39409) described in this paper. The C.I.P.W. norm for Aurousseau’s analysed rock is given by Wilson (1958, p. 76). Orientation of Plagioclase The plagioclase grains in basic granulites from Cape Naturaliste possess a strongly preferred orientation. Evidence of this is the dispropor- tionate abundance of grains approximately parallel to 100 that are revealed in thin-sections cut normal to the b-lineation. In order to in- vestigate this fabric, the a-axis position for each of 200 grains of plagioclase in a thin-section from specimen 39407 was determined using a 4-axis universal stage. Fig. 2 is a reproduction of the fabric diagram obtained, and shows a well-developed orientation of a-axes with an average plunge of 20° in the direction 350°. A similar analysis was carried out on the atti- tude of c-axes for 200 grains of hornblende from the same thin-section. The result is shown in Fig. 3, which indicates a strong mean alignment plunging 20° in the direction 348°. The simi- larity of the fabrics in Figs. 2 and 3 is striking. 112 Fig. 2. — Orientation diagram of 200 andesine a-axes from 39407. The fabric is a linear orientation plunging 20° on an azimuth 350°. Contours at 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% (including 16.5% maximum). The horizontal line represents a plane, strike 80°, dip 15° N. Specimen 39407 is strongly lineated in a mac- roscopic sense due to alignment of prismatic minerals, in particular, hornblende. Through- out the Cape Naturaliste area such lineations parallel drag fold axes and can thus be taken as b-lineations. The lineation in specimen 39407 is not accompanied by drag folds, but in view of the relationship existing elsewhere is clearly a b-lineation. It may be concluded that in this rock the a-axes of plagioclase have preferentially aligned during metamorphism parallel to the c-axes of hornblende and thus parallel to the b-tectonic direction. The direction of preferred orienta- tion of the plagioclase a-axes defines a b-linea- tion. This same conclusion was reached for rocks in the Orno Huvud by Wenk (1937). The macroscopic lineation of 39407, measured on the poorly developed foliation, plunges 33° in the direction 350°. A plunge discrepancy of 13° is thus apparent between the b-lineation as measured in the field and measured by petro- fabric methods. This discrepancy may indicate that the foliation on which field measurements were made is not the true a - b plane, but may also mean no more than the sum of sampling and experimental errors. Extinction in sections normal to a During the fabric analysis of plagioclase in specimen 39407, extinction values X' A 010 in sections normal to a were obtained for 200 grains. Fig. 4 is a plot of extinction values (X' A 010 in section j_a) against percentage of read- ings. The result conforms to a somewhat skewed normal distribution around a mean of 24° - 25°, but with a spread from 20° to 30°. This range corresponds to a variation from andesine An 37 to labradorite An 56 , with a mean at approximately andesine An 45 . Although most readings are close to the mean, a significant number depart from the mean by amounts out- side the limits of experimental error (estimated to be less than ±2°). This serves to emphasise that in the course of normal petrographic in- vestigations the use of a single extinction meas- urement to establish bulk plagioclase composi- tion could lead to considerable error. The diffi- culty also extends to other isomorphous groups such as the pyroxenes, and should be taken into account when assessing the value of data ob- tained from single grains. TABLE I Analyses of plagioclase from Bunker Bay I II Si0 2 55.01 55.55 AI2O.3 29.14 28.41 (Fe 2 0:s, FeO) as Fe 2 0 ;! 0.16 0.02 CaO 9.01 9.53 MgO Nil Nil SrO 0.18 0.10 KoO 0.27 0.66 Na 2 0 5.63 5.73 h 2 o % 0.23 Nil 99.63 100.00 Bulk plagioclase from 39407, Bunker Bay, W.A II. Bulk plagioclase from 39409, Bunker Bay, W.A. Anal. J. G. Kay and I. D. Martin. A chemical analysis of the bulk plagioclase from 39407 is presented in Table 1 (column 1). In terms of end-member composition calculated using standard formulae, the feldspar is % albite 47.63 anorthite 44.69 K-feldspar 1.59 “Sr-feldspar” 0.56 94.47 The composition determined chemically and expressed as anorthite per cent. (An 4 4 .?) agrees very well with the mean composition determined optically by the method X' A 010 in section j_ a Fig. 3. — Orientation diagram of 200 hornblende c-axes from 39407. The fabric is a linear orientation plunging 20° in the direction 350°. Contours at 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% (including 17.5% maximum). The horizontal line represents a plane, strike 80°, dip. 15° N. Rare grains (not shown) have c-axes approximately normal to the indicated linear maximum. 113 30i — X ' A OIO IN SECTION -L 9 Pig. 4. — Graph showing the frequency of readings for the extinction X' a 01° in section normal to a for 200 andesine grains in 39407. Values range from 20° to 30°, but with a strong maximum near 24°. The deficiency of 5.53% revealed by end- member summation is a problem in view of the apparent purity of the analysed sample. This deficiency was initially attributed to incorrect alkali determinations, but a check analysis in- dicated no significant error. Furthermore, after satisfying the end-member requirements, there is a surplus of 3.03% A1 2 0 3 and 1.71% Si0 2 . These, together with the Fe 2 0 3 and H 2 0 of the analysis may indicate undetected alteration pro- ducts and/or inclusions. An analysis was also carried out on plagio- clase from specimen 39409, a rock which is mineralogically and texturally very similar to 39407. The plagioclase of 39409 (Table 1, column II) responds more satisfactorily to end-member summation: % albite 48.48 anorthite 47.27 K-feldspar 3.90 “Sr-feldspar” 0.31 99.96 For this analysis A1 2 0 3 exceeds by 0.86% the amount required to fulfil end-member require- ments, whereas the available Si0 2 is 0.82% less than the amount required. Using the method X'AOIO in section j_ a, the average composition for this plagioclase was determined as andesine An 45 . Acknowledgments I would like to thank Mr. I. D. Martin who assisted with the chemical analysis of the plagioclase. Professor R. T. Prider and Dr. G. J. H. McCall read the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Hackett Scholarship at the University of Western Australia. References Aurousseau, M. (1926). — Analyses of three Australian rocks. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 51: 614-626. Cloos, E. (1946). — “Lineation.” Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. 18. Fairbridge, R. W., and Teichert, C. (1953). — Soil hori- zons and marine bands in the Coastal Lime- stone of Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 86: 68-87. Hess, H. H. (1949). — Chemical composition and optical properties of common clinopyroxene, part 1, Amer. Min., 34: 621-666. Hess, H. H. (1952). — Orthopyroxenes of the Bushveld type, ion substitutions and changes in unit cell dimensions. Amer. J. Sci. Bowen Vol.: 173-187. Prider, R. T. (1952). — South-west Yilgarnia. Sir D. Mawson Anniv. Vol., Univ. Adelaide: 143-151. (1955). — The Pre-Cambrian succession in Western Australia. Proc. Pan-Ind. Ocean Sci. Congr., Perth, Sect. C: 69-78. Saint-Smith, E. C. (1912). — A geological reconnaissance of a portion of the South-West Division of Western Australia. Bull. Geol. Surv. W. Aust. 44. Wenk, E. (1937). — Zur Genese der Bandergneise von Orno Huvud. Bull. Geol. Instn Upsala XXVI: 53-89. Winchell, A. and Winchell, H. (1951). — “Elements of Optical Mineralogy.” 4th Ed. (Wiley: New York.) Wilson, A. F. (1958). — Advances in the knowledge of the structure and petrology of the Precam- brian rocks of south-western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 41: 57-83. Woodward, H. P. (1916). — Notes on a portion of the South-West Division. Annu. Progr. Rep. Geol. Surv. W. Aust.: 10-11. 114 12. — Origin of Glauconite in some Sandstones of the Plantagenet Beds, Cheyne Bay, Western Australia By E. A. Hodgson* Manuscript received — 19th June, 1962 The spicular sandstones of the Plantagenet Beds are composed mainly of quartz, glauconite, sponge spicules and opaline cement. Much of the glauconite is associated with muscovite and all variations between pure muscovite, musco- vite with incipient developments of glauconite, and pure glauconite can be seen. X-ray powder patterns of the pure “end members” show that they are structurally very similar. Studies of the vertical variation of percentage composi- tion of the rocks suggest that at least some of the glauconite of the sandstones has formed from muscovite, probably during early dia- genesis. Introduction Various theories of origin have been postu- lated for glauconite. It has been suggested that glauconite forms from mud, especially in the presence of organic matter (Murray and Renard 1891), from coprolites (Takahashi and Yagi 1929), from the flocculation of colloidal solu- tions (Hadding 1932) and from biotite (Galliher 1935, 1939). Much of the extensive literature on the subject is listed in bibliographies by Cloud (1955) and Wermund (1961). The following short paper describes the occurrence and prob- able origin cf glauconite in the Eocene Plan- tagenet Beds at Cheyne Bay, Western Australia. Discussion The Plantagenet Beds were described by Clarke and Phillipps (1955) and more recently have been the subject of investigation near Cheyne Bay by Hodgson, Quilty and Rutledge (1962). At Cheyne Bay, they are represented by at least 250 feet of well-banded, glauconite-bear- ing, spicular sandstone. The banded nature of the rocks is due to the alternation of hard spicular opal-rich layers and softer less siliceous ones. Mineralogically the spicular sandstones are simple, being composed almost entirely of quartz, sponge spicules (and associated opaline cement) and glauconite with minor amounts of muscovite, clay minerals, magnetite and pyrite. The sandstones rarely contain more than 10 per cent, glauconite and the amount seems un- related to the hardness of the rocks in which it is found. The glauconite generally occurs either as minute (0.05 mm) globules associated with muscovite, or as small rounded aggregates between 0.1 mm and 0.05 mm across. The latter frequently contain remnants of muscovite. Fora- miniferal tests infilled with glauconite are not commonly found in these rocks. In reflected light the glauconite is olive-green but is a somewhat lighter colour in transmitted light. Where limonitization is advanced the * Formerly Department of Geology, University of West- ern Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia. Now, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geo- physics, Childers Street, Canberra, A.C.T. colour becomes yellowish. Since the individual crystals are extremely small and are randomly oriented, the grains show no pleochroism and only aggregate birefringence. Accordingly the refractive indices cannot be determined precisely, but fall within the range between 1.615 and 1.630. From grain mounts of the “lights” of the spicular sandstone, it is possible to select a series of specimens ranging from glauconite-impreg- nated muscovite to almost pure glauconite. Ap- parently at least some of the glauconite in the rocks has formed from muscovite. A compara- tively early stage in the formation of glauconite from muscovite is represented by grains of the latter in which glauconite globules occur along the 001 cleavage planes around the edges of the flake (Fig. 1). Where glauconitization is slightly more advanced, the developing globules can be seen throughout the muscovite flake. An even later stage is represented by almost pure glau- conite grains which have a micaceous habit. No doubt much of the glauconite which now shows no feature relating it to muscovite, has been derived from this mineral. Fig. l. — Muscovite flake from U.W.A. Specimen 46759. Plane polarized light. Glauconite is developing along the 001 cleavage planes around the periphery of the flake. Width of field of view 0.15 mm. Supporting the theory of biotite-glauconite transformation, Galliher (1939) cited the pre- sence of reaction structures in the biotite of the sediments of Monterey Bay, California. In ad- dition he mentioned the work of Gruner (1935) which, using X-ray powder patterns, showed that glauconite was structurally related to the 115 sin e- Fig. 2.— Graph showing the X-ray powder patterns of glauconite and muscovite from U.W.A. Specimen 46759. The pattern of muscovite has many weak reflections not present in the glauconite pattern because of diffusion. micas. In the present investigation hand-picked samples of glauconite and muscovite were X- rayed by the powder method. The overall similarity of the patterns (see Pig. 2) suggests that the glauconite of the spicular sandstones is structurally similar to the muscovite from which it is presumed to have formed. Many weak lines in the mica pattern are not present in the pattern produced by the glauconite. Gruner noted this in his work and concluded that such lines are absent in the glauconite pattern because of diffusion. The vertical variation of composition of the sandstones shows that quartz and glauconite percentages vary in sympathy. Presumably an increase in the amount of quartz reflects an in- crease in the influx of detritals (including mus- covite) into the bottom sediment. The addi- tional mica due to such influxes would permit more glauconite to form than would do so otherwise. Conclusions The structural similarity of glauconite and muscovite is illustrated by the similarity of the powder patterns produced by pure samples of the minerals. Reaction structures show the direct nature of the transformation of muscovite to glauconite. Studies of variations of percentage composition in vertical sections support the view that glau- conite forms directly from muscovite. Though much of the glauconite in the rocks has formed from muscovite, presumably during early diagenesis, it is not possible to say that all the glauconite formed in this manner. It is conceivable that some owes its origin to pro- cesses quite unrelated to those mentioned above. References Clarke, E. de C. and Phillipps, H. T. (1955). — The Plan- tagenet Beds of Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 39: 19-27. Cloud, P. E. (1955). — Physical limits of glauconite formation. Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 39: 484-492. Galliher, E. W. (1935). — Geology of glauconite. Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 19: 1569-1601. (1939). — Biotite - glauconite transformation and associated minerals. “Recent Marine Sediments.” (Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol.: Tulsa.) Gruner, J. W. (1935). — The structural relationship of glauconite and mica. Amer. Min. 20: 699- 714. Hadding, A. (1932). — The pre-Quaternary sedimentary rocks of Sweden. IV Glauconite and glau- conitic rocks. Acta Univ. Lund. (2) 28 (2). Hodgson, E. A., Quilty, P. G., and Rutledge, D. I (1962). — The geology of the south coast in the vicinity of Cheyne Bay, Western Aus- tralia. Thesis, Geology Dep. Univ. W. Aust. Murray, J. and Renard, A. F. (1891) .—Report of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873-1876 Deep Sea Deposits: 378-91. Takahashi, J., and Yagi, T. (1929). — Peculiar mud grains and their relation to the origin of glauconite. Econ. Geol. 24: 838-852. Wermund, E. G. (1961). — Glauconite in early Tertiary sediments of Gulf Coastal Province. Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 45: 1667-1696. 116 13. — A record of Foraminifera from Oyster Harbour, near Albany, Western Australia By K. G. McKenzie* Manuscript received — 20th March , 1962 One hundred and thirty-four species of foraminifera from Oyster Harbour are identi- fied, and a partial synonymy, together with a brief discussion, is given for each species. Occurrences are recorded by samples in a table as percentages of total foraminifera populations, sample locations being shown on a map. An indication is given of the ecological signi- ficance of this microfauna. Introduction Although several shallow water faunas of foraminifera have been described from the Southern Ocean off south-eastern Australia (Parr 1932a, 1932b, 1945, 1950; Chapman 1941), West- ern Australian records of similar faunas are rare (Chapman and Parr 1935; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950; Logan 1959), and are practically non- existent for the south coast west of Longitude 124° 40' E. In this paper the foraminiferal fauna of one hundred and twenty sediment samples from Oyster Harbour, a drowned estuary near Albany, Western Australia, is described. The samples were collected during March 1960, from the shore and bottom of the Harbour, at depths up to forty-four feet (over seven fathoms), which was the maximum depth recorded in the Harbour. A grab sampler was used for all bottom samples. Sample locations were fixed either by taking- compass bearings from the stations to several prominent points around the Harbour and re- versing these bearings when plotting stations on the map, or by direct plots from aerial photo- graphs (Figure 1). The samples were prepared either by dry- sieving portions of 50g dry weight in a Rotap machine for ten minutes, or by wet sieving. Of the resultant fractions only those retained on the 115 Tyler sieve (125 microns) and coarser sieves were examined, experience having shown that the finer fractions contained few identi- fiable foraminifera. Generally, between one hundred and two hundred specimens were counted per sample. In four samples, however, no foraminifera were found, and in some others the faunas were so impoverished that it was not possible to count this number of specimens. In other cases, where samples were rich in foraminifera, larger counts were made. The abundance of each species recorded in a sample was calculated as a per- centage on the basis of the number of specimens counted in that sample. In calculating these percentages, an accuracy of better than one per- cent was not considered significant, and the * Geology Department, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia. letter “t” was used for fractions less than this. For some samples exaggerated percentages were obtained due to the paucity of the fauna (Table I). As the source area of the Oyster Harbour sediments includes rocks of Eocene age, the possibility exists that part of the material dealt with in this paper is fossil. Such fossil specimens however, if present, could be expected to appear more worn than living ones, but the only speci- mens showing signs of wear in Oyster Harbour are those from near the southern entrance, where such attrition is explained by movement back and forth in response to tidal forces where these are greatest. Synonymy and Discussion The beautifully-figured monographs of Brady (1884) and Heron-Alien and Earland (1915), provide valuable guides to the identification of the species; and to ensure that the nomenclature was up to date the author consulted Thalmann (1932), Ellis and Messina (1940 et seq .) and other available literature. Since the submission of this paper the author has been able to con- sult Barker (1960), and has brought the nomen- clature into line with this reference, as indicated in the text. The changes made should be con- sidered when consulting the Table where they have not been incorporated. In Table I the species are placed in families according to the classification of Loeblich and Tappan (1961). The order of species in the Table is that followed below. A partial synonymy is given for each species, restricted to the original record and others which, when possible, refer to an occurrence of the species in southern Australian waters. The original records are cited fide Ellis and Messina (1940 et seq.). A brief discussion, dealing with the distribu- tion of the species in southern Australian waters, where this is known, and in some cases extend- ing to the environment it favours and other data of interest, follows the synonymy of each species. Glomospira gordialis (Jones and Parker) Trochammina squamata Jones and Parker var. gordi- alis Jones and Parker 1860, p. 304. Ammodiscus gordialis (Jones and Parker); Brady 1884, p. 333, Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 7-9; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 618, Plate XLVI, Fig. 26. Glomospira gordialis (Jones and Parker); Thalmann 1932, p. 300. The Oyster Harbour specimens agree well with Brady’s figures. It is noted that Brady only records the species from depths in excess of 117 118 50 fathoms whereas at Oyster Harbour it occurs in a single shore sample. However, it is recorded from shallow water (5-10 fathoms) in the Kerimba Archipelago, off the eastern coast of Africa, between latitude 10° 40' S. and latitude 13° 00' S. Miliammina fusca (Brady) Quinqueloculina fusca Brady 1870, p. 286. Miliolina fusca (Brady); Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 576. This small species is common in shallow water brackish environments. The siliceous test deter- mines the transfer of this species to the genus Miliammina . Miliammina sclerotica (Karrer) Quinqueloculina sclerotica Karrer 1868, p. 152, Plate III, Fig. 5; Cushman 1929, p. 24, Plate I, Fig. 5 a-d. The specimens from Oyster Harbour resemble Cushman’s figures. This species also is trans- ferred to Miliammina because of its siliceous test. Miliammina sp. Test small, siliceous, sub-circular in outline, rather compressed; coiling milioline, the later chambers broader than the earlier ones; aperture rounded with a small pointed tooth. One speci- men. Reophax scorpiurus Montfort Reopliax scorpiurus Montfort 1808, p. 331, text-fig. p. 330; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 191. Distributed along the southern coast from south-east Australia to Oyster Harbour. Nouria polymorphinoides Heron-Alien and Earland Nouria polymorphinoides Heron-Alien and Earland 1914, p. 376, Plate XXXVII, Figs. 1-15; Logan 1959, p. 204, 246. Several specimens were obtained from one sample. This species was first described from the Kerimba Archipelago. Logan records it from Shark Bay, on the west coast of Western Australia. It is characteristic of shallow waters in the sub-tropical Indian Ocean but the Oyster Harbour record shows that its distribution extends to temperate latitudes. Ammobaculites agglutinans (d’Orbigny) Spirolina agglutinans d’Orbigny 1846, p. 137, Plate VII, Figs. 10-12. Ammobaculites agglutinans (d’Orbigny); Chapman 1941, p. 191; Logan 1959, p. 181, 232. The species has been recorded from Bass Strait and Shark Bay. The Oyster Harbour occurrence is intermediate in this extensive distribution along the southern Australian coastline. Haplophragmoides sp. aff. grandiformis Cush- man Haplophragmoides grandiformis Cushman 1910, p. 440, text-fig 11; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p.‘ 190. This distinctive species selects heavy mineral and quartz sand grains for its test, binding them with a yellowish-brown cement. The specimens from Oyster Harbour, however, do not attain the dimension of Cushman’s type (3mm diameter). Distribution of the species extends from south-east Australia to Oyster Harbour. Textularia candeiana d’Orbigny Textularia candeiana d’Orbigny 1839, p. 143, Plate I, Figs. 25-27; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 627. All Australian records of this species, as far the author is aware, are from the southern coast of Western Australia. Textularia conica d’Orbigny Textularia conica d’Orbigny 1839, p. 143, Plate I, Figs. 19-20; Chapman 1941, p. 191; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1945, p. 194. This species has a wide distribution in southern Australian coastal waters. Trochammina inflata (Montagu) Nautilus inflatus Montagu 1808, p. 81, Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. Trochammina inflata (Montagu); Parr 1945, p. 194. A distinctive shallow water species, tolerant of the brackish conditions in the mouths of creeks and estuaries, also known to occur off Barwon Heads, Victoria. Gaudryina (Pseudogaudryina) hastata (Parr) Gaudryina hastata Parr 1932b, p. 219, Plate XXII, Fig. 40 a, b; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 4. Gaudryina (Pseudogaudryina) hastata (Parr); Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. The species is known to occur from the coast of New South Wales westwards to Point Peron, near Perth, Western Australia. Gaudryina triangularis Cushman Gaudryina triangularis Cushman 1911, p. 65, text-fig. 104 a-c; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 4; Chapman 1941, p.193. A large robust species with some variation in the arrangement of the later, inflated, uniserial chambers; distributed in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Oyster Harbour. Gaudryina triangularis Cushman var. angulata Cushman Gaudryina rugosa d’Orbigny; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 635. Gaudryina triangularis Cushman var. angulata Cush- man 1924, p. 22; Cushman 1932, p. 14, Plate III, Fig. 7 a, b. The Oyster Harbour specimens follow precisely the descriptions quoted above and agree well with the published figures. This, as far as the author is aware, is the first Australian record for the species. Clavulina difformis Brady Clavulina angularis d’Orbigny var. difformis Brady 1884, p. 396, Plate XLVIII, Figs. 25-31. Clavulina difformis Brady; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 4. This species differs from Clavulina pacifica Cushman in that it is polygonal or quadrangular in transverse section rather than triangular, and also in possessing a rougher test. It dominates over C. pacifica in Oyster Harbour and has also been recorded from the Great Australian Bight. Clavulina pacifica Cushman Clavulina pacifica Cushman 1924, p. 22 Plate VI, Figs. 7-11; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Logan 1959, p. 183, 237. This species is very rare in Oyster Harbour which may be a fringe location for it. It is recorded northwards along the west coast of Western Australia from Triggs Island, near Perth, from Geraldton and from Shark Bay. Only a few specimens are recorded from Triggs Island and Geraldton, but the species is frequent in Shark Bay. 119 Clavulina serventyi Chapman and Parr Pseudoclavulina serventyi (Chapman and Parr) ; Barker 1960, p. 98. Clavulina serventyi Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 5, Plate I, Fig. 7 a, b; Chapman 1941, p. 192; Parr 1950, p. 284. Several samples from Oyster Harbour contain many examples of this species which was origin- ally described from the Great Australian Bight. Parr has also recorded it off Tasmania. Cribrobulimina poly stoma (Parker and Jones) Valvulina polystoma Parker and Jones 1865, p. 437, 438, table X. Cribrobulimina poly stoma (Parker and Jones); Chap- man and Parr 1935, p. 4; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. A distinctive, robust species, its known dis- tribution in Australian waters extends from the coast near Melbourne, Victoria, westwards to Oyster Harbour, then north to Perth and Gerald- ton in Western Australia. Nubecularia lucifuga Defiance Nubecularia lueifuga Defrance 1825, p. 210; Brady 1884, p. 134, Plate I, Figs. 9-16; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr 1945, p. 195. Brady’s text and figures emphasise the variability of this species which is widely distri- buted in southern Australian waters. The Oyster Harbour specimens are highly variable in their morphology and some acquire the calcareous encrustation which is a further characteristic of this species. Parrina bradyi (Millett) Nubecularia inflata Brady 1884, p. 135, Plate I, Figs. 5-8. Nubecularia bradyi Millett 1898, p. 261, Plate V, Fig. 6 a, b. Parrina bradyi (Millett); Cushman 1932, p. 74, Plate XVII, Figs. 1-4; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3. Consisting of an irregular series of inflated chambers, with a single aperture, or with numerous apertures, usually irregularly placed, this species is characteristic of shallow water environments in the Indo -Pacific. Hauerina sp. Only one specimen. The relationships of this species are to H. diversa Cushman and to H. intermedia Howchin. It resembles the former in size, shape, slight curvature of sutures, and ornamentation, and the latter in its aperture, which is non-cribrate and in its inflated chambers. Spiropthalmidium concentricum ( Terquem and Berthelin) Spiroloculina concentrica Terquem and Berthelin 1875, p. 80, Plate VII, Figs. 1-4. Spiropthalmidium concentricum (Terquem and Berthelin); Ellis and Messina 1940 et seq, volume 2. Three specimens, one representing a costate variety of this species. Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny 1826, p. 283; Brady 1884, p. 187, Plate XII, Figs. 14-16; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Logan 1959, p. 203, 270. This well-known species is widely distributed in the shallow water margins of warm latitude seas. Along the coast of Western Australia it is common in Oyster Harbour, and has been recorded from Garden Island, near Perth, from Geraldton, and throughout Shark Bay. Vertebralina sp. There are several examples. The species is similar to V. striata d’Orbigny in its initial cornuspirine coiling, ornamentation and aperture, but typically contains more chambers, is nar- rower and has cuspate margins. V. striata is known to be highly variable, however, so that this species may well represent one extreme of its development. Spiroloculina The classification of Loeblich and Tappan (1961) differs markedly from other, more familiar, classifications (Cushman 1950, Glaess- ner 1945) in that the Spiroloculininae are in- cluded as a sub-family of the family Nube- culariidae rather than in the family Miliolibae. The distinction rests on whether Spiroloculina, in its early stages, has a quinqueloculine or cornuspirine coiling. Loeblich and Tappan are followed here. Spiroloculina angulata Cushman Spiroloculina grata Terquem var. angulata Cushman 1917, p. 36, Plate VII, Fig. 5 a, b. Spiroloculina angulata Cushman; Asano 1951, part 6, p. 12, Figs. 85, 86. This species differs from Spiroloculina antil- larum d’Orbigny in that it possesses a keeled periphery. It possibly has been recorded as S. antillarum by previous workers on Australian faunas. Spiroloculina antillarum d’Orbigny Spiroloculina antillarum d’Orbigny 1839, p. 166, Plate IX, Figs. 3, 4; Parr 1932a, p. 9; Parr 1945, p. 197; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Logan 1959, p. 195, 263. Recorded in southern Australian coastal waters from Victoria westwards to Oyster Harbour, then north to Geraldton and on to Shark Bay. Spiroloculina canaliculata d’Orbigny = Spiro- loculina communis Cushman and Todd; Barker 1960, p. 20. Spiroloculina canaliculata d’Orbigny 1846, p. 269, Plate XVI, Figs. 10-12; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p 187. This species was recorded by Brady (1884, p. 151, Plate X, Figs. 3, 4) as Spiroloculina impressa Terquem from shallow water in the tropical Pacific. The Australian records cited, however, are from temperate latitudes. Spiroloculina hadai Thalmann Spiroloculina hadai Thalmann 1933, p. 354, Asano 1951, part 6, p. 14, Figs. 97, 98. Many specimens were identified in Oyster Harbour, apparently the first record of this species in southern Australian waters. Spiroloculina milletti Wiesner = Massilina milletti (Wiesner) ; Barker 1960, p. 18. Spiroloculina nitida d’Orbigny 1826, p. 298; Brady 1884, p. 149, Plate IX, Figs. 9, 10. Spiroloculina milletti Wiesner; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1945, p. 197. Common in the Indo-Pacific. The Australian records cited give a distribution from Barwon Heads, Victoria to Geraldton in Western Aus- tralia. It is possible that Logan (1959, p. 264) has called this species Spiroloculina antillarum d’Orbigny var. aequa Cushman, if so its distribu- tion in Western Australia extends nearly to Carnarvon. 120 Planispirinoides bucculentus (Brady) Miliolina bucculenta Brady 1884, p. 170, Plate CXIV, Fig. 3 a, b. Planispirina bucculenta (Brady); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 186; Parr 1945, p. 195. Planispirinoides bucculentus (Brady); Parr 1950, p. 287, text-figs. 1-5, Plate VI, Figs. 1-6. The sections figured by Parr (1950) make it clear that this is a nubeculariid, although its external characters show affinities to the milio- lids. Common in Oyster Harbour. Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr Biloculina ringens Brady 1884, p. 142, Plate II, Fig. 7. Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 5; Chapman 1941, p. 189. A widely distributed species, but very rare in Oyster Harbour. Triloculina cf. flavescens d’Orbigny Triloculina flavescens d’Orbigny 1826, p. 300; Forna- sinii 1905, p. 60, Plate I, Figs. 8, 8a, b. Although this species has been recorded only rarely, and no Indo-Pacific records are known to the author, the Oyster Harbour specimen is so similar to the type figures that it is compared with d’Orbigny’s species. Triloculina laevigata d’Orbigny Triloculina laevigata d’Orbigny 1826, p. 134; Asano 1951, part 6, p. 15, Figs. 103-105. Some of the Oyster Harbour specimens in- cluded with this species are more round than the typical forms. Triloculina rotunda d’Orbigny Triloculina rotunda d’Orbigny 1825, p. 299, Heron- Alien and Earland 1915, p. 568, Plate XLII, Figs. 27-30; Logan 1959, p. 200, 268, Plate III, Fig. 7. Rare in Oyster Harbour. Logan has recorded the species from Shark Bay. Triloculina striatotrigonula (Parker and Jones) Miliola ( Triloculina ) striatotrigonula Parker .and Jones 1865, p. 438. Triloculina striatotrigonula (Parker and Jones); Parr 1941, p. 305; Parr 1945, p. 198; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. This species, which has also been recorded from Australian waters as Triloculina insignis (Brady), is common off the south coast of Aus- tralia and is known to occur as far north as Geraldton on the west coast of Western Australia. Triloculina tricarinata d’Orbigny Triloculina tricarinata d’Orbigny 1826, p. 299; Chap- man and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1991, p. 188; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1950, p. 294; Logan 1959, p. 200, 269. Another widely distributed species, recorded in southern Australian waters from east of Tasmania to Shark Bay. The Oyster Harbour specimens are not as sharply-angled as the type figure. Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck) Miliola trigonula Lamarck 1804, p. 351, no. 3. Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck); Chapman and .parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 188; Parr 1945, p. 197; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1950, p. 295; Logan 1959, p. 201, 269. Common in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Shark Bay. Triloculina sp. Cushman Triloculina sp. Cushman 1932, p. 61, Plate XIII, Fig. T 2L — c This species, described by Cushman from the tropical Pacific, is probably close to Triloculina laevigata d’Orbigny. Cushman states that it seems to be on the borderline between Triloculina and Quinqueloculina. The few Oyster Harbour examples follow his figures. Miliolinella circularis (Bornemann) Triloculina circularis Bornemann 1885, p. 349, Plats XIX, Fig. 4; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 188; Parr 1945, p. 198; Logan 1959, p. 198, 267. Miliolinella circularis (Bornemann); Asano 1951, part 6, p. 9, Figs. 65-67. Common in southern Australian waters. The species described as Miliolinella vigilax Vella, from shallow waters in Cook Strait, New Zealand (Vella 1957, p. 21, Plate VII, Figs. 124-126), which closely resembles M. circularis, must be considered at least an ecotype of Bornemann’s species. Miliolinella labiosa (d’Orbigny) Triloculina labiosa d’Orbigny 1839, p. 178, Plate X, Figs. 12-14; Parr 1932b, p. 220; Parr 1945, p. 198. Placed in Miliolinella on the basis of its milio- linellid aperture. Parr consistently avoids the generic name Miliolinella and records this species as Triloculina labiosa, noting that it is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. Common in Oyster Harbour. Miliolinella oblonga (Montagu) Vermiculum oblongum Montagu 1803, p. 522, Plate XIV, Fig. 9. Triloculina oblonga (Montagu); Parr 1932a, p. 10, Plate I, Fig. 15 a-c; Parr 1945, p. 198; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1950, p. 294; Logan 1959, p. 199, 268. Miliolinella oblonga (Montagu); Chapman 1941, p. 188. Frequently recorded in Oyster Harbour this species occurs from Bass Strait to Shark Bay, in southern Australian waters. Miliolinella sublineata (Brady) Miliolina circularis (Bornemann) var. sublineata Brady 1884, p. 169, Plate IV, Fig. 7. Triloculina circularis Bornemann var. sublineata (Brady); Parr 1945, p. 198; Logan 1959, p. 199, 268. Miliolinella sublineata (Brady); Asano 1951, part 6, p. 10, Figs. 70-72. The Oyster Harbour specimens resemble those described by Parr. Distribution of the species along the southern Australian coast extends from Barwon Heads, Victoria, to Shark Bay, Western Australia. Sigmoilina australis (Parr) Miliolinella (?) australis (Parr) ; Barker 1960, p. 10. Quinqueloculina australis Parr 1932a, p. 7, Plate I, Figs. 8 a-c; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 186; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. Sigmoilina australis (Parr); Parr 1945, p, 197; Parr 1950, p. 292. A common Australian species. Logan (1959, p. 190) has placed it in Miliolinella, overlooking the fact that Vella has included Sigmoilina in the sub-family Miliolinellinae (Vella 1957, p. 20). The Oyster Harbour examples are small but typical. Quinqueloculina bicomis (Walker and Jacob) Serpula bicomis Walker and Jacob in Kanmacher, 1798, p. 633, Plate XIV, Fig. 2. Quinqueloculina bicomis (Walker and Jacob); Heron - Allen and Earland 1915, p. 580. Very rare in Oyster Harbour. Quinqueloculina bosciana d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina bosciana d’Orbigny 1839, p. 191, Plate XI, Figs. 22-24; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 566; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. 121 Frequently recorded in Oyster Harbour, this species shows some variation in the length and width of its test and in its ornamentation. It has also been recorded from Triggs Island, near Perth. Quinqueloculina bradyana Cushman Quinqueloculina bradyana Cushman 1917, p. 52, Plate XVIII, Fig. 2; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1950, p. 290, Plate VI, Fig. 11; Logan 1959, p. 185, 252, Plate II, Fig. 5. Distributed in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Shark Bay. Very rare in Oyster Harbour. Quinqueloculina costa ta d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina costata d’Orbigny 1826, p. 301; Parr 1932a, p. 8, Plate I, Fig. 9; Parr 1945, p. 197; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. The distribution of this small species in southern Australian waters extends from Mel- bourne, Victoria, to Geraldton, Western Australia. Quinqueloculina dilatata d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina dilatata d’Orbigny 1839, p. 192, Plate XI, Figs. 28-30; Parr 1945, p. 196. Rare in Oyster Harbour, this distinctive species also occurs off Barwon Heads, Victoria. Quinqueloculina granulocostata Germeraad Quinqueloculina granulocostata Germeraad 1946, p. 63; Logan 1959, p. 187, 252, Plate II, Fig. 6. Examples of this large Indo-Pacific species, also known to occur in Shark Bay, were found in several samples from Oyster Harbour. Quinqueloculina cf. inaequalis d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina inaequalis d’Orbigny 1839, p. 142, Plate III, Figs. 28-30. Two specimens. These tend to Q. inaequalis rather than Q. sigmoilinoides Vella in respect of their apertures and the concavo-convexity of their chambers. Vella’s species (Vella 1957, p. 24, Plate VI, Figs. 115-117) should be renamed as Q. sigmoilinoides is already occupied (Gianotti 1953, p. 43, Plate IV, Fig. 1 a-d). This very common species has a complex taxonomic history, and has still to be described adequately. It has been recorded in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Perth. Logan (1959), describing the Shark Bay fauna, places a strongly-ribbed population in Q. semi- nula, but his material may well be Q. seminula var. jugosa Cushman. The Oyster Harbour specimens are all of the typical smooth-shelled variety. Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne) var. longa Gherke Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne) var. longa Gherke 1938, p. 306, Plate II, Figs. 5-8; Kruit 1955, p 467 Plate I, Fig. 11. Gherke’s material was fossil but the species is known to occur to-day, for example in the Rhone delta (Kruit 1955), an environment some- what similar to Oyster Harbour in respect of salinity, temperature and depth. Quinqueloculina stelligera Schlumberger Quinqueloculina stelligera Schlumberger 1893 p 68 text-fig. 17, Plate II, Figs. 58, 59; Cushman 1929, p 28’ Plate III, Figs. 3, 4 The few Oyster Harbour examples of this species are rather worn. Quinqueloculina striata d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina striata d’Orbigny 1826, p. 301; Heron- Alien and Earland 1915, p. 579, Plate XLIV, Figs. 13-17. This is the first record of the species from Western Australian waters. Quinqueloculina subarenaria Cushman Quinqueloculina subarenaria Cushman 1917, p. 44, Plate X, Figs. 1, 2; Asano 1951, part 6, p. 7, Figs. 49-51. The holotype was described from shallow water off Singapore. Asano, however, records this species from cooler waters in the Japan Sea. It is frequent in some samples in Oyster Harbour; the first record for the species in Western Australian waters. Quinqueloculina lamarckiana d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina lamarckiana d’Orbigny 1839, p. 189, Plate XI, Figs. 14, 15; Chapman and Parr 1935. p. 3; Parr 1945, p. 196; Chapman 1941, p. 187; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 70. This common species has been recorded in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Geraldton. Quinqueloculina poeyana d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina poeyana d’Orbigny 1839, p. 191, Plate XI, Figs. 25-27; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr 1950, p. 290. Differentiated from Q. costata d’Orbigny by its larger test, dull finish, stronger ribbing and more prominent tooth, this species is also known to occur in the Great Australian Bight and off Albany. Quinqueloculina polygona d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina polygona d’Orbigny 1839, p. 198, Plate XII. Figs. 21-23; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3. A few rather worn examples were identified. Chapman and Parr record the species from the western Great Australian Bight. Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne) Serpula seminulum Linne 1758, p. 1264, no. 791 (12th edition). Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne); Chapman 1941, p. 187; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950. p. 70; Parr 1950, p. 289; Logan 1959, p. 188, 256. Quinqueloculina suborbicularis d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina suborbicularis Vella 1957, p. 23, Plate VI, Figs. d’Orbigny 1826, p. 302; 102-104. Vella (p. 23) states with justification that specific names, such as Q. seminula and Q. vul- garis d’Orbigny, have been applied to a wide variety of shells, and should be restricted to forms approaching the original figures and descriptions. The author follows Vella in reviv- ing Q. suborbicularis for forms that have prob- ably been recorded as Q. vulgaris by earlier workers on southern Australian faunas. The species is common in Oyster Harbour. Quinqueloculina subpolygona Parr Quinqueloculina subpolygona Parr 1945, p. 196 Plate ? n ono Fl T 2; P ^L in Fairbri dge, 1950, p. 70; Parr 1950, p. 290; Logan 1959, p. 189, 255, Plate II, Fig. 11. Typical examples of this southern Australian species were identified in several samples. Quinqueloculina sulcata d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina sulcata d’Orbigny 1826, p. 301- Loaan 1959, p. 189, 256, Plate II, Fig. 9. Frequent in Oyster Harbour, this species also occurs in Shark Bay. Quinqueloculina sp. 1 Only two specimens preclude the formal definition of a new species. 122 Test small, sub-rectangular, rather com- pressed; wall smooth, porcellanous; chambers quinqueloculine; sutures depressed, somewhat Indistinct; aperture a long, narrow slit, hooked at one end, with a slight lip; tooth absent. Quinqueloculina sp. 2 One example. Test small, elongate, with a slightly sinuous periphery, compressed; wall smooth, porcellanous; chambers quinqueloculine; sutures indistinct, oblique, somewhat depressed; neck prominent; aperture narrow, elliptical; tooth absent. Schlumbergerina alveoliniformis (Brady) Miliolina alveoliniformis Brady 1879, p. 268; Brady 1884, p. 181, Plate VIII, Figs. 15-20. Schlumbergerina alveoliniformis (Brady); Thalmann 1932, p. 297. Two juveniles are placed in this species which usually inhabits shallow waters of tropical latitudes. Cribrolinoides curta (Cushman) Quinqueloculina disparilis d’Orbigny var. curta Cushman 1917, p. 49, Plate XIV, Fig. 2; Logan 1959, p. 186, 252. Cribrolinoides curta (Cushman); Asano 1951, part 6, p. 9, Figs. 63, 64. Also recorded from Shark Bay, this small, biscuit-coloured species is very rare in Oyster Harbour. Ptychomiliola separans (Brady) Miliolina separans Brady 1881, p. 45; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3, 4, Plate I, Fig. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 187; Parr 1950, p. 291. Apparently restricted to Australian waters, this unusual species has been recorded off the east and south coasts of Australia from Torres Strait to the Bight. The present record extends its known distribution further westwards. Pseudomassilina australis (Cushman) Massilina australis Cushman 1932, p. 32, Plate VIII, Fig. 2 a, b. Pseudomassilina australis (Cushman); Lacroix, 1938. p. 3. The type locality is off Cook Island in the Pacific where this species occurs in shallow water. It is very rare in Oyster Harbour. Siphonaperta ammophila (Parr) Quinqueloculina ammophila Parr 1932a, p. 8, text- fig. IE, Plate I, Fig. 10 a, b; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3. Massilina ammophila (Parr); Parr 1950, p. 292, Plate VI, Fig. 16. Siphonaperta ammophila (Parr); Vella 1957, p. 19. The type locality for this is Westernport Bay, south-east of Melbourne, Victoria, and it has also been recorded off Tasmania and in the Great Australian Bight. The present record extends its known distribution westwards. The Oyster Harbour examples, however, are only rarely as compressed as Parr’s figured specimens and may be related more closely to Quinqueloculina agglutinans d’Orbigny. Massilina annectens Schlumberger Massilina annectens Schlumberger 1893, p. 78, text,- figs. 35-37, Plate III, Figs. 77-79. One specimen, closely resembling Schlum- berger’s Pig. 78. Massilina cf. planispiroidea Martinotti Massilina planispiroidea Martinotti 1921, p. 314, text- figs. 129, 130, Plate IV, Figs. 1-3. One example, which is compared with Mar- tinotti’s species from the shores of Tripoli. Massilina secans (d’Orbigny) Quinqueloculina secans d’Orbigny 1826, p. 303. Massilina secans (d’Orbigny); Logan 1959, p. 191, 245. Very rare in Oyster Harbour. Recorded by Logan from Shark Bay as a stenohaline marine species. Massilina secans (d’Orbigny) var. tenuistriata Earland Miliolina ( Massilina ) secans (d’Orbigny) var. tenus- striata Earland 1905, p. 198, Plate XI, Fig. 5. Massilina secans (d’Orbigny) var. tenuistriata Ear- land; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 582, Plate XLIV, Figs. 28-31. Several examples from Oyster Harbour, the first record of this variety in Western Australian waters. Peneroplis pertusus (Forskal) Nautilus pertusus Forskal 1775, p. 125. Peneroplis pertusus (Forskal) Parr in Fairbrldge, 1950, p. 71; Logan 1959, p. 210. This species, which has also been recorded from Shark Bay and Geraldton Harbour, is common in Oyster Harbour. It is usually smaller than Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel and Moll), and is further distinguished from that species by its fatter test and different aperture. Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel and Moll) Nautilus planatus Fichtel and Moll 1798, p. 91 (in an 1803 reprint). Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel and Moll); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr 1945, p. 199; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 299; Logan 1959, p. 211, 246, Plate IV, Figs. 6, 7. This widely distributed species is common in southern Australian waters from Victoria to Shark Bay. The Oyster Harbour specimens include forms tending towards Spirolina arietina (Batsch.) Peneroplis sp. Test large, initially close-coiled and thickened, becoming expanded towards the apertural end; ornamentation of numerous striae; aperture a row of pores along the median line of the apertural face. This species appears to be inter- mediate between Peneroplis proteus d’Orbigny, and P. planatus, differing from the former in its ornamentation, and from the latter in the gen- eral shape of its test and in the initial thicken- ing. Several specimens were taken in Oyster Harbour. Dendritina antillarum d’Orbigny Dendritina antillarum d’Orbigny 1826, p. 285; Cushman 1930, part 7, p. 42, Plate XIV, Figs. 2, 3. A few specimens with the characteristic dendri- tine aperture were identified as belonging to this species. Spirolina cylindracea (Lamarck) Spirolinites cylindracea Lamarck 1804, p. 245. Spirolina cylindracea (Lamarck); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 2. This slender, cylindrical species has previously been recorded in Western Australian waters only from the western Great Australian Bight. It is rare in Oyster Harbour. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard in Blain- ville, 1830, p. 377; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 299; Logan 1959, p. 215, 244. 123 Frequently recorded along the western coast- line of Western Australia but rare along the southern coast of this State. Two broken specimens were found near the southern en- trance to Oyster Harbour. Guttulina (Sigmoidina) pacifica (Cushman and Ozawa) Sigmoidella ( Sigmoidina ) pacifica Cushman and Ozawa 1928, p. 19, Plate II, Fig. 13. Guttulina ( Sigmoidina ) pacifica (Cushman and Ozawa); Asano 1951, part 8, p. 5, Figs. 24-26. Only one example of this common Indo- Pacific species. Guttulina kishinouyi Cushman and Ozawa Guttulina kishinouyi Cushman and Ozawa 1930, p. 40, Plate VIII, Figs. 5, 6; Asano 1951, part 8, p. 2, Figs. 6, 7. Not previously recorded from Western Austra- lian waters, and very rare in Oyster Harbour. Guttulina cf. lactea (Walker and Jacob) Serpula lactea Walker and Jacob in Kanmacher, 1798, p. 634. Plate XIV, Fig. 4. Guttulina lactea (Walker and Jacob); Parr and Collins 1937, p. 195, Plate XII, Fig. 8; Chapman 1941, p. 164; Parr 1945, p. 204. The single specimen is hesitantly compared with this species which it appears to resemble most nearly, and which has been previously recorded from south-eastern Australia and Barwon Heads, Victoria. Guttulina yabei Cushman and Ozawa Guttulina yabei Cushman and Ozawa 1929, p. 68, Plate XIII, Fig. 2, Plate XIV, Fig. 6 a, b; Parr and Collins 1937, p. 192, Plate XIII, Fig. 4 a-c; Chapman 1941, p. 164; Parr 1945, p. 204. Recorded in south-eastern Australian waters from Sydney to Barwon Heads, Victoria. The slender form figured by Parr and Collins was present in three samples from Oyster Harbour where it occurs more frequently than any other polymorphinid. Guttulina yamazaldi Cushman and Ozawa Guttulina yamazakii Cushman and Ozawa 1930, p. 40, Plate VIII, Figs. 3, 4; Parr and Collins 1937, p. 196, Plate XIII, Fig. 5 a-c; Logan 1959, p. 205, 244, Plate III, Fig, 8. One typical example of this species was identi- fied in Oyster Harbour. Logan has microradio- graphed a specimen from Shark Bay. Sigmoidella elegantissima (Parker and Jones) Polymorphina elegantissima Parker and Jones 1864, p. 438. Sigmoidella elegantissima (Parker and Jones); Chap- man and Parr 1935, p. 2; Parr and Collins 1937, p. 206, Plate XIV. Fig. 9; Parr 1945, p. 205; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 335. Recorded in southern Australian waters from Port Jackson, N.S.W., to Geraldton, W.A. Very rare in Oyster Harbour. Oolina globosa (Montagu) Vermiculum globosum Montagu 1803, p. 523. Lagena globosa (Montagu); Brady 1884, p. 452, text- fig. 11 a-m, Plate LVI, Figs. 1-3; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 2. Entosolenia globosa (Montagu); Parr 1945, p. 204. Oolina globosa (Montagu); Parr 1950, p. 302. Only one example of this small species. Bolivinella folium (Parker and Jones) Textularia agglutinans d’Orbigny var. folium Parker and Jones 1865, p. 370, 420, Plate XVIII, Fig. 19. Bolivinella folium (Parker and Jones); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 2; Chapman 1941, p. 169; Parr 1945, p. 205; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Logan 1959, p. 216, 235. The type locality for this species is a shore sand near Melbourne, Victoria. It is common in Australian waters as the records cited indicate. Bolivina earlandi Parr Bolivina punctata d’Orbigny 1839, p. 63, Plate VIII, Figs. 10-12; Chapman 1941, p. 167. Bolivina earlandi Parr; Parr 1950, p. 339, Plate XII, Fig. 16 a, b. Widely distributed in Australian waters. The Oyster Harbour specimens follow Parr’s species in possessing rounded, rather than sharp-edged, margins. Reussella ensiformis (Chapman) Verneuilina ensiformis Chapman 1910, p. 271, Plate II, Fig. 1 a, b. Reussia ensiformis (Chapman); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 2, 4, Plate I, Fig. 1. Several examples of this species were found thus reinforcing Chapman and Parr’s record of one specimen from the Great Australian Bight. This is important, as prior to Chapman and Parr’s paper all records of the species were from the Oligocene and Miocene of Victoria. The generic name Reussella is used after Galloway (1933, fide Ellis and Messina 1940 et seq.) . Siphogenerina raphana (Parker and Jones) Uvigerinx ( Sagrina ) raphanus Parker and Jones 1865, p. 364, Plate XVIII, Figs. 16 a, b, 17. Siphogenerina raphanus (Parker and Jones); Chap- man and Parr 1935, p. 2; Parr 1945, p. 207; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Logan 1959, p. 220, 260. Widely distributed in southern Australian waters from Barwon Heads to Shark Bay. Discopulvinulina australis (Parr) = Discorbis australis Parr; Barker 1960. p. 180. Discorbis australis Parr 1932b, p. 227, Plate XXII, Fig. 31 a-c; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 171; Parr 1945, p. 209; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Logan 1959, p. 221, 238. Discopulvinulina australis (Parr); Asano 1951, part 14, p. 3, Figs. 20-22. Distributed widely in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Shark Bay. Several small specimens were recorded at Oyster Harbour. Diseopuivinuiina bradyi (Cushman) = Rosalina bradyi (Cushman); Barker 1960, p. 178. Discorbis globularis d’Orbigny var. bradyi Cushman 1915, p. 12, Plate VIII, Fig. 1. Discopulvinulina bradyi (Cushman); Asano 1951, part 14, p. 4, Figs. 25, 26. One example of this widely distributed species common in the shallow waters of sub-tropical and temperate seas. Discorbis cf. advena Cushman s= Conorboides cf. advena (Cushman) ; Barker 1960, p. 180. Discorbina rosacea (d’Orbigny); Brady 1884, in part, p. 644, Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 1. Discorbis advena Cushman 1922, p. 40. Cushman established this species from one of Brady’s specimens figured as Discorbina rosacea. Brady states that D. rosacea is common in almost every sea, but Cushman’s separated species is usually recorded from warm shallow waters in the western Atlantic. The Oyster Harbour example, though small, agrees well with Brady’s figure and Cushman’s description. Discorbis australensis Heron-Alien and Earland = Pileolina (?) australensis (Her on- Allen and Earland) ; Barker 1960, p. 184. Discorbina pileolus Brady 1884, p. 649, Plate LXXXIX, Figs. 2-4. 124 Discorbis australensis Heron-Alien and Earland 1932, p. 416; Parr 1945, p. 209. Several examples Including a twinned speci- men. Parr, in recording the species from Barwon Heads, says it is common on the east coast of Australia. Discorbis dimidiatus (Jones and Parker) = Discorbis sp. nov.; Barker 1960, p. 180. Discorbina dimidiata Jones and Parker in Carpenter, 1862. p. 201, text-fig. 32B. Discorbis dimidiatus (Jones and Parker); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 172; Parr 1945, p. 208; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 353. The commonest species of Discorbis in southern Australian waters, known to occur from below Sydney westwards to Oyster Harbour and then northwards as far as North-West Cape. Among the many examples from Oyster Harbour were several large ones, thus supporting Parr’s opinion that the largest specimens are usually found in temperate coastal waters. Discorbis dimidiatus (Jones and Parker) var. acervulinoides Parr Discorbis vesicularis (Lamarck) var. acervulinoides Parr 1932b, p. 229, Plate XXI, Fig. 30 a-c. Discorbis dimidiatus (Jones and Parker) var acer- vulinoides Parr; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 353. Distinguished by its conical test this variety was described from the coast of South Australia. It is known to occur in Western Australian waters from the Bight to as far north as Geraldton. Discorbis mira Cushman = Discorbina (?) mira (Cushman) ; Barker 1960, p. 180. Discorbis mira Cushman 1922, p. 39, Plate VI, Figs. 10-11; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71. Recorded in Western Australian waters from the Bight to near Perth. Discorbis opercularis (d’Orbigny) = Pileolina (?) opercularis (d’Orbigny); Barker 1960, p. 184. Rosalina opercularis d’Orbigny 1839, p. 93, Plate III, Figs. 24, 25, Plate IV, Fig. 1. Discorbis opercularis (d’Orbigny); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 172; Parr 1945, p. 209; Parr 1950, p. 355. This distinctive species though never common is widely distributed in Australian waters al- though it has yet to be recorded from the west coast of Western Australia. Discorbis patelliformis (Brady) = Pileolina (?) patelliformis (Brady); Barker 1960, p. 182. Discorbina patelliformis Brady 1884, p. 647, Plate LXXXVIII, Fig. 3 a-c, Plate LXXXIX, Fig. 1 a-c. Discorbis patelliformis (Brady); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Parr 1945, p. 209; Logan 1959, p. 222, 239, Plate V, Fig. 9. Brady describes this as a shallow water Indo- Pacific species. It is well-known from the southern coast of Australia. The Oyster Harbour specimens are all small. Eponides praecinctus (Karrer) = Cibicides praecinctus (Karrer); Barker, 1960, p. 196. Rotalia praecincta Karrer 1868, p. 189, Plate V, Fig. 7. Truncatulina praecincta (Karrer); Brady 1884, p. 667, Plate XCV, Figs. 1-3. Eponides praecinctus (Karrer); Asano 1951, part 14, p. 11, Figs. 80-82. Common on the Pacific coast of Japan and in the tropical southern Pacific. Brady also records it from the Red Sea. It is rare in Oyster Harbour. Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll) Nautilus repandus Fichtel and Moll 1798, p. 35, Plate III, Figs, a-d, in an 1803 reprint. Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 173; Parr in Fair- bridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 360. Common off the southern coast of Australia from Bass Strait to Albany. Barker (1960, p. 214) comments on the taxonomy of this species. Discorbinella biconcava (Jones and Parker) Discorbina biconcava Jones and Parker in Carpenter, 1862, p. 201, text-fig. 32G. Planulina biconcava (Jones and Parker); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 176. Discorbinella biconcava (Jones and Parker); Parr 1945, p. 211. The type locality for this species is near Mel- bourne, Victoria. It is known to occur also in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, Port Jackson, Bass Strait, off Cape Wiles and in the Bight. There are two small specimens from Oyster Harbour. Planorbulina acervalis Brady Planorbulina acervalis Brady 1884, p. 657, Plate XCII, Fig. 4; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Logan 1959, p. 231, 247. Very rare in Oyster Harbour, this species has also been recorded from Perth, Geraldton and Shark Bay in Western Australian waters. It is differentiated from Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny by its numerous acervuline segments. Planorbulina rubra d’Orbigny Planorbulina rubra d’Orbigny 1826, p. 280; Parr 1932b, p. 232, Plate XXII, Fig. 51 a-c; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Parr 1950, p. 368. A few examples of this species, recorded by Parr from shallow water off the coasts of Victoria and South Australia, and off Albany, were found in Oyster Harbour. All possess the characteristic reddish tinge. The type locality is a shore sand from Fremantle, Western Australia, and the species is also known from Geraldton Harbour. Planorbulinella larvata (Parker and Jones) Planorbulina larvata Parker and Jones 1865, p. 379, 380, Plate XIX, Fig. 3 a, b; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 706. Planorbulinella larvata (Parker and Jones); Thal- mann 1932, p. 309. One typical example. Acervulina inhaerens Schultze Acervulina inhaerens Schultze 1854, p. 68, Plate VI, Fig. 12; Parr 1945, p. 214; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 368. Several specimens. The species is widely dis- tributed along the southern coastline of Austra- lia, and occurs as far north as Geraldton in Western Australia. Streblus beccarii (Linne) Nautilus beccarii Linn6 1758, p. 710, Plate I, Fig. 1 a-c. Rotalia beccarii (Linn6); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Logan 1959, p. 225, 259. Streblus beccarii (Linn6); Chapman 1941, p. 173; Parr 1945, p. 213; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72. This highly variable species is recorded spas- modically throughout Oyster Harbour. Its distribution extends from Bass Strait to Shark Bay. PLATE I 126 Rotalia trispinosa Thalmann = Asterorotalia trispinosa (Thalmann); Barker 1960, p. 238. Rotalia pulchella Brady 1884, p. 710, Plate CXV, Fig. 8 a, b. Rotalia trispinosa Thalmann 1933, p. 248; Asano 1951, part 14, p. 17, Fig. 127. A characteristic Indo-Pacific species, but very rare in Oyster Harbour. It has also been recorded in Cockburn Sound, near Perth, Western Aus- tralia (R. A. McTavish personal communication). Elphidium advenum (Cushman) Polystomella advena Cushman 1922, p. 56, Plate IX, Figs. 11, 12. Elphidium advenum (Cushman); Chapman 1941, p. 182; Parr 1945, p. 216; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Logan 1959, p. 206, 241, Plate III, Fig. 16, Plate IV, Fig. 1. Common in Australian waters, it occurs throughout Oyster Harbour, where it is the most abundant species. Elphidium craticulatum (Fichtel and Moll) Nautilus craticulatus Fichtel and Moll 1798, p. 51, Plate V, Figs, h-k, in an 1803 reprint. Elphidium craticulatum (Fichtel and Moll); Chap- man and Parr 1935, p. 2; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Parr 1950, p. 373; Logan 1959, pp. 207, 241, Plate III, Figs. 14, 15. The Australian records cited are all from Western Australian waters. Elphidium crispum (Linne) Nautilus crispus Linn6 1758, p. 709, Plate I, Figs. 2 d-f (10th edition). Elphidium crispum (Linn6); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 2; Chapman 1941, p. 182; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Logan 1959, pp. 208, 242, Plate IV, Figs. 2, 3. Common in southern Australian waters. This species apparently cannot tolerate the brackish conditions in the northern part of Oyster Harbour. Elphidium incertum (Williamson) Polystomella umbilicatula (Walker) var. incerta Williamson 1858, p. 44, Plate III, Fig. 82a. Elphidium incertum (Williamson); Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Parr 1950, p. 373. Previously recorded off Albany, this species is common in Oyster Harbour. Elphidium jenseni (Cushman) Polystomella jenseni Cushman 1924, p. 49, Plate XVI, Fig. 6. Elphidium jenseni (Cushman); Chapman 1941, p. 182; Parr 1950, p. 372. Known to occur off the coast of New South Wales, in Bass Strait and off Tasmania. Differ- entiated by its finely papillate umbilical area from Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll), in which this feature is not present. Elphidium laminatum (Terquem) Polystomella laminata Terquem 1878, p. 16, Plate I, Fig. 8 a, b. Rarely recorded, this species can be taken for an Operculina but the retral processes are quite distinct. It is characteristically highly com- pressed. Present near the southern entrance to Oyster Harbour. Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) Nautilus macellus Fichtel and Moll 1798, pp. 66, 68, Plate X, Figs, e-k, in an 1803 reprint. Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll); Chapman 1941, p. 183; Parr 1945, p. 216; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 72; Parr 1950, p. 372. Common in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Perth. Ozawaia tongaensis Cushman Ozawaia tongaensis Cushman 1922, p. 80, Plate X, Figs. 7-10. This Pacific species is very rare in Oyster Harbour. Elphidiononion sp. aff. simplex (Cushman) Elphidium simplex Cushman 1933, p. 52, Plate XII, Figs. 8, 9; Logan 1959, pp. 208, 243, Plate IV, Fig. 5. Elphidium sp. aff. simplex Cushman; Parr 1945, p. 216, Plate XI, Fig. 8. Parr describes a form, from Barwon Heads, Victoria, in which the retral processes are more prominent than in Cushman’s species. The Oyster Harbour specimens resemble Parr’s in this respect. The author follows Vella (1957, p. 38) in the use of the generic name E Iphidiononion . Globorotalia scitula (Brady) Pulvinulina scitula Brady 1882, p. 716. Globorotalia scitula (Brady); Chapman 1941, p. 181; Parr 1950, p. 367. One example of this widely distributed pelagic species. Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny 1826, p. 277; Chap- man and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 179; Parr 1945, p. 215; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 365. There were several specimens from Oyster Harbour of this universally distributed pelagic species. Orbulina universa d’Orbigny Orbulina universa d’Orbigny 1839, p. 3, Plate I, Fig. 1; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 180; Parr 1945, p. 215; Parr 1950, p. 366. Another pelagic species with world-wide dis- tribution. One small example was found in Oyster Harbour. Discanomalina sp. This resembles Anomalina colligera Chapman and Parr, known from Bass Strait to the Bight (Chapman and Parr 1935, Chapman 1941, Parr 1950). The large area of clear shell material in the umbilical region of the ventral side, however, places it in Discanomalina. PLATE I* 1: Miliammina fusca (Brady) x 20; 2; Reophax scorpiurus Montfort x 30; 3: Nouria polymorphinoides Heron-Alien and Earland x 30; 4: Ammobaculites agglutinans (d’Orbigny) x 20; 5: Textularia candeiana d’Orbigny x 30; 6: T. conica d’Orbigny x 30. Apertural view 7: Trochammina inflata (Montagu) x 30. Dorsal view; 8: T. inflata x 30. Ventral view; 9: Gaudryina (Pseudogaudryina) hastata (Parr) x 30; 10: G. triangularis Cushman x 30; 11: G. triangularis Cushman var. angulata Cushman x 30; 12: Clavulina difformis Brady x 30; 13: C. pacifica Cushman x 30; 14: C. serventyi Chapman and Parr x 30; 15: Cribrobulimina poly stoma (Parker and Jones) x 20; 16: Nubecularia lucifuga Def ranee x 30; 17: Parrina bradyi (Millett) x 30; 18: Spiropthalmidium concentricum (Terquem and Berthelin) x 30; 19: S. concentricum x 30. Costate variety; 20: Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny x 30; 21: V. sp. x 30; 22: Ptychomiliola separans (Brady) x 30. * All photographs taken by the author using a Leica Reprovit II and microfilm, developed and printed by K. Bauer. 127 ■f I PLATE II 1: Spiroloculina antillarum d’Orbigny x 30; 2: S. canaliculata d'Orbigny x 30; 3: S’, liadai Thalmann x 30; 4: S. milletti Wiesner x 30; 5: Planispirinoides bucculentus (Brady) x 30; 6; Pyrgo fornasinii Chapman and Parr x 30; 7: Triloculina laevigata d’Orbigny x 30; 8 and 9: T. rotunda d’Orbigny x 30. Both sides; 10 and 11: T. striatotrigonula (Parker and Jones) x 30. 11 is an apertural view; 12: T. trigonula (Lamarck) x 20. Apertural view; 13: Miliolinella circularis (Bornemann) x 20; 14: M . labiosa (d’Orbigny) x 30; 15: Sigmoilina australis (Parr) x 20; 16: Quinqueloculina bosciana d’Orbigny x 30; 17: Q. costata d’Orbigny x 30; 18: Q. granulocostata Germeraad x 20; 19: Q. lamarckiana d’Orbigny x 30; 20 and 21: Q. seminula (Linne) var. longa Gherke x 30. Both sides; 22: Q. subarenaria Cushman x 30: 23: Q. subpolygona Parr x 30; 24: Pseudomassilina australis (Cushman) x 30; 25: Massilina secans (d’Orbigny) var. tenuistriata Earland x 30; 26: Spirolina cylindracea (Lamarck) x 30. Broken specimen; 27: Peneroplis. planatus (Fichtel and Moll) x 30; 28: P. sp. x 30. 128 Anomalina glabrata Cushman Anomalina glabrata Cushman 1924, p. 39, Plate XII, Figs. 5-7; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941. p. 175. One very small example of this species, which has also been recorded from Bass Strait and the Bight. Cymbalopora poeyi (d’Orbigny) = Cymbalo- poretta squammosa (d’Orbigny); Barker 1960, p. 210. Rosalina poeyi d’Orbigny 1839, p. 100, Plate III, Figs. 18-20. Cymbalopora poeyi (d’Orbigny); Brady 1884, p. 637, Plate CII, Fig. 13. One small example of this widely distributed shallow water species. Cymbaloporetta bradyi Cushman Cymbalopora poeyi var. Brady 1884, p. 637, Plate CII, Fig. 14 a-d. Cymbaloporetta bradyi Cushman 1931, p. 75; Logan 1959, pp. 228, 238. One typical example of this species, which is also recorded by Logan from Shark Bay. Tretomphalus bulloides (d’Orbigny) = Tretom- phalus planus Cushman; Barker 1960, p. 210 . Rosalina bulloides d’Orbigny 1839, p. 98, Plate III, Figs. 2-5. Cymbalopora ( Tretomphalus ) bulloides (d’Orbigny); Brady 1884, p. 638, Plate CII, Figs. 7-12. Tretomphalus cf. bulloides (d’Orbigny); Logan 1959, p. 228. In the majority of the Oyster Harbour examples the characteristic, final balloon-like chamber has been ruptured. Two specimens, however, retain it, enabling the ruptured in- dividuals to be associated with the species by a comparison of their earlier rotaliform stages, which in all but one of the specimens have a reddish-brown colour. The exception is white. Parr (1945, p. 212, Plate XI, Figs. 4, 5) has figured as Tretomphalus concinnus (Brady) from Barwon Heads, Victoria, forms similar to those which this author has assigned to T. bulloides after a study of d’Orbigny ’s and Brady’s descriptions and figures. Logan has recorded from Shark Bay a Tretomphalus which he compares with T. bulloides. Carpenteria sp. Two juvenile specimens referable to this genus. Virgulina cf. schreibersiana Czjzek Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek 1848, p. 147, Plate XIII, Figs. 18-21; Parr 1945, p. 205; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71. One specimen. This record has an added significance because Oyster Harbour is inter- mediate between Barwon Heads, Victoria, and Geraldton Harbour, Western Australia, where the species is already known to occur. Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob) Nautilus depressulus Walker and Jacob in Kanmacher, 1798, p. 641, Plate XIV, Fig. 33. Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob); Chapman 1941, p. 181; Parr 1945, p. 215. Several specimens, thus extending the known distribution of this species into Western Aus- tralian waters. Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) Nautilus lobatulus Walker and Jacob in Kanmacher, 1798, p. 642, Plate XIV, Fig. 36. Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 176; Parr 1945, p. 214; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 364; Logan 1959, p. 230. Frequently encountered in Oyster Harbour this species is widely distributed in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Shark Bay. Cibicides pseudoungerianus (Cushman) Truncatulina pseudoungerianus Cushman 1922, p. 97, Plate XX, Fig. 9. Cibicides pseudoungerianus (Cushman); Chapman 1941, p. 176; Parr 1950, p. 365. Common in southern seas. On the southern coastline of Australia it has been recorded off Tasmania and near Albany. Cibicides refulgens (Montfort) Nautilus (Rotalia) refulgens Montfort 1808, p. 122. Cibicides refulgens (Montfort); Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 3; Chapman 1941, p. 177; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 363; Logan 1959, pp. 230, 236. This universally distributed species is common in Oyster Harbour. Cibicides tenuimargo (Brady) Truncatulina tenuimargo Brady 1884, p. 662, Plate XCIII, Figs. 2, 3; Heron-Alien and Earland 1915, p. 707. Four of Brady’s localities are in eastern Aus- tralian waters. Oyster Harbour is intermediate between his records and those of Heron-Alien and Earland from the Kerimba Archipelago, making this occurrence of particular interest. Dyocibicides biserialis Cushman and Valentine Dyocibicides biserialis Cushman and Valentine 1930, p. 31, Plate X, Figs. 1, 2; Chapman 1941, p. 177. Distinguished by the limbate, slightly raised sutures on its flattened face. Chapman has recorded it off south-eastern Australia. Dyocibicides cf. perforata Cushman and Valen- tine Dyocibicides perforata Cushman and Valentine 1930, p. 31, Plate X, Fig. 3 a-c; Asano 1951, part 13, p. 19, Fig. 50. Sutures initially limbate and flush, but later non-limbate and slightly depressed. One example. Spirillina inaequalis Brady Spirillina inaequalis Brady 1879, p. 278, Plate VIII, Fig. 25 a, b; Chapman and Parr 1935, p. 2; Chapman 1941, p. 157; Parr 1945, p. 199; Parr in Fairbridge, 1950, p. 71; Parr 1950, p. 350. Only one example of this well-known Indo- Pacific species, recorded in southern Australian waters from Bass Strait to Geraldton Harbour, was found in Oyster Harbour. This completes the notes on the species. Specimens are stored at the Geology Department, in the University of Western Australia. Conclusions The value of foraminifera in environmental studies has been conveyed to some extent in the preceding discussions on the species. It must be realised, however, that they comprise only a single element in the complex biotope of the Harbour, and the ecological information they 129 PLATE III 130 convey must be integrated with that provided by the other groups now being studied (ostracods, echinoids, molluscs and weeds.) The complexity of the other factors which control environment must also be emphasised. Of these, depth of water has been indicated by the depth contours on the sample location map; others which are important include the hydro- logic regime (pH, Eh, chlorinity, temperature, phosphate and nitrate content), the lithotope, and climate, as well as abundance and type of competing plant and animal life. To illustrate this complexity consider the hydrologic regime. Each of the components studied has a seasonal fluctuation, quite marked in some instances (temperature and chlorinity), but small in others (phosphate and nitrate con- tent). The regime is the totality of these fluc- tuating components (and others which the author has been unable to study but which are generally considered of less significance), and the effect of any one of them on the environment can be considered only with reference to the hydrologic regime as a whole. Similarly, the lithotope can be size-sorted and also sub-divided into its quartz-felspar, car- bonate, organic matter, heavy mineral and clay fractions, which can then be analysed separately. As the size and proportions of these fractions vary so the lithotope alters, and again, the effect of any one fraction on the environment must be considered in relation to the lithotope as a whole at the location being studied. The variables which determine climate are too well known to require elaboration here, and the same principle applies: that it is the interaction of these variables which determines climate, and therefore, that the effect of one of them on the environment must be determined with respect to its part in the climate as a whole. Not only are the factors considered above complex within themselves, but they are com- plexly interwoven into the fabric which defines the environment. The environment is their ultimate expression. A study of the environment, however, is not the purpose of this paper which is concerned with the identification of the species encountered in the samples examined and with their corrected nomenclature, and which is primarily a record of species occurrence; but the author intends to submit a separate paper in which the environ- ments in Oyster Harbour will be analysed, and the complexities present, if not unravelled, at least clearly stated, and in which the foramini- fera will have their place, among the other components of the biotope, as indices of environ- mental change. Acknowledgments Mr. C. W. Hassell assisted the author in col- lecting samples from Oyster Harbour during March, 1960. Mr. R. A. McTavish, a research student of the Geology Department, University of Western Australia, checked the author’s identifications, in some cases emending them, and suggested useful literature. Dr. P. J. Coleman, of the Geology Department, University of Western Australia, suggested use- ful alterations to the form of the manuscript. References The original records quoted for species are fide Ellis and Messina (1940 et seq .) and can be obtained in full by reference to that publication. Other references are listed below. Asano, K. (1950-1952). — “Illustrated Catalogue of Japanese Tertiary Smaller Foraminifera.” (Ed. L. W. Stach.) (Hosokawa: Tokyo.) Barker, R. W. (1960). — Taxonomic Notes. Brady Foraminifera. Challenger Expedition. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Miner. Spec. Publ., No. 9. Brady, H. B. (1884). — “Report on the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. 1873-76. Zoology”— Vol. IX. (Neill and Co.: Edinburgh.) Chapman, F. (1941). — Report on foraminiferal soundings and dredgings of the F.I.S. “Endeavour” along the continental shelf off the south- east coast of Australia. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 65: 145-211. Chapman, F. and Parr, W. J. (1935). — Foraminifera and ostracoda from soundings made by the trawler “Bonthorpe” in the Great Austra- lian Bight. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 21: 1-7. Cushman, J. A. (1929). — The foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. Part 6. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 104. Cushman, J. A. (1930). — The foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. Part 7, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 104. Cushman, J. A. (1932-33). — The foraminifera of the tropical Pacific collections of the “Albatross,” 1899-1900. Parts 1 and 2. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 161. Cushman, J. A. (1950). — “Foraminifera their Classifica- tion and Economic Use.” 4th Ed. (Harvard Univ. Press: Cambridge, Mass.) Ellis, B. F. and Messina, A. R. (1940 et seq). — “A Catalogue of Foraminifera.” New York: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Spec. Publ. Heron-Alien, E. and Earland, A. (1914). — The foramini- fera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa) — Part I. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 20: 363-390. PLATE III 1: P?.neroplis pertusu.s (Forskal) x 30: 2: Guttulina cf. lactea (Walker and Jacob) x 30; 3: G. yabei Cushman and Ozawa x 30; 4: Sigmoidella elegantissima (Parker and Jones) x 30: 5: Bolivinella folium (Parker and Jones) x 30; 6: Reussella ensiformis (Chapman) x 30; 7: Discorbis dimidiatus (Jones and Parker) x 30. Dorsal view; 8: D . dimidiatus x 30. Another specimen; ventral view; 9: D. dimidiatus (Jones and Parker) var acervulinoides Parr x 30; 10: D. mira Cushman x 30; 11: D. opercularis (d’Orbigny) x 30; 12: Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll) x 30. Dorsal view: 13; E. revandus x 30. Another specimen; ventral view; 14: Discorbinella biconcava (Jones and Parker) x 30; 15: Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard x 30. Broken specimen; 16: Planorbulina acervalis Brady x 30; 17: Planorbulinella larvata (Parker and Jones) x 30; 18: Streblus beccarii (Linn6) x 30. Ventral view; 19: S. beccarii x 30. Another specimen; dorsal view; 20: Elphidium advenum (Cushman) x 30; 21: E. crispum (Linn6) x 30; 22: E. incertum (Williamson) x 30; 23: E. laminatum (Terquem) x 30; 24: E. macellum (Fichtel and Moll) x 30; 25: Planorbulina rubra d’Orbigny x 30; 26: Tretomphalus bulloides (d’Orbigny) x 30; 27: Carpenteria sp. x 30; 28: Nonion depressulum (Walker and Jacob) x 30; 29: Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) x 30. Dorsal view; 30: C. pseudoungerianus (Cushman) x 30. Ventral view; 31: C. tenuimargo (Brady) x 30. Dorsal view; 32: C. tenuimargo x 30. Ventral view; 33: C. refulgens (Montfort) x 30. Dorsal view. 131 Heron-Alien, E. and Earland, A. (1915).— The foramini- fera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa) — Part II. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 20: 543-794. Kruit, C. (1955). — Sediments of the Rhone Delta I Grain size and microfauna. Verh. Ned. geol- mijnb. Genoot. Geologische Serie 15: 357-514. Loeblich, A. R. Jr. and Tappan, H. (1961).— Supra- generic classification of the Rhizopodea. J. Paleont. 35: 245-330. Logan, B. W. (1959). — “Environments, Foraminiferal Facies and Sediments of Shark Bay, Western Australia.” Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, Geology Department, Univ. W. Aust. Parr, W. J. (1932a). — Victorian and South Australian shallow-water foraminifera — part I. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 44 (N.S.) : 1-14. Parr, W. J. (1932b). — Victorian and South Australian shallow-water foraminifera — part 2. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 44 (N.S.): 218-234. Parr, W. J. (1945). — Recent foraminifera from Barwon Heads, Victoria. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 50 (N.S.) : 189-228. Parr, W. J. (1950). — “B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedi- tion 1929-1931 Reports — Series B (Zoology and Botany) Volume V part 6 Foraminifera.” (The Hassell Press: Adelaide.) Parr, W. J. and Collins, A. C. (1937). — Notes on Aus- tralian and New Zealand foraminifera. No. 3 : some species of the family Polymor- phinidae. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 50 (N.S.): 190-220. Parr, W. J. in Fairbridge, R. W. (1950). — The geology and geomorphology of Point Peron, Western Australia. Appendix II. J. Roy. Soc. W. Aust. 34: 35-72. Thalmann, H. E. (1932). — Nomenclator (Um- und Neubenennungen) zu den Tafeln 1 bis 115 in H.B. Brady’s Werk liber die foraminiferen der Challenger — Expedition, London, 1884. Eel. geol. Helv. 25: 293-312. Vella, P. (1957). — Studies in New Zealand foraminifera. Palaeont. Bull. N.Z. 28. 132 FORAMINIFERA- OYSTER HARBOUR Se+cb* ooo/r*nc* r^co ra w M fr 0/ fotof (brtynWWq popcio^«nt Rjmlm * occcrxp^g to looGU&t 4 'qopon 'jgp V f • * rX ■ 14. — Some Aspects of the Life Cycle of the Plant Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Western Australia By Ruth M. Henderson* Manuscript received — 20th March, 1962 Observations on the life cycle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were made in the Perth area in Western Australia during 1957 and 1958. The stages of the cycle of sexual reproduction observed agree with those reported from other parts of the world. Ascospores are regarded as the only significant source of host plant infection. Introduction During investigations on diseases caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) D. By., 1886 in Western Australia during 1957 and 1958, particular emphasis was placed on establishing the life cycle of the causal organism as this would facilitate researches on methods of con- trol. Although the cycle of sexual reproduction has not been observed previously in Western Australia, it is known in other parts of the world and the ascospores liberated from the apothecia known to be capable of host plant infection (Lauritzen 1932, Keay 1939, Purdy and Bardin 1953, Purdy 1958). However, Hungerford and Pitts (1953) and Purdy (1958) showed in the laboratory that sclerotia in soil may germ- inate to produce hyphae which can infect host plants at ground level. On the other hand, Keay (1939), Loveless (1951) and Henderson (1958) have been unable to produce infection consistently by this means. This paper presents observations on the life cycle of S. sclerotiorum made in market gardens in the Perth Metropolitan area where the disease has become serious due to susceptible crops such as beans and cauliflowers having been grown intensively over a number of years. The Life Cycle The morphological stages of the life cycle which have been observed in the Metropolitan area are presented in Figure 1. Depending on the form of post harvest cultiva- tion, diseased plant residue containing sclerotia is either buried to varying depths in the soil or remains in the surface soil only. Sclerotia in the surface soil are a potential source of inoculum for the following crop. In an attempt to assess the sclerotial population in the surface soil, samples of soil were taken from several market gardens. In one garden, rotary hoe cultivation only had been carried out on one half of an area which had previously supported a diseased crop, while the other half had been deep ploughed. As many as twenty sclerotia * Botany Department, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia; present address — Division of Forest Products, C.S.I.R.O., Mel- bourne. were removed from soil samples (approximately 1 ft. square and 2 in. deep) which were taken from areas which had been rotary hoed, while a maximum of two only was obtained from samples from areas which had been deep ploughed (Table I). It is clear that with con- tinued shallow cultivation there would be a build-up of sclerotia in the surface layers of the soil. The effectiveness of deep ploughing in reducing sclerotial numbers in the surface soil might become less significant with time due to an overall build-up of sclerotia unless the majority of sclerotia had only limited viability. Mr. S. C. Chambers of the Department of Agriculture in Perth is working on this aspect. TABLE I The Concentration of Sclerotia in the Surface Two Inches of Soil on the Property of Mr. Schultz, Balcatta* Post Harvest Cultivation Sample Number of Sclerotia Per Sample (approx. 1 ft. sq. and 2 in. deep) Rotary hoeing only .... 1 12 2 10 3 20 Deep ploughing 1 2 2 0 3 2 * Sclerotia were removed from soil samples by the method used by Campbell (1946). Viable sclerotia in the surface soil may germ- inate to form apothecia a few weeks after the onset of moist conditions. In the winter months the moisture is supplied by the natural rains and in the autumn, summer and spring by over- head sprinkler systems. Apothecia have been found in diseased crops throughout the whole year, though they are definitely more numerous during the winter months. From the time the crop is planted until post harvest cultivation there is continued and increasing production of apothecia in areas where the disease is prevalent. Field tests (Henderson 1958) have shown that sclerotia formed in a diseased crop in June can produce apothecia in a following crop in July, August, September and October. However, although the first apothecium was produced within five weeks, only approximately 10 per cent, had germinated by the end of October. It appears that under natural conditions, sclerotia germinate irregularly, some taking 133 diseased host SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Infection of adjacent healthy plants Ascosporcs Apothecia Yp soil surface Sclerotia on diseased host Dormant sclerotia in surface soil Fig. 1. — Diagrammatic representation of phases of the life cycle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum observed in Western Australia. much longer than others to produce apothecia. Tests were carried out by the author which showed that some sclerotia are capable of pro- ducing as many as three crops of apothecia over a period of four months (Henderson 1958). In areas where the disease is prevalent a maximum average of nine apothecia-forming sclerotia has been found per square yard, each sclerotium producing one to several apothecia (Table II). As each apothecium may produce 30,000,000 ascospores (Ingold 1953) the number of ascospores released into the atmosphere may be very high. The ascospores are released from the apothecium over a number of days. Marked apothecia in the field have been observed to “puff” intermittently for a period of five to ten days. Nowhere over a period of twelve months has a diseased crop been inspected without apothecia being found within the confines of the crop, or rarely, only in areas immediately adjacent to it. If basal infections were found, then apothecia were always observed in the immediate vicinity of the diseased plants. On the few occasions when only aerial infections were found, apothecia were not observed within the crop but were always easily found within neighbouring crops. It appears that after ascospores are liberated from the apothecia, they are carried by the wind onto adjacent host plants resulting in basal and aerial infections or rarely they may be carried further afield to neighbouring susceptible crops causing aerial infections only. Infection of host plant material with ascospores has been frequently reproduced in the laboratory. TABLE II Sovie Examples of the Density of Apothecia-forming Sclerotia in Market Gardens in the Metropolitan Area from April, 1957, to January, 1958. Month Property Crop Number of Apothecia- Forming Sclerotia Per Sq. Yd. (Av. of 10 Sq. Yd.) April Mr. Arbuckle, Balcatta Cauliflower seed- bed 2 Cabbage seedbed 1 55 55 55 55 Mature cauli- flower 6 May Mr. Sawle, S. Coogee Mature bean .... 1-5 Mr. Goodchild, Spear- wood 55 55 1 June Mr. Arbuckle, Balcatta Mature cauli- flower 6 Mr. Goodchild, Spear- wood Young bean .... 3 Mr. Donnetti, Balcatta Mature bean .... 2 n Mr. Sawle, S. Coogee Mature cauli- flower 9 July 55 55 55 2 Aug. 1 Sept. Mr. Di Piazzi, Osborne Park Mature celery .... A few only Nov. Mr. Arbuckle, Balcatta Mature cauli- flower A few only Jan. 1958 Mr. Donnetti, Balcatta Mature lettuce 7 (Apothecia under plants only) In Western Australia during 1957 and 1958 Sclerotinia disease was observed on cauliflowers, cabbages, brussels sprouts, beans, celery, lettuce, tomato and on the herb Portulaca oleracea which 134 is often found as a weed in the preceding crops. Records show that in Western Australia S. sclerotiorum may also infect potatoes, lucerne, W.A. blue lupin, N.Z. lupin, citrus, apricot, passion vine and Calendulas (unpublished data in W. Aust. Plant Disease Records, Agric. Dep. W. Aust.; Annu. Rep. Pit. Path., Agric. Dep. W. Aust.; File 367/47, Agric. Dep. W. Aust.) Masses of white hyphae are formed on the host plant several days after infection. This mycelium subsequently produces the black sclerotial bodies which later fall to the ground in the diseased crop residue. No asexual spores have been observed on mycelium on diseased plants which might have caused further spread of the disease. However, mycelium may grow from a diseased plant directly onto an adjacent healthy plant. Conclusions and Discussion The stages of the cycle of sexual reproduc- tion for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum observed in the Perth Metropolitan area, Western Australia agree with those found in other parts of the world. It has been observed that there is a definite sclerotial population in the soil in areas where the disease is prevalent. These sclerotia are a potential source of inoculum whenever environ- mental conditions are suitable. The presence of abundant apothecia in areas where the disease is prevalent implies that host plant infection is primarily due to ascospores. Furthermore, as no diseased crop with basal infections has been observed without apothecia being found on the soil in the immediate vicinity there has been no reason to suspect that any infections observed could have resulted from hyphae produced directly by sclerotia. The author (1958) has failed to produce this form of host plant infection in the laboratory except for one instance. This was in agreement with findings of Keay (1939) and Loveless (1951) but contradictory to the work of Hungerford and Pitts (1953) and Purdy (1958). The author considers that although hyphal infection by sclerotia may take place occasionally, it is not of practical signficance. No asexual spores on host plant mycelium which might cause secondary infections have been observed. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Professor B. J. Grieve, Botany Department, University of Western Australia and Mr. W. P. Cass-Smith, Department of Agriculture, Perth, for their interest and assistance. References Campbell, W. A. (1946). — Sclerotinia root rot of guayule. Plant Dis. Reptr 30: 312-319. Henderson, R. M. (1958). — Investigations on diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in West- ern Australia with particular reference to vegetables. Thesis for B.Sc. with Hons., Univ. of W. Aust. Hungerford, C. W., and Pitts, R. (1953).— The Sclerotinia disease of beans in Idaho. Phutopath. 43: 519-521. Ingold, C. T. (1953).— “Dispersal in Fungi” (Clarendon Press: Oxford.) Keay, M. A. (1939). — A study of certain species of the genus Sclerotinia. Ann. Appl. Biol. 26: 227-246. Lauritzen, J. I. (1932). — Development of certain storage and transit diseases of carrot. J. Agric. Res. 44: 861-912. Loveless, A. R. (1951). — Observations on the biology of clover rot. Ann. Appl. Biol. 38: 642-664. Purdy, L. H. (1958). — Some factors affecting penetra- tion and infection by Sclerotinia sclero- tiorum. Phytopath. 48: 605-609. Purdy, L. H. and Bardin, R. (1953).— Mode of infection of tomato plants by the ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Dis. Reptr 37: 361-362. 135 * INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Papers may be submitted to the Society in accordance with Rules and Regulations 38 to 41 inclusive (see below). They should be addressed to The Honorary Secretary, Royal Society of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Perth . Authors are solely responsible for the factual accuracy and for any opinion expressed in their papers. They are particularly requested to verify references. Alterations to MSS. submitted to the printer will be allowed only under excep- tional circumstances, and no changes will be permitted after galley-proof stage. In the preparation of MSS. authors are required to follow the C.S.I.R.O., Guide to Authors (C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne, 1953), except that papers longer than 10,000 words (30 foolscap pages of pica type, with 6 inch lines 40 to the page) will not normally be accepted. 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Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Inc. Volume 45 1962 Part 4 Contents 9 . — Amosopollis cruciformis gen. et sp. nov., a Pollen Tetrad from the Cretaceous of Western Australia. By Isabel C. Cookson and B. E. Balme. 10. — Description of Pctnulirus cygnus sp. nov., the Commercial Crayfish (or Spiny Lobster) of Western Australia. By R. W. George. 11. — Orientation and Composition of Plagioclase in a Basic Charnockite from Bunker Bay, Western Australia. By John G. Kay. 12. — Origin of Glauconite in some Sandstones of the Plantagenet Beds, Cheyne Bay, Western Australia. By E. A. Hodgson. 13. — A record of Foraminifera from Oyster Harbour, near Albany, Western Australia. By K. G. McKenzie. 14. — Some Aspects of the Life Cycle of the Plant Pathogen Sclerotinici sclerotiorum in Western Australia. By Ruth M. Henderson. Editor: X. E. Glover Assistant Editors: G. F. Mees, R. D. 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