JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA VOLUME 54 PART 4 DECEMBER, 1971 PRICE: TWO DOLLARS REGISTERED FOR POSTING AS A PERIODICAL-CATEGORY A THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA PATRON Her Majesty the Queen VICE-PATRON His Excellency Major-General Sir Douglas Kendrew, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., Governor of Western Australia COUNCIL 1971-1972 President Vice-Presidents Past President Joint Hon. Secretaries Hon. Treasurer Hon. Librarian Hon. Editor G. M. Storr, B.Sc., Ph.D. R. M. Berndt, M.A., Dip. Anth., Ph.D., F.R.A.I., F.F.A.A.A. A. F. Trendall, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.S., F.G.S. . B. J. Grieve, M.Sc., Ph.D., D.I.C., F.L.S. P. G. Quilty, B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. P. G. Wilson, M.Sc. D. C. Lowry, M.Sc. Ariadna Neumann, B.A. A. J. McComb, M.Sc., Ph.D. G. A. Bottomley, B.Sc., Ph.D. S. D. Bradshaw, B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. S. J. Curry, B.Sc. D. Merrilees, B.Sc., Ph.D. L. J. Peet, B.Sc., F.G.S. P. E. Playford, B.Sc., Ph.D. B. P. Springett, B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. 11. — Murchisonia, a new monotypic genus of Liliaceae from Western Australia by N. H. Brittan*' Manuscript received 16 March 1971; accepted 22 Juiie 1971 Abstract A monotypic new genus Murchisonia fragrans Brittan (Liliaceae) having affinities with Thy- sanotus R.Br, and Bottionea Colla is described and illustrated. Introduction Specimens of a liliaceous plant were collected by the author from a locality in the Murchison Disti’ict. Western Australia, in October 1968 and again in August 1970. On the first occasion all plants were in fruit, although there was one partly open flower; on the second occasion ade- quate flowering material was obtained. The specimens, in common with Thysanotus R.Br. and Bottionea Colla, are distinguished from other liliaceous genera by the presence of fimbriate inner-perianth segments. The fimbriae appear not to be as numerous or as well de- veloped as in Thysanotus. Fresh flowering material of Bottionea, a Chilean genus, has not been seen by the author, but illustrations show a well developed “fringe” (Colla 1834. Curtis 1831. Bindley 1832). The flower differs from both Thysanotus and Bottionea in possessing a markedly urceolate base resulting from the adnation of the bases of the two series of perianth segments (Fig, Ic, d> as reported by Baker (1876) for Asv^i'Odelus and Asphodeline. These latter two genera, how- ever, possess 1-nerved perianth segments and distinctive funnel- or bell-shaped flowers. The stamens and style of the specimens are actinomorphically to very slightly declinately arranged (Fig. lb> rather than markedly declin- ately as in Thysanotus. The specimens have basifixed anthers equal in length to the fila- ments, whereas in Bottionea the anthers are approximately one quarter of the length of the filaments. With regard to the mode of attach- ment of the anthers of Bottionea there are conflicting statements. Bentham and Hooker (1883) state that the anthers are dorsifixed. Hutchinson (1959) uses “anthers basifixed or nearly so, not versatile” as a positive lead in the key to the genus, whereas Baker (1876) states that the anthers are versatile. Colla (1834) in the original description makes no reference to this character. At the time of dehiscence the anthers of both the Murchison specimens and Thysanotus are two-loculate as a result of the breakdown of internal septa. In Thysanotus the inner pair of the four original loculi are shorter than the * Botany Department, University of Western Australia. Nedlands. Western Australia 6009. outer pair and this character is visible in the mature anther. This is not the case in the Murchison specimens in which the loculi are all equal in length. The dehiscence is by longitu- dinal slits only, compared with Thysanotus where dehiscence takes place either by a term- inal pore alone, or a terminal pore which later develops into slits. In the articulation of the pedicel, the persist- ence of the pei’ianth parts around the develop- ing capsule, in the attitude of the leaves (Fig. la) (recalling particularly T. scaber^ in the capsule slightly longer than broad . d. Pressed half-flower showing Insertion of anther filaments at base ol urceolus. Note fimbriae of inner tepal ix 5i. e. Inflorescence axis after flowers have fallen showing sessile umbels with bracts ix 3) f. Half capsule with two seeds in loculus 3). g. Pressed flower showing fimbriae of inner tepals InroUed on drying. Note flattened anther fllameiits (x 4). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December, 1971 96 Figure 2 . — Murchisonia fragrans N.H. Brittan. Paratype— near 390 mile peg North-West Coastal Highway (ca. 45 miles north of Northampton, Western Australia), Brittan. 68/22. 22. x. 1968. (x 0.5) Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4, December, 1971 97 Holotypus: near 390 mile peg. North-West Coastal Highway, in gravelly sand. Brittan 70/11. 25 viii. 1970 (UWA). Paratypus: ibid. Brittan 68/22, 22 x 1968 'Kt. Perennial herb; rhizome small; numerous fibrous roots becoming expanded at 12-18 cm from rhizome into cylindrical tubers 3-10 cm long. Leaves 6-16 linear, terete 30-33 cm long. 1-2 mm wide, channeled at the base, expanded below into membranous-margined sheaths sur- rounded by membranous leaf sheaths 8 mm wide without laminas. Leaves inclined to one side. Scapes 12-14 cm long, unbranched, pro- cumbent. bearing a lax spike of few many- flowered umbels. Umbel bracts membranous, lanceolate, 3-5 mm long. Pedicels 10 mm long, articulated 4-5 mm from base. Flowers greenish white. 16-18 mm dia. with delicate persistent perfume. Tepals 6 in two series, adnate at base forming an urceolus. Outer tepals lanceolate, 5-nerved. 2.5 mm wide, with narrow membranous margins: apex mucronate. Inner tepals lanceo- late. 3-nerved. 3 mm wide, with wider mem- branous margins, loosely fringed towards apex. Stamens 6. similar, erect; filaments flattened, 3 mm long, free, inserted at the base of the urceolus. Anthers dark purple. 3 mm long, lan- ceolate. basifixed. loculi diverging shortly at base, dehiscing by slits introrsely. Ovary sessile, subcylindrical, trilocular with 2 ovules in each loculus. Style terminal, erect, straight. Cap- sule cylindrical, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, included in the persistent perianth, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds black, arillate, angular, ca. 1.5 mm dia. Acknowledgements Costs in connection with the collection of material in 1968 were met by a University Re- search Grant, receipt of which is gratefully acknowledged. The author is grateful to Mr. A. S. George of the Western Australian Herbarium for his assistance in checking the latin description. References Baker. J. G. (1876). — J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 15: 253-363. Bentham. G. and J. D. Hooker (1883) .—Genera Plan- tarum III (2). 789. Reeve. London. Colla, L. (1834). — Mem. Accad. Sci. Torin. 37: 41-45 & 85; Tab. 1. Curtis. W. (1831). — Bot. Mag. 58: t. 3084 (as Anthericum 'plumosum Ruiz and Pav.). Hutchinson, J. (1959) .—Families of flowering plants. 2: Clarendon Press, Oxford. Krause, K. (1930). — in Engler and Prantl. Die Natiir- lichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed. 15a: 227- 386. Lindley, J. (1832). — Bot. Reg. 18: t. 1535 (as Trichcpeta- lum gracile Lindl.). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 98 12. — Observations on the reproductive biology of the dibbler, Antechinus apicalis (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) by P. Woolley* Manuscript received 18 May 1971; accepted 27 July 1971 Abstract The dibbler, Antechinus apicalis is a rare species and only 10 animals (3 wild-caught and 7 laboratory reared) were available for study. Comparisons with A. stuartii have been made to belter interpret the limited data obtained. The dibbler breeds only once a year, in the autumn. Both males and females are sexually quiescent at other times of the year. The gestation period is estimated to be from 44 to 53 days. The young are dependent on the mother for approximately 4 months and they reach sexual maturity in the breeding season of the year following that In which they were born, when they are about 10 to 11 months old. There is some evidence that both males and females may breed in successive breeding seasons. Introduction In January 1967 Morcombe <1967) collected the first dibblers which had been seen for 83 years. Two specimens, one male and one female, were trapped. Later, in April 1967. Ride (1970) captured another female. These three dibblers were sent to the author at La Trobe University in May 1967 for study of their reproductive biology. Reproductive Status of the Wild-caught Dibblers Male 1 (trapped 2Sth January . 1967 i . In other species of Antechinus spermatozoa are found in the urine during the breeding season and the onset of spermatorrhea is associattd with an increase in the size of the scrotum 'Woolley. 1966a). Male 1 was not showing spermatorrhea when received in May. However, it may have been in breeding condition earlier in 1967. when the scrotum was reported to be large (Ride. pers. comm. ) . Female 2 (trapped 26th January, 1967}. In May the pouch area of this female was small and covered with short, pale hairs. The eight nipples were minute. The appearance of the pouch area was similar to that of other species of Antechinus prior to breeding (Woolley, 1966a). Female 2 therefore appeared either to be immature, or to have failed to suckle young in an earlier breeding season. Female 3 (trapped 8th April, 1967 j. At the date of capture the pouch of this female con- tained no young, but the pouch area was covered with long, brown-stained hairs (Ride, pers. comm.*. In other species of Antechinus, females which have reared young can be recog- nised by the discoloration of the pouch hairs which occurs during lactation (Woolley. 1966a >. ♦Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne. Australia 3000. Ride’s observation therefore suggested that female 3 had previously suckled young. Female 3 was examined again by Ride on 6th May and an uncounted number of small, hairless young were found in the pouch. These young must have been conceived in the wild before 8th April, since female 3 had been caged alone from the date of capture. When female 3 was received on 11th May. there were eight young in the pouch. By comparison with young of known age of other species of Antechinus (assuming similar growth rates) the young of dibbler female 3 were estimated to be two weeks old. Birth of the young therefore probably occurred late in April. Maintenance of the Dibblers at La Trobe University The animals were held in an air-conditioned room at approximately 21*C under the natural day length conditions of Melbourne. They were housed in cages that had been used previously for the successful maintenance of other species of A^itechinus. The cages were made of stain- less steel. 42 cm. x 31 cm. x 23 cm. high, with removable glass fronts. Each cage had a single detachable stainless steel nest box 13 cm. x 13 cm. X 13 cm. with access through a 5 cm. square hole on one end of the cage. The back and top of the cage were made of 3 mm. stainless steel mesh, on which the animals could climb. A sheet of corrugated cardboard, covered with wood shavings, bark and leaves, was used as floor covering and small pieces of cardboard and shredded paper were provided for nest material. The animals sometimes carried floor covering material into their nest boxes. Initially male 1 and female 2 were caged together and female 3. with pouch young, was caged alone. The basic diet consisted of a mixture of raw minced meats, egg and fine ground dried puppy food, in the proportion of 450 g. sheep heart. 115 g. sheep liver. 1 sheep brain, 1 egg and 100 g. puppy food. The animals were fed once a day, in the late afternoon. Each animal was given 15 g. mince daily. Larger quantities were eaten by female 3 during the later stages of lactation. The basic diet was supplemented with insects and Eucalyptus and Banksia blos- soms when available. Water, and honey diluted 1 to 5 with water, were provided ad lib. History of the Dibblers in Captivity Male 1 and female 2 ( May-August 1967). From May to August, male 1 and female 2 were exam- ined at irregular intervals of from 2 to 4 weeks. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 99 Both animals were weighed. Urine was collect- ed from the male to check for the occurrence of spermatorrhea and the width of the scrotum was measured. The pouch area of female 2 was inspected. No reproductive activity was observed during this period. Female 3 and litter ( May- August 1967). No attempt was made to study in detail the de- velopment of the pouch young. Under labora- tory conditions the mortality of young during pouch life w'as found to be very high in A. stuartii and many young died when between 35 and 45 days old (Woolley, 1966b). Since this mortality may have been due to the regular handling to which the stuartii were subjected, the apicalis female with young was not handled at all until 22nd June, when the young were approximately eight weeks old. One young had been lost. The remaining seven w'ere haired all over and their eyes were still closed. Up to 22nd June, female 3 was rarely observed out of the nest box during daylight hours, but in late June and early July she was frequently observed out in the cage with the young hang- ing from the nipples. She was first seen out without her young on 13th July and on the following day one juvenile was found out in the cage alone. The eyes were open and it was able to climb on the ware of the cage. During the last two weeks of July, the young were often seen out in the cage without the mother. On 30th July, when the young were approximately 13 weeks old, the female and young were examined. There were 3 male and 4 female young. The pouch area of female 3 was large and the pouch hairs a deep reddish- brown. The mammary tissue was enlarged and 6 nipples were elongated and appeared to be in use. The other 2 nipples were small and dirty. The female and young were found to be heavily infested with mites ( Ornithonyssus bacoti). To reduce this infestation, the nest box and cage was cleaned frequently during August. The young were still suckling on 5th August and they were first observed to eat solid food on 6th August. Lactation probably ceased in mid-August, when the young were approximately 15 weeks old. Regression of the pouch area commenced at this time and was complete by mid-October. The duration of lac- tation in A. apicalis is therefore of the same order as that observed in A. stuartii by Marlow, 1961 (90 days) and by Woolley, 1966b (up to 108 days). Wild-caught and laboratory reared ajiirnals ! from. September 1967). Early in September the dibblers were marked with their serial number by a system of toe clipping (Woolley, 1966b). The laboratory reared females were numbered 4. 5, 6 and 7, and the males 8, 9 and 10. Each male was caged with either one or two females. The combinations of males and females were changed as individuals died, and also during the period when it was expected that mating might occur. The animals were usually exam- ined at intervals of two weeks throughout the remainder of 1967 and at weekly intervals while they were maintained in the laboratory in 1968. Males were weighed, the width of the scrotum measured and urine collected for examination for spermatozoa. Females were weighed and the pouch area inspected. Observations on Reproduction in the Male Figure 1.— Body weight and width of the scrotum of males. The occurrence of spermatorrhea is shown by the heavy broken line. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 100 Figure 1 shows the body weight, width of the scrotum and the occurrence of spermatozoa in the urine for each male from September 1967 to the date of death (males 1. 8 and 9) or to the end of May 1968 (male 10). The males were killed at various times in 1968 when they became unhealthy. Histological sections were prepared of one testis and epididymis of each male. The occurrence of spermatogenesis and of spermatozoa in the testis, epididymis and urine at death is given in Table 1. TABLE 1 The occurrence of sv^rmatogenesis and sperma- tozoa in the four inales at the date of death. Male No. l>at<* "f Death S[)mnato- >lieniijit»'yua 1 24 1 /()S Ve^ Nn .\n N’n >. 2«/4 T>s Nn Ve- Y.> Y<- U 1 1 /:’./ns X(. Ve~ Ye. Xu 111 25/t) '<;s X(. Nm -N\. .No Two males (8 and lOi 1 showed spermatorrhea in January and spermatozoa continued to appear in the urine for approximately 4 months. As in A. stuartii (Woolley, 1966a) the body weight aiid width of the scrotum increased with the approach of the breeding season. In the dibbler scrotal width reached its highest level before the onset of spermatorrhea, and body weight w^as maximal during the period when the males were showing spermatorrhea. Male 8 was killed late in April, and, although sper- matozoa w^ere still present in the testis, epidi- dymis and urine, spermatogenesis had ceased. Male 10 ceased to show spermatorrhea at the end of April. Males 1 and 9 did not show spermatorrhea. However, the occurrence of spermatogenic cell divisions in the testis of male 1 in January suggests that this male was coming into breeding condition at the time of death. In male 9. spermatogenesis had occurred, because there were spermatozoa in the testis and epididymis, but had ceased in March. There is no obvious explanation for the failure of male 9 to show spermatorrhea. Observations on Reproduction in the Female Mating occurred in March and April. The onset of oestrus w^as detected by observation of attempts by the males to court the females. The pattern of courtship and copulation was similar to that described for A. stuartii by Marlow (1961). Of the four females which were observed to mate, one copulated once, two twice, and one four times. When the females persistently resisted further attempts by the male to copulate the pairs were separated ana the females caged alone. The maximum dura- tion of a single copulation was 5 hours and the 75 70 65 60 75 70 65 75 70 65 60 75 70 65 75 70 65 1 • .. FEMALE 2 — rr ^ FEMALE 4 ^ \ • , FEMALE 6 " " - ^ ^ " ♦ — mr V — - A-' N ^ S ^ — — - • FEMALE 7 ^ r. ♦ “ « / V / • / — ' • ^ " - — • - — " * - • ' FEMALE 5 AAAA**AiAAi « t i t t « * AAA ^ A.AAAA >i**<*l**l A4A4A******. DAYS Figure 2 —Body weight of females during the breeding season, synchronised to the day of appearance of clear secretion in the pouch. The heavy line indicates the presence of a male in the cage with the female, copulation. pouch development first observed. ^ clear secretion in pouch. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December, 1971 101 13. — A salvage excavation in Devil’s Lair, Western Australia by C. E. Dortch ' and D. Merrilees* J\/a 7 iiL«cnpt received 22 Juyie 1971; accepted 27 July 1971 Abstract An open pit in the floor deposit of Devil’s Lair I a small cave in the south west of Western Australia) which had been previously excavated, was filled to prevent further damage to a pre- historic archaeological site of considerable in- terest. Disturbed material found in the bottom and sides of this pit was first screened for animal remains and artifacts overlooked by pre- vious collectors and a small volume of undis- turbed deposit in one corner of the pit was excavated systematically. A report on animal remains and artifacts so recovered is given. The bottom of the deposit was not reached, but the upper 270 cm thickness appears to represent terminal Pleistocene and early Recent time, and contains artifacts and food remains left pre- sumably by early Aborigines. Some of the animal remains recovered may have been left by “Tasmanian” devils or by owls. Mammal remains show no clearly recognizable climatic trends, but there is some suggestion that con- ditions were drier and/or warmer than the present during part of the time of accumula- tion of the deposit. Introduction Devil’s Lair is a small cave in iithified aeolian dunes < “Coastal Limestone”) in the Cape Leeu- win-Cape Naturaliste region. Western Australia. Much of Devil’s Lair has a thick flowstone floor. In 1955 a party led by E. L. Lundelius breached this floor and excavated the under- lying earthy deposit to a depth of about 120 cm. Although Lundelius was concerned mainly with the remains of mammals and made no mention of archaeological material in his pub- lished reports (Lundelius 1960, 1966), he did find artifacts and a piece of baler shell which we believe to have been transported by man. Sub- sequent collectors also recovered a few artifacts and one of these collectors makes published reference to “possible artifacts” . the dibbler breeds in autumn. In the labora- tory males showed spermatorrhea from early January to late April and matings occurred in March and April. No information is available on the occurrence of spermatorrhea in males in the field. There is an indication that breed- ing in the field occurs at approximately the same time of the year as in the laboratory, since wild- caught female 3 gave birth to young in April. No young resulted from the matings w'hich occurred in the laboratory. How^ever, if the appearance of clear secretion around the nipples can be equated wnth the end of pregnancy, or pseudopregnancy ii/iiuopx ubpuuoifi^ filhuopndaj ^n,mu\.mip) H/imopiuSf/ s-f uo.)^md hH mopiUHj an.(n/i/pj)U(i Xfuops' ^■nmui/Upif an(l(UJi)j[; - o ^ imji s-mfod.)t)j^- niulhifi nn(lojji)j\; })p>ii!jm^d ^lulkupj .uumai viPiioipt^i »p)]ip>m<)d ))i/>uop.>fi n/i]fipnpi.(j snojop)fi snuvi-mo.) anp)}.u).)U,\) suuij/i^uMl siiji,)if.H)pn<)Xf[ i)pi.),)dpid xtunxo/f.>uj^ ^ll!.inii)/hioq \i •}.) ^npixMp) uopooxj ? ixfjjDti unpifdoMDs' ifui.mm s-ixdoqfuims; x,)dhtup' amunj^pi {•’ njopmd Df ^p)t)o.)xm(f[ ^ « -i I- ^5? o> o, . g g..2 .£ -§ S' I’g'i i 'r-2 ^ ^ o -w « a;) P. C3 — I CO ) — -M X "M •M — “>t S'! 'M — '>1 t'- -M — -M — -M C'l I" ->J -t-l. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December, 1971 107 ( Bottom not reactn'd) Figure 4.— Stalagmite G 13176 found buried in undis- turbed floor deposit. Devil’s Lair. Base was part of thin flowstone 265 cm below datum, top was embedded in earthy layer 208 cm below datum. Projecting lip about 11 cm above base represents part of thin flowstone capping same “light sandy layer” as shown in Pig. 2 This stalagmite grew in stages to a height of 57 cm and when we uncovered it. it received frequent periodic drips, enough to wash the top clean, as shown in Fig. 3. Thus the same drip system appears to have functioned right up to the present day, although it may have been intermittent. Some mechanism must have prevented the growth of this stalagmite above the 208 cm level. The likely mechanisms appear to be either dry- ing up of the drip system or influx of "cave earth" in sufficient quantity to bury the stalag- mite deeply. If the latter, the burial appears to have been rapid because the top of the stalagmite is smoothly rounded and shows no contamination by "cave earth" and because there were no stalagmitic masses in the undisturbed deposit vertically above G 13176. There may have been stalagmitic masses in the uppermost parts of the deposit prior to its disturbance. Indeed there may have been a stalagmite on the thick flowstone which originally capped the de- posit but which was removed before our excava- tion began. This interpretation (rapid burial of stalag- mite G 13176) reinforces the suggestion made above that the upper part of the deposit may have accumulated rapidly. We have no data on the rate of growth of stalagmites in Devil’s Lair at any given time, and in any case, this rate of growth probably differs at any one time from one point to an- other only a few centimetres away, presumably depending on the supply of water from the roof. But the growth of a substantial stalagmite may represent some considerable pause in sedimenta- tion in the cave. Perhaps significantly, resump- tion of sedimentation is marked by our most distinctive stratigraphic unit, a light coloured, sandy layer, conspicuously rich in the remains of small mammals represented a pause in sedimentation, even though most of these flowstone layers were very thin (about 1 cm thick). Thus, accepting the dates reported by Lun- delius as applying approximately to our excava- tion. and accepting that each flowstone recorded by us marks some pause in sedimentation, we suggest that the deposit excavated by us repre- sents terminal Pleistocene and early Recent time. Artifacts We found stone and bone artifacts, charred bone, fragments of bones which could have been broken by man. and bones and teeth which appear to be artificially incised. This material was confined to the upper 140 cm of the deposit (Table 1). Previous excavators also found such items, including the baler shell and human in- cisor tooth mentioned by Merrilees (1968b), a fragment of fresh water mussel shell (70.63) collected by D. L. Cook in 1959 or 1960, stone artifacts collected at various times, and the dentai*y of a rock wallaby (70.6.105) with deep, narrow, transverse cuts on the incisor, collected by K. Pearce-Shorten and others in 1970. Fourteen chert or quartz flakes were excav- ated by us from the undisturbed part of the deposit, and six more were recovered by screen- ing the disturbed material. In addition, many fragments of calcrete were recovered, both from disturbed and undisturbed material, which con- ctivably could be artifacts. Some resemble choppers or rough cores (e.g. A 22018), while others (e.g. A 22007) could be flakes. It is difficult to decide whether or not these calcrete objects are indeed artifacts because most of them have been corroded by ground water. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol 54 Part 4. December. 1971 108 A quartz flake with bipolar shattering (A 21976), of the type variously referred to in Australia as a fabricator . Unless this specimen came from surface litter accidentally incorporated in the excavated material its age is apparently no less than about 8,500 years, making it the oldest record of the species for the whole continent . In addition to the mammal remains described above, those of bats, small birds, lizards, snakes, snails and insects were recovered during our excavations, but except for the snails 'see below) have not been e.xamined in detail. Discussion We have no doubt that the Devil’s Lair de- posit has an archaeological component, at least in the upper pai'ts excavated, and it may prove to be of considerable archaeological interest when an adec^uate sample of undisturbed material can be excavated carefully. The undisturbed material excavated by us was too small in volume to enable us to decide whether the deposit represents a human occu- pation site or whether the artifacts w'ere washed in or brought in by devils, emus or other animals. We found no waste material from stone work- ing in the area excavated, but this area w^as at the back of the cave and may never have received enough light for stone working to be carried out. On the other hand the cave may have served as a temporary camp for use in bad weather or by groups engaged in some specialized activity. The absence of geometric microliths and back- ed blades is worthy of note. Surface finds of these tools in areas immediately to the north and east of the Cape Leeuwin-Cape Naturaliste region indicate that geometric microliths and backed blades were used in south western West- ern Australia in times unknown. Neither of these tool forms is knowm to occur in the Cape Leeuwin-Cape Naturaliste region. This absence may be due as much to the lack of systematic collecting oi surface material as to a real absence of those tool forms in this area. At the same time, if one refers to the dating sequences of the industrial developments in other parts of Australia (e.g. Mulvaney 1969, Lamport 1971. Lampert in Mulvaney and Golson 1971). their absence from a deposit which is apparently at least eight thousand years old could indicate that the site was occupied prior to the develop- ment or the introduction of these tool forms in the region. Devil’s Lair is at present nearly 5 km from the sea shore, and the excavated parts of the deposit apparently represent times of lower sea level and an even more distant shore line than the present. Thus it is not surprising that re- mains of fish, marine mammals and marine shellfish have not been found in the deposit, except for the piece of baler shell mentioned above, which may be the- remains of a water carrier, not of an item of diet. POwSsibly the Aborigines whose artifacts were found in Devil’s Lair did include marine animals in their diet, but if so. did not transport them as far inland as Devil’s Lair. However, it is also possible that these people did not normally eat marine animals. The faunal remains listed for the upper part of the deposit, which also yielded artifacts, are consistent with the view that they represent Aborigines’ food remains. Kangaroos, wallabies, possums, rats and lizards are all recorded as foods favoured by Aborigines in the south western part of Western Australia at the time of the European occupation (Grey 1841). According to Lundelius <1960. 1966) the upper part of the deposit excavated by him represented the floor deposit of a Sarcovhilus den on two of his major criteria (presence of Sarcovhilus remains and presence of remains which can reasonably be ascribed to Sarcophilus prey). The third of his criteria (presence of coprolites Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 in which could reasonably be ascribed to Sarco- philusf subsequently has been met also, tor example in specimen 68.4.171. Nevertheless we suggest that the bone com- ponent of the deposit is not entirely, perhaps not primarily, the leavings of Sarcophilus, but at least in part the leavings of man. Both Sarcopfiilus and man were present in the area, both take small and medium sized animals as prey, and both leave behind broken bones. But in addition, man may be expected to include some of the larger mammals such as Macropus irriia 'the western brush wallaby) or M. fuli- gi?iosus Uhe western grey kangaroo) as prey, and to leave behind bone fragments charred in cooking fii'es. either during the cooking process or after the bone fragments were discarded. It is povssible that Sarcophilus as it is represented in the Devil’s Lair deposit, was prey, not pre- dator. We have no certain evidence of charring of Sarcophilus bones, but numerous fragments of other bones were charred, and readily identifi- able fragments of three mammal species were so charred iBettongia penicillata. Trichosurus vulpecula and a large Macropus presumably M. fuliginosus — specimens A 22114-6 respectively). Guiler (1970) suggests that devils (Sarco- philus) at present "live successfully in close con- tact with human settlement and activity . . and they may have been scavenging camp fol- lowers of the Aborigines, at least before the introduction of the dog. Thus Devil’s Lair might have served intermittently as the camp site of an Aboriginal group visited from time to time by scavenging Sarcophilus, but at which captured Sarcophilus individuals were occasion- ally cooked and eaten. In the intervals be- tween successive human occupations, it might have served as a Sarcophilus lair. It might not bo easy to choose between these alternatives even after large scale, systematic excavation of the deposit. We suggest that the upper part of the de- po.sit. including all that excavated by Lundelius. represents, in part, food remains and other debris of human predators. Artifacts do not occur in the lower parts of the deposit excav- ated by us, nor does Sarcor)hilus. It is in these lower parts that small mammals greatly pre- dominate over large ones. Some other smaller predator appears to be involved in the lower parts of the deposit, and this might be Sarco- philus or Dasyurus or an owl such as the masked owl rTyto novaehollaridiae / which still occurs in tlie region 'Mees 1963). Dasyurus or Tyto in- dividuals initially occupying the cave may have been driven out later by Sa?'cophilus. perma- nently or intermittently. Again, if Sarcophilus or Canis arrived late in the region, they might have altered the relative abundance of various prey species. If a predator as small as an owl was responsible foi’ most of the small mammal remains at any level, some other agency must have been responsible for remains as large as those of Macro 7 nis Juliginosus. The depo-sil appears to us to comprise mainly material washed or fallen into a cavity which was once much larger than the existing one. If this is so. remains of large animals dying or being killed outside the cave might well be- come mixed with remains of small animals accumulating beneath an owl roost in the cave. Indeed, such processes might have continued throughout the time of deposition, with inter- mittent occupation by human beings and./or "Tasmanian” devils in the later stages. Further support for the concept of human occupation of the area comes from a consid- eration of the land snail remains recovered. Shells of Austrosuccinea and Luinodiscus were abundant, but those of the larger Bothriembryon were uncommon, a quite different situation from that in the nearby Strong's Cave, which could never have been easily accessible to human visitors. Bothriembryoji is at present common in dolincs in the Cape Leeuwin-Cape NaturalLste region, but less common on the surrounding forest floor. Disturbance of the topsoil and the vegetation of the doline by human trampling, digging and burning would militate against Bothriembryon much more than against the smaller Ausirosucemea or the tiny Liiinodiscus which could continue to occupy i*ocky recesses in the walls of the doline (G. W. Kendrick, per- sonal communication). If the upper parts of the deposit do indeed represent the refuse of human groups, and do not contain remains of Stheyiurus. Zygo?7iaturus and other such large aiiimals, then presumably these large animals had already become extinct in the region, as Jones '1968i has postulated. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Mrs V. Mackaay. Mrs J, K. Porter and Messrs S. B. Bennett. R. Boot and A. Thamo for field work at Devil’s Lair and to Dr I. M. Crawford for his continuing encouragement and advice both in the field and in the planning of our work. Mrs J. K. Porter prepared the plan and Mrs V. Mackaay took the photograph here repro- duced as Pigs 1 and 3 respectively, and in addi- tion. Mrs Porter played an active part in the study of our collection. Mrs P. Kaill prepared Figs 1 and 2 for publication and Mrs G. E. Handley typed the manuscript. We are grateful for these contributions and also for identifica- tions of and advice on dasyurids, murids and land snails given by Messrs M. Archer. A. Baynes and G. W. Kendrick respectively. The Augusta-Margaret River Tourist Bureau, in whom this and other caves are vested, kindly agreed to let us work in the cave, and Mrs M. Dortch and Messrs W. C. Dix. T. W. Doyle and AI. J. Yates gave us valuable assistance at Uie site. We are grateful to Mi*s S. J. Hallam and Dr D. J. Kitchener for their criticisms of the text. References Brain, C. K. (1967). — Bone weathering and the problem of bone pseudo-tools. The South African Journal of Science 6:i: 97-99. Cook, D. L. (I960). — Some mammal remains found in caves near Margaret River. The Wesicr^i Aus- tralian NaturaLisf. 7: 107-108. Davies. P. L. (1968).— An 8,000 to 12.000 years old human tooth from Western Australia, Arciiaeologit and Physical Anthrcpology in Oceania S :S3-40. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December, 1971 112 Grey, G. (1841). — ‘’Journals of two expeditions of dis- covery in north-west and western Australia during the years 1837, 38 and 39.” (Boone, London. 2 volumes.) Guiler, E. R. (1970). — Observations on the Tasmanian Devil. Sarcophihis harrisU (Marsupialia: Das- yuridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 18: 49-70. Hammond. J. E. ( 1933) .—‘‘Winjan’s people. The story of the South-West Australian Aborigines.” (Imperial Printing Company, Perth.) Jones. R. (1968).— The geographical background to the arrival of man in Australia and Tasmania. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 3: 186-215. Lampert, R. J. ( 1971 ) .— Burrill Lake and Currarong. Terra Australis I (Canberra: Dept, of Pre- history, A.N.U.) Lundelius, E. L. (1960). — Post Pleistocene faunal suc- cession in Western Australia and its climatic interpretation. Report of the International Geological Congress, XXI Session, Norden 1960 Pt IV Chronology and climatology of the Quaternary. 142-153. Lundelius, E. L. (1966). — Marsupial carnivore dens in Australian caves. Studies in Speleology 1 : 174-180. McCarthy, F. D. (1967). — ‘Australian aboriginal stone implements.” (The Australian Museum. Sydney.) McCarthy, F. D. (1970). — Australia: 1964-1966 (Regional Report). Asian Perspectives 10: 137-159. Mees, G. F. (1963). — Status and distribution of some species of owls in Western Australia. The Western Australian Naturalist 8: 166-169. Merrilees. D. (1968a). — Fossil bandicoots (Marsupialia, Peramelidae) from Mammoth Cave. Western Australia, and their climatic implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 50: 121-128. Merrilees. D. (1968b).— Man the destroyer: late Quater- nary changes in the Australian marsupial fauna. Journal of the Royal Society of Wes- tern Australia 51: 1-24. Merrilees. D. (1969). — A newly discovered bone-bearing deposit in Labyrinth Cave, near Augusta, Western Australia. The Western Australian Naturalist 11: 86-87. Moore. G. F. (1842). — ‘‘A descriptive vocabulary of the language in common use amongst the abo- rigines of Western Australia.” (London.) Mulvaney, D. J. (1969). — ‘‘The prehistory of Australia.” (Thames and Hudson, London.) Mulvaney, D. J. and Golson, J. (Editors) (1971). — “Aboriginal man and environment in Aus- tralia.” (Australian National University Press. Canberra.) Nind, S. (1832). — Description of the natives of King George’s Sound (Swan River Colony) and adjoining country. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 1: 21-51. Ord, H. St. G. (1879). — “A brief account of the natives of Western Australia . . . .” (Perth, Gov- ernment Printer.) Ride, W. D. L. (1970). — “A guide to the native mammals of Australia.” (Oxford University Press. Melbourne.) Sonneville-Bordes. D. de and Perrot, J. (1956). — “Lexique typologique du paleolithique superieur. Out- illage lithique . . . Pieces variees”. Bulletin de la Societie Prehistorique Francaise. 547-559. 53: White, J. P. (1968). — Fabricators outils ecaillees scalar cores.” Mankind 6: 658-666. or White. J. P. (1970). — (Review of book by C. B. McBurney.) Mankind 7: 326-327. M. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December, 1971 113 14. — ^Host range and symptons in Western Australia of the gall rust, Uromycladium tepperianum by Janette Gathe* Communicated by R. N. Hilton Manuscript received 27 July 197 1: accepted 21 Septernber, 1971 Abstract Sixty named host species of Uromycladimn tepperiajium (Sacc.) McAlpine collected during 1962, 1963 and 1964 in the south-west of Western Australia or noted from herbarium specimens are recorded for the first time, bringing the total of known hosts from 58 to 118. The pos- sibility of extending the host range by artificial inoculation is indicated. For indigenous south- west Western Australian host species, the parts of the plants affected are indicated, together with gall type. Introduction The rust genus Uromycladium was erected by McAlpine in 1905 and Included seven micro- cyclic species. No additional species have been described. McAlpine described the character- istic feature of the genus as “teleutospores borne in clusters, composed of one spore and cyst or two or more spores with or without a cyst, de- pressed globose and attached to a branched sporophoi'e.” The branched sporophore and sterile cyst are most unusual featui-es in the rust teliospore. Of the seven known species of Uromycladium only two. U. notabile and U. tepperiaiium, induce gall formation in their hosts. U. tepperianum was originally described, illustrated and named as Uromyces tepperianus by Saccardo *1889), w’ho thought that the uni- cclled teliospores were borne singly on un- branched sporophores. McAlpine (1905 p. 310> discovered that they were borne in clusters of three on branched sporophores. The rust is autoecious upon Acacia and Albizzia species and although the host range has been studied ex- tensively in Eastern Australia, only a few hosts have hitherto been recorded in Western Aus- tralia. This paper records the results of a survey of the host range of U. tepperianum in the South-west botanical province of Western Australia. The data presented here were obtained during collecting trips over the years 1962-64 and during the course of study of all available material in the Western Australian Herbarium and the University Botany Department. Host Species U. tepperianum is parasitic on species of the two closely related genera Acacia and Albizzia. Within the genus Acacia it has a wdde host range, a count made from the publications of various Eastern States' authors yielding fifty • Formerly Miss J. Goodwin. Botany Department. Uni- versity of Western Australia, now University of Alberta, Edmonton 7. Canada. seven Australian species up to 1965 of which ten of the records are from Western Australia (nine species indigenous to that state: one species. A. cyclopis, A. Cunn, that occurs also in the Eastern States >. It has also been recorded on Albizzia montana Benth. from Java itrophylla (.’. Andrews .... G C A. beavrenUana Ewart and Sharman A. biffora B. Br. G (i G *A. bii'Oioxa DC. .... -iexioldef< C. A. Gardn. <: A. decipien>^ {K(m\.) K. lir. a A. dielsii Vj. Pvitzel .... .. (j A. Benth G A. dunasfida . y. Vitz. o A.eyinacea Bentli. . ... . . S.A. (; * A. erioclada hcnth G *A. Lindl. a A. Maid, and Blakely (i *A. (/laucoptera Benth. .. No galls found bv present author A. Benth G A. Smith. G A. infru*(7/« S. Moore . G A. i.riophuUa Benth. ... .. ... .... ... . .. N.S.W., (Jld. A. jibberdinyewiix Maid, and Blakelv !•: G G A. kochii W. A'. Fitz. ex. Ewart and White . <; A. /('r.sneY//vr C. Andrews (i tiaoea lienth. .... ... .. . .. G A. roH.^ei F. Aluell. (i A. rofitellifem Benth !•: A. srirpifolia Meissn. . (J A. i^rleroKperma B. Muell. A.ifiqnata F. Muell. . .. ... ... .. S.A., N.T. (t c G G A. xpathidata F. Muell. ex .Benth. G A. lienth a A . .dereophylla G * A. " xto^vardii" s. Moore Not examined )>v present author A. -sidrafa R. Br. var. platypbtdio Maid, and Blakelv G A. tanmnhirinetuie Maid. .... .... ... .... . . Q1 sank the genus Ixeuticus in Badumna but transferred candidus to Phrygano- porus and synonymised P. gausapata with it, thus erecting the new combination: Plnygaiio- porus candidus (Koch 1872). However Leech (1971) retained Ixeuticus and discussed I. candidus but did not consider the status of Phry- ganoporus. One feature formerly regarded as distinguishing Phryganoporus from Ixeuticus was the undivided cribellum of Phryganoporus (Simon 1908 and Main 1964. 1967). Recent more detailed examination of specimens has subsequently shown the cribellum to have a faint dividing line (fig, 2) (specimens in author’s collection). Thus this feature can no longer be considered a generic character. The present author regards Amaurobius candidus Koch [-Ixeuticus candidus (Koch) I and Phryganoporus gausapata (Simon) as syn- onyms but retains the genus Ixeuticus into which * Zoology Department. University of W'^estern Australia. Nedlands. Western Australia 6009. the species is placed. Piiryganoporus tubicola Simon and P. nigrinus Simon are here also synonymised with Ixe\iticus candidus (Koch). Natural History Amongst the few records of ‘socialism’ or web colonies of spiders, the example of Ixeuticus candidus has been included, both under this name (McKeown, 1963) and that of Phrygano- porus gausapata (Simon 1908, Dalmas 1917 and Main 1964, 1967). However from the author's observations it appears that the spiders are gregarious only during the juvenile stages. The nests are made in foliage. Typically, a solitai*y nest consists of a tough silk tube up to about two inches long, from the mouth of which ex- tends a lace-like snare web. The spider mates in the summer, and eggs are found in the retreat tube in early autumn. Through the winter and spring the young spiderlings construct their own individual snares and tiny retreats around the parent tube until the whole aggregate takes on the appearance of a ‘colony’ (fig. 3). Later, individual nests are made. However it is not known whether sibling matings take place in the brood colonies or whether mating occurs more randomly after the spiders have dispersed. In any case the gregariousness has not been ob- served amongst adults. Discussion on the Distribution of Ixeuticus candidus and its Relationship to Ixeuticus martius Dondale (1966) and Leech (1971) emphasise the similarity of 7. candidus to 7. martius (Simon) and the latter author even considered the possibility of synonymy. However there are marked differences between the two species. The abdominal pattern of an anterior dorsal median stripe followed by several distinct chevrons (sometimes reduced to a series of spots) and the distinct leg annulations (fig. 1) distinguish 7. candidus from the less conspicuously marked and generally larger 7. martius. I. martius builds a simple d’oyley-like lace web with short retreat funnel on vegetation, buildings, walls and fences, especially on timber structures (author's obser- vations). 7. candidus builds a silk tube from which a small silk snare radiates. Hickman ( 1967 ) notes these w'eb differences and mentions the "cocoon” like nest of 7. candidus. He also gives clear diagnostic photographs of spiders of the two species (1967). Main (1964. 1967' figured the spider and a solitary and ‘colonial’ nest under the name Phryganoporus. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4, December. 1971 119 Figures 1-3. — Ixeuticus carididiis (Koch). 1, adult female spider. 2. spinnerets and cribellum. 3. *colonial' web and retreat tubes of juvenile spiders. !. mcn-tius occurs in New Zealand, eastern Australia and Tasmania. It has also been re- corded as an introduction in California; first by Gertsch (1937) who described it under the name of Hesperauximus sternitzkil. Marples (1959) subsequently noted the synonymy. Leech (1971) again noted the Californian occurrence and listed localities where it occurs. 7. martins has not been recorded from Western Australia. /. candidus occurs in eastern Australia and Tasmania and is common in south-western Australia where it has formerly been identified as Phryganoporus (Simon 1908 and Main 1964. 1967). References Dalmas, C. de (1917). — Araignees de Nouvelle-Zelande. Anil. Soc. Ent. France 86: 317-430. Dondale. C. D. (1966). — The spider fauna (Araneida) of deciduous orchards in the Australian Capital Territory. Aust, J. Zoo}. 14: 1157-92. Gertsch. W. J. (1937). — New American Spiders. Amer. Mus. Nov. 936: 1-7, Hickman V. V. (1967).— Some Common Spiders of Tasmania. (Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Hobart). Koch. L. (1872). — Die Arachnidan Australiens. Nurem- burg. Leech. R. (1971). — The Introduced Amaurobiidae of North America, and CalJobnis Hokkaido n.sp. from Japan (Arachnida: Araneida). Canad. Ent. 103: 23-32. Lehtinen. P. T. ( 1967 ) .—Classification of the Cribellate Spiders and some Allied Families, with Notes on the Evolution of the Sub-order Araneo- morphae. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4: 199-468. McKeown, K. (1963). — Australian Spiders. (Angus and Robertson ) . Main. B. Y. (1964) and (1967). — Spiders of Australia. ( Jacaranda). Marples. R. R. (1959). — The Dictynid Spiders of New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 87: 333-6. Roewer. C. Fr. (1942-54). — Katalog der Araneae. (Bre- men). Simon, E. (1906) — Etude sur les Araignees de la section des Cribellates. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 50: 284- 308. Simon. E. (1908). — Die Fauna Sudwest Australiens (ed. Michaelson & Hartmejer). 1 (12): 359-446. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 120 Membership of the Society, October, 1971 Honorary Members Herbert. Prof. D. A. 47 Adamson Street. Woo- loowin. Q. 4030 ^1918, 1964) Jenkins, Mrs. C. F. H. 15 Labouchere Road. South Perth 6151 (1933. 1965) Johnson. Mrs. E. R. L. c/o National Bank. 26 King William Street. Adelaide. S.A. 5000 (1921, 1966) Shearer, Mr. J. 89 Thomas Street. Nedlands 6009 (1937, 1964) Shedley, Mr. A. C. 27 Birdwood Avenue. Como 6152 (1941, 1965) Teakle, Pi*of. L. J. H. 51 Coldiaslie Road. Indooroopilly, Q. 4068 <1928. 1971) Honorary Associate Members Rowledge. Mr. H. P. 52 Labouchere Road. South Perth 6151 (1933. 1964) Shelton, Miss K. M. Flat H8. Hollywood Village, Williams Road, Nedlands 6009 (1914. 1965) Members Ahmat, Mr. A. 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Botany Department. Univer- sity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1951) Brockway, Mr. G. E. 44 McDonald Street, Como 6152 (1961) Brooker, Mr. M. I. H. Forest Research Institute. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Banks Street. Yarralumla. A.C.T. 2600 '1969) Broughton, Mrs. H. C. 9 Chester Street, Subiaco 6008 (1970) Brown, Dr. G. D. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Animal Physiology. P.O. Box 144, Parramatta. N.S.W 2150 (1959i Burbidge. Dr. N. T. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 109. Canberra 2601 (1935- Burns, Mr. D. Government Chemical Labora- tories. Adelaide Terrace. Perth 6000 (1947- Burvill. Mr. G. H. 31 Aldmondbury Road. Aa’dross 6153 '1929) Butler. Mr. R. J. T. Martalup House. 254 St. George’s Terrace. Perth 6000 ‘1965) Carey. Prof. S. W. Geology Department, Uni- versity of Tasmania. Hobart. Tas. 7000 (1953) (Corresponding member' Chittleborough, Dr. R. G. C.S.I.R.O. Regional Laboratories. Underwood Avenue. Floreat Park 6014 (1964) Churchill, Dr. D. M. 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Mount Clare- mont 6010 ( 1962) George. Mr. A. S. Western Australian Her- barium. Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road, South Perth 6151 (1961) George. Dr. R. W. Western Australian Museum, Beaufort Street. Perth 6000 (1958) Gladstones. Dr. J. S. Department of Agricul- ture. Jarrah Road, South Perth 6151 (1957) Glenister. Dr. B. F. Geology Department, State University of Iowa, Iowa City. Iowa, U.S.A. (1954) Gloe, Mr. C. S. 23 Kirkwood Street, Beaumaris. Vic. 3193 (1939) Glover. Dr. J. J. E. Geology Department, Uni- versity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1956) Goss, Miss O. M. Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 (1934) Gray, Mr. D. D. 2 Hill Terrace. Mosman Park 6012 (1956) Gray, Mr. N. M. 1 Centenary Avenue, Hunter’s Hill. N.S.W. 2110 (1948) Gregson. Mr. P. J. Geophysical Obeiwatory, Mundaring 6073 (1962) Grieve, Prof. B. J. Botany Department, Univer- sity of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1948) Groves, Dr. D. I. Lot 60. Talma Place, Gwelup 6021 (1971) Hall, Mr. H. I. E. Swiss Aluminium Mining Aust. Pty. Ltd., 10 Stirling Highway, Ned- lands 6009 (1951) Hallam, Mrs. S. F. Department of Anthropol- ogy, University of Western Australia, Ned- lands 6009 (1967) Hallberg, Mr. J. A. 18a Buntine Road. Wembley Downs 6019 (1970) Harding. Mr. J. H. Woods and Forests Depart- ment. Gawler Place. Adelaide. S.A. 5000 (1952) Hare, Mr. R. R. Hare and Associates, 20 Little Collins Street, Melbourne. Vic. 3000 (1950) Hassell, Dr. C. W. 39 Birdwood Parade. Dalkeith 6009 (1962) Hatch, Mr. A. B. Forests Department. R. & I. Bank Building, Barrack Street, Perth 6000 (1958) Hellmuth. Dr. E. O. Lot 2. North Beach Road. Balcatta 6021 (1967) Hilton. Mr. R. N. Botany Department. Univer- sity of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1966) Hodgkin, Dr. E. P. Zoology Department, Uni- vex'sity of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1946) Hodgson, Dr. E. A. B.H.P. Oil and Gas, 459 Little Collins Street. Melbourne. Vic. 3000 (1962) Hodgson, Mr. E. C. 176 Daglish Street, Wembley 6014 (1946) Holland, Dr. A. A. Botany Department, Monash University. Clayton, Vic. 3168 (1950) Hollis. Mr. L. J. Department of Commerce, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1959) Hope, Mrs. J. Department of Prehistory, Aus- tralian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra A.C.T. 2601 (1965) Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December, 1971 122 Hopkins, Dr. E. R. Forests Department, R. & I. Bank Building, Barrack Street, Perth 6000 (1959) Horwitz, Dr. R. C., W. Johnson & Associates, 196 Adelaide Terrace. Perth 6000 (1963) Hough, Miss G. Botany Department. University of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1971) Howden, Mr. P. R. c o Bank of New South Wales, 109 St. George’s Terrace. Pex’th 6000 ',1963) Huxley, Mr. W. J. 16 Matheson Road, Apple- cross 6153 (1952) Ingram, Mr. B. S. 19 Remington Street, Dia- nella 6062 (1966) James, Mr. H. N. 31 Birdwood Parade. Dalkeith 6009 (1935) James, Dr. S. H. Botany Department. University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1962) Jenkins, Mr. C. F. H. Department of Agricul- ture, Jarrah Road, South Perth 6151 (1929) Jeppe, Dr. J. F. B. 2 Graham Street, Dunedin, New Zealand (1961) Johnson, Mr. W. 42 Redmond Street, Manning 6152 '1939) Johnston. Mr. D. A. Junior Farmers Council, 156 Hay Street. Subiaco 6008 ’1956) Johnstone, Mr. D. 66 Riley Street. Tuart Hill 6060 (1956) Johnstone, Mr. M. H. WAPET. P.O. Box C1580. Perth 6001 (1949> Jones, Mr. L. T. Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 '1952) Jones, Mr. W. R. K. 49 MacLeod Road, Apple- cross 6153 (1951) Kay, Mr. J. G. Geology Department, University of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 '1959> Keay, Dr. J. Kaymin Laboratories Pty. Ltd., Murray Road, Welshpool 6106 <1969) Kemp. Dr. E. M, Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Flor- ida, U.S.A. (1969) Kendrick. Mr. G. W. Western Australian Museum, Beaufort Street, Perth 6000 (1965) Kenneally, Mr. K. F. Botany Department, Uni- versity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1969) Kenny. Mr. R. P. Department of Zoology, Uni- versity College of Townsville, Q. 4810 (1947» King, Mr. E. G. 67 Coode Street. South Perth 6151 '1949' Koch. Dr. L. E. Western Australian Museum. Beaufort Street, Perth 6000 (1958) Koop, Mr. W. J. 93 Sydenham Street. Double- view 6011 (1971) Larkin, Mr. J. V. Department of Agi'iculture, Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 '1933) 'Associate member) Lewis. Mr. J. D. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral House, 66 Adelaide Ter- race, Perth 6000 (1969) Little, Mr. R. J. 493 Canning Highway. Melville 6156 (1932) Littlejohn, Dr. M. J. Zoology Department, University of Melbourne. Parkville. Vic. 3052 (1956) Logan, Dr. B. W. Geology Department. Univer- sity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1958) Loneragan, Dr. J. F. Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 '1961) Loneragan. Mr. O. W. Institute of Forests Re- search, Todd Avenue. Como 6152 (1964) Loneragan. Mr. W. A. Botany Department, Uni- versity of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1963) Lord, Mr. J. H. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral House, 66 Adelaide Ter- race, Perth 6000 (1942) Lorimer, Mr. W. J. 3 Kemp Road, Mt. Pleasant 6153 (1952) Lowry. Mr. D. C. 23 Kalamatta Way, Gooseberry Hill 6076 (1964) Lowry, Mrs J. W. J. 23 Kalamatta Way, Goose- berry Hill 6076 (1964) Lukis, Miss M. F. F. 91 Hardy Street, Nedlands 6009 (1949) (Associate member) Main, Prof. A. R. Zoology Department, Univer- sity of W’estern Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1951) Main, Dr. B. Y. Zoology Department, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 <1952) Malcolm. Mr. C. V. Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 (1958) Marchant. Dr. N. G. W'estern Australian Her- barium. Department of Agriculture. Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 (1963) Marsh. Mrs. L. M. 6 Conon Road, Applecross 6153 '1955) Marshall. Mr. G. E. ‘Carradale’. 522 Hawtin Road. Forrestfield 6058 (1936) Maslin, Mr. B. R. Western Australian Her- barium, Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road, South Perth 6151 (1970) Masters, Mr. B. K. 3 Carrigg Crescent, Kelm- scott 6111 (1970) McArthur. Mr. W. M. C.S.I.R.O, Regional Lab- oratories. Underwood Avenue, Floreat Park 6014 (1951) McCall. Dr. G. J. H. 37 Marama Drive. Franks- ton, Vic. 3199 (1961) McComb. Dr. A. J. Botany Department. Uni- versity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1963) McGann. G. J. 12 Robin Street, Mt. Lawley 6050 (1971) McKay, Mr. R. J. Western Australian Museum. Beaufort Street, Perth 6000 (1959) McKenna. Mr. L. N. 12 Goldsworthy Road. Claremont 6010 (1952) McKenzie, Mr. R. B. 275 Crawford Road. Ingle- wood 6052 (1956) McKenzie. Dr. K. G. c, o Flat 5. 159 Gotham Road. Kew, Vic. 3101 (1959) McMillan. Mr. R. P. 9 Terrace Road. Guildford 6055 (1956' McTavish. Dr. R. A. WAPET. P.O. Box C1580, Perth 6001 -1958) Meadly, Mr. G. R. W. Department of Agricul- ture, Jarrah Road, South Perth 6151 (1931) Mees, Dr. G. F. Rijkemuseum van Natuurlijke Historic. Leiden, Holland (1959) Merrifield. Mrs. E. M. 10 Bridge Street. South Guildford 6055 (1969) Merrilees, Dr. D. Westei'n Australian Museum, Beaufort Street. Perth 6000 (1959) Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 123 Miles. Dr. K. R. 11 Church Street, Mitcham. S.A. 5062 (1935 ► Miles, Mr. S. J. Flat 22. 27 St. Leonard's Street. Mosman Park 6012 (1967') Milesi. Mr. A. J. 20 Geographe Bay Road. Bus- selton 6280 (1956> Millington. Dr. A. J. Kimberley Research Sta- tion. Kununurra 6743 *1952) Milne. Mr. A. 138 Brompton Road. Wembley Downs 6019 U970) Morgan. Mr. J. F. Department of Lands and Surveys. Cathedral Avenue, Perth 6000 (1962 > Morgan. Mr. K. H. 3 Jennifer Way. Rossmoyne 6155 (1961) Mott. Mr. J. J. 1 Hartfield Way, Baiga 6061 (1968) Moulds. Mr. M. S. 14 Chisholm Street. Green- wich. N.S.W. 2065 (1967) Muir, Mr. B. G. Zoology Department. University of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 a967i Mulcahy, Dr. M. J. C.S.I.R.O. Regional Labora- tories, Underwood Avenue. Floreat Park 6014 (1955) Neumann. Mrs. A. Western Australian Museum. Beaufort Street, Perth 6000 (1961) Nicholls. Dr. A. G. 15 Torrington Place. Can- terbury, Vic. 3126 (1940) Osman. Mr. A. H. c o Blair Athol Coal Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 159. Emerald. Q. 4720 (1962) Packer, Dr. W. C. Zoology Department. Univer- sity of Westex’n Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1961) Pande, Mr. H. D. Department of Mathematics. University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1968) Parker. Dr. C. A. Institute of Agriculture, Uni- versity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 <19591 Paust. Miss S. 15 Hawkins Street. Mount Pleasant 6153 (1971) Pearce, Mr. R. H. 70 Davis Crescent. Kala- munda 6076 (1955) Pearman. Dr. G. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Meteoro- logical Physics. Station Street, Aspendale. Vic. 3195 (1963) Peet. Mr. L. J. 4 Asten Road. City Beach 6015 <1965) Perret. Dr. J. 132 Rosalie Street. Shenton Park 6008 (I960) Perry, Mr. D. H. 26 Egham Road. Victoria Park 6100 (1959) Perry, Mrs. G. School of Biological Sciences, Macquarrie University, North Ryde. N.S.W. 2113 (1966) Phillips. Dr. B. F. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Fish- eries and Oceanography. Waterman 6020 (1968) Pillow. Mr. R. P. J. Perth Technical College. St. George’s Terrace, Perth 6000 (1948) Playford. Dr. G. Department of Geology, Uni- versity of Queensland. St. Lucia. Q. 4067 (1958) Playford, Dr. P. E. 102 Thomas Street. Ned- lands 6009 (1952) Podger, Mr. F. D. Plant Pathology Laboratory. University of Auckland. Auckland. New Zealand <1965) Poole. Mr. W. E. C.S.I.R.O Division of Wildlife Research. P.O. Box 84, Lyneham. A.C.T. 2602 (1951) Porter. Mr. N. G. 5 St. Kilda Road. Rivervale 6103 (1970) Powell. Mrs. W. c/o P.O, Box 1383R, Brisbane, Q. 4001 (1946) Prider, Prof. R. T. Geology Department, Uni- versity of Western Australia. Nedlands 6009 (1932) Prider, Mrs. R. T. 44 Hobbs Avenue, Dalkeith 6009 (1949) (Associate member). Pryce, Mr. M. W. 7 Latham Street. Alfred Cove 6154 (1955) Quilty, Dr. P. G. J. 421 The Strand. Dianella 6062 (1962) Quirk. Prof. J. P. Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009 (1969‘ Redman, Miss M. E. 11 Elstree Avenue. Mount Lawley 6050 (1951) Ride, Dr. W. D. L. Western Australian Museum. Beaufort Street, Perth 6000 (1958) Ridpath, Mr. M. Union Road. Carmel, via Kalamunda 6076 (1968) Rimes. Mr. G. D. Department of Agriculture. Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 (1956) Roberts, Mr. F. J. C.S.I.R.O, Regional Labora- tories, Underwood Avenue, Floreat Pai’k 6014 (1958) Robinson. Mr. F. N. Wootoona Cottage. Ber- tram Street. Darlington 6070 (1968' Roe. Mrs. R. Box 4. Gingin 6503 (1969) Royce, Mr. R. D. Western Australian Herbarium. Department of Agriculture. Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 (1938) Samuel. Dr. L. W. Government Chemical Lab- oratories. 64 Adelaide Terrace. Perth 6000 (1931) Sanders. Mr. C. C. Geological Survey of West- ern Australia. Mineral House. 66 Adelaide Terrace. Perth 6000 (1968) Seddon, Dr. G. S. 49 Victoria Avenue, Clare- mont 6010 (1962) Sedgman. Mr. H. 79 Beatrice Road. Dalkeith 6009 (1950) Serventy, Dr. D. L. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Wild- life Research. Clayton Road. Helena Valley 6070 (1924) Serventy. Mr. V. N. 8 Reiby Road. Hunters Hill. N.S.W. 2110 (1947) Shaw. Dr. S. E. School of Earth Sciences. Mac- quarie University. Eastwood, N.S.W. 2122 '1959) Shearer, Mr. B. L. c o lA Bridges Road, Mel- ville 6156 (1968) Shearer, Mrs. J. 89 Thomas Street, Nedlands 6009 (1949) ‘Associate member) Shugg, Mr. H. B. Department of Fisheries and Fauna. 108 Adelaide Terrace, Perth 6000 (1959) Smith. Dr. E. B. J. 4 Kinnane Place. Attadale 6156 (1969) Smith. Dr. F. G. 30 Vincent Street. Nedlands 6009 (1963) Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 124 Smith, Mr. G. G. Botany Department, Univer- sity of Western Australia, Nediands 6009 (1951) Smith, Dr. R. c/o Mr. A. G. Turton, C.S.LR.O. Regional Laboratories, Underwood Avenue. Floreat Park 6014 <1949) Snowball. Mr. G. J. 34 Millwood Avenue. Chats- wood, N.S.W. 2067 (1940) Sofoulis, Mr. J. Westralian Sands, 1122 Hay Street, West Perth (1970) Spence, Mr. T. 151 Mill Point Road, South Perth 6151 (1967) Springett, Dr. B. P. C.S.I.R.O. Division of Ento- mology, Private Bag. P.O. Wtmbley 6014 (1969) Springett, Dr. J. A. Institute of Forests Re- search, Todd Avenue, Como 6152 (1969) Stephenson, Mr. N. C. Geology Department, University of New England. Armidale. N.S.W. 2315 (1969) Stewart, Mr. D. W. R. Forests Department, R. & I. Bank Building, Barrack Street. Perth 6000 (1956) Storr. Dr. G. M. Western Australian Museum. Beaufort Street, Perth 6000 (.1955) Summers, Mr. K. W. A. 20 Kintail Road, Apple- cross 6153 (1948) Taylor, Dr. J. C. 26 Neville Road. Dalkeith 6009 (1970) Teichert, Dr. C. Paleontological Institute, Uni- versity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. (1938) Terrill, Mr. S. E. 4 Prosser Street. Bunbury 6230 (1928) Thomas, Mr. R. P. 96 Killarney Street, Kal- goorlie 6430 (1969) Thomas, Mr. B. P. Department of Mines. P.O. Box 38. Bundle Street, Adelaide. S.A. 5001 (1949) Thomson, Dr. J. M. Zoology Department. Uni- versity of Queensland. St. Lucia. Q. 4067 (1962) Thornton, Dr. J. W. 28 Osborne Road. East Fremantle 6158 (1964) Tiller, Mr. K. C. C. 109 Chelmsford Road. Mount Lawley 6050 (1935) Tomlinson, Mr. A. R. Department of Agricul- ture, Jarrah Road, South Perth 6151 (1956) Trendall, Dr. A. F. Geological Survey of West- ern Australia, Mineral House, 66 St. George's Terrace. Perth 6000 (1963) Turner, Mr. G. J. 9 Shoalwater Road, Safety Bay 6169 (1967) Utting, Mr. E. P. 10 Keane Street, Cottesloe 6011 (1963) Wallace, Mr. M. McA. H. C.S.I.R.O. Regional Laboratories, Underwood Avenue, Floreat Park 6014 (1956) Wallace, Mr. W. R. Forests Department, R. & I. Bank Building, Barrack Street, Perth 6000 (1957) Waring, Prof. H. Zoology Department, Univer- sity of Western Australia, Nediands 6009 (1948) Waterhouse, Mr. W. K. Agricultural Wing, Narrogin Agricultural Senior High School, Narrogin 6312 (1968) Wtbb, Prof. M. J. Geography Department. University of Western Australia. Nediands 6009 (1968) Whitfield, Mr. G. B. 339 Carrington Street, Hamilton Hill 6163 (1970) Whitley. Mr. G. P. The Australian Museum, P.O. Box A285, Sydney South, N.S.W. 2001 (1942) Williams. D. A. 6 Rheola Street, West Perth 6005 (1971) Willmott, Mr. S. P. WAPET, P.O. Box C1580, Perth 6000 (1962) Wilson, Prof. A. F. Geology Department, Uni- versity of Queensland. St. Lucia, Q. 4067 (1949) Wilson, Mr. P. G. Western Australian Her- barium, Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road. South Perth 6151 (1965) Woodall, Mr. R. Western Mining Corporation, P.O. Box 71, Kalgoorlie 6430 (1955) Wright. Mr. E. A. M. 40 Beatrice Road. Dal- keith 6009 (1956) Notes: Dates of election to Membership and. where appropriate, to Honorary Membership, are given in brackets. Countries outside Australia are given in full. Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria are abbreviated to A.C.T.. N.S.W., Q., S.A., Tas. and Vic. respectively. AH other ad- dresses are in Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. Vol. 54 Part 4. December. 1971 125 INSTRUCTiONS TO AUTHORS Contributions to this Journal should be sent to The Honorary Editor, Royal Society of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Perth. Papers are received only from, or by communication through, Members of the Society. The Council decides whether any contribution will be accepted for publication. All papers accepted must be read either in full or in abstract or be tabled at an ordinary meeting before publication. 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Note that all illustrations are Figures, which are numbered in a single sequence. In composite Figures, made up of several photographs or diagrams, each of these should be designated by letter (e.g. Figure 13B). Illustrations should include all necessary lettering, and must be suitable for direct photo- graphic reproduction. To avoid unnecessary handling of the original illus- trations, which are usually best prepared between I J and 2 times the required size, authors are advised to supply extra prints already reduced. Additional printing costs, such as those for folding maps or colour blocks, will normally be charged to authors. It is the responsibility of authors to adhere to the International Rules of Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature. Palaeontological papers must follow the appropriate rules for zoology or botany, and all new stratigraphic names must have been previously approved by the Stratigraphic Nomenclature Com- mittee of the Geological Society of Australia. Thirty reprints are supplied to authors free of charge, up to a maximum of 60 for any one paper. Further reprints may be ordered at cost, provided that orders are submitted with the returned galley proofs. Authors are solely responsible for the accuracy of all information in their papers, and for any opinion they express. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia Volume 54 1971 Part 4 Contents 11. Murchisonia, a new monotypic genus of Liliaceae from Western Australia. By N. H. Brittan. 12. Observations on the reproductive biology of the dibbler, Antechinus apicalis (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). By P. Wooley. 13. A salvage excavation in Devil’s Lair, Western Australia. By C. E. Dortch and D. Merrilees. 14. Host range and symptoms in Western Australia of the gall rust, Uromycla- dium tepperianum. By Janette Gathe. 15. The common “colonial” spider Ixeuticus candidus (Koch) and its synonyms (Dictynidae: Araneae). By Barbara York Main. Membership of the Society, October, 1971. Editor: A. J. McComb Assistant Editor: N. G. Marchant The Royal Society of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Perth 92789/10 71-625 WILLIAM C. BROWN, Government Printer, Western Australia