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Ge ey, Sie, Ee i OC eee fame af ebow We. bad a Utley Ls Bee Le -€at2 a) > ean tc ALA] oq te ns a eS s¢ fac. Mitert phe ees a) be Dt Jn th Meas Urs le mee ex uth ber fre Mngt Gs Lp, An nh, bine Ce rQ on Preau3 reste Ane GLt Chun 6 tileel, ; eet / Ar Ky CHO of BN 08 MGCL Fog! WH DIWB January 21, 1912, Thomas Rarheur. Fisher Avenue ENGLISH Rice Chicken Curry Sauce Fried Shrimp Cakes Bananas fried Meat Balls Fish fried Rges fried Caceanut fried Onions fried Cucumbers Beked Tomatoes Peppers : Sweet Pickle Peanuts Chutneys Almonds Bombay Ducks Brookline, Mass. MAT.AY Nagi Avam Goreng Curi Kroepack oedang Pisang Goreng Biji sapi Ikan Goreng Telor Goreng Khlapah Goreng Bawomg mereh Goreng T daun Can't remewher Lada Can't remember Katchang tschina Ki tapang Ikan bummelo Goreng oO fos [pkauwts ace CL? Mey C (aes Oia (4) ae Co ep fa ? ON A 01 Lach J calh tm Nu. le. 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Tai As (ae Ok ee AL aS: € oul = V Sad sees ¢ re oe eo ee q ot Ss LO vee Ae tye >) 7h Pat ar ao porte > LET Ge. bear seek ye Cay. e} eS BIW £ een L He cmadinan 6 pay § preg (722 aac th re Saez te ee AUL U«r 7, i Qo pw Seri th ere (220 bettas, ee ey ar”. tf. nxt bor ft oe _@ en: i <- Cant, Sah lies / Tbe SAEs . : on we bo Aand beer Kred rene ro Viauws lege pie re ¢ “% aA Coe } ere. rs) Tiny ae ere PR Cx Cond vee we aes ee 4 prem ecares fe ae) es ea Tee an Ht) as an Form 61. 1M-4-’13. THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. COMMISSIONERS: WILLIAM B. DE LAS CASAS, CHAIRMAN. EDWIN U. CURTIS, METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION, DAVID N. SKILLINGS, ELLERTON P. WHITNEY, CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE, 14 BEACON STREET, EVERETT C. BENTON. BosSTON, May 10, 1913. GEO. LYMAN ROGERS, SECRETARY. (G.0.-Gn ) Mr. Walter Deane, 29 Brewster Street, Cambridse, Mass. In reply to your request for reports of the Charles River Basin Commission, I regret to say that I can only furnish you with the seventh and eighth reports, for 1909 and 1910, which I have mailed you today. Very truly yours, Form 61, 1M-4-’13. THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. COMMISSIONERS: WILLIAM B. DE LAS CASAS, CHAIRMAN. EDWIN U. CURTIS. METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION, DAVID N. SKILLINGS. IMAGO Seas MAME CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE, 14 BEACON STREET, EVERETT C. BENTON. BosTON, May 16, 1913. GEO. LYMAN ROGERS, SECRETARY. (G.0.-Gn) Mr. Walter Deane, 29 Brewster Street, Cambridge, Mass. Dear Sir: - In reply to your letter of May 12th would say I do not know how you could get a complete set of Charles River Pasin Commission reports un- less you could possibly pick them up at a second-hand bookstore. In answer to your enquiry relative to the freshness of the water in Charles River Basin opposite the Cambridge Cemetery, I would say that an average of fifteen analyses made of the water in the Basin at Western Avenue Bridge in 1912 showed 32 parts chlorine in every 100,000 on the surface, and on the bottom 54 parts chlorine to 100,000. This is practically fresh water. The analyses at North Beacon Bridge made even a better showing. Very truly yours, Secretary. Form No. 55. 2M-3-’15. THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2-0 Bee ie, METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION, ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, 14 BEACON STREET, BosTON, June 5, 1915. Mr. Walter Dean, 29 Brewster Street, Cambridge, Mass. Dear Sir: The following table from the chemical examination of water in the Charles River Basin, taken at West Boston and North Beacon Street bridges in 1914, shows the number of parts in 100,000 of chlorine: West Boston Bridge, Surface, July, 35.00; Oct. 174.00 West Boston Bridge, Bottom, July, 65.50; Oct. 168.00 North Beacon St. Bridge, Surface, July, 1.60; Oct. 140.00 North Beacon St. Bridge, Bottom, July, 1.50; Oct. 143,00 Very truly yours, a. O (> \ ) V®) OR RL. MUO Engineer, HirRaAmM ALLEN MILLER CONSULTING ENGINEER 8 BEACON STREET BOSTON June 5, 1913. Mr. Walter Deane, 25 Brewster Street, Cambridge, Mass. Dear Mr. Deane:~ I have your favor of the 23rd. ult. an answer to which has been delayed on account of absence from the City and other matters. I regret that I can give you no assistance in obtaining a complete file of the reports of the Charles River Basin Commission as I only have one set myself. The State Board of Health kept a record of the salt in the water in the Basin for some years after the tidal flow was elimated, but I do not know whether the record has been continued or not since 1910. The following is a list of the papers in regard to the Charles River Dam and Basin which appeared in the "Engineering News";-~ "Engineering News" Vol.LIII pages 31&33 Ww LIT. LV. LVIII. LX. LXI. LXII. LXIII. my hia | wt tt wey 7 9? rt 205 243 211 27-4A9 8 2224292 22 834615 — “Ton o A ob Ne TER eur] wK The permanent level of the Basin is at grade 8 and it rerely ever varies 2 or 3 inches above or below that elevation. There is no appreciable current in the year below the arsenal, except in case of heavy floods. If I can give you any further assistance in your investigations, I shail be pleased to do So. Yours Sincerely, Maia an @ Th Ries eleaed by The hex. QX, Ro, 1908 , The ee 5 A a Form No, 55. 2M-3-'15. THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2 2 ew mance. METROPOLITAN PARK COMMISSION, ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, 14 BEACON STREET, BosTon, June 22, 1915. Mr. Walter Deane, Shelburne, NV. H. Dear Sir: In reply to your inquiries of June 18th, I would say that the information in regard to chlorine in the water of the Charles River Basin was probably from analyses taken at different seasons of the year, and if you could examine the records of all analyses you would find that the quantity varies from practically nothing in the spring to from 100 to 200 parts in 100,000 in the fall. This variation is due to the fact that the fresh water flow of the river during the winter flushes out the river and keeps it fresh until such time as the lack of fresh water from above allows the amount of salt water to increase. The salt water entering the Basin from the operation of the locks, being much heavier than the fresh water, is likely to affect the water of practically the whole Basin, especially in dry seasons, but remains at the bottom of the river. The elevation 0.64 below mean low water is Boston city base. The elevation which you saw on an old map at City Hall, Cambridge, referred to Cambridge city base, which is 4.98 feet below mean low water. If at any time you desire to examine the records of the W. dD. -2., analyses of the water in the Basin, you may do so by applying at this office. considerable work to copy them and you could probably obtain all the information you desire by just looking them over. Hoping that this gives you the desired information, I am, Very truly yours, ~ ’ . an } ay sd \ \ } ) \ ‘-.— TS 2B eS KU oe es ingineer. Charts Io wen Meer. he ae As FO; taugda J "Se 3 Ny é ¥ G28 ons Soo.ce §f Greta wait J 266, bar yA RY3,54 Ww « iN " herp f the OG f .\ Comb ape Ps ere ae \\ C8 Goprark Drea rtrtey le Pa x\\ Jha wrest. ta. §. 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ALLS. | | / as a ; BA ee, a PQ, OEE GOO Oe \re en J SY be by AA 7 z 2 — KUL & O Glebern Coe ene ie taal | ; | | REE Be OE Re See ak ie im ee a ee ye res i OF ON XN , ra ; AMEe~ Ceatrae ee n> : ce EE aE - tL thalee Hf fr, 23 A opche 2. Sen rin, Cosrer Ban. had ;PELLS ABOUT PRIMROSE —— See, | 4) Ide Professor DeVries Speaks at the Lowell | Institute About His Ow: Experiments The lecture given last evening by Pro- fessor Hugo DeVries—his third—in his Lowell Institute course on “EVolution of Plants,” was a pleasant ramble for an hour in his own garden attached to the Univeér- sity of Amsterdam. It was the story of his experiments with evening primroses, aad work that has made him famous. In a field on the edge of a forest this” Dutch botanist one day found a very large | number of evening primroses. These are | yellow flowers, not related to the other primroses, which open in the early evening and remain open all night. In the field DeVries noticed some of the flowers dis- tinctly different from the others and took them home for experimentation. What he discovered through long years of investigation is that of the evening prim- | rose of Lamark (O,. Lamarkiana) if the | | flowers be carefully pollinated so as to éx- clude outside mixtures and produce a pure race, ninety-eight plants from every hun- | dred seeds will be regular, one a dwarf, and one a, bending form. This proportion held true in years of experiment. The dwarf will breed true, and produce only dwarfs, but the bending one must be arti- ficially pollinated, for its own pollen never ripens. Other varieties, mutations they are, have been observed and one, a giant, has’ | appeared once only in all these years. It-« has been bred, but its like has not come again through nature. One or two other forms are likewise rare. This is evidenze | that Darwin’s small gradiations between species in their evolution one from another is an error, and that new forms are pro- duced suddenly. The photographs which Professor DeVries showed in abundance, presented every phiuse of the plant and garden. / against the idea that / proves to be untrue. tion, Says Professor DeVries Professor Hugo DeVries’s final lecture, ie his Lowell Institute course was directed environment has anything to do with the changes of form of plants. In the distribution of plants this has been used for an argument, but it “When studied in large divisions of the world few plants | are to be found outside. the divisions to which they belong, although some are io be found in contiguous parts of two diyi- sions and the study must be made both of | large migrations and of the small ones. | Some plants were shown on the screen with very small distribution, while others, like the sage bush, have wide distribution. The argument here turned rather to the sug~- gestion that these plants are desert plants, not because they will not grow as well or better in moister climates, but because they are better suited to the places in which they live than the other plants. Environ- ment will kill off plants to which it is not | suited, but it does not affect those which. can survive under the new conditions. “The human species is older than its en- ‘vironment,” said Professor DeVries,” for it existed before the glacial period, and the same is true of many plants and animals. The swamp cedar is an example of this kind. Its fossil remains show that it is practically unchanged, but at the same time it is living teday under very different condi- tions and in the midst of a different flora, mest of its ancient companions being now extinet. Life conditions, therefore, are not due to adaptation. Plants like other or- ganisms live in the midst of a constant | PLANTS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT DLA (A. a i | They Do Not Change wake Shift in Loca- struggle, and their places are the ones that , | they can maintain rather than the ones. ideally the most suited to them. Whe , desert plant which would do better in | moister places is probably pushed out by |.other plants that can do better still in the " moist places, The water pest, a river weed, came into Hurope from America seventy years ago. | It is all over the Continent. It has mere- | ly adapted itself to new conditions, but fis the same species, In the same way, a salt weed which came to America from Europe is widely spread, Professor De- | Vries having observed it on the shores of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. The water hyacinth is ianother example. It came from South America to the South and has homed itself in the rivers s0 well that motor-boats and even large steamers cannot make their way through its tangled mass. It has not, changed | the least. The flora of the Sahara Desert originated when the country was as fer- | tile as any other portion of the world. The withholding of rain, which has prob- ably been by slow stages, has caused | the dying out of many kinds of plants, | | but it has not made any shenee in puasy | that survive. In his university garden-a large space is walled and roofed with wire netting. With- in this are the beds, the different groups being separated. Various devices are used | to prevent undesired kinds of pollinstion. ' Paper bags are placed over the spikes of flowers, and for some plants an insect-proof wire house is used. One part of the garden is roofed with glass but with ample ventila- tion, designed for the older plants whose roots strike five or six feet into the ground. and which need no other moisture. DARWIN AND DE VRIES Dutch Naturalist at, Lowell Lecture Says ‘They Differ in’ Only One Point—Tells ' How He “Makes New Kinds of Flowers and Doubles Single Ones The opening paragraphs in hig Lowell tne siitute lecture, the first one of' his course, by , Professor Hugo DeVries of Holland, were ‘to explain the difference between the views of Darwin on evolution -and his own, Here -his. attitude was far dif- ferent from those who haye in recent years expressed little respect for the views of the- great English naturalist: ‘In tne. main noints,”” he said, ‘there is no difference be- tween us at all. Darwin believed that spe- cies were evolved one from another: by small changes. The observations that I have been able to make point to suddén establishment of new species.” This was the text of the Jéecture and its illustrations, and the suggestion was made that botanical #pecies are usually not pure. When this is the case there is constant tendency for one or another of the elements to gain the Dien and dominate the species. ere the Bartel patt of the lecture which showed ‘\wiky somélof his ideas established- them- | selvds.e was-a. great collector ‘of facts, but did not collect specimens. There are known ‘today-'manhy- facts that ‘were not known ‘to-him and his study was in’ con- siderable part, in the voyage of the Beagle, that of islands at various distances from a | Coast:- He found that species: always, had relatives, on neighboring islands or ‘the main- land. “From | this he established his rela- tions’ of the species. He studied races and species’ ahd found that! the limits! between Species are arbitrary: there is no such dise tinction in nature, 'Dhe speaker outlined the earlier condi- tion of the farmer, who, finding good wheat ‘in his erép, selected the best for planting ~ next year. It has been possible to im- prove-the grain to. an extent and after ten or perhaps twenty years a permanent change May be made.’ This was a ‘tedious presess, but it. was about as far as agri- culture hadgone, In horticulture | a similar | progess was):possiblé in’ shorter” time; four | or. five years. Today in the study of the ' tmnatter, , pure” Strains are possible. which Darwin” did not know about.” The speaker then turned to the experi- | -ments of Nielsen, a Swede, who found that | ‘the slow, Darwinian evolution did not suit the facts, and a new explanation was neces- sary, He pursyed the general idea of agri- enltural yeléction’ of seeds, ‘but used closer observation and brought the microscope into requisition, so that selected seeds might as quite a bit about Darwin in | ce ee eae Diy, 30. Keo. ay Pah pe ae f_a"~_ ever have the same botanical markings. He found in doing this that it was.the plant with the single ear that must be used to seed froth in‘the future development of pure species, -The usual ear from a group has ini it any" ‘types and the production of pure His oe consists of eliminating minor ones. pi ae it that what are called species In i consist of mixtures of hiany peaieen sn ‘efow tifis” originated is not yet known, put. the fact is' well established. | “DeVries Jtook the matter up here and in } fis garden has’ carried on the experiments that have made. his. the world’s authority in what naturalists term ‘mutations.* Much of the lecture was devoted to an jutlinimg of his own work, which, as he ex- pressed it, was io see species originate un- der his eyes, The first story was about the teadfiax. This in general isa flower having two flaps or jaws,,within which the ‘bee must (pass io get at the honey in a Hee lower spur, and-in: doihg which-‘he pHolinates the flower... it was knows 40’ Lin; | nabs that in thé neighborhood of Upsala a | close ‘variety ‘originated. .Eyery eight or | ten years some such observation was made elsewhere, and. on-thesé ‘occasions there came suddenly into prominence a form of flower which normally was kuown only once in five to ten thousand flowers. It was ¥een thus in Germany and in Holland. It wis this phehomenon that DeVries set out jo Pepealt-in his gatden. ‘The flowers are very different in appearance. One had the | AW lips, ‘between which insects could easily Tass, while the other was a closed form which was impossible to them. For eight vears the Dutch investigator worked, when, there came a form in his group of the ilaged, flowets and-this was not by inter- gradations. but at onee, and it is perma- nent.’ A gecond experiment — was with visted plants. -In~yarious kinds, horsetails’ and teasies, among them, there come oacea- siohally forms: that ate twisted. The leaves | ihat may normally be disposed at regular in- | tervals, single or in groups, may ‘combine to form a continuous spiral fringe about the stem, DeVries set out/to make a twisted | sriapdr. agon. He selected this kind of | plant becaise there is known to be some re- lationship between monstrosities. His re- sults were successful. Other plants, like the teasles, he has cultivateé with the same peculiarity. He now makes lilies with the petals twisted about the stem, An interesting story was the making of a double marigold. It alone of the chrys- anthemums has. remained single.. It was a work. of four to six years in the selection of the proper flowers and from a normal In the sbeginning of twenty-one petals the double flower has been produced with a consta: ‘number of more than two hundred petals.’ Much of this story dealt with the Way in-Whiclt the new petals come: out, the stamens changing to petals in certain cf the flowers. : _ The lecture: of Monday afternoon will lake (up horticultural variations: and will come to his own. work\ in: the significance of ‘mutations: for the OTiETD of. species. WORLD DOOMED pts STAR * Professor DeVries in aul GRE ae This Will Happen Unless Agriculture Cz Save It—Population Will Overtake d | Supply Gees F/F1Z i The intakbantas of botanical resea =| of the kind in which he has made pein | for himself was shown last evyenin: %; Professor Hugo DeVries in his | Lowell Institute lecture on “The tion of Plants.” “The future of the h man race,” he said, ‘will depend upon 1 “ah foodstuffs for those now known pk suffice to support it.” He i increase in population, if eerie present rate, would mote than — the increase in food produc’ present rate, and the time in which a might come is not very far away, tury or two, perhaps. here woulé those circumstances" be really a § for life. The resources of the 6 being quickly consumed, ‘coal is exhausted, the forests are fast di ing and agricultural work, if it is to the day, must be greatly improved. In ‘the United States about one-t of the soil is under cultivation, and rest there are the difficulties of and of irrigation. “If it were possible » crow things in the desert world.’! said t speaker, “it would be very desirable. nd any tate, it is the agriculture that is i the | foreground of public needs. e fy | Hybridizing is a means of getting 4 de alble qualities scaptered ee ae species assembled in one race, The he of horticulturalists apply this prin But in selection’ there is a comparal smali number of factors with which — take improvements, and in hybrid ‘there aré a Small number of known | tles to assemble, so that one ean re that there is a comparatively near limit { improvement due to either or both th methods. Future populations may 4d mand all that both means have to offer, is not to the point to argue that two « three hundred years is a long ways ahea ue) is not our concern, it is the duty: of t Renee of satisfying cn: “Tt is the. aut: aa ef the present dweller on the earth to di- | reel his eyes upon what nature has don aind what it is doing and to try to ae icate this work. ; The speaker suggested that the 163 ps in species, termed mutations, must be studi ed | so that by the will of man and the forces | that he may control he may be able to | : duce such mutations, This has been | already, it is true, but only in a few lin Progress is needed in many limes, and 1] 7 ls hope in these for the future, fe, The final discussion for the day wa | the four-leaved clover, or, rather, its alli | for it is imdeed not normal and will propagate itself. The real normal change here is to the five-leaved plant, hee turn by various divisions of its I may he a six, seyen or even a plant, \ Bid Welfare- Workers in Session Some Notes: of the A. 0. U. Congress at Cambridge BY WINTHROP PACKARD HIS week surely the Cambridge birds, such at ‘least as modern progress has left us, should have sung their best songs in jubilant chorus, for the best friends they have among men were assembled in the Univer- Sity City. The American Ornithologists’ Union held its thirtieth stated meeting there, converging several hundred strong from all parts of the Union and making a week of it. Daily there was poured forth upon the members, their associates and friends, such wit and wisdom of bird lore as has been accumulated by the ‘en- thusiastic students of bird life during the past year, the store appealing to the eye as well as to the ear, for the stereopticon did its share in making the matter in- structive and interesting. Ornithologists of more than national prominence related results of explorations and investigations, such men as Frank M. Chapman, curator of the Museum of Nat- ural History at New York, editor of Bird Lore and author of many standard bird books; Edward Howe Forbush, State orni- thologist of Massachusetts, widely known as a lecturer on the economic value of bird life and the author of seyeral scien- tific works on the subject; A. C. Bent, secretary of the Bristol County Academy of Sciences, to whom has heen entrusted by the National Government the comple- tion of the monumental work on “Life His- torles of North American Birds,” which was begun by Captain Bendire; Dr, George W. Field, biologist and lecturer, chairman of the Massachusetts Fish and Game Com- mission; Herbert K. Job of Hast Haven, Conh., author and lecturer on birds; Pro- / fessor C. F. Hodge of Worcester, natur- alist and author; T. Gilbert Pearson of New York city, secretary of the National Association of Audubon Societies, and a host of others of fame as. ornithologists, not forgetting a number of women bird lovers whose namés had equal prominence on the programme, Most of the papers were either earnest discussions of scientific topics or of some phase of welfare work for birds. Job spoke of the propagation and restoration of Amer- | ican wild fowl. Dr. Field described and illustrated the present status of the heath hen. Chapman pictured his investigations Into the bird life of Colombia, South Amer- ica. Bent and Dr. Charles W. Townsend of | Boston gave notes on Labrador and the birds found in their explorations there. Forbush deseribed and pictured his recent investigations into the condition of the bobolink in the South. The Okefinokee Swamp in southern Georgia had been hio- logically investigated, and the investigators told about it, with maps and lanterns slides. Pearson described the present breeding range of the much slaughtered white egrets of the United States. And soit went. The Western Hemisphere has been pretty well investigated by these scientists, so far as its bird life is concerned, during the past/ ‘year, and they put the results of their inyestigations to the critical tests of scru- tiny and discussion by their brother scien- tists. Of équal, perhaps eyen greater, interest to laymen were other papers on simpler phases of the bird question, such as “‘Queer Westing Sites of the House Wren,” “The Nest Life of the Sparrow Hawk,” and es- pecially one on “Concéaling Action of the Bittern,” which savors as much of hocus- pocus as it does of selence, and which lam minded to relate, though I cannot put it as well as did the observer, Professor Walter Barrows of East Lansing, Mich. The narrator told of a bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus, which Nghted in the shallows of a wreed-margined pond of small area and forthwith and on the spot disappeared. Theugh he and another man-made aca plete circuit of the Httle pond, looking with all their eyés for this two-foot long bird which had been seen to alight in it, the bittern they could not see. As they were ahout to give up the search he suddenly materialized in just about the spot where he had been seen to alight but where they had previously looked for him in yain, The explanation of this, as given by the narra- tor, was the habit of the bittern, well known to ornithologists, of, when alight- ing in a new place where eneniies might lurk suddenly turning itself into the sem- blance of a gray, upright stake. The bird stands stiffly erect, its feathers drawn in to its body, its bil pointing to the sky, and its gray-brown plumage harmonizing perfectly with any reeds or stumps among which it has alighted,. That is, the bittern “froze,” as they say, and was not to be distinguished among the reeds which it sumewhat resembled. But that’s not the story. If it were it probably would not have ‘been told. After they saw the bittern he continued stiff and erect, and, while the water was calm and unruffled, still motionless. But when the Wing blew and swayed the reeds this -bit-' tern, with a finesse quite astonishing, swayed with the reeds, making himself an Impersonal part of their lifelessness, which almost had the effect of effacing him from the view of the watchers eyen while their eyes were fixed on him. To the mere layman in ornithological matters this story brought a brief breathless silence, but another ob- server hastened to confirm it with testi- mony of haying seen another bittern In # far distant State do something much like this one of Michigan and the tension was relieved, There was some discussion as to whether the bittern in this instance was not swayed by the same wind that. swayed the reeds, but it was finally decided that he acted with intentional cunning to pro- mote his concealment. Ancther rather interesting adventure in lceal bird observation told how the antics of a moving picture concern brought fiocks of hitherto unheard of shore birds to a York State pond some hundreds of miles inland—that is, shore birds hitherto un- heard of in that locality. The biograph teople rehearsed a tragedy. They had the loyer and the lady drowned in the lake, Then they had the frantic search for the bodies, the draining of the lake and the finding of stuffed dummies in the mud of the bottom. All very realistic and amus- ing for the jaded frequenters of the moving picture theatres, without doubt. But see how littl we know what is going on in the alr over our heads while we rehearse tragedies and drain hitherto undrained ponds. The mud of the pond bottom was no sooner bare than fiocks of shore birds began to drop in from the sky. There were knots, red-backed sandpipers, stilts and sanderlings, and turnstones, and the bird lovers of the neighborhood had a treat. that they would have had to zo at least three hundred miles, to Coney Island the Jersey coast for, if there had been moving picture concern. As Mrs. Wi used to say, “We never know which | happiness is coming.” The paper on the work of the Bird B ing Association brought out some inter ing stories, too. This assoclation — takes to put on the legs of AS man} | a8 possible’ a light, aluminum” ‘band., | ing a number and a request to reps | rip Auk, which is the organ, of. i +» if the bird is recaptured. ‘Usual at are just maturing are taken fro nest before they can fly and thus ‘be The bird is then returned| to’ the: onest forgets the band, but for all itslife c With it an identification mark whieh is r corded in the annals of the “association. "This work has been carried on in a le rge | Way on the continent of Hurope for ‘years, and has greatly extended the edge of the migration routes of birds. Last year 11,400 of these were put on birds in England atone. America, since the work was beg ; 2300 have been used, but the assoclat planning to greatly inerease this. hundred birds were banded last yéa As yet no results of great 4c p have resulted from this work, bu ‘interesting things have happened, Harold Baynes, general manager of th famous Meriden Bird Club of Meric N. H., two years ago one June day a chimney swift in his front room, bird haying gone from its nest down ney instead of up. He promptly baz it and sent It up chimney again, A and eight days afterward he again fou d There, sure enough, was the at atasliiee with the number on it, 6326, proving yond a doubt that this was the | bird that had visited him a little o year befare. Enough records of this : will prove beyond & peradventure wha | already think. we know, that the | | good old chimney swifts come ba : | same good old chimneys to nest. year year. So, eventually it will be ro" r disproved—of other birds by this bi method, Check-List of North ‘American: tiiedey of which it takes caré to correctly scientifice = | | ly name every species of bird that is fou: | | even casually, within the limits of the ‘continent, It gives as well the comm names and the range of each species ar | sub-species and is the last authority _ on such matters. These are a few of the multiple activ ties of the A. O. U, It scientifically (et amines the bird life of the continent each” year, classifying, tabujating and naming. Tt) studies the migrating, nesting and all oth habits of the birds of the continent, b them, photographs them, makes maill field notes and publishes the more tant of them, and works patientt: f scientific and friendly knowledge of life, doing a work which fs, really of ¢ | economic importance at its own ex! xpen e And once a year the members meéet for a eongress in some city. Boston was favor: staverel this year, in that the conference was he! practically within its limits, at the Tn | versity Museum at Cambridge, and Be | senetal public were invited and did not’ Tai . to respond. ne. | Cambridge is a particularly fitting place for a big meet of the American Ornitholo- gists’ Union, for the club out of which the union grew was born there more than a generation ago, The Nuttall Ornithological Club originally consisted of a few bird lov- ers, enthusiasts of Cambridge and Boston, | many of whose names have since become familiar the world over to all who pay even casual attention to American orni- thology. It began as an informal affair, with an active membership of less than | twenty, but it soon became organized, and as time passed began publishing the Quar- terly Bulletin of the Nuttall Club, the in- fluence of which in matters ornithological became great throughout the country, and indeed far beyond its borders, The corre- sponding members of the club included all American ornithologists of note, and through their cdéperation the club was able to concentrate the ornithological ititerests of the country, the Quarterly, proving not only a strong bond of union, but also an indispensable medium of communication. That was way back in the dark ages of the eighteen -hundred-and seventies and the early eighties. In. September of 1883 @ meeting of the ornithologists of the coun- try was held in New York and amid much | enthusiasm the little but powerful Nuttall Club of Cambridge was merged in the larger and still more influential American’! Ornithologists’ Union, a national, indeed | an international, organization to which it | transferred its prestige and its quarterly journal, which thus became The uk. With the vigor of youth the union went at its work immediately and mapped out ex- tensive programmes for various commit- tees which took them up enthusiastically. As! it had organized and unified the ornt- thological interests of the country, so it ‘set about organizing and unifying the work of those interests. For a dozen years the_ bird students of the country had been ac- tively arid enthusiastically at work, study- ing birds, finding and naming new species, writing and publishing books on ornithol- ogy, with a resulting great increase in knowledge and nomenclature and a Some- what dire confusion of both. /Scientific nomenclature, which is supposed to he a crystallization of knowledge into definite and accepted form, was instead a sad, mix- ture of imcoherences. There were two check lists of North American birds of equal prominence and of embarrassing di- vergence of statement, and it was felt that the best authoritles should get together and reduce this chaotic condition to a more per- fect.order. Indeed,.it was on this nucleus | more than any other that the union itself crystallized. - The work assigned the committee which had this in charge required the considera- tion not only of what birds should be ad- mitted as North American, but their se- | quence and relative rank—scientifically, of eourse—and their correct scientific names, | rules of nomenclature as well as status and relations. of groups. It was a task of im- mense labor and one in which personal in- ' terests and bias had often to be sacri- ficed for the rightness of the final outcome, In two years and six months there was . before the public an octavo volume of shout 400 pages, containing first a code of nomenclature and second a check-list of North, American birds, including their range, and the authorities for the names adopted. This. list was immediately ac- cepted as the standard authority with all American writers on birds. With revision and addition it has stood ever since and is considered the final authority the world over. Such good work for science grew so soon out of the little Nuttall Clnb, which ‘was born in Cambridge. Many other activities were begun at that original meeting which have since borne good results. A committee on avian anat- omy was appointed and that good work is still done by the union in avian anatomy was proven at the recent meeting when Mr. Hubert Lyman Clark of Cambridge told in clear-cut phraseology, which was equally as clear to the novice as to the scientist, how he had examined jhe anatomical structure of the South Ameri- can bird known to American ornithologists as the Panama thrush-warbler and to the English as- the rose-breasted wren, und proved that the bird was neither a thrush, warbler nor wren, but must by rights be considered as nearest the tanagers. There was a committee on the status of © the Huropean house sparrow, which has 1 since presented a thorough report, an im- portant publication which has since served as a guide to legislation and a useful ex, position of a ‘grievous pest. 5 The committee on the geographical distribution of North American, birds which was appointed at this first meet- ing was subsequently merged with the committee on the migration of North American birds under the chairmanship of the famous Dr. C, Hart Merriam. An enormous work was immediately taken up by this committee, its division of eco- nomic ornithology carrying on extensive researches into the food of our wild birds. This work was so great and of such obvious national value that it was taken over by the National Government and has since become the Biological Sur- vey, an important branch of the United States Department of Agriculture. At the second congress of the Union a committee was appointed on proetec- tion of North American birds, a work humanitarian and utilitarian rather than scientific. This committee undertook to enlighten public opinion in respect to the extent of the destruction of birds, espe- cially for millinery purposes, and the lamentable results, This great work for the general good was immediately taken up and has been carried forward ever sizce, though like that of the division of economic ornithology it has since passed from the direct control of the A. 0. U. This work has since spread throughout the country in the Audubon ‘Societies which are now doing such splendid wel- fare work for birds in almost every State in the Union. Thus besides the present strong and vigorous A. QO U. child of the original Nuttall Club of Cambridge, we have these mighty grand- children, the Biological Survey, and the Audubon Societies. The study of birds in this country from a scientific, utili- tarian and esthetic point of yiew, now so universal the continent over, had its first conscious origin In the little Nuttall Club, which was to later merge in_ the organization whose thirtieth annual con- gress has just closed at Cambridge. It has been a great power for good already and its work, especially the branches pertaining to the utilitarian,and human- itarian side of the movement, is still only just begun. ‘ i eames Heit iia i} aan Page dca lstatits Wye Taig raja eee shies ite eater bits tae tip Uh f taf it ep hat i tet em ere GS Renee Ri Sau Raren Wha fe st bath ga if ane Onl Me pa itne ty seid)