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ever, they have to wait sometimes for a long period with
their loaded carts and are often compelled to sell at a
comparatively low price. (3) On each transaction, broker-
age has to be paid, and in addition to this certain fees
have to be paid to the 'tolats' whose business it is to weigh
the produce ; but these charges are not always fixed. (4)
It is customary to make certain deduction from the prices
paid to the producer, for example, a discount has to be
allowed for cash payments. (5) In weighing the goods it
is not infrequent to find that the local tolat who is gene-
rally friendly to the town dealer is in the habit of showing
the weight of the goods in question to be somewhat less
than real. (6) Troubles arise especially in the case of cot-
ton with the quality of the goods even after they are
weighed, and deductions may be made on this account.
(7) In case of disputes regarding one or the other of the
above mentioned difficulties, there are no rules and regula-
tions to determine or to decide the issues which are invari-
ably turned against the farmer. ' (8) As a rule, the num-
ber of middlemen between the primary producer and the
final exporter or consumer is large. Taking all these fac-
tors into consideration we find that the producer is at a
very great disadvantage in disposing of his goods and
has to accept whatever price is paid to him, because
it is well-known that he is not in a position to hold out for
a long enough period. In other words, it may be said
that the producer does not always get the advantage of
rising prices.
In addition to these factors, there are certain oither diffi-
culties for which the farmer himself is responsible. In
marketing his goods, the farmer does not usually take
sufficient care to sort out the different qualities of his pro-
duce in a graded manner ; on the contrary, he does not
hesitate to mix up the inferior sort of goods with superior
in the hope of realising a higher value. Some attempt at
grading is made in the marketing of mangoes. In the case
of cotton, it became necessary to impose restrictions by
law to prevent malpractices. The Cotton Transport Act