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holdings to reserve separate compounds for grazing their
cattle. Even in the rainy season they send their cattle
to graze in the public pasture or more often to the
forest area and Government wastes. Now these areas,
though they amount in all to 321 acres for the village
as a whole, are mostly barren and yield little grass even
in the rainy season, with the result that the cattle grazing
on them remain half-starved.
(iii) Emigration : Most of the Kaliparaj landholders
and labourers who cultivate small rented plots go away
to outside areas in search of work as soon as the rainy
season is over and the crops are reaped. In the absence
of the responsible man, the other members of the family
grow negligent about the cattle.
At this stage we may dispose of two more topics which
are intimately connected with the health of cattle, namely,
(i) housing of cattle and (ii) treatment of cattle diseases.
(i) Housing of cattle : The housing of cattle is gene-
rally satisfactory as regards both the Kaliparaj and the
Ujaliparaj. In the majority of cases, cattle are housed
under the same roof under which their masters live.
We found on inspection, however, that among the Kali-
paraj, the stables were not generally cleansed every day,
nor the ground, wet with droppings of dung and urine,
covered with ash. The natural result is that the bad
smelling rubbish found in the stables affects the health
of both men and beasts.
(ii) Treatment of cattle-diseases : The Ujaliparaj are
no wiser than the Kaliparaj in their knowledge of cat-
tle diseases. When on the spot, we found four or five
cases where even some of the most intelligent Ujaliparaj
farmers stood dumbfounded when some disease suddenly
attacked their cattle. The diseases which are common
in this area are foot and mouth-disease, cough, choking,
impaction of stomach, and so 0*1. A list of these diseases
as well as the remedies usually employed by the villager
is given in Appendix VII. A glance at it makes it