143

Calculated according to the method described above,
the total net income from all animals derived by the 450
families that our investigations embrace comes to
Rs. 12,776.

S E C T I 0 N II.
IMPLEMENTS

The tools and implements most commonly used by
the average farmer in this village are a plough, harrow,
seed-drill ,pick-axe, hoe, sickle and scythe. A leather bag
called 'KoshV a pair of ropes and a pair of yokes are
found in addition with those farmers who grow sugar-
cane. Besides these, there are important implements like
the Nangar (a seed-drill for planting sugarcane) and
Champan (clod-crusher) which are owned only by a few
big farmers. Karpi (hoe) and Fadko (three-coultered seed-
drill) are introduced only recently as they are necessary
for sowing and interculturing of cotton.

An iron press for pressing out juice from sugarcane
was introduced about twenty years ago. Prior to its
introduction the presses in use were made of wood.
On inquiring into the reasons for this change, we were
told that, though more costly, an iron press is more effi-
cient and durable than a wooden one.

Quantity and cost of implements and tools : The follow-
ing is the list of implements and tools used in the village.
The prices mentioned are those that we obtained from
one of the local carpenters and one of the iron-smiths.

1 This is used for fetching water from a well to irrigate sugarcane
fields.