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(2) Over-population : In the chapter III, we have seen
that there are evident signs of a tendency towards over-
population. These are :
(a) The birth-rate of the village is as high as 39,8
(b) The death-rate is also as high as 35.9
(c) The average expectation of life is as low as 27
years.
(d) There is a continuous annual exodus of people from
this village to outside areas for supplementing their
meagre earnings from land.
(e) The fact that the people of the village are not able
to make both ends meet by their earnings in the village,
but have to depend on external sources of income. This
is evident from the following :
(i) Deducting the income from external sources, for
the village as a whole, from its total net receipts
from all sources combined, we find that the average
income per family comes to Rs. 306, while the
average expenditure per family, as we have seen in
the last section, is Rs, 334.
(ii) Even taking the racial groups individually, a similar
calculation shows that in the case of the Kaliparaj
the average income per family comes to Rs. 260,
the average expenditure being Rs. 284 ; and in the
case of the Ujaliparaj the average income per family
comes to Rs. 389 while the expenditure per family
is Rs. 424,
(3) Indebtedness : Reviewing the operation of these two
causes together, we find that on the one hand there is low
production and on the other, there is an excess of popula-
tion so far as the means of subsistence available in the
village are concerned. There is an intimate relation be-
tween the two, each acting and reacting on the other.
Over-population may be the cause of low production. It
is equally true that low production may be the cause of
over-population. At the present stage in the economy of
this village both these forces are acting powerfully. We
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