GENERAL APPEARANCE 7

of the Church in all phases of life is indelibly marked
on this city.

The great influence of the royal State, second
only to that of the Church, appears in the enclosing
fortifications and especially in the solid stance of
the Castle, where the keep stands out stoutly on its
fortified mound. The whole castle, self-supporting
within its own defences, its massive walls, broad
moats, outer and inner wards, protected gateways,
drawbridges and other tactical devices, conveys an
impression of power. On the Bishop-hill side of
the river there remains the mound (Baile Hill) on
which the other castle was erected by order of
William the Conqueror. The whole city is enclosed
by defensive works consisting of an embattled wall
on a mound, with a moat or protecting ditch running
parallel to it. At intervals along the walls there
are towers. Where the four main roads enter the
city there are the four gateways, or Bars, high
enough to act as watch-towers and fit by their solid
construction to offer a stout defence. The royal
State keeps its stern watch around and within.

The third great element, the People, are repre-
sented by the few narrow, winding streets and the
crowded houses, sending up blue smoke from their
hearths, clustering round the great buildings of
Church and State. The town itself is almost entirely
in the eastern section of the city. On the western
side the houses are grouped along the river bank and
between Micklegate Bar and Ouse Bridge ; there are
several monasteries and churches in this section
also. The third estate, the closely living masses,
the people, has its outstanding buildings, but these
are of comparatively local and small importance.
Although the city and guild halls stand out utili-
tarian yet beautiful above the dwelling-houses, yet