STREETS 9

off, often by enclosing, embattled walls. Such
was the Minster, which stood within its close.
The Liberty of the Minster of St. Peter included
the parts of the city immediately round the Minster,
the Archbishop's Palace, and the Bedern (a small
district in the city where some of the Minster clergy
lived collegiately), and groups of houses and odd
dwellings scattered throughout other parts of the
city and the county and elsewhere. Individual
monasteries formed further such sub-entities; for
instance St. Mary's Abbey, which was actually
outside the city walls, but within its own defensive
walls; the Franciscan Friary near the Castle;
Holy Trinity Priory ; the royal Hospital of St.
Leonard. The Castle, which obviously had to be
enclosed and capable of maintaining and enduring
isolation, was independent of the city. Each of
these ecclesiastical institutions enjoyed a laige
measure of freedom from the rule of the municipal
authorities. The city was also subdivided into
parishes, which, of course, were not enclosed by
walls. The parish boundaries, although less well
defined than those of the areas above mentioned,
were none the less distinctly marked.

B. STREETS

Streets, as we use the word to-day, were quite
few in number. They were usually called gates and
were mostly continuations of the great high-roads
that came into and through the city, after crossing
the wild country that covered most of northern
England, a desert in which a city was an oasis and a
sanctuary. In the lofty and graceful open lantern-
tower of All Saints, Pavement, a lamp was hung to
guide belated travellers to the safety and hospitality