RELIGIOUS LIFE 63

obedience to the rule (e.g., Cistercian or Benedictine,
Franciscan or Dominican). Some, but not all,
monks and friars were priests. There were four
well-known orders of mendicant friars, viz. Fran-
ciscan (Grey friars, friars minor), Dominican (Black
friars, friars preachers), Carmelite (White friars),

SEMI-CHOIR OF FRANCISCANS.

From a Fifteetith-Cenhivy Manuscript.

Augustinian (Austin canons). Monks and friars
wore sandals, and long, loose gowns with hoods or
cowls which the}' could pull over their heads to serve
as hats. The alternative titles of some of the orders
of friars came from the colour of their friars' gowns.
The Carmelites used undyed cloth, which was white
in comparison with the black of the Dominicans.
The Benedictine monks of St. Mary's Abbey wore