Memoirs of the Volume 51 Museum of Victori Melbourne Australia 31 October 1990 Cover. Part of plate 1 from Genera et Species Trichopterorum, pars Altera, 1857 by Frederico Antonio Kolenati. Figure 8 illustrates Psychomyia annulicornis Pictet subsequently selected as type of the genus and family by Ross 1944. The first true member of the family Psychmyiidae from Australia is reported in this volume of the Memoirs by Arturs Neboiss, whereas the previously included genus Ecnomus, now assigned to its own family, is revised by David Cartwright. MEMOIRS of the MUSEUM OF VICTORIA MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA Memoir 51 Number 1 October 1990 Director Graham C. Morris Deputy Director (Natural History) Jim M. Bowler Editor Gary C. B. Poore Editorial Board David J. Holloway Chung Cheng Lu Ken L. Walker PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL ISSN 0814-1827 O Museum of Victoria Council 1990 Printed by Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd Burwood Victoria Instructions to Authors The Museum of Victoria was formed in 1983 by the merger of the National Museum of Victoria (es- tablished in 1854) and the Science Museum of Vic- toria (established in 1879). Among the Museum's objectives are scholarship and education in the fields of natural history, science and technology, and history of human society. The Museum of Victoria publishes three scientific serials to further these objectives, Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria (until 1983 Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria), Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria (Anthropology and History), and Occasional Papers from the Museum of Victoria. The two Memoirs series publishes papers on orig- inal research in the natural sciences on one hand, and anthropology and history on the other, pertinent to Victoria and/or the Museum’s collections. 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Photographs must have clear definition and may be submitted as either glossy or flat prints at the actual size for reproduction. Line drawings for text-figures should be in black ink on white card or drawing film. Maximum full-page size is 140 mm wide by 193 mm; single column width is 67 mm. Clear lettering must be inserted. Original drawings up to twice final size are acceptable. CONTENTS The Australian species of Ecnomus McLachlan (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae). DUO IA KEKO] ONT CIS doj Ka na Sa ed dO Ĵa es noes denco 1 Description ofthe immature stages and the adult male of an Australian mealybug, Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Ge Si OBRA], lasa AE DR ee CRISE EIOS INS PANJ ME 49 Redescription of Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Coccidae), an Australian species of soft scale. (oni S IO REOR TRIER SENS IM 65 The family Psychomyiidae (Trichoptera) re-established in Australia. “IVU NOOK ee ede SANE res 83 Trichoptera of the families Goeridae and Lepidostomatidae from Sulawesi, Indonesia. ESEO NS NGDOJS SIT MEE Ae He Mena X ARUM LU UMEO ER E uk kur oj 87 Tylos bilobus sp. nov., a second Australian species of Tylidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). trono LONS Su mp de 5 SPV CRT PORE TEUER TOLL QE LEE 93 Two new species of isopod crustaceans belong to Australian endemic genera (Serolidae and Chaetiliidae). Cy GEBREKE Eod SERERE E I AE 99 Chelanthura (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae), a new genus from southern Aus- tralia. IN EIE RERO oud Pasta WM. Bardstey eme emet omms me 109 Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov. (Hippolytidae), a new deep-water shrimp from southern Australia. ali, JA IUE. eM TOR SI a lode eU. NM on EDS Zl Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 1-48 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Biology Laboratory, MMBW Farm, Private Bag 10, PO, Werribee, Victoria, Australia, 3030 Abstract Cartwright, D.L, 1990. The Australian species of Ecnomus McLachlan (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51(1): 1-48. The Australian species of the caddisfly genus Ecnomus McLachlan are revised. Descrip- tions, distribution maps and keys are provided for males of 40 species, all of which are endemic; 34 are newly described. Females of 12 southern Australian species are de- scribed. Introduction The family Ecnomidae was proposed by Lep- neva (1956) and independently by Marlier (1958). Kimmins (1957) also established charac- ters for separating ecnomids from psychomiids. Neboiss (1977) adequately summarized estab- lishment of the family Ecnomidae and provided a family diagnosis. : The genus Ecnomus McLachlan is distributed primarily in the Ethiopian (about 50 species, Barnard and Clark, 1986) and Oriental regions (about 40 species, Fischer, 1960-1973) and Aus- tralia (40 species, this study) and is unknown from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Ecnomus species are diverse and widespread throughout Australia, although only six species have been described previously. The identity of the first of these, E. continentalis Ulmer from north Queensland (Ulmer, 1916) has been the subject of considerable confusion. Specimens proported to be E. continentalis have been figured from South Australia (Mosely and Kim- mins, 1953), Tasmania (Neboiss, 1977) and south-east Queensland (Neboiss, 1978). Neboiss (1982) figured and redefined E. continentalis, and described two new species, E. pansus Neboiss to accomodate the South Australian specimen, and E. cygnitus Neboiss for the SE- Queensland specimen. Other species previously described are E. tillyardi Mosely (Mosely and Kimmins, 1953) and E. russellius Neboiss, 1977 both from Tasmania and E. turgidus Neboiss, 1982 from south-west Australia. Species recognition is based on differences in male and female genitalia, although positive identification usually requires clearing of geni- talia. The usual problem of association of males and females is compounded by the presence of up to ten species at one site in each of the Kim- berley and Kakadu regions and commonly 3-7 species at other northern Australian sites. In southern Australia often two or three or up to five species have been collected at some sites. Males and females oftwelve southern Australian species have been associated, mainly through breeding out of larvae. Materials and Methods Most ofthe material examined during the pre- sent study is held in the collections of the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (NMV). Loan material from the Queensland Museum, Bris- bane (QM), the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, Darwin (NTM), the Aus- tralian National Insect Collection, Canberra (ANIC) and the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM), was also examined. All specimens, includ- ingtypes, mentioned in the text are lodged in the NMV unless stated otherwise. Repositories for type material of previously described species include the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock- holm (NRS), the British Museum of Natural History, London (BMNH) and the Western Aus- tralian Museum, Perth (WAM). Descriptions of the six established species are based on new material after comparison with the original descriptions. In most cases the figured specimen has also been compared with the type specimen. Names of prolific collectors have been abbre- viated in the text as follows: J.E. Bishop - J.E.B.; J. Blyth - J.B.; A. Neboiss — A.N.; P. Suter - P.S.; A. Wells — A.W. to All figured specimens are identified by the author's notebook number, with the prefix CT-; occasional PT-numbers refer to the notebook used by Dr A. Neboiss (NMV). Genitalia were drawn from specimens macerated in KOH, cleared and transferred to glycerol for drawing. The figures of wing venation were prepared with the aid of a camera lucida, from detached wings, denuded of hair and mounted in glycerol as tem- porary mounts (Neboiss, 1977). Terminology used follows that of Nielsen (1957, 1978, 1981) and Barnard and Clark (1986). Abbreviations for genitalic parts are as shown in Figs l, 2, 83, 84. Characteristics of the Australian Fauna Typically in the Australian fauna the "southern" species are larger (anterior wing length (AWL) male, usually greater than 5 mm), have darker wings (usually brown to dark gre- yish-brown with paler irrorations), superior appendages of males tend to be long. The “nor- thern" species are commonly smaller (AWL male usually less than 5 mm), wings paler (typi- cally fawn to brown with paler irrorations), superior appendages of males mostly broad- based and often short. "Southern" species with ranges extending into north Queensland and the Northern Territory, are noticeably smaller and paler in the northern parts of their range. Size and wing colour can be useful characters, but are variable. Wing colour should also be considered with caution since the colour fades in alcohol. Wing venation is conservative and is therefore not useful for species separation. The chief dis- criminators are found in male and female geni- talia. Superior appendages of males are character- ized by a field of mesally-directed spiny setae, usually restricted to the apices. Inferior appen- dages differ between species, and are a good tax- onomic character for species separation. Paired parameres are found in all species except one (where they have apparently fused together). The phallus is usually obliquely narrowed sub- apically, and in many species a pair of spines is embedded in the ventral surface subapically. A pair of mesoventral processes is located on seg- ment ten. Three species have a pair of processes on the posterolateral margin of segment nine. The shape of the ventral plates vary slightly in females. Many species also have small “pock- ets", which differ in their shape and position on the ‘ventral plate. These “pockets” seem to match the shape and position of the mesal pro- DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT jection on the inferior appendage of the corres- ponding male, which during copulation forms a “key in lock" mechanism (Figs 107, 108). On the basis of male genitalia, many Aus- tralian species can be placed into species groups, however many other species, although distinc- tive, are intermediate between several groups. Therefore in this study the species are not grouped formally. Ecnomus McLachlan Ecnomus McLachlan, 1864: 30. — Ulmer, 1907: 190. — Mosely and Kimmins, 1953: 378. — Neboiss, 1977: 54. Type species. Philopotamus tenellus Rambur, 1842 (original designation). Diagnosis (revised after Neboiss, 1977). Maxil- lary palpi with segment 1 short, segments 2, 3 and 4 successively slightly longer than preceding segment, segment 5 about as long as all other segments together. Mesoscutum and scutellum each with a pair of rounded warts. Anterior wings with RI forked at apex; apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 present, fork 1 short; discoidal, median and thyridial cells present. Posterior wings slightly narrower than anterior wings; forks 2 and 5 present; discoidal cell absent. Tibial spurs 3:4:4. Remarks. The other ecnomid genus in Australia, Ecnomina Kimmins is distinguished from Ecno- mus by the absence of fork 1 in the anterior wing, presence of fork 3 and the discoidal cell in the posterior wing, and abdominal segments 9 and 10 elongate in the female. Checklist of Australian species of Ecnomus Lo nomus ancisus sp. nov. . apiculatus sp. nov. 7. bishopi sp. nov. 7. blythi sp. nov. 7. centralis sp. nov. 7. clavatus sp. nov. continentalis Ulmer, 1916 7. cuspidis sp. nov. 7. cygnitus Neboiss, 1982 7. deani sp. nov. . digrutus sp. nov. E. ingibandi sp. nov. E. jimba sp. nov. E. kakaduensis sp. nov. E. karakoi sp. nov. E. karawalla sp. nov. IAA THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) kinka sp. nov. myallensis sp. pilbarensis sp. E. russellius Neboiss, 1977 kerema sp. nov. kitabal sp. nov. larakia sp. nov. miriwud sp. nov. neboissi sp. nov. nibbor sp. nov. . pakadji sp. nov. pansus Neboiss, 1982 . tillyardi Mosely, 1953 . tropicus sp. nov. . tridigitus sp. nov. . turrbal sp. nov. . turgidus Neboiss, 1982 veratus sp. nov. . volsellus sp. nov. walajandari sp. nov. . Wagengugurra sp. nov. wellsae sp. nov. woronan sp. nov. yabbura sp. nov. nov. nov. tej tej is baj baj s tej taj boj boj tuj Key to Males of Australian Ecnomus McLachlan Critical distinguishing characters used in the key are denoted by an arrow on the figures. Process present on postero-lateral margin of segment nine (Figs 1, 3, Without process on segment nine (Figs 7, 10) ................... 4 Superior appendage with ventrally directed projection on basiventral MASINE d) NW IM La esee mete do de v rs E. ingibandi sp. nov. Superior appendage without ventrally directed projection (Figs 3, 5) 3 Superior appendage in lateral view, broadbased, length less than 1.5x width (Fig. 3) NE-NSW, E-Old, N-WA .......... E. kitabal sp. nov. Superior appendage in lateral view, elongated, length greater than 2x OLD IE. DN WAS NANT. ttt senin Rm E. jimba sp. nov. Parameres fused to form a single elongated, downcurved process (Figs 7, STANEV AS RENEE NE OM ean kalk ese e a cig E, veratus sp. nov. Pilates not tused iss di L II e Le. S ES ru cy cor ge um. 3 Superior appendage in lateral view, broadbased, strongly narrowed in distal third, with ventrally directed projection on basiventral margin EEE IL UR CURTS n rn Ett den E molor bd et TNI tus DL DEN 6 Without above combination of characters (Figs 14, 45, 51, 67)..... 7 Inferior appendage in ventral view with smoothly curved mesal margin, broadest in basal half (Fig. 11), in lateral view with slender, digitiform apical projection (Fig. 10) S-WA, SA, Vic., NSW, OKE SIN eee E. turgidus Neboiss Inferior appendage in ventral view with shallowly incised mesal margin, broadest in apical half (Fig. 13), in lateral view, with robust, digitiform subapical projection (Fig. 12) N-WA, NENT eer E. digrutus sp. nov. Inferior appendage in ventral view with 2 distinct mesal projections (Figs LUN pO al Ded OR uim totae not er ee ee 8 Inferior appendage in ventral view with only | or no distinct mesal pro- jection (Figs 25, 50) 2.0... 06-2. RE cere enne 12 Inferior appendage in ventral view, with apex rounded to bluntly pele nui EG loj me ST + ea Sure ROPER DE AS e ex apel ta aj ape mijn jn, m eX 4 Blok er oj wos vetas o Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width (Fig. 17) N- NT AEWA Soy rre beber ke meme E. kakaduensis sp. nov. DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT 10(8). Inferior appendage triangular in lateral view (Fig. 18), in ventral view, mesal projections short (Fig. 19) NE-NSW, E-Qld . E. wellsae sp. nov. — Inferior appendage bifid apically in lateral view (Figs 20, 22), in ventral view-mesal projections long (Figs 21, 23) 2.20.0 Me te hase op ee ese 11 11(10). Inferior appendage in ventral view slender, length about 3x width (Fig. 21); superior appendage constricted distally, apex downturned; para- mere without bulbous tip (Fig. 20) NE-NSW, SE-Old .............. M EMEN ERES a ME E. tridigitus sp. nov. — Inferior appendage in ventral view short, robust, length about 2x width (Fig. 23); superior appendage rod-like in lateral view, slightly tapered distally; paramere with bulbous tip (Fig. 22) E-Vic., SE-QId ........ Le MEE Ao E SA Esdr pr BE RE E. neboissi sp. nov. 12(7). Inferior appendage in lateral view, broadest in middle (Figs 24, 26, 28), middle width in lateral view greater than twice middle width in ventral view (Figs 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29); paramere robust, apex curved downwards at right angles to form a distinct hook (Figs 24, 26, 28) 13 — Not above combination (Figs 51, 52, 65, 66, 71, 72)..,........., 15 13(12). Inferior appendage bifid apically in ventral view (Fig. 25) E-Qld, N- INL eer be e DO PEE OTIO EIU ee oe nd E. turrbal sp. nov. — Inferior appendage in ventral view, with slender apical projection only (Figs 27, 29), or rounded apex and sub-apical digitiform projection (Fig. EE UN n e E ees Len eise E Uo mee eS N Ry AEE ola LUIS. ate» tye 14 14(13). Inferior appendage in lateral view, sub-trapezoidal in shape, proximal angle of upper margin obtuse (Figs 26, 26a), distal angle produced into a dorso-mesally directed digitiform projection (Figs. 26. 26a, 27, 27a) N- WA MEN VEOJ fe p ERE bien ME er E. cuspidis sp. nov. — Inferior appendage in lateral view, trigonal in shape, proximal angle of upper margin forms a right angle, (Fig. 28), in ventral view, distal angle produced into a mesally directed digitiform projection (Fig. 29) N- EER ES ES AE Bo IS. AO EE EA, E. bishopi sp. nov. 15(12). Inferior appendage in ventral view, with | distinct mesal projection (Figs raft eat I0 CE S oW Sie a, ahh CERE SA OJ DL 16 — Inferior appendage in ventral view, without a distinct mesal projection (Figs 52, 54) (inferior appendage may have shallow mesal concavity in distal half, but lacks distinct mesal projection (Figs 62, 68)) ...... 24 16(15). Genitalia in lateral view, with inferior appendage longer than superior appendage (Fig. 30); inferior appendage with mesal projection in basal third (Fig. 31) N-WA, N-NT, E-Qld ............ E. clavatus sp. nov. — Genitalia in lateral view, with inferior appendage equal to, or shorter than, superior appendage (Figs 34a, 36); inferior appendage usually with mesal projecgoh indian (Figs ASA SO. EE RE due 17 17(16). Inferior appendage in ventral view broadbased, with robust mesal pro- jection apex taperedsstrongly (Pios.33,354,.3]). eget e veas 18 — Inferior appendage in ventral view, not as above (Figs 40, 44) ....20 18(17). Inferior appendage in ventral view, with apex of mesal projection in distal Half (Pig: 33) EsVic, ENSW LETT E E. deani sp. nov. — Inferior appendage in ventral view, with apex of mesal projection in basabihalist-res sas Ss semar T uo uel 19 19(18). Inferior appendage in ventral view, straight distally (Figs 35a, b) Tas., DEEST VIGSINIEGNIN W ERG era) DET. E. tillyardi Mosely — Inferior appendage in ventral view, mesally directed distally (Fig. 37) EVI PENSW SEMI SI yaad Cahors MIELE E. volsellus sp. nov. 20(17). Inferior appendage in ventral view slender, length about 3x width, mesal projection separated widely from the apical angle forming a deep, rounded concavity (Figs 40, 42); paramere distally slender, depressed (Figs 39, 41) THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 21(20). 24(15). 21(26). 28(26). 29(28). 30(29) 31(30). Inferior appendage in ventral view short, robust, length about 2x width, mesal projection narrowly separated from the apical angle forming a shallow or V-shaped concavity (Figs 44, 46, 48); paramere curved downwards distally to form a distinct hook (Figs 43, 45, 47)......22 Superior appendage in lateral view elongated, length about 5x width, apex slightly dilated (Fig. 39) S-WA, SA, Vic., NSW, Qld, NT ...... ER EE OE EE N E. pansus Neboiss Superior appendage in lateral view long, robust, length about 3x width, broadest in median section, tapered slightly distally (Fig. 41) SE-SA, Tas., Vic., E-NSW, E-Qld Paramere distally curved downwards at right anglesto form a distinctive, elongated hook (Fig. 43) NE-Qld ............... E. kerema sp. nov. Paramere distally curved downwards at right angles to form a short hook BIS AS IO kubo GE laska eo pa 30 der Ud der d HOY VI id dt 23 Inferior appendage in ventral view, with long digitiform subapical mesal projection, narrowly separated from the apical angle, forming a deep notch (Figs 46, 46a) SE-SA, Vic., E-NSW, E-Qld, S-NT ..,...,..... de eade E N EA Uer arte roe pe N Iq E, continentalis Ulmer ESAS EESTIS VA TRON ME ENE ME PEE ita ed lek eme ande E. nibbor sp. nov. Superior appendage in lateral view, broadbased with strong constriction at about middle, minimum width in distal third less than 1/4 maximum width in basal half (Figs 49, 51) ...... see I 25 Superior appendage in lateral view, if broadbased then gradually tapered distally, width at distal third at least 1/3 maximum width in basal half (Fins 53.59. YT). RR eame reden rr heh o 1a aka pn 26 Superior appendage in lateral view, with dilated apex (Fig. 49) N-WA, SISTERE Suka Ee AAN o na o ukr cim E. ancisus sp. nov. Superior appendage in lateral view, without dilated apex (Fig. 51) N-WA, Re EA AE ME EE A eorr e RF PI. uim bs E. blythi sp. nov. Inferior appendage in lateral view, with dorsal digitiform projection [EIS o3 AS p, AAR EE erate og Ul durs Lagi dene cte ra 27 Inferior appendage in lateral view, without dorsal projection (Figs 57, 28 Inferior appendage in lateral view, tapered distally, with dorsal projec- tion at about distal third (Fig. 53) N-SA, NT, SW-Old. NW-NSW ... STON ou Tato t oe E. centralis sp. nov. Inferior appendage in lateral view, long and slender, length greater than 6x width (Fig. 57) N-WA, N-NT ee ees ee ee E. yabbura sp. nov. Inferior appendage in lateral view, shorter, more robust, length less than ss idit lies 59, 85) EE EE ET LE 29 Superior appendage with mesally directed spiny setae spread at least half way along mesal margin (Fig. 60) N-WA, N-NT . £F. miriwud sp. nov. Superior appendage with mesally directed spiny setae clumped in distal third (Figs 62, AU Me TREE T NO A E aera SIU Meso-ventral process of segment 10, with apex produced into 3 small knobs each with an attached hair, resulting in a 3-pronged shape (Fig. 61) NE-NSW, NE-Qld ...-. n Itt E. wagengugurra sp. nov. Meso-ventral process of segment 10, with apex simple, but usually with 2 or 3 attached hairs (Figs 67, 81) A AS de. Moor e nS Inferior appendage dorso-ventrally flattened, width in middle in ventral LA 32(31). 33(32) length nearly 3x width (Fig. 66) Tas., Vic., E-NSW, SE-QId about 2x width (Fig. 68) SW-Vic 34(31) (Figs 69, 70) NE-Qld, N-NT, N-WA Inferior appendage with apex not bifid (Figs 72. 74) 35(34). cally (Figs 71, 71a) N-WA, SE-Qld ........,.- 36(35) inflected towards middle of apical projection (Figs 74. 76) 37(36). (Fig. 74) N-WA, N-NT, NE-Qld sided, inner margin curved (Fig. 76) N-WA, N-NT, NE-Qld 38(36). width (Fig. 77) N-WA, N-NT, NE-Qld 39(38). Ecnomus ingibandi sp. nov. DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT view, broader than width in middle in lateral view (Figs 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68); large insect, AWL greater than 5 mm Inferior appendage not dorso-ventrally flattened, width in middle in ventral view, narrower or equal to width in middle in lateral view (Figs 69, 70, 81, 82); small insect, AWL less than 5 mm Superior appendage in lateral view, with downwardly produced basiv- entral angle extended into a short projection; paramere in lateral view curved downward at right angles to form a distinct hook (Figs 65, 67) Superior appendage in lateral view, with downwardly produced basiv- entral angle not extended into a projection; paramere in lateral view slightly bulbous, apex not curved downwards (Fig. 63) SW-Vic...... SON HEEL HE Ap mO yee eee EMO ur E. karawalla sp. nov. Phallus in lateral view, tapered distally, with a distinctive, laterally- compressed apical process (Fig. 65): inferior appendage in ventral view, E. russellius Neboiss Phallus in lateral view, obliquely narrowed distally with a short apical process (Fig. 67); inferior appendage in ventral view short, robust, length Inferior appendage especially in ventro-lateral view, with bifid apex E. tropicus sp. nov. TIAE MES N 35 Inferior appendage in lateral view with slender digitiform process api- E. apiculatus sp. nov. Inferior appendage in lateral view either rounded or with a short, broad- based-processsapicallyRigst TA DING ee Tcr Inferior appendage in ventral view, with inner margin subapically Inferior appendage in ventral view, with inner margin subapically inflected towards mesal margin of apical projection (Figs. 78, 82) .38 Inferior appendage in ventral view rod-shaped, length about 4x width E. kinka sp. nov. Inferior appendage in ventral view length about 2.5x width, not parallel- (Nee £u MO LET m RECO E TR E. pilbarensis sp. nov. Superior appendage in lateral view short, broadbased, length less than 2x nido, en, E. larakia sp. nov. Superior appendage in lateral view long, length greater than 3x width CeCe eG Ae ee, sz WELL LET a 39 Inferior appendage in ventral view slender, tapered gradually distally, inflected (Fig. 80); paramere in lateral view robust (Fig. 79) NE-Qld. read. ome es rule cio dE p US due dis DR o. E. pakadji sp. nov. Inferior appendage in ventral view robust, broadbased, narrowed mar- kedly in distal third (Fig. 82); paramere in lateral view, slender (Fig. 81) IN-W'ACANSINITR Ee gee em ER Mr ct Ne E. walajandari sp. nov. Figures l, 2 Blyth (NMV), Crossing Pool, Millstream, Pilbara, 21 Oct 1979, J. Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Millstream, Fortescue River S of Roebourne, 12 Nov 1978, M.S. and B.J. Moulds (NMV, T-10001). Paratypes. 1 male (specimen CT-053 figured), col- lected with holotype; 1 male, Western Australia, Description. Male. Wings uniformly pale fawn. Pair of processes on distal margin of abdominal segment nine ventrally directed, slightly tapered apically (Fig. 1). Genitalia with superior appen- dage short, in lateral view broadbased, about as THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 4 long as wide, downwardly pointed basiventral angle produced into a small digitiform projec- tion on ventral margin near base. Inferior appen- dage longer than superior appendage (Fig. 1), in ventral view length about 3x width, slightly tapered distally (Fig. 2). In lateral view, para- mere gradually depressed distally; phallus without ventral swelling, upper apical angle extended to a short point (Fig. 1). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.6-3.9 mm. Etymology. Named after the Ingibandi aborigi- nal tribe who inhabited the region including the type locality. Distribution. WA (Pilbara region - type locality only) (Fig. 110). Remarks. Only three males are known, all col- lected from one locality. The species is similarto E. kitabal sp. nov., and E. jimba sp. nov., in that males of all three species have a pair of processes on segment nine. E. ingibandi has a ventral pro- jection on both superior appendages. Ecnomus kitabal sp. nov. Figures 3, 4 Type material. Holotype male, New South Wales, Clarence River at Yates Crossing, 26 Oct 1981, Wells and Carter (NMV, T-10003). Paratypes. 14 males (specimen CT-044 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Queensland. 3 males, Bris- bane R. nr Kholo, 9 Mar 1973, M.H. Colbo; 1 male, Brisbane R., Kholo, 14 Sep 1972, M.H. Colbo; | male, same loc., 9 Mar 1973, M.H. Colbo; 1 male, 10 km S of Innisfail, 17°34’S, 146°01’E, 18 Nov 1988, K. Walker: 1 male, Mulgrave R., W of Gordonvale, 29 Apr 1979, A.W.; 4 males, Laura, Cape York Peninsula, 7 Oct 1979, M.S. and B.J. Moulds; 2 males, McLeod R.. 15 km W of Mt Carbine, 22-23 Jun 1975, S.R. Monteith (ANIC). Western Australia. l male (genitalia damaged), Maggie Ck, 3 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn to brown with paler irrorations. Pair of processes on seg- ment nine in ventro-lateral view, slender. Geni- talia with superior appendage short, in lateral view broadbased, narrowed distally; inferior appendage as long as superior appendage (Fig. 3), in ventral view, length about 3x width, tapered slightly distally (Fig. 4); paramere grad- ually depressed distally; phallus (Fig. 3), essen- tially as for E. ingibandi. Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.8-5.2 mm. slightly Etymology. Named after the Kitabal aboriginal tribe who inhabited the region including the type locality. Distribution. NE-NSW, E-Qld, N-WA (Kimber- ley region) (Fig. 110). Remarks. Males are similar to E. ingibandi and E. jimba sp. nov., in the presence of a pair of processes on segment nine, but differ in the form of the superior appendages. The shape of the superior and inferior appendages are similar to E. larakia sp. nov., and E. miriwud sp. nov., but E. kitabal can be separated by the processes on segment nine. The apices of the inferior appen- dages are slightly more pointed in N-Western Australian and NE-Queensland specimens. Ecnomus jimba sp. nov. Figures 5, 6 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Ord River, 9 km N Kununurra, 19 Sep 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10018). Paratypes. 20 males (specimen CT-046 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 25 males, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.: 6 males, Mitchell Plateau, Camp Ck at crusher, 15 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 2 males, same loc., 18 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 2 males, Deadhorse Springs, L Arg- yle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 3 males, Four Mile Ck, 2 Feb 1977, LE.B.; 1 male, Stonewall Ck, 4 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. 3 males, Katherine Gorge Nat. Pk, 13 Aug 1979, J.B.; 40 males, South Alligator R, nr Koolpin Crossing. 14 Oct 1987, P. Dostine; 13 males, SAR, site 1, 14 Jun 1987, P. Dostine; 5 males, same loc.. 30 Sep 1988, P. Dostine; 13 males, same loc., October 1988, P. Dostine; 3 males, ARRS South Alli- gator R. at Gimbat OSS Station, 28 Apr 1988, P. Dos- tine; 2 males, same loc., 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 1 male, ARRS South Alligator R. below Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S. 4 males, ARRS South Alligator R. above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 9 males, same loc., 19-20 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 3 males, ARRS South Alligator R. below BHP camp, 25 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 30 males, ARRS Kambolgie Ck, 25- 26 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 14 males, same loc., 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 1 male, Jim Jim Ck on Kakadu Hwy, 28 May 1988, P.S., A. W.: 1 male, ARRS Graveside Ck, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; 1 male, SAR, Rock Hole Ck, November 1988, P. Dostine; 5 males, ARRS Ck 5 km W of OSS Gimbat Field Station, 19 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 7 males, McArthur R., 48 km SSW of Borroloola, 16:27'S, 136'05/E, 29 Oct 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. In ventro- lateral view, processes on segment nine broad- based, tapered distally. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view length nearly 3x width, broadest in basal half, tapered gradually distally (Fig. 5); in ventral view, inferior appen- dage length about 3x width, with small digiti- form apical process (Fig. 6). In lateral view, paramere almost straight with slightly dilated apex. Phallus (Fig. 5), similar to £Z, ingibandi. Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 2.8-3.4 mm. Etymology. Jimba - Western Australian aborigi- nal word for little (wing size). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT (Fig. 110). Remarks. A small, common northern Australian species. The male also has a distal pair of pro- cesses on abdominal segment nine, but differs from £. ingibandi and E. kitabal mainly in the elongate superior appendages, The form of the superior and inferior appendages, and para- meres is similar to Æ. apiculatus sp. nov., but the species can be separated by the processes on seg- ment nine. Ecnomus veratus sp. nov. Figures 7, 8, 9 Type material. Holotype male, Northern Territory, Groote Eylandt, Amagule Pool, 6 Feb 1984, M. Davies (NMV, T-10039), Paratypes. 3 males (specimen CT-056 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 2 males, Morgan R., Theda H.S., Kimberleys, 28 Sep 1979, J.B.; 1 male, Camp Ck at crusher, Mitchell Plateau, 15 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, 30 Jan 1978, J.E.B; 1 male, stream opposite Deadhorse Gap, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B. Northern Territory. | male, South Alligator R., UDP Falls, 7 Sep 1979, J.B.; 3 males, ARRS South Alligator R. below BHP camp, 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 3 males, ARRS South Alligator R, at Gimbat OSS Station, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 2 males, ARRS South Alligator R. above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; | male, Jim Jim Waterhole, Kakadu Nat. Pk, 5 Sep 1979, J.B.; 3 males, Kambolgie Ck, 25 May 1988, P.S., A,W.; 5 males, Gulungul Ck, inlet to Gulungul Billabong, 20 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 9 males, ARRS Radon Springs, 18-19 May 1988, A.W., P.S; 5 males, same loc., 13-14 Apr 1989, A. W., P.S.; 1 male, Nourlangie Ck, 6 km E of Mt Cahill, 12°52’S, 132°46’E, 18 Nov 1972, J.C, Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Nourlangie Ck, 8 km E of Mt Cahill, 12°52’S, 132°47’E, 14-15 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Stag Ck at BHP camp, 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W,; 3 males, ARRS Magela Ck at Ranger Pipe outlet, 20 May 1988, A.W., P.S,; 1 male, same loc., 25 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 2 males, Magela Ck, N of Georgetown Bil- DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT labong, 24 Mar 1983, A.J. Sharley (NTM); 1 male, same loc., 28 Mar 1983, A.J. Sharley (NTM); | male, Georgetown Billabong nr Jabiru, 27 Jun 1983, A.J. Sharley (NTM); 1 male, same loc., 1 Jul 1983, A.J. Sharley (NTM); | male, Goanna Lagoon, 1 km W of Jabiru, off Arnhem Hwy, 27 Feb 1979, R. Marchant; | male, same loc., 27 Mar 1980, R. Marchant; 1 male, ARRS Ck 5 km W of OSS Gimbat Field Station, 19 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 1 male, ARRS Bowerbird Billa- bong outlet, | Oct 1988, P. Dostine; 1 male, Graveside Ck, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, Muirella Park, 12 Oct 1972, E.R. Riek (ANIC); 2 males, Caranbirini Waterhole, 13 km SW of Borroloola, 16°16’S, 136°05’E, 3 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Queensland. 1 male, Marina Plains via Musgrave, 10 May 1983, Storey and Brown; 1 male, Hann R. crossing, 76 km N Laura, 8 Sep 1974, M.S. Moulds. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn to brown, wing venation (Fig. 9), characteristic of all other Australian species in the genus. In forewing, footstalk of fork RI slightly shorter than in Æ. volsellus sp. nov. Genitalia with superior appen- dage in lateral view, broadest in basal half, tapered distally (Fig. 7). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, inner mar- gin convex, tapered distally, apex constricted laterally (Fig. 8) and dilated dorso-ventrally, producing a spatulate appearance. In lateral view, single paramere with enlarged base, in dis- tal half greatly elongated and strongly downturned; phallus dilated subapically form- ing a bulbous head, small apical point ventrally directed (Fig. 7). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.7-4.2 mm. Etymology. Veratus (Latin) armed with a javelin (paramere). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT, NE-Qld (Fig. 111). Remarks. ^ unique Australian species due to the male possessing a single, greatly elongated para- mere and a distinctive phallus. E, veratus is a widespread species across northern Australia. Ecnomus turgidus Neboiss Figures 10, 11, 97, 98 Ecnomus turgidus Neboiss, 1982: 289, fig. 20. — Neboiss, 1986: 151. Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Ser- pentine River below Serpentine Falls, 20 Sep 1978, A. Neboiss (NMV, T-6194). Type seen. Paratypes. 35 males, 35 females (specimens CT-026 male, CT-113 female figured), collected with holotype (ANIC, BM, NMV, WAM). Type material was exam- ined and new figures drawn from the paratypes. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 9 Other material examined. Western Australia. (locali- ties published by Neboiss, 1982). South Australia. 10 males, Murray R., Wombat Flat Billabong, S of Morgan, 19 Jan 1983, A.W. Victoria. 48 males, Wyperfield Nat. Pk, L Werre- bean, 6 Apr 1977, J.B.; 1 male, Wimmera R. upstream Horsham, 18 Nov 1985, Invertebrate Studies Unit RWC; 21 males, Royal Botanic Gardens, Nymphaea lily lake, 15 Mar 1986, K.L. Walker; 1 male, Yarra R., Burnley Plant Research Inst., 15 Nov 1976; 1 male, Bobs Pond Causeway, 5 km W of Emerald, 23 Aug 1980, D. Cartwright; l male, Sugarloaf Res., 28 Nov 1984, J. Dean; 2 males, same loc., 13 Jan 1986, D. Cartwright; 2 males, same loc.. 20 Jan 1986, D. Cartwright; | male, Tyers R. on Yallourn North- Tyers Rd, 38°8.9’S, 146°27’E, 12 Nov 1980, Latrobe C Sur- vey; 1 male, ITR/ Morwell R. jn, LRES site 8, 22 Feb 1974; 1 male, Traralgon Ck, Traralgon, 13 Feb 1973; 1 male, GGS Timbertop nr Merrijig, 30 Nov 1957, J. Landy; | male, same loc., 20 Dec 1957, Edwards; 2 males, Ovens R., Porepunkah, 1 Dec 1979, A.W., Bailey; 1 male, 10 km NW of Eskdale, 4 Nov 1976, A.A. Calder. New South Wales and ACT. 1 male, Murrumbidgee R., Balranald, 34°38’S, 143°34’E, 6 Jan 1982, G. Bennison; | male, Lees Ck, Brindabella Range, ACT, 26 Nov 1977, G. Daniels. Queensland. 1 male, South Pine R., 8 km W of Sam- ford, 21 Oct 1980, A.N.; 1 male, Gregory R. crossing nr Goodwood, 24 Aug 1977, K.J. Lambkin; 1 male, Eun- gella Nat. Pk, Broken R. at camping ground, 24 Apr 1979, A.W. Northern Territory. 3 males, Todd R., 9 km NE of Alice Springs, 23°38’S, 133°53’E, 28 Sep 1978, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Description (revised after Neboiss, 1982). Wings fawn to brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broadbased, length about 2x maxi- mum width, tapered strongly distally, a digiti- form projection present on ventral margin near base (Fig. 10). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 2.5x width, tapered distally (Fig. 11), with a slender dorsally-directed, digi- tiform projection at apex. In lateral view, para- mere slender, gradually depressed distally; phal- lus produced into a short projection (Fig. 10). Female. Genitalia (Figs 97, 98): ventral plate subquadrate with small lateral-facing “pocket” formed by overhang, situated near baso-mesal angle. Ventral plate slightly concave immedi- ately lateral and distal to “pocket”. Length of anterior wing: male 4.3-6.0 mm, female 4.7-6.5 mm. Distribution. SWA, SE-SA, Vic., NSW, E-QId, S-NT (Fig. 110). Remarks. A widespread species throughout the southern half of Australia. The male ressembles Fi digrutus sp. nov., in the shape of the superior and inferior appendages, but can beseparated by small differences in all genitalic characters. Ecnomus digrutus sp. nov. Figures 12, 13 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Fine Springs Ck on road between L Argyle Tourist Vil- lage and Duncan Hwy, 23 Feb 1977, LE. Bishop (NMV, T-10043). Paratypes. 2 males (specimen CT-067 figured). col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 2 males, Camp Ck, Mitchell Plateau, 31 Jan 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, 30 Jan 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. 2 males, ARRS Radon Springs, 13-14 Apr 1988, A.W., P.S. Description. Male. Wings pale reddish-brown. Genitalia in lateral view with superior appen- dage broadbased, tapered strongly distally, maximum width in distal third about 1/6 maxi- mum width in basal third, a slender digitiform projection present on ventral margin near base (Fig. 12). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, inner margin with two shallow excisions, one in basal half, second in distal 1/4 (Fig. 13), with a subapical, dorsally- directed digitiform projection. In lateral view, paramere slender, apex slightly dilated; phallus produced into a slender point (Fig. 12). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.6-3.8 mm. Etymology. Digrutus — anagram of turgidus. Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT (Fig. 112). Remarks. The male is similar to E. turgidus in having projections on both the superior and inferior appendages, but differs in the shape. E. digrutus is a rare northern Australian species. Ecnomus woronan sp. nov. Figures 14, 15 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Camp Ck at crusher, Mitchell Plateau, 15 Feb 1979, J.E. Bishop (NMV, T-10046). Paratypes. 8 males (specimen CT-078 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, 30 Jan 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, same loc., 14 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 3 males, Fine Springs Ck on rd between L Argyle Tourist Village and Duncan Hwy, 23 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 1 male, Fine Springs Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B. 10 Northern Territory. 1 male, Devil Devil Ck, 70 km SW of Daly R. Mission, 23 Aug 1979, J.B. 3 males, South Alligator R., UDP Falls, 7 Sep 1979, J.B.; 1 male, South Alligator R. nr Koolpin Crossing, 14 Oct 1987, P. Dostine; 2 males, ARRS South Alligator R. above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 2 males, same loc., 19-20 Apr 1989, P.S., A.W.; 2 males, ARRS South Alligator R. at Gimbat OSS Station, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S; 2 males, ARRS South Alligator R. below BHP camp, 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; I male, ARRS South Alligator R. below Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S. 3 males, SAR site 1, various dates 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, ARRS Radon Springs, 18- 19 May 1988, P.S. A. W.; | male, Graveside Ck, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, Graveside Gorge, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; | male, ARRS Bowerbird Billabong outlet, | Oct 1988, P. Dostine; 3 males, ARRS Ck 5 km W of OSS Gimbat Field Station, 19 Apr 1989, A.W., PS? males, SAR, Rock Hole Ck, November 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, Gulungul Ck inlet to Gulungul Bil- labong, 20 Apr 1989, A.W., P,S.; 1 male, ARRS Kam bolgie Ck, 25-26 May 1988, A.W., P.S., 6 males, same loc, 25 May 1988, A.W., P.S; 1 male, Goanna Lagoon, | km W of Jabiru off Arnhem Hwy, 28 Jan 1980, R. Marchant, 1 male, 16 km NE of Mt Cahill, 12950'8, 132°51°E, 13 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC), Queensland, 2 males, Crystal Ck, Mt Spee turnoff, 2 May 1979, A.W Description, Male. Wings pale fawn to brown. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view, length about 3x width, tapered slightly dis- tally (Fig. 14). Inferior appendage in ventral view, short and robust, length about 2x width, apex rounded, with a broadbased mesal projec- tion at about the middle and a second projection subapically (Fig. 15). In lateral view, paramere short, robust; phallus obliquely narrowed sub- apically (Fig. 14), Female, Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3,3-4,0 mm. Erymology. Named after the Woronan language of the aboriginal tribe who inhabited the region around the type locality. Distribution. NWA (Kimberley region), N-NT, NE-Old (Fig. 114), Remarks. The basic form of the inferior appen- dages is similar to E. kakaduensis sp. nov., and E. tridigitus sp. nov., but the shape differs, Two male specimens have been collected from Mt Spec, NE-Queensland which differ from the type material in the shape of the inferior appendages. The mesal projections are less prominent (Fig. 15a), The form of other genitalic structures agree with the type specimen (Fig. 14a). There is also one male specimen from the Mitchell Plateau in DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT N-Western Australia (specimen CT-064), which although slightly damaged, is similar to the MI Spec specimens. Ecnomus kakaduensis sp. nov. Figures 16, 17 Type material. Holotype male, Northern Territory, Radon Ck, Kakadu Nat. Pk, 3 Sep 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10055). Paratypes. 2 males (specimen CT-066 hgured), col- lected with holotype (NMV), Other material examined. Northern Territory. | male, 16 km NE of Mt Cahill, 12750'S, 14273 VE, 13 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Graveside Ck, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; 3 males, ARRS Graveside Gorge, 1% Jul 1988, P. Dostine. Western Australia. | male, Camp Ck, Mitchell Plateau, 13 Jul 1978, P.5.; 1 male, same loc., 20 Jul 1978, P.S; 1 male, trib. Camp Ck, Mitchell Plateau, 19 Jul 1978, P.S. Description. Male. Wings fawn to brown. Geni- talia with superior appendage in lateral view, broadest in basal half, tapered gradually distally (Fig. 16). Inferior appendage in ventral view, rounded apically, length about 3x width, with mesal digitiform projections medially and suba- pically (Pig. 17). In lateral view, paramere gradu- ally depressed distally, apex truncated (Fig, 16). Phallus obliquely narrowed distally, slightly dorso-ventrally compressed (Figs 16, 17), Female, Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.8-4.1 mm. Etymology. Named after the locality (Kakadu National Park). Distribution, N-NT, N-WA (Kimberley region) (Fig. 113), Remarks. The form of the inferior appendages is similar to &. woronan and E. tridigitus sp. nov., but Æ. kakaduensis differs slightly in shape. The species is uncommonly recorded from northern Australia. type Ecnomus wellsae sp. nov. Figures 18, 19, 101, 102 Type material. Holotype male, New South Wales, Severn River, 2928,38, 151729'E, 23 Oct 1981, Wells and Carter (NMV, T-10058), Paratypes. 10 males, 1 female (specimens CT-017 male, CT-097 female figured), collected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. New South Wales, 1 male, Wilson R.. NW Wauchope, 317148, 152734 E, 30 Oct 1981, A. W., Carter, THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) l Queensland. l male, Cunninghams Gap, 3 Dec 1982, G. Theischinger; 5 male, Booloumba Ck, 8 km SW Kenilworth, 26°39’S, 152°39’E, 12 Dec 1984, G. Theischinger; | male, same loc., 12 Jan 1986, G. Theis- chinger; | male, Mothar Mt, 12 km SE Gympie, 29 Oct 1980, A.N.; 1 male, Granite Ck, 210 m, Bulburin State Forest via Many Peaks, 1 Apr 1972, S.R. Monteith (ANIC); 3 males, Cathay Ck, Eungella, 25 Apr 1979, A.W,; 2 males, Broken R., Eungella Range, Mackay rainforest, 9 Jun 1971 (QM); 3 males, Upper Ross R., below weir SW of Townsville, 8 May 979, A.W.; 6 males, Alice R., Hervey Range Rd, 25 km W of Townsville, 9 May 1979, A.W.; 1 male, Millstream Falls, W of Ravenshoe, 25 Jun 1971, E.F. Riek (ANIC). Description. Wings brown to dark greyish-brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view long, stout, tapered slightly distally, with downwardly produced basiventral angle (Fig. 18). Inferior appendage in ventral view, with basal half broad, two small mesal projec- tions, one medial and the second positioned dis- tally (Fig. 19). In lateral view, paramere robust, gradually depressed distally, with truncated apex; phallus with shallow ventral subapical swelling (Fig. 18), but with obvious spine embedded in ventral surface subapically (Fig. 19). Female. Genitalia (Figs 101, 102): ventral plate with obvious notch in distal margin, with slender elongate, lateral-facing "pocket" near mid-mesal margin formed by an overhang, ven- tral plate deeply concave lateral to “pocket”. Length of anterior wing: male 4.3-6.3 mm, female 6.1 mm. Etymology. Named for Dr Alice Wells (collec- tor). Distribution. NE-NSW, E-Old (Fig. 113). Remarks. The male can be readily identified by the triangular shape of the inferior appendages, The female can be distinguished by the long, slender “pockets”. Ecnomus tridigitus sp. nov. Figures 20, 21, 91, 92 Type material. Holotype male, New South Wales, Bel- linger River, 30°26’S, 152°44’E, 31 Oct 1981, Wells and Carter (NMV, T-10070). Paratypes. 12 males, 1 female (specimens CT-012¢, CT-099 o figured), collected with holotype (NMV), Other material examined. New South Wales. 1 male, Coxs R. on Coxs R. Rd, 10 km S of Lithgow, 4 Nov 1981, A.W., Carter; 1 male, Allyn R., NE of Eccles- tone, 3 Nov 1981, A.W., Carter; 41 males, Boyd R., 5 km E of Dalmerton on Old Grafton Rd, 27 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter; 34 males, Styx R. Forest camp in Styx R. State Forest, 28 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter. Queensland. 4 males, Obi Obi Ck, 8 km SW of Mapleton, 23 Oct 1980, A.N.; 2 males, Yabba Ck, 10 km W of Imbil, 26 Oct 1980, A.N.; many males, Glas- tonbury Ck, 15 km W of Gympie, 27 Oct 1980, A.N.; 1 male, Emu Ck State Forest nr Benarkin, 26°53’S, 152908/E, 15 Jan 1986, G. Theischinger. Description. Wings brown to dark greyish-brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view long, broadest in median section, narrowed in distal 1/4, apex inclined downwards, ventral margin weakly serrate (Fig. 20). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, with two subapical projections and apex produced into a digitiform process (Fig. 21). In lateral view, paramere robust, straight distally; phallus without ventral subapi- cal swelling (Fig. 20), with a pair of large curved spines embedded in ventral surface subapically (Fig. 20). Female. Genitalia (Figs 91, 92): ventral plate with outside margin rounded, tapered distally, with rounded distal-facing “pocket” near mesal margin in basal third, formed by an overhang. Length of anterior wing: male 4.1-5.2 mm, female 5.2 mm. Etymology. Tridigitus (Latin) three fingers (inferior appendage). Distribution. E-NSW, SE-Qld (Fig. 111). Remarks. In the male, the structure of the infer- ior appendages is similar to E. woronan and E. kakaduensis, but can be distinguished by the dis- tinctive narrowing of the superior appendages. Ecnomus neboissi sp. nov. Figures 22, 23 Type material. Holotype male, Victoria, Genoa River near Wangarabell, 18 Mar 1977, A. Neboiss (NMV, T- 10084, figured specimen CT-031). Other material examined. Queensland. l male, Girraween Nat. Pk nr Wyberba, 10 Oct 1973, A.N. Description. Male. Wings greyish-brown with paler irrorations. Genitalia with superior appen- dage in lateral view long, length about 4x width, ventral margin weakly crenulate (Fig. 22), in ventro-lateral view basiventral angle is downwardly and mesally produced into a broad projection (Fig. 22a). Inferior appendage in ven- tral view robust, length about 2x width, with two subapical projections and apex produced into a digitiform process (Fig. 23). In lateral view, 12 paramere broad, gradually depressed distally, apex dilated and curved downwards at right angles to form a distinct hook; phallus obliquely narrowed subapically (Fig. 22), with two short spines embedded in ventral surface (Fig. 23). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 5.6-5.7 mm. Etymology. Named after Dr Arturs Neboiss (collector). Distribution. E-Vic., SE-Qld (Fig. 111). Remarks. E. neboissi can be readily identified by the distinctive form of the inferior appendages. Only two specimens are known and have been collected from widely separated localities. Ecnomus turrbal sp. nov. Figures 24, 25 Type material. Holotype male, Queensland, Brisbane River nr Kholo, 9 Mar 1973, M.H. Colbo (NMV, T- 10085). Paratypes. 5 males (specimen CT-041 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Queensland. 1 male, Bris- bane R., Kholo, 12 Oct 1972, M.H. Colbo; 1 male, Kenmore nr Brisbane, 8 Jan 1977, G. Daniels; 3 males, Glastonbury Ck, 15 km W of Gympie, 27 Oct 1980, A.N.; 4 males, Paluma Dam, 12-13 May 1980, I.D. Naumann, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 35 males, Upper Ross R. below weir SW of Townsville, 8 May 1979, A.W.; 3 males, Alice R., Hervey Range Rd, 25 km W Townsville, 9 May 1979, A.W.; 1 male, Stoney Ck on Mt Stuart Rd, Townsville, 27 Apr 1979, A. W.; 1 male, Tinaroo Pines Caravan Park, 9 Apr 1972, N. McFar- land; 8 males, Tinaroo Dam, November 1982, G. Theischinger; 3 males, Downfall Ck, Tinaroo Falls Dam, 22 May 1980, LD. Naumann, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Northern Territory. 3 males, Adelaide R., 15 km E of Mt Stuart Hwy, 15 Aug 1979, J.B.: 17 males, ARRS Kambolgie Ck, 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W. Description. Male. Wings fawn to brown. Geni- talia with superior appendage in lateral view broader in basal half, tapered distally with slightly dilated apex (Fig. 24). Inferior appen- dage in ventral view, length about 4x width, apex with two-pronged or bifid appearance (Fig. 25), in lateral view broad in median section, length about 2x width; paramere robust, gradu- ally depressed distally, apex slightly dilated, curved downwards to form a hook; phallus without a distinct ventral subapical swelling (Fig. 24). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 4,0-5.0 mm. DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Etymology. Named after the Turrbal aboriginal tribe who inhabited the region encompassing the type locality. Distribution. E-Qld, N-NT (Fig. 111). Remarks. The male is similar to E. cuspidis sp. nov. and E. bishopi sp. nov. in having inferior appendages broad in lateral view. The bifid apices of the inferior appendages in E. turrbal are diagnostic. Ecnomus cuspidis sp. nov. Figures 26, 27 Type material. Holotype male, Queensland, Upper Ross River below weir, SW of Townsville, 8 May 1979, A. Wells (NMV, T-10091). Paratypes. 2 males (specimen CT-073 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 2 males, Ord R. below dam, 21 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 1 male. Spillway Ck. 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Deadhorse Springs, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 1 male, stream opposite Deadhorse Gap. L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.: 6 males, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. l male, Daly Waters, 15 May 1976, Carnaby; 3 males, Howard Springs. 9 Sep 1980, D. King; 2 males. Jim Jim Ck on Kakadu Hwy, 28 May 1988, A.W., P.S.: 5 males, Magela Ck, various sites, dates and collectors; 8 males, ARRS Ranger Mine, RPI and RP2, various dates and collectors; 1 male. Georgetown Billabong nr Jabiru, 13 Jul 1983, A.J. Sharley; 6 males, Goanna Lagoon, 1 km W of Jabiru off Arnhem Hwy, various dates 25 Apr 1979-30 Aug 1979, R. Marchant; 1 male, Coonjimba Billabong. 19 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 4 males, ARRS Gulungul Ck, inlet to Gulungul Billabong, various dates. A.W., P.S.; | male, 5 km NNW of Cahills Crossing (E Alligator R.), 12°23’S, 132*57'E, 8-9 Jun 1973, IC. Cardale (ANIC); 2 males, ARRS E Alligator R. at Cahills Crossing, 27 May 1988, A.W., P.S.: 1 male. 36 km SW of Borroloola, 16*19'S, 136*05'E. 4 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Queensland. 2 males, swamp 28 km N Laura, 30 Nov 1974, Moulds; 4 males, Tinaroo Dam, Nov 1982, G. Theischinger; 3 males, Tinaroo Dam (nr Kairi Ck), 22 Jun 1971, E.F. Riek (ANIC): 1 male, Tinaroo Pines Caravan Pk, 9 Apr 1972, N. McFarland; 1 male, Downfall Ck, Tinaroo Falls Dam, 22 May 1980, I.D. Naumann, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Glastonbury Ck, 15 km W of Gympie, 27 Oct 1980, A.N.; 1 male, Clintonvale, 14 Oct 1973, AN. 1 male, Brisbane R., Kholo, 9 Mar 1973, M.H. Colbo; 1 male, Cunning- hams Gap. Western Fall, 28°03’S, 152%24'E, 1 Dec 1984, G. Theischinger. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view long, stout, length about 3x width (Fig. 26). Inferior THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 13 appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, narrowed slightly in median section, inflected distally, with a dorso-mesally directed digitiform projection apically (Fig. 27), in lateral view broad medially, length about 2x width, sub-trapezoidal in shape, proximal angle of upper margin obtuse, apical projection visible above dorsal margin; paramere with apex turned downwards at right angles to form a distinct hook as in E. bishopi sp. nov.; phallus obliquely narrowed subapically (Fig. 26). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.6-4,9 mm. Etymology. Cuspidis (Latin) point (inferior appendages). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT, E-Qld (Fig. 115). Remarks. A slightly variable species, very simi- lar to E. bishopi sp. novy., and very difficult to distinguish from it. The sub-trapezoidal shape of the inferior appendage in lateral view, is consis- tent and different to the trigonal shape in Æ, bishopi sp. nov. There is slight variation in the shape of the inferior appendage between several larger speci- mens collected from SE-Queensland and the type material. In the SE-Queensland specimens (Figs 26a, 27a), the inferior appendage in ventral view, length is about 4x width, the distal margin is produced into a swelling (Fig. 27a), in lateral view the apical projection appears to arise from the inferior appendage below the level of the dorsal margin (Fig. 26a), whereas in the type specimens it arises at the level of the dorsal mar- gin (Fig. 26), Only four specimens of the atypical SE-Queensland form have been collected, there- fore all specimens are referred to E. cuspidis for the present. Ecnomus bishopi sp. nov. Figures 28, 29 Type material. Holotype male. Western Australia, Spillway Ck, Ord River Dam, 20 Feb 1977, J.E. Bishop (NMV, T-10095), Paratypes. | male (figured specimen CT-079), col- lected with holotype; 1 male, same loc., 2 Feb 1978, J.E. Bishop; 1 male, Ord River. 9 km N Kununurra, 19 Sep 1978, J. Blyth (NMV). Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view, length about 2.5x width, broadest in basal half, narrowed slightly in median section (Fig. 28). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 4x width, narrowed slightly in middle, inflected distally, with a mesally-directed digitiform pro- cess apically (Fig. 29), in lateral view broad. length about 2x width, trigonal in shape, proxi- mal angle of upper margin nearly a right angle, apical projection only just visible above dorsal margin; paramere with apex turned downwards at right angles to form a distinct hook; phallus obliquely narrowed subapically (Fig. 28), as in E, cuspidis. Female unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.7-3.8 mm. Etymology. Named after Dr J.E. Bishop (collec- tor). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region) (Fig. 115). Remarks. The male is very similar to E. cuspidis. In E. bishopi the inferior appendage in lateral view is trigonal in shape, whereas in E. cuspidis it is sub-trapezoidal. A rare species as only four males have been collected from two sites. Ecnomus clavatus sp. nov. Figures 30, 31 Type material. Holotype male, Northern Territory, Lambells Lagoon, Humpty Doo. 19 Aug 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10096). Paratypes. 13 males (specimen CT-043 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMY). Other material examined. Western Australia. 1 male, Wittenoom Gorge, 5 km S of Wittenoom, 26 Oct 1979, J.B.: 2 males, Millstream, Fortescue R., S of Roe- bourne. 12 Nov 1978, M.S. and B.J. Moulds; 1 male, Lockyer Gorge, Harding R., Pilbara, 19 Oct 1979, J.B.; | male, Gieki Gorge Nat. Pk, 9 Oct 1979, J.B.; 11 males. Mitchell Plateau, various sites, dates and col- lectors; 1 male, Granite Ck, L Argyle-Kununurra Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 5 males, Deadhorse Springs, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.: 6 males, stream opposite Deadhorse Gap. L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 6 males. Ord R. below dam. 21 Feb 1977, J.E.B.: 5 males, Spillway Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Fine Springs Ck on rd between L. Argyle Tourist Village and Duncan Hwy, 23 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 4 males, Four Mile Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. 1 male, Jasper Ck, Victoria River Downs Rd, 45 km SSE Timber Ck, 1 7 Sep 1979, J. Blyth: 32 males, many tribs of $ and E Alligator Rivers, Kakadu Nat. Pk, 17-26 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; | male, Graveside Gorge, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; 1 male, Nourlangie Ck, 8 km N of Mt Cahill, 1248'S. 132942/E, 16-17 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC): 1 male. Nourlangie Ck, 6 km E of Mt Cahill, 12°52’S, 132°46’E, 18 Nov 1972, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Magela Ck, S of Georgetown Billabong. 28 Mar 1983, A.J. Sharley; 6 males, Georgetown Billabong nr Jabiru, various dates 9 Oct 1982-3 Jul 1983, A.J. Sharley; 2 males, Goanna Lagoon, 1 km W Jabiru off Arnhem 14 Hwy, 25 Apr 1979, R. Marchant; 2 males, same loc., 27 Jun 1979, R. Marchant; 1 male, Cooper Ck, 19 km SE of Mt Borradaile, 9 Nov 1973, D.H. Colless (ANIC). Queensland. 1 male, Coen R., Coen, 31 Oct 1988, K. Walker; 1 male, Stoney Ck on Mt Stuart Rd, Stuart, 'Townsville, 27 Apr 1979, A.W.; 1 male, Ross R. at Apex Pk nr Townsville, 11 Apr 1979, A.W.; | male, same loc., 26 Apr 1979, A.W,; 9 males, Upper Ross R. below weir, SW of Townsville, 8 May 1979, A.W.; 1 male, Brisbane R. nr Kholo, 9 Mar 1973, M.H. Colbo. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn to light brown. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broader in basal half, tapered grad- ually distally (Fig. 30). Inferior appendage lon- ger than superior appendage, long and slender, in ventral view length about 5x width, slightly constricted in median section, with short tri- angular mesal projection in basal third (Fig. 31). In lateral view, paramere gradually depressed with truncate apex; phallus lacking ventral suba- pical swelling, with upper apical angle extended into a short point (Fig. 30). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing; male 3.2-5,0 mm. Etymology. Clavatus (Latin) club shaped (in- ferior appendages). Distribution. N-WA, N-NT, E-Qld (Fig. 116). Remarks. E. clavatus is a widespread northern Australian species distinguished by the long and slender form of the inferior appendages. Ecnomus deani sp. nov. Figures 32, 33, 99, 100 Type material. Holotype male, Victoria, Little River, 6 km E of Wulgulmerang, 12 Dec 1976, A. Neboiss (NMV, T-10110). Paratypes. 6 males (specimen CT-013 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV), Other material examined. Victoria. Many males from many sites in eastern Victoria, New South Wales. 2 males, Tianjana Falls, NW of Ulladulla, 35°07’S, 153°20’E, 10 Jan 1985, G. Theis- chinger; 2 males, Crackenback R. nr Thredbo, 14 Feb 1975, T. Petr; | male, Thredbo R. at Thredbo, 5-7 Jan 1984, P. Teislyer; 18 males, 1 female (CT-110 female figured), Mt Kosciusko, 21 Feb 1969, A.N.; 3 males, same loc., 2100 m, small trickle, 5 Jan 1984, G. Theis- chinger; l male, same loc., 1500m, 9 Jan 1982, G. Theischinger; 1 male, Diggers Ck, Mt Kosciusko Rd, 13 Feb 1975, T. Petr; 7 males, Perisher Ck nr Perisher, 13 Feb 1975, T. Petr; 1 male, Jindabyne, 21 Feb 1969, A.N.; 1 male, 1 female, Snowy R., 8 Feb 1966, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 1 male, Wragges Ck, 10 Feb 1966, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 1 male, 3 females, Monga, 6 Feb 1966, DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT E.F. Riek (ANIC); 11 males, 14 females, Brown Mt, 18 Jan 1961, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 2 males, Dilgry R., 19 km NW Rawdon Vale, 31°53’S, 151°32’E, 18 Feb 1980, A.A. Calder; 11 males, Upper Manning R., 20 km NNW Rawdon Vale, 31°52’S, 151°34’E, 19 Feb 1980, A.A. Calder; 7 males, 13 km W of Dorrigo, 22 Feb 1966, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 13 males, Styx R., 12 km S of Ebor, 17 Oct 1973, A.N.; 1 male, Poverty Point, Ten- terfield, 22 Feb 1979, E. Dahms (QM). Description. Wings light brown-darker greyish brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view stout, with downwardly produced basiventral angle (Fig. 32). Inferior appendage in ventral view with basal half broad, a mesal projection medially, apex (Fig. 33), not drawn out as far as in E. tillyardi. In lateral view, para- mere robust with apex dilated and curved downwards to form a distinct hook; phallus (Fig. 32), similar to Æ. tillyardi. Female. Genitalia (Figs 99, 100): ventral plate with small lateral-facing “pocket” near mesal margin in basal 1/4, formed by overhang; sur- face of plateslightly concave immediately lateral and distal to “pocket”. Length of anterior wing: male 5.0-7,7 mm, female 8.3-8.6 mm. Etymology. Named after Mr John Dean. Distribution. E-Vic., E-NSW (Fig. 113). Remarks. The inferior appendages of the male are distinctive, although similar in form to E. tillyardi and E. volsellus sp. nov. A smaller atypical specimen (CT-036), collected from the Wentworth R., Victoria is partly figured (Figs 32a, 33a). The superior appendage in lateral view, has a downwardly produced basiventral angle extended into an obvious projection (Fig. 32a). The inferior appendage in ventral view (Fig. 33a), is less tapered in the distal half than in the type specimens. The female description and figures are based on a specimen (CT-110), col- lected from Mt Kosciusko, New South Wales. E. deani is, at present, the only species collected from higher altitudes. The female is not included in the type material as it was not collected from near the type locality. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely Figures 34a, 35a, 103, 104 Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely in Mosely and Kimmins, 1953: 378, hg. 260. — Jacquemart, 1965: 29, — Neboiss, 1977: 55, figs 243-249. — Neboiss, 1986: 150. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 15 Type material, Holotype male, Tasmania, Cradle Mt, 22 Jan 1917. J.W, Evans (BMNH). Type not seen. Other material examined. Tasmania. Many males and females including specimens from localities additional to those published by Neboiss, 1977. South Australia. 1 male, Mosquito Ck, S of Nara- coorte Hwy bridge, 22 Nov 1977, P.S. Victoria. 5 males, | female, Stokes R., 8 km N of Dartmoor. 23 Nov 1977, P.S.; 5 males, Wando R., Wando Dale Station, 30 Oct 1977, A.W., P.S.; 1 male, Pigeon Ponds Ck, Nareen, 30 Oct 1977, A.W., P.S., 4 males, 2 females, L Purrumbete, 23 Feb 1970, E.F.Riek (ANIC); 4 males, 1 female, sameloc., 12 Nov 1976, A.N.; 7 males, Gellibrand R., 3 km E of Gelli- brand, 26 Jan 1982, A.N., R. StClair; 54 males, Gelli- brand R. at Asplin Ck jn, 28 Jan 1982, A.N.: 1 male, Clearwater Ck, 5 km S of Beech Forest, Otways, 3 Jan 1975, L.M.: 8 males, 9 females, Yarrowee R., 2 km W of Inverleigh. 2 Mar 1978, A.N.: 9 males, 2 females, Moorabool R., Meridith, 12 Feb 1959, A.N.: 1 male, Moorabool R., Durdidwarrah Rd, 25 Mar 1953, A.N.; 15 males, Ballan, 4 Nov 1953, A.N.; 4 males 1 female, Clunes, 6 Jan 1956, A.N.: 1 male, Newlyn Res., 25 Nov 1969, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 35 males, 26 females. Coliban R., 6 km SW Kyneton, 18 Feb 1973, A.N.: 1 male, Sunbury, 18 Dec 1953, A.N.: 3 males, Jacksons Ck. 8 km N of Sunbury, 25 Nov 1952, A.N.; 6 males, 2 females, Jacksons Ck, Clarkefield, 18 Dec 1953, AN; 2 males, 4 females, Plenty R.. Sth Morang, 29 Dec 1953, A.N.: 2 males, 3 females, Kangaroo Ground, 18 Dec 1954, A.N.; many males and females, Yarra R.. sites between Tarrawarra and nr MeMahons Ck jn, various dates 17 Feb 1976-14 Feb 1981, A.N.: 3 males, Woori Yallock Ck, Woori Yallock, 16 Jan 1974, A.N.: many males and females, recorded from streams in eastern Victoria, list of localities from author. New South Wales. 5 males, Boyd R., 29^50'S. 152°21’E. 11 Feb 1988, G. Theischinger. Description (revised after Mosely and Kimmins, 1953; Neboiss, 1977). Wings dark greyish- brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view long, with downwardly produced basiventral angle (Fig. 34a). Inferior appendage in ventral view with basal half broad, mesal pro- jection medial, distal half straight, laterally com- pressed (Fig. 35a), in lateral view apex slightly dilated; paramere robust with apex curved downwards to form a hook; phallus narrowed subapically with a short apical process (Fig. 34a). Female. Genitalia (Figs 103, 104): ventral plate long, similar to E. volsellus sp. nov., with elongate lateral-facing “pocket” near mesal mar- gin in distal half, formed by overhang, plate deeply concave lateral of “pocket”, distal mar- gin bluntly pointed. Length of anterior wing: male 5.9-7.3 mm, female 6.5-8.5 mm. Distribution. Tas., SE-SA, Vic., NE-NSW (Fig. 117). Remarks. E. tillyardi is a large, variable species with genitalia similar in form to E. volsellus sp. nov. and £. deani. The male differs in the shape of the apex of the inferior appendage especially in lateral view. The form of the genitalia is very uniform in Tasmanian males, Twelve male spe- cimens have been collected from SE-South Aus- tralia and western Victoria (Fig. 34c), which are very similar to Tasmanian specimens in the shape of the inferior appendage. In males col- lected progressively further east, the distal half of the inferior appendage tends to be more slen- der and the apex more upturned (Figs 34d-f, b). The paramere also changes correspondingly from the bulbous, straight form found in Tas- manian specimens to the more slender, hooked shape in eastern Victorian ones (Fig. 34b). Hence there appears to be a cline extending for about 450 km across Victoria (Fig. 117). In eas- tern Victorian female specimens (Figs 103a, 104a), the "pockets" on the ventral plate are more slender than in Tasmanian specimens (Figs 103, 104). Future work may prove other- wise, but for the present all SE-South Australian, Victorian and New South Wales variants are placed in £. tillyardi. The only example of male and female Ecnomus preserved in copula has been collected from the Yarra River and is illus- trated to show the "key in lock" pairing formed during copulation (Figs 107, 108). Ecnomus volsellus sp. nov. Figures 36, 37, 38, 105, 106 Type material. Holotype male, Victoria, Genoa River nr Wangarabell, 18 Mar 1977, A. Neboiss (NMV, T- 10142). Paratypes. 20 males (specimen CT-014 figured), collected with holotype; | female (specimen CT-092 figured), Victoria, Tambo Crossing, 24 Jan 1960, A. Neboiss (NMV). Other material examined. Victoria. Many males col- lected from numerous localities in eastern Victoria. New South Wales. 3 males, Mumbulla Ck, 15 km NE Bega, 19 Mar 1979; 5 males, McLaughlin R. nr Ando, 20 Nov 1965, A.N.; 5 males, 3 females, same loc., 4 Nov 1966, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 13 males, Hacking R., Royal Nat, Pk nr Sydney, 2 Oct 1985, A.N.; 22 males, Coxs R. on Coxs R. Rd, 10 km S of Lithgow, 4 Nov 1981, A.W., Carter; 1 male, Molong, 29 Dec 1973. M.S. Moulds; 2 males, Blandford, 8 Dec 1976, Moulds; 2 males, Upper Allyn R., 12 km N of Eceles- ton, 21 Feb 1980, A.A. Calder; 3 males, Terania Ck, N of Lismore, 28°25’S, 153°18’E, 21 Jan 1986, G. Theis- chinger; | male, Styx R. at forest camp, Styx R. State 16 Forest, 28 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter; 3 males, 3 females, Gara R., 20 Feb 1966, E.F. Riek (ANIC); ] male, Wilson R., NW Wauchope, 31°14’S, 152°34’E, 30 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter; 60 males, Apsley R. at falls, SE of Walcha, 29 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter; 1 male, Blue Hole, Gyra R., 30°36’S, 151°48’E, 7 Feb 1987, G. Theischin- ger; 6 males, 3 females, Bakers Ck Falls nr Armidale, 30°35’S, 151°54’E, 6 Feb 1987, G. Theischinger; 17 males, Boonoo Boonoo R., 5 km upstream falls, 1 1 Oct 1973, A.N.; 2 males, same loc., 29 Nov 1981, G. Daniels, M.A. Schneider (ANIC), Queensland. 11 males, Cunninghams Gap, Western Fall, 28°03’S, 152°24’E, | Dec 1984, G. Theischinger; 2 males, Girraween Nat. Pk nr Wyberba, 10 Oct 1973, A.N.; 2 males, Fletcher, 14 km SSW of Stanthorpe, 16 Jan 1969, E. Dahms (QM); 2 males, same loc., 30 Mar 1971, E. Dahms (OM): 4 males, 2 females, Goomburra State Forest, NE of Warwick, 28°03’S, 152°07’E, 20 Jan 1986, G. Theischinger; 1 male, Mt Tamborine, 8 Jan 1975, M.S. Moulds. Description. Wings brown to darker greyish- brown with paler irrorations, wing venation similar to other Australian species. In forewing (Fig. 38), footstalk of fork R1 longer than in £. veratus. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view straight, with downwardly produced basiventral angle (Fig. 36). Inferior appendage in ventral view with basal half broad, mesal projection at the middle, distal half tapered apically, inflexed (Fig. 37). and directed slightly dorsally. In lateral view, paramere robust, with apex curved downwards to form a hook; phallus (Fig. 36), similar to E. tillyardi. Female. Genitalia (Figs 105, 106): ventral plate similar in form to Æ. tillvardi, long with elongate, lateral-facing “pocket” near mesal margin in distal half, formed by overhang, plate deeply concave lateral to “pocket”, distal mar- gin rounded. Length of anterior wing: male 5.7-7.7 mm, female 7.4 mm. Etymology. Volsellus (Latin) pincers (inferior appendages). Distribution. E-Vic.. E-NSW, SE-Qld (Fig. 112). Remarks. E. volsellus is a large species which can be grouped with Æ. tillyardi. In the male the long, inflexed inferior appendages are distinctive. Ecnomus pansus Neboiss Figures 39, 40, 87, 88 Ecnomus pansus Neboiss, 1982: 288, figs 21-23, — Neboiss, 1986: 150. A male, identified and figured as E. continentalis DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Ulmer by Mosely and Kimmins (1953: 380, fig. 261), should be referred to this species. Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Frankland River, Circular Pool, 6 km NE of Walpole, 27 Nov 1978, A. Neboiss (NMV, T-6165). Paratypes. 35 males, 8 females (specimen CT-027 male figured), collected with holotype (ANIC, BM, NMV, WAM ). Type material was examined and new figures drawn from paratype male. Other material examined. The list of localities is avail- able from the author. Description (revised after Neboiss, 1982). Wings pale fawn to light brown with paler irror- ations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view long and narrow, length about 6x width, apex slightly dilated (Fig. 39). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 2.5x width, apex pointed, slightly inflected. with a subapical digitiform mesal projection at about distal third (Fig. 40). In lateral view, paramere broadbased, slender and gradually depressed in distal half; phallus obliquely narrowed with a long projection apically (Fig. 39). Female. Genitalia (Figs 87, 88): ventral plate with small rounded “pocket” or pit near meso- basal angle, inserted into the surface of the plate, which is slightly concave particularly in meso- distal area. Length of anterior wing: male 4.2-6.0 mm. female 5.0-7.0 mm. Distribution. S-WA, SA, Vic., NSW, Qld, NT (Fig. 114). Remarks. E. pansus is a common and wide- spread species, where the male is easily identif- ied by the long, slender superior appendages. Ecnomus cygnitus Neboiss Figures 41, 42, 89, 90 Ecnomus cygnitus Neboiss 1982: 288, figs 18, 19, — Neboiss 1986: 150. Type material. Holotype male, Victoria, Swan Lake. 30 km NW of Portland, 27 Feb 1976, P.A, Mever (NMV, T-6670). Type seen. Other material examined. South Australia. (localities published by Neboiss, 1982). Victoria. 5 males, 1 female (specimen CT-096 female figured), Wannon R., Nigretta Falls, 6 Dec 1983, A.N.; 17 males (specimen CT-025 figured), L. Fyans, E of Grampians, 15 Mar 1973, A.N.: numerous males, from many lakes, reservoirs and streams (list of localities from author). Tasmania. 5 males, West Bay R., Margate, 6 Jan 1977, A.N., P. Allbrook; 7 males, L. Fiddler, Lower THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 17 Gordon R., 13 Dec 1977, D. Coleman; 1 male, Carlton R., Carlton, 26 Dec 1975, M. Davies; l male, Scots Peak dam, Serpentine Impoundment, 23 Mar 1985, Greenslade and Rounsevell; 1 male, L. Pedder, site J, December 1977, P.S, Lake. New South Wales. 1 male, Khancoban Pondage, 14 Feb 1975, T. Petr; | male, Towamba R. nr Kiah, 11 Feb 1975, T. Petr; 1 male, Severn R., 29°28.3’S, 151°29’E, 23 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter. Queensland. 1 male, Manchester Dam Spillway, N of Ipswich, 1 Feb 1973. M.H. Colbo; 1 male, Gregory R. crossing nr Goodwood, 24 Aug 1977, K.J. Lamb- kin. Description (revised after Neboiss, 1982). Wings fawn-pale brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view long, stout, length about 3x width. slightly narrowed from about middle (Fig. 41). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, with a subapical mesal projection at about the middle separated widely from the api- cal angle (Fig. 42). In lateral view, paramere broadbased. slender and slightly depressed in distal half; phallus obliquely narrowed subapi- cally (Fig. 41). Female. Genitalia (Figs 89, 90): ventral plate, form similar to E. pansus, with rounded “pocket” or pit near meso-basal angle, inserted into the surface ofthe plate which is slightly con- cave especially in meso-distal area. Length of anterior wing: male 4.0-6.5 mm, female 7.1 mm. Distribution. SE-SA, Tas., Vic., E-NSW, E-Qld (Fig. 116). Remarks. This species is common, widespread and slightly variable. There is some variation particularly in the shape of the inferior appen- dages of the male, throughout the distribution range. In Queensland and northern New South Wales specimens (Fig. 42a; Neboiss, 1978: figs 10, 11), the inferior appendage in ventral view is robust, length about twice width, the distal outer margin is produced into a noticeable swelling, and the distance between the mesal subapical projection and the apical angle is about equal to the depth of the concavity between them i.e. the concavity is relatively deep. In Tasmanian speci- mens (Fig. 42b; Neboiss, 1977: figs 255, 256), the inferior appendage in ventral view is more slender, length about 3x width, the distal outer margin is smoothly rounded, and the distance between the mesal subapical projection and the apical angle is about 3x the depth of the concav- ity between them i.e. the concavity is relatively shallow. The SE-South Australian, Victorian and SE-New South Wales specimens are inter- mediate in these characters. Only a few speci- mens have been collected of the SE-Queensland, NE-New South Wales and Tasmanian variants, hence all specimens are referred to E. cygnitus for the present. Ecnomus kerema sp. nov. Figures 43, 44 Type material. Holotype male, Queensland, Yucca- bine Ck, Kirrama State Forest, 18°12’S, 145°54’E, February 1986, R, Pearson and L. Benson (NMV, T- 10164, figured specimen CT-103). Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view with downwardly directed basiventral angle pro- duced into broad swelling, length about 3x width (Fig. 43). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 2.5x width, with digitiform mesal projection situated close to the apex (Fig. 44). In lateral view, paramere with apex elongate, curved downwards at right angles to form a pronounced hook; phallus obliquely narrowed (Fig. 43), similar to E. continentalis. Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 4.2 mm, Etymology. Named after the Kerema aboriginal tribe who inhabited the region includingthe type locality. Distribution. NE-Qld (known only from type locality) (Fig. 118). Remarks. This species is known from only one male specimen which is similar to E. continen- talis, especially in the shape of the inferior appendages, but differs significantly in the shape of the parameres. Ecnomus continentalis Ulmer Figures 45, 46, 93, 94 Ecnomus continentalis Ulmer, 1916: 10, figs 12-14. — Mosely and Kimmins, 1953: 380, fig. 261. — Neboiss, 1977: 56, figs 255, 256. — Neboiss, 1978: 830, figs 10, 11. — Neboiss, 1982: 286, figs 16. 17. — Neboiss, 1986: 150. A male specimen from South Australia, identified and figured as E. continentalis by Mosely and Kim- mins (1953), should be referred to E. pansus. Specimens PT-458 (Tasmania) and PT-557 (SE- Queensland), identified and figured as E. continentalis by Neboiss (1977, 1978) should be referred to E. cygni- fus. Type material. Lectotype male (designated by Neboiss, 1982), Queensland, Malanda, date unknown, Mjóberg (NRS). Type not seen. Lectoparatypes 3 males, same locality (NRS). 18 Other material examined. Northern Territory, 2 males, Reedy Rockhole, George Gill Range, 24°22’S, 131°45’E, 30 Dec 1986, J.A. Davis. Remaining list of localities available from author. Description (revised after Neboiss, 1982). Wings light brown to dark greyish-brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view stout, length about 3x width, with downwardly produced basiventral angle (Fig. 45). Inferior appendage short, robust, in ventral view length about 1.5x width, with mesal digitiform projection situated close to the apex (Figs 46, 46a). In lateral view, paramere with apex curved downwards at right angles to form a distinct hook; phallus obliquely narrowed sub- apically, with a short process apically (Fig. 45). Female. Genitalia (Figs 93, 94): ventral plate with small lateral-facing “pocket” near mesal margin in basal third, formed by overhang. Sur- face of plate concave disto-laterally of “pocket”. Margin of plate with obvious notch in disto- lateral corner. Length of anterior wing: male 5.0-6.7 mm, female 5.4 mm. Distribution. SE-SA, Vic., E-NSW, E-Qld, S-NT (Fig. 118). Remarks. E. continentalis is a very common and widespread species. The male is similar to E. kerema but differs slightly in the form of the inferior appendages and parameres. Ecnomus nibbor sp. nov. Figures 47, 48, 95, 96 Type material. Holotype male, Victoria, Mitchell River near Tabberabbera, 30 Dec 1975, collector unknown (NMV, T-10165). Paratypes. 3 males (specimen CT-016 figured), col- lected with holotype; 1 female (specimen CT-104 fig- ured), Victoria, Little River, 6 km E of Wulgulmerang, 12 Dec 1976, A. Neboiss (NMV). Other material examined. Victoria. 3 males, Welling- ton R., 23 km NNE of Licola on Tamboritha Rd, 25 Feb 1978, NMV Survey Dept; l male, Wellington R., 17 km N of Licola, 14 Feb 1977, A.A. Calder; 2 males, Macalister-Barkly R. jn, Lyndon Flat, 6 Dec 1977, NMV Survey Dept; 2 males, jn Macalister- Wellington Rivers, 23 Feb 1978, NMV Survey Dept: | male, Wellington-Carey R. jn, 15 Feb 1977, A.A. Calder; 1 male, Mitchell R. nr Tabberabbera, 21 Jan 1976, col- lector unknown; 1 pharate male, trib. Cann R., Noo- rinbee North, 21 May 1981, J. Dean, D. Cartwright; 4 males, Genoa R. at Wangarabell, 8 Feb 1980, A.W. New South Wales. 1 male, Upper Allyn R., 12 km N of Eccleston, 21 Feb 1980, A.A. Calder; 2 males, Glou- DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT cester R., 9 km SW of Gloucester, 17 Feb 1980, A.A. Calder; 2 males, Wilson R., NW of Wauchope, 31°14’S, 152°34’E, 30 Oct 1981, A.W., Carter. Description. Wings fawn-light brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view stout, tapered slightly api- cally (Fig. 47). Inferior appendage in ventral view robust, length about 2x width, with a small subapical mesal projection at about distal 1/4 (Fig. 48). In lateral view, paramere with apex curved downwards at right angles to form a dis- tinct hook; phallus with a laterally compressed process apically (Fig. 47). Female. Genitalia (Figs 95, 96): ventral plate with lateral-facing “pocket” near mesal margin at middle, formed by overhang. Surface of plate concave just disto-laterally of “pocket”. Length of anterior wing: male 4.5-5.8 mm, female 8.2 mm. Etymology. Named after the aboriginal word for the Mitchell R. near the type locality — nibbor. Distribution. E-Vic., NE-NSW (Fig. 119). Remarks. The male shows some similarities to E. karakoi sp. nov., especially in the form of the inferior appendages, but can be distinguished by differences in the phallus and parameres. Ecnomus ancisus sp. nov. Figures 49, 50 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Ord River below dam, 21 Feb 1977, J.E. Bishop (NMV, T- 10170). Paratypes. 2 males (specimen CT-051 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 1 male, Spillway Ck, Ord R. Dam, 20 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 1 male, Spillway Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Deadhorse Springs, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 1 male, Four Mile Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 2 males, Camp Ck at crusher, Mitchell Plateau, 15 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, mining camp, 14°49’S, 125°50’E, 9— 19 May 1983, Naumann, Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, Surveyor Rd, 17 Jul 1978, P.S.: 1 male, Morgan Falls, 15°02’S, 126°40’E, 16-17 Aug 1975, LF.B. Common, M.S. Upton (ANIC): 1 male. Maggie Ck, 90 km Kununurra- Wyndham, 3 Feb 1978. J.E.B.; 1 male, Charnley R., 16°22’S, 125°12’E, 2 km SW Rolly Hill, 16-20 Jun 1988, LD. Naumann (ANIC). Northern Territory. 1 male, Mataranka, 14 Jul 1969, C. Le Souef; 1 male, ARRS South Alligator R. above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, P.S., A. W.:2 males. SAR site 1, 14 Jun 1988, P. Dostine; 4 males, same loc., 30 Sep 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, same loc., Octo- THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 19 ber 1988, P. Dostine; 1 male, ARRS Graveside Gorge, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine. Description. Male. Wings pale reddish-fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broadest in basal half, constricted strongly in distal third, with dilated apex (Fig. 49). Infer- ior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, broadest in basal half, before tapering to pointed apex (Fig. 50). In lateral view, paramere moderately slender, depressed distally; phallus with upper apical angle extended to a slender point. Meso-ventral process on segment ten long (Fig. 49). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.9-4,3 mm. Etymology. Ancisus (Latin) cut away (superior appendage). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT (Fig. 118). Remarks. The male is easily identified by the distinctive shape of the superior appendages. Ecnomus blythi sp. nov. Figures 51, 52 Type material. Holotype male, Northern Territory. Jasper Ck, Victoria River Downs Rd, 45 km SSE Tim- ber Ck, 17 Sep 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10173). Paratypes. 2 males (specimen CT-057 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Northern Territory. 2 males, Cooper Ck, 19 km SE of Mt Borradaile, 12°06’S, 133°04’E, 9-10 Nov 1972, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, same loc.. 5-6 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC): 1 male, Goanna Lagoon, | km W of Jabiru off Arnhem Hwy, 27 Jun 1979, R. Marchant; 1 male, same loc., 25 Apr 1979, R. Marchant; 1 male, South Alli- gator R. below BHP camp, 25 May 1988, P.S., AW, 1 male, Nourlangie Ck, 12 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 6 males, ARRS Kambolgie Ck, 25 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; l male, Jim Jim Ck on Kakadu Hwy, 28 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 3 males, Gulungul Ck, inlet to Gulungul Billabong, 20 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.: 2 males, same loc., 11 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 10 males, Muirella Park, 12 Oct 1972, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 1 male, Katherine Gorge, 23 May 1970, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 2 males, same loc., 13 Aug 1979, J.B. Western Australia. 1 male, Ord R. below dam, 21 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 1 male, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Stonewall Ck, 4 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 3 males, Morgan R., Theda H.S., Kimberleys, 28 Sep 1979, J.B.; | male, Kimberley, 6.5 km NW Mt Bell, 17°10’S, 125°17’E, 25-26 Jul 1988, T.F. Houston (WAM). Description. Male. Wings pale reddish-fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broadest in basal half, constricted strongly in middle section, maximum width in distal third about 1/4 maximum width in basal half (Fig. 51). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, with concave inner mar- gin, apex rounded, inflected (Fig. 52), and dorso- ventrally flattened. In lateral view, paramere constricted subapically before “hammerhead”- shaped apex; phallus lacking ventral subapical swelling. Meso-ventral process on segment ten long (Fig. 51). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.3-4.1 mm. Etymology. Named after Mr J. Blyth (collec- tor). Distribution. N-NT, N-WA (Kimberley region) (Fig. 119). Remarks. The male is identified by the distinc- tive narrowing of the superior appendages. Ecnomus centralis sp. nov. Figures 53, 54 Type material. Holotype male, South Australia, Scrubby Ck Waterhole, 27°40’S, 140°18’E, 8 Nov 1983, M. Thompson (NMV, T-10176). Paratypes. 1 male, collected with holotype (genitalia slightly damaged); 1 male (specimen CT-038 figured), Queensland, Diamantina River, Birdsville, 13 May 1975, J. Blyth (NMV). Other material examined. South Australia. 2 males, 72 km S of Birdsville, Andrewillah Waterhole, 21 May 1975, J.B.; 3 males, Innaminka Crossing, 11 Oct 1987, M. Drewien; | male, Maroocutchanie Lake, 10 Oct 1987, M. Drewien. New South Wales. 1 male, Darling R., Bourke, 8 May 1975, J.B. Northern Territory. 2 males, Anthonys Lagoon, 16 May 1976, Carnaby; | male, Newcastle Waters, 10 km W of Elliot, 10 Aug 1979, J.B. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broad- based, tapered gradually distally (Fig. 53). Infer- ior appendage in ventral view long and slender, with slightly inflected apex extended further than apex of superior appendage (Fig. 54), in lateral view with subapical dorsal digitiform projection in distal quarter. In lateral view, para- mere slightly depressed distally with small lateral flange near apex; phallus laterally com- pressed, lacking ventral subapical swelling (Fig. 53). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.7-4.8 mm. Etymology. Centralis (Latin) central or middle (central Australian distribution). Distribution. NE-SA, NW-NSW, SW-Old, S-NT (Fig. 116). Remarks. The species is recorded from central Australia and is distinguished by the form of the inferior appendages. Ecnomus myallensis sp. nov. Figures 55, 56, 85, 86 Type material. Holotype male, Queensland, Myall Ck, 3 km N of Rangemore, S of Bunya Mountains, 15 Oct 1973, A. Neboiss (NMV, T-10179). Paratypes. 2 males (specimen CT-042 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Victoria, 1 male, 1 female (specimen CT-087 female figured), Greenvale Reser- voir, ornamental ponds, 24 Feb 1983, D. Cartwright. Description. Wings light brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view stout, length about 3x width, broadest in basal half(Fig. 55), basiventral angle produced into a mesally directed digitiform pro- jection (Fig. 55a). Inferior appendage in lateral view long, narrowed near middle before broad- ening distally, apex laterally compressed (Figs 55. 56), with small digitiform projection in basal half, In lateral view, paramere robust, gradually depressed and tapered distally; phallus lacking ventral subapical swelling, upper margin pro- duced into a short projection (Fig. 55). Female. Genitalia (Figs 85, 86): ventral plate lacking “pocket”, with central round concave area and obvious ridge near baso-mesal margin. Notch present in outer distal margin. Length of anterior wing: male 5.1-5.2 mm, female 5.8 mm. Etymology. Named after type locality (Myall Ck). Distribution. SE-QId, C-Vic. (Fig. 116). Remarks. Five specimens of E. myallensis are known, collected from two widely separated localities. The male is distinguished by the form of the inferior appendages. The female descrip- tion and figures are taken from a specimen (CT- 087) collected from Victoria where the male and female have been associated by breeding through from the larva. The female is not included in the type material as it is not from near the type locality. DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Ecnomus yabbura sp. nov. Figures 57, 58 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Morgan River, Theda H.S., Kimberleys, 28 Sep 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10182). Paratype. l male (specimen CT-060 figured), col- lected with holotype (NM V). Other material examined. Western Australia. | male, Barnett R. Gorge, Barnett Station, Kimberleys, 1 Oct 1979, J.B.: 2 males, Drysdale R., 1 5*02'S, 126°55’E, 3- 8 Aug 1975, LF.B. Common, M.S. Upton (ANIC): 1 male, Camp Ck at crusher, Mitchell Plateau, 15 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, mining camp, 14°49’S, 125°50’E, 9-19 May 1983, Naumann, Car- dale (ANIC); | male, Granite Ck, L Argyle-Kunu- nurra Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. 1 male, South Alligator R., UDP Falls, 7 Sep 1979, J.B.: 2 males, ARRS South Alligator R. at Gimbat OSS Station, 28 Apr 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, SAR, site 1, 14 Jun 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, same loc., 30 Sep 1988, P. Dostine; 1 male, same loc., October 1988, P. Dostine; 4 males. ARRS Bowerbird Billabong outlet, 1 Oct 1988, P. Dostine: 4 males, ARRS Ck 5 km W of OSS Gimbat Field Station, 19 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 2 males, Graveside Ck, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, Caranbirini Waterhole, 13 km SW Borroloola, 16*16'S, 136'05'E, 3 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Description. Male. Wings pale fawn-light brown. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view length about 2x width, broadbased, tapered distally. Inferior appendage in lateral view, long and slender, extending beyond apex of superior appendage (Fig. 57), in ventral view broadest in basal half, narrowed in middle before slightly dilated apex, apex dorso- ventrally flattened producing a spatulate appea- rance (Fig. 58). In lateral view, paramere elon- gate, broadbased, slender in distal half; phallus obliquely narrowed subapically. Processes of segment ten robust, situated between the bases of the superior appendages (Fig. 57). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.3-4.0 mm. Etymology. Named after a Western Australian aboriginal word for north-yabbura (distri- bution). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT (Fig. 119). Remarks. The male is identified by the distinc- tive and long inferior appendages. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) Ecnomus miriwud sp. nov. Figures 59, 60 Type material. Holotype male. Western Australia, Spillway Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E. Bishop (NMV, T- 10184). Paratypes 15 males (specimen CT-068 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 8 males, Spillway Ck, Ord R. Dam, 20 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 2 males, same loc., 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.;2 males, Ord R. at Kununurra Dam, 22 Feb 1977, J.E.B.: 3 males, Ord R. below dam, 21 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 6 males, Ord R.. 9 km N of Kununurra, 19 Sep 1979, J.B.: 1 male, Fine Springs Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 8 males, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 3 males, Four Mile Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.: 1 male, Stonewall Ck, 4 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; | male, Deadhorse Springs, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977. J.E.B.; 1 male, stream opposite Deadhorse Gap, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.: 1 male, Carson R.. 8 km NE of Theda Station, Kimberleys, 1 Oct 1979, J.B.: 1 male, Barnett R. Gorge, Barnett Station, Kimberleys, 1 Oct 1979, J.B.: 1 male, Charnley R., 16°22’S, 125°12’E, 2 km SW Rolly Hill, 16-20 Jun 1988, LD. Naumann (ANIC). Northern Territory. 1 male, Katherine R. Gorge Nat. Pk, 13 Aug 1979, J.B.: 1 male, South Alligator R., Coronation Hill, upper site, 4-5 Jun 1988, P. Cran- ston; 12 males, SAR site l, various dates 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, ARRS South Alligator R. below Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W.. P.S.; 3 males, ARRS South Alligator R. above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P,S.; 2 males, same loc., 19-20 Apr 1989, P.S., A.W.: 4 males, South Alligator R. nr Koolpin Crossing, 14 Oct 1987, P. Dostine: | male, ARRS Ck 5 km W of OSS Gimbat Field Station, 19 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.:4 males, Bowerbird Billabong outlet, 1 Oct 1988, P. Dos- tine; 4 males, ARRS South Alligator R. at Gimbat OSS Field Station, 24 May 1988, A.W.. P.S.; 3 males, ARRS Kambolgie Ck, 25 May 1988. A.W., P.S.: 1 male, Bessie Springs, 8 km ESE of Cape Crawford, 16"40'S. 135951'E, 26 Oct 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC): I male, 12 km NNE of Borroloola. 15°58’S, 136°21’E, 1 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC): 1 male, McArthur R.. 48 km SSW of Borroloola, 16°27°S, 136°05’E, 29 Oct 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 2 males, 36 km SW of Borroloola. 16°19’S, 136°05’E, 4 Nov 1975, J.C. Car- dale (ANIC); 2 males. Surprise Ck, 45 km SSW of Borroloola. 16°25’S, 136°05’E, 5 Nov 1975, J.C. Car- dale (ANIC); 19 males, McArthur R., 16°47’S, 135°45’E, 14 km SW of Cape Crawford, 25 Oct 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC): 4 males, 14 km NW of Cape Crawford, 16 34'S, 135 41’E, 6 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Queensland. 1 male, Hann R. Crossing, 76 km N of Laura, 8 Sep 1974, M.S. Moulds. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage short, in lateral view broadbased, length about 1.5x width, tapered strongly distally, mesal spines extend about 21 halfway along upper margin (Fig. 59). Inferior appendage short, in ventral view length about 3x width, slightly inflected distally (Fig. 60). In lateral view, paramere long and slender; phallus lacking ventral subapical swelling (Fig, 59). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3,1-3.6 mm. Etymology. Named after the Miriwud aboriginal tribe who inhabited the region including the type locality. Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT. NE-Qld (Fig. 113). Remarks. A small species, similar to E. kitabal and E. larakia sp. nov., in the shape ofthe super- ior and inferior appendages, but can be sepa- rated by the extension of the mesal spines along upper margin of the superior appendages. Ecnomus wagengugurra sp. nov. Figures 61, 62 Type material. Holotype male, New South Wales, Clarence River at Yates Crossing, 26 Oct 1981, Wells and Carter (NMV, T-10200). Paratype. 1 male (figured specimen CT-062), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Queensland. | male, Davies Ck nr Mareeba, 27 Oct 1988, K. Walker; 3 males, Annan R., 3km SW of Black Mt. 15741'S, 145°12’E, 27 Sep 1980, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, same loc., 26— 27 Apr 1981, IL.D. Naumann (ANIC), Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broadest in basal half, tapered slightly distally (Fig. 61). Inferior appendage in ventral view slender, length about 4x width, inner margin inflected towards base of apical point (Fig. 62), as in E. walajandari sp. nov. In lateral view, paramere long and slender; phallus obliquely narrowed subapically. Ventral processes of segment ten distinctive, long, apex divided into three lobes, each with an attached seta (Fig. 61). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 4.1-4.5 mm. Etymology. Named after the aboriginal word for the Clarence R. near the type locality — wagen- gugarra. Distribution. NE-NSW, NE-Qld (Fig. 120). Remarks. Only seven males have been recorded from three sites in two widely separated areas but the male can be identified by the distinctive shape of the processes on segment ten. to N Ecnomus karawalla sp. nov. Figures 63, 64 Type material. Holotype male, Victoria, Wannon River, Nigretta Falls, 6 Dec 1983, A. Neboiss (NMV, T-10202, figured specimen CT-032). Description. Male. Wings brownish-grey. Geni- talia with superior appendage long, in lateral view with downwardly produced basiventral angle (Fig. 63). Inferior appendage in ventral view robust, length about 2x width, broadest in basal half, terminating in pointed apex (Fig. 64). In lateral view, paramere robust; phallus lacking subapical ventral swelling, with a broad process apically (Fig. 63). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 6.0 mm. Etymology. Named after the aboriginal word for the Wannon R. near the type locality — karawalla. Distribution. W-Vic. (known from type locality only) (Fig. 120). Remarks. Although this species is known from only one male specimen, which is grouped with E. russellius and E. karakoi sp. nov. on the basis of the similar shape of the superior appendages and the dorso-ventrally flattened inferior appen- dages. It differs from both sufficiently to warrant description as a distinct species. Ecnomus russellius Neboiss Figures 65, 66, 83, 84 Ecnomus russellius Neboiss 1977: 56, hgs 250-254. — Neboiss 1986: 150. Type material. Holotype male, Tasmania, Russell Falls Nat. Pk, 20 Feb 1967, A. Neboiss (NMV, T- 4854). Type seen. Allotype female, collected with type (NMV, T- 4855). Paratypes. 4 holotype (NM V). Other material examined. Tasmania. (localities addi- tional to those published by Neboiss, 1977); 1 male (specimen CT-029 figured), Mersey R., Liena, 16 Nov 1972, A.N.; 1 female (specimen CT-108 figured), West Bay R., Margate, 6 Jan 1977, P. Allbrook, AN; l male, Great Musselroe R., Tebrakunna Rd, 7 Nov 1977, D. Coleman; 3 males, 3 females, Shannon R. at Wihareja, 29 Nov 1982, W. Fulton. Victoria, numerous specimens from many streams, list of localities from author. New South Wales, 5 males, McLauchlin R. nr Ando, 20 Nov 1965, A.N.; 3 males, 3 females, same loc., 4 Nov 1966, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 1 male, Dilgry R., 19 km NW Rawdon Vale, 31"53'S, 151°32’E, 18 Feb 1980, males, 1 female, collected with DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT A.A, Calder; 3 males, Styx R., 12 km S of Ebor, 17 Oct 1973, A.N.; | male, Ebor Falls, 12 Nov 1983, G. Theis- chinger; 1 male, Terania Ck, N of Lismore, 28°25’S, 153°18’E, 21 Jan 1986, G. Theischinger. Queensland. Many males, Cunninghams Gap, vari- ous dates, G. Theischinger; 1 male, Goomburra State Forest, NE of Warwick, 28°03’S, 152°07’E, 20 Jan 1986, G. Theischinger; | male, South Pine R., 8 km W of Sanford, 21 Oct 1980, A.N.; 2 males, Saddle Tree Ck via Maidenwell, 29 Mar 1975, S.R. Monteith (ANIC); 8 males, 2 females, Mt Superbus, 22-24 Jan 1971, S.R. Monteith (ANIC). Description (revised after Neboiss, 1977). Wings light brown to dark greyish-brown with paler irrorations. Male. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view with strong downwardly produced basiventral angle extended into a point (Fig. 65). Inferior appendage in ventral view broad, length about 2x width, narrowed in distal half (Fig. 66). In lateral view, paramere dilated distally with apex curved downwards at right angles to form a distinct hook; phallus tapered distally, with a distinctive laterally com- pressed process apically (Fig. 65). Female. Genitalia (Figs 83, 84): ventral plate lacking "pocket" but with strong ridge along mesal margin in distal 2/3, terminating in pointed inner apical angle. Length of anterior wing: male 5.5-8.5 mm, female 8.0-9.0 mm. Distribution. Tas., Vic., E-NSW, SE-Qld (Fig. 119). Remarks. This common species shows some similarities to Æ, karawalla and E. karakoi sp. nov., especially in the shape of the inferior appendages, but can be distinguished by small differences. Ecnomus karakoi sp. nov. Figures 67, 68 Type material. Holotype male. Victoria, Aire River, Otway Ranges, 6 Dec 1982, C. Yule (NMV, T-10203, figured specimen CT-030). Description. Male. Wings greyish-brown. Geni- talia with superior appendage long, in lateral view stout, with downwardly produced basiven- tral angle extended into a small projection (Fig. 67). Inferior appendage short, in ventral view robust, length about 2x width, with a subapical mesal projection at about distal third (Fig. 68). In lateral view, paramere with apex dilated and curved downwards to form a slight hook; phallus obliquely narrowed subapically, with a short process (Fig. 67). THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 23 Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 7.2 mm. Etymology. Named after the Karakoi aboriginal tribe, who inhabited the region including the type locality. Distribution. SW-Vic. (Otway Ranges, known from type locality only) (Fig. 115). Remarks. This is a large species known from only one male specimen, but it differs signifi- cantly in detail to warrant description as a dis- tinct species. E. karakoi shows some similarities with E. russellius, E. karawalla and E. nibbor due to the similar shape of the superior appen- dages and the dorso-ventrally flattened inferior appendages, but differs in the detail of the in- ferior appendages. Ecnomus tropicus sp. nov. Figures 69, 70 Type material. Holotype male, Queensland, Upper Ross River below weir, SW of Townsville, 8 May 1979, A, Wells (NMV, T-10204). Paratypes. 8 males (specimen CT-069 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Queensland. 1 male, Crystal Ck, Mt Spec turnoff, 2 May 1979, A.W.; 1 male, Alice R., Hervey Range Rd, 25 km W of Townsville, 9 May 1979, A.W.; 6 males, Laura, Cape York Peninsula, 7 Oct 1979, M.S. and B.J. Moulds; 1 male, swamp, 28 km N of Laura, 30 Nov 1974, Moulds; 1 male, Palmer R., 20 Jun 1971, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 7 males, Coen R., Coen, 31 Oct 1988, K. Walker. Northern Territory, 2 males, Adelaide R., 15 km E of Stuart Hwy, 15 Aug 1979, J.B.: 1 male, South Alli- gator R., UDP Falls, 7 Sep 1979, J.B.; 1 male, ARRS South Alligator R, at Gimbat OSS Station, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 3 males, ARRS South Alligator R. above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 7 males, SAR site 1, various dates 1988, P. Dostine; 3 males, Jim Jim Ck on Kakadu Hwy, 28 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 12 males, ARRS Kambolgie Ck, 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 1 male, ARRS Radon Springs, 18-19 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 1 male, ARRS Magela Ck, inlet to Mud- ginberri Billabong, 18 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 4 males, Magela Ck at Ranger pipe outlet, 23 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 1 male, Coonjimba Billabong, 19 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 1 male, ARRS East Alligator R. at Cahills Crossing, 27 May 1988, A.W., P.S. Western Australia. 1 male, Granite Ck, Kununurra Hwy, L Argyle, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Spillway Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 5 males, Morgan R., Theda H.S., Kimberleys, 28 Sep 1979, J.B.; 1 male, Drysdale R. headwaters, 30 km NW Mt Elizabeth H.S., 30 Sep 1979, J.B.; 1 male, Drysdale R., 14°39’S, 126°57’E, 18- 21 Aug 1975, I. Common, M.S. Upton (ANIC); 1 male, Adcock Gorge, Gibb R.-Derby Rd, Kimberleys, 2 Oct 1979, J.B.; 1 male, Mitchell Plateau, crusher, 4 km SW mining camp, 14°52’S, 125°50’E, 2-6 Jun 1988, LD. Naumann (ANIC). Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broadest in basal half, tapered distally (Fig. 69). Inferior appendage in ventral view, almost parallel sided, length about 4x width, apex weakly bifid (Fig. 70), especially from ventro-lateral view (Fig. 69). In lateral view, paramere slender; phal- lus obliquely narrowed subapically (Fig. 69). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 4.0-4.4 mm. Etymology. Tropicus (Latin) tropic loving (northern distribution). Distribution. NE-Qld, N-NT, N-WA (Kimberley region) (Fig. 120). Remarks. The male is identified by the bifid apices on inferior appendages. Ecnomus apiculatus sp. nov. Figures 71, 72 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Ord River, 9 km N Kununurra, 19 Sep 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10213). Paratypes. 6 males (specimen CT-018 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 3 males, Gieki Gorge Nat. Pk, 9 Oct 1979, J.B.; 1 male, Dun- ham R., W Kununurra, 22 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 4 males, Spillway Ck, Ord R. Dam, 20 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 3 males, same loc., 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 14 males, Ord R. below dam, various dates, J.E.B.; 1 male, Fine Springs Ck, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 1 male, Stonewall Ck, 4 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 8 males, Deadhorse Springs, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 5 males, stream opposite Deadhorse Gap, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 2 males, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 6 males, 15 km S of Winjana Gorge, 4 Aug 1989, McCubbin. Northern Territory, 12 males, 12 km NNE of Bor- roloola, 15°58’S, 136°21’E, 1 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Batten Point, 15°54’S, 136°32’E, 30 km NE of Borroloola, 30 Oct 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC), Queensland, 6 males (specimen CT-039 partly fig- ured), Brisbane R. nr Kholo, 9 Mar 1973, M.H. Colbo. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broad- based, tapered gradually distally (Fig. 71). Infer- ior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, with a dorso-mesally directed digitiform process apically (Fig. 72), in lateral view, length about 3x width; paramere long, slender; phallus lacking ventral subapical swelling (Fig. 71). 24 Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.0-4.3 mm. Etymology. Apiculatus (Latin) small pointed (inferior appendages.) Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT. SE-Qld (Fig. 117). Remarks. This is a variable species. One speci- men from N-Western Australia (Fig. 71a) and six from SE-Queensland (Fig. 71b) differ from the type specimens by having inferior appen- dages broader in lateral view. The pointed infer- ior appendages ressemble those of E. cuspidis and E. bishopi, but these species differ in the shape of the parameres. Ecnomus kinka sp. nov. Figures 73, 74 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Morgan River, Theda H.S., Kimberleys, 28 Sep 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10220). Paratypes. 6 males (specimen CT-061 figured). col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 4 males, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. 1 male, Jasper Ck. Victoria R. Downs Rd, 45 km SSE Timber Ck. 17 Sep 1979, J.B.:2 males, Katherine R. Gorge Nat. Pk, 13 Aug 1979, J.B.: 7 males, Adelaide R., 15 km E of Stuart Hwy, 15 Aug 1979, J. B.; 33 males, South Alligator R., various sites, various dates 1988-1989, A.W., P.S.: 3 males, South Alligator R. at Gimbat OSS Station, 28 Apr 1988, P. Dostine; 16 males, SAR site 1, various dates 1988, P. Dostine; 88 males, Kambolgie Ck, 25-26 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; | male, Graveside Ck, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dos- tine; 6 males, Ck 5 km W of OSS Gimbat Field Station, 19 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 6 males, Magela Ck, various sites and dates 1988, A.W., P.S.: 10 males, Magela Ck, S of Georgetown Billabong, 6 Nov 1982, A.J. Sharley (NTM); 2 males, ARRS Stag Ck at BHP camp, 25 May 1988, P.S, A.W.; 3 males, Gulungul Ck. inlet to Gulungul Billabong, 17 May 1988, A.W., P.S.: 1 male, same loc., 20 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 1 male, Nourlangie Ck, 6 km E of Mt Cahill, 12752/S, 132°46’E, 18 Noy 1972, J.C, Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, Cattle Ck, 54 km SW of Borroloola, 16°32’S, 136°10’E, 27 Oct 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 1 male, 14 km NW of Cape Crawford, 16'34'S, 135°41’E, 6 Nov 1975, J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Queensland. 1 male, McLeod R., 15 km W of Mt Carbine, 22-23 Jun 1975, S.R. Monteith (ANIC); 2 males, 16 km S of Coen, 29 Nov 1974, M.S, Moulds; 1 male, Laura, Cape York Peninsula, 7 Oct 1979, M.S. and B.J. Moulds; 1 male, Alice R., Hervey Range Rd, 25 km W Townsville, 9 May 1979, A.W. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view, broad- DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT est in basal half, tapered distally (Fig. 73). Infer- ior appendage in ventral view, length about 4x width, parallel sided, inner margin inflected towards middle of apical projection subapically (Fig. 74), as in E. pilbarensis sp. nov. In lateral view, paramere long and slender: phallus obliquely narrowed subapically (Fig. 73). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 3.3-4.5 mm. Etymology. Named after a Western Australian aboriginal word for many hills — kinka (type locality — Kimberley region). Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT, NE-Qld (Fig. 117). Remarks. The form of the inferior appendage is similar to E. pilbarensis sp. nov. but the species differ in other details. Ecnomus pilbarensis sp. nov. Figures 75, 76 Type material, Holotype male, Western Australia, Wittenoom Gorge, 10km E of Roebourne Rd. Pilbara. 24 Oct 1979, J. Blyth (NMV, T-10227). Paratypes. 5 males (specimen CT-022 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined, Western Australia. 3 males, Wooramel R., Gasgoyne Jn-Mullewa Rd, 11 Nov 1979, J.B.: 7 males, Wittenoom Gorge, Hamersley Range, 20 Feb 1977, M.S. and B.J. Moulds; 1 male, Fortescue Falls, Hamersley Range Nat. Pk, 27 Oct 1979, J.B.; 1 male, 15 km E of Millstream, 20 Oct 1970, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 2 males, Crossing Pool, Millstream, 21 Oct 1970, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 2 males, same loc., 21-22 Apr 1972, N.R. Mitchell (ANIC); 1 male, same loc.. 21 Oct 1979, J.B.; 1 male, Millstream H.S., 21°35’S, 117904/E, 2 Apr 1971, E.F. Riek (ANIC); 1 male, N of Carnarvon, De Grey Sta- tion Rd, 29 Apr 1972, N. McFarland; 7 males, Kim- berley, 6.5 km NW Mt Bell, 17°10’S, 125°17’E, 25-26 Jul 1988, T.F. Houston (WAM); 1 male, Granite Ck, Kununurra-L Argyle Hwy, 2 Feb 1978, J.E.B. Northern Territory. 2 males, Newcastle Waters, 10 km W of Elliot. 10 Aug 1979, J.B.: | male, 14 km NW of Cape Crawford. 16°34’S, 13541'E, 6 Nov 1975. J.C. Cardale (ANIC). Queensland. l male, Stoney Ck on Mt Stuart Rd. Stuart, Townsville, 27 Apr 1979, A.W.:2 males, Upper Ross R. below weir SW of Townsville. 8 May 1979, A.W. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn, Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view. length about 2x width, broadest in basal half, tapered distally (Fig. 75). Inferior appendage in ventral view length about 2.5x width, narrowed in median section, inner margin inflected towards middle of apical projection subapically (Fig. 76), THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 25 as in E. kinka. In lateral view, paramere straight with slightly spatulate apex: phallus obliquely narrowed subapically, extended into a short pro- cess apically (Fig. 75). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 4.4-4.8 mm. Etymology. Named after the Pilbara region (type locality). Distribution. N-WA, N-NT, NE-Qild (Fig. 118). Remarks. E. pilbarensis is a widespread northern Australian species, similar to E. kinka in the form of the inferior appendage. Ecnomus larakia sp. nov. Figures 77, 78 Type material. Holotype male, Northern Territory, Howard Springs, 9 Sep 1980, D. King (NMV, T- 10233). Paratypes. 11 males (specimen CT-072 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. 1 male, Drysdale R, at Kalumburu Rd crossing, Kimberleys, 28 Sep 1979, J.B. Northern Territory. 9 males, Lambell's Lagoon, Humpty Doo, 19 Aug 1979, J.B.; 4 males, Jim Jim Ck on Kakadu Hwy, 28 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 7 males, Goanna Lagoon, 1 km W of Jabiru off Arnhem Hwy, 27 Jun 1979-27 Mar 1980, R. Marchant; 5 males, Georgetown Billabong nr Jabiru, 27 Jun 1983-25 Jul 1983, A.J. Sharley (NTM); 2 males, Corndorl Billa- bong nr Jabiru, 6-8 Nov 1982, A.J. Sharley (NTM); 1 male, ARRS Coonjimba Billabong, 19 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 19 males, ARRS Gulungul Ck, inlet to Gulungul Billabong, 17 May 1988, P.S., A.W.; 6 males, same loc., 20 Apr 1989, A.W., P.S.; 19 males, same loc., 11 Apr 1989, P.S., A.W.; 1 male, ARRS Magela Ck at Ranger pipe outlet, 20 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 11 males, Nourlangie Ck, 8 km N of Mt Cahill, 12°48’S, 132°42’E, 16-17 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); l male, 12 km NNW of Mt Cahill, 12°46’S, 132°39’E, 15-16 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 8 males, Nour- langie Camp Lagoon, Kakadu Nat. Pk, 4 Sep 1979, J.B. Queensland. 1 male, swamp, 28 km N of Laura, 30 Nov 1974, Moulds: 1 male, Ross R. at Apex Pk nr Townsville, 26 Apr 1979, A.W. Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage short, in lateral view broadbased, tapered strongly distally (Fig. 77). Inferior appendage in ventral view, length about 3x width, slightly constricted medially, dilated subapically, tapered to a pointed apex (Fig. 78). In lateral view, paramere short and robust; phal- lus obliquely narrowed subapically (Fig. 77). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 2.9-3.5 mm. Etymology. Named after the Larakia aboriginal tribe, who inhabited the region including the type locality. Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT, NE-Qld (Fig. 112). Remarks. A small species, distinguished from others by small differences in the inferior appen- dages. The shape of the superior and inferior appendages are very similar to E. kitabal, which differs in possessing a process on segment nine. Ecnomus pakadji sp. nov. Figures 79, 80 Type material. Holotype male, Queensland, lron Range, West Claudie River, 17 Sep 1974, M.S. Moulds (NMV, T-10245, figured specimen CT-052). Description. Male. Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage long, in lateral view length about 3x width (Fig. 79). Inferior appen- dage long, in ventral view length about 3x width, slightly inflected and tapered slightly distally, with a small process apically (Fig. 80). In lateral view, paramere robust with apex slightly dilated; phallus lacking ventral subapical swelling (Fig. 79). Female. Unknown. Length of anterior wing: male 4.0 mm. Etymology. Named after the Pakadji aboriginal tribe who inhabited the region including the type locality. Distribution. NE-Qld (known from type locality only) (Fig. 112). Remarks. Only one male specimen is known for this species. It differs sufficiently from all other species in genitalic characters to warrant being placed in a separate species. Ecnomus walajandari sp. nov. Figures 81, 82 Type material. Holotype male, Western Australia, Spillway Ck, Ord River Dam, 2 Feb 1978, J.E. Bishop (NMV, T-10246). Paratypes. 11 males (specimen CT-065 figured), col- lected with holotype (NMV). Other material examined. Western Australia. | male, Spillway Ck, Ord R. Dam, 20 Feb 1978, J.E.B.; 2 males, Ord R. at Kununurra Dam, 22 Feb 1977, J.E.B.: 8 males, Deadhorse Springs, L Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 9 males, stream opposite Deadhorse Gap, L 26 Argyle, 19 Feb 1977, J.E.B.; 2 males, Mitchell Plateau, Camp Ck at crusher, 18 Feb 1979, J.E.B.; 1 male, Charnley R., 16°22’S, 125*12'E, 2 km SW Rolly Hill, 16-20 Jun 1988, LD. Naumann (ANIC). Northern Territory. 1 male, Katherine R, Gorge Nat. Pk, 26 Jan 1977, M.S, and B.J. Moulds; 1 male, same loc., 13 Aug 1979, J. B.; | male, ARRS Kambolgie Ck, 25 May 1988, P.S., A.W., 1 male, SAR Rock Hole Ck, November 1988, P. Dostine; 1 male, South Alli- gator R. nr Koolpin Crossing, 14 Oct 1987, P. Dostine; | male, ARRS South Alligator R, above Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.: 1 male, ARRS South Alli- gator R. below Fisher Ck jn, 24 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 3 males, ARRS South Alligator R. above BHP camp, 25 May 1988, A.W., P.S.; 9 males, ARRS South Alli- gator R. at Gimbat OSS Station, 28 May 1988, P. Dostine; 3 males, SAR, site 1, 14 Jun 1988, P. Dostine; 3 males, same loc., October 1988, P. Dostine; 2 males, ARRS Graveside Gorge, 18 Jul 1988, P. Dostine: | male, Bowerbird Billabong outlet, 1 Oct 1988, P. Dostine. Description. Male, Wings pale fawn. Genitalia with superior appendage in lateral view broadest in basal half, tapered gradually distally (Fig. 81). Inferior appendage in ventral view, very similar to Z. wagengugurra but more robust, length about 2x width, inner margin inflected towards base of apical point (Fig. 82), In lateral view, paramere moderately slender; phallus lacking ventral subapical swelling (Fig. 81). Female. Unknown, Length of anterior wing: male 2.9-3.7 mm. Etymology. Named after the Walajandari abor- iginal tribe who inhabited the region including the type locality, Distribution. N-WA (Kimberley region), N-NT (Fig. 120). Remarks, A small species, resembling Æ. wagen- gugurra in the form of the inferior appendages, but differs in other characters, especially the shape of the processes on the tenth segment. Discussion Neboiss (1981) has recognized three major Australian faunal provinces based on climatic zones, with associated distributional barriers and refuge areas. Although species of Ecnomus are distributed over most of the continent, species richness is greatest in wet-tropical and eastern Australia. Numbers of species in each province and region are shown in Fig. 109, Twenty-seven species are known from the Tor- resian province, 21 from the Bassian and seven from the drier Eyrean province. The fauna is particularly rich in parts of the Torresian pro- DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT vince with 19 species in the Kimberley region of north-western Australia, 22 species in the nor- thern half of the Northern Territory and 16 spe- cies in NE-Queensland. Of the 27 species found in the Torresian province, eight are restricted to the Kimberley and Northern Territory regions and two are endemic to NE-Queensland. The remainder are widely distributed across nor- thern Australia including six northern species which extend their ranges into the NE-Bassian province, several as far south as the Clarence River in NE-New South Wales. Within the Eyrean province, three species occur in the Pil- bara region of Western Australia while four spe- cies occur in the eastern half. In the Pilbara E. ingibandi is endemic, while the other two species occur widely throughout the Torresian province. In the eastern half of the province, E, centralis is mostly restricted to that region, while E. conti- nentalis, E. pansus and E. turgidus are also widely distributed in the Bassian and limited areas of the Torresian provinces. Most species in the Bassian province have been recorded from SE-Queensland, NE-New South Wales and Vic- toria. Only three species are recorded from Tas- mania and two from SW-Australia, with none of the species being endemic. The distribution of species of Ecnomus pro- vides support for the following faunal barriers or disjunctions recognized by Campbell (1981), Keast (1981), Neboiss (1981) and Watson and Theischinger (1984) (Fig. 109): 1. Between Townsville and Eungella Range, east coast barrier for 13 out of 15 “southern” species (exceptions E. continentalis and E. well- sae), and 17 out of 23 "northern" species. The NE-Bassian region between disjunction | and the Clarence River, NE-NSW, appears to be an overlap zone for many Torresian and Bassian species, with six “northern” and nine “southern” species reaching their southern and northern range limits, respectively within the Zone. 2. Bass Strait, southern barrier for 12 out of 15 Bassian species. 3. Nullabor Plain, western barrier for all but two eastern Bassian species. The exceptions are E. pansus and E. turgidus. 4. Semi-desert, north of Geraldton, Western Australia, west coast disjunction for “northern” (Torresian and Pilbara region) and Bassian species. 5. Great Sandy Desert in northern Western Australia, southern barrier on west coast for 17 out of 19 species from the Kimberley region and northern barrier for E. ingibandi, endemic to the THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 27 Pilbara region, and is closely related to two species found in the Kimberley region. 6. Steppe areas south of the Gulf of Carpen- taria, a weaker disjunction restricting eight out of 22 western Torresian species and five out of 16 eastern Torresian species, although 13 of the 27 species found in the Torresian region do Occur in both areas. The Australian fauna is almost as rich as that of Africa. Ecnomus is also well represented in the Pakistan-India-Sri Lanka region, with 15 described species (Fischer, 1960-1973) and Papua-New Guinea with about 19 species (including 17 undescribed species, pers. obs.). The concentration of approximately three- quarters of the known Ecnomus fauna in the African and Australian regions, and the Indian subcontinent suggests a Gondwanan origin, however, Ecnomus has not been recorded from South America or New Zealand. Therefore valid arguments could be made for an Oriental origin with dispersal and subsequent speciation in Africa and Australia. Males of Australian species of Ecnomus are characterized by a pair of superior appendages which range from long and slender to short and broadbased; a pair of inferior appendages which vary from long and slender to short and broad with several processes; a pair of parameres which are mostly shorter than the phallus, with apices usually either tapered and straight or curved downwards to form a hook. E. veratus is an exception as it has a single, highly modified paramere, which is elongated and downcurved. The shape of the phallus is conservative, usually narrowing subapically, with or without a prom- inant ventral swelling and spines. All species have a pair of short, simple processes located on segment ten. In this study, 12 Ecnomus females from southern Australia are described. Ten of these species have a “pocket” on each of the ventral plates. The position and shape of these “pock- ets" Is diagnostic, and seems to correspond with the position and shape of the mesal projections on the inferior appendages of the males, which form a “key in lock" pairing during copulation. “Pockets” have not been described before in Ecnomus females and perhaps this group of southern Australian species forms a distinct phylogenetic group. The widespread distribu- tion of species in Australia and the diversity of male genitalic structures, however, suggests that Australian species may not all be monophyletic in origin. Very little has been discussed regarding the phylogeny of the genus Ecnomus. Kimmins (1957), Scott (1968) and Barnard and Clark (1986) have all detailed characteristics which distinguish the natalensis-group of species from Africa. This group of about 23 species (Barnard and Clark 1986), is recognized by males with inferior appendages having a dorsal finger-like extension and a spur formula 2.4.4, as opposed to the usual 3.4.4. Barnard and Clark (1986) also distinguished a subgroup within the natalensis- group of about ten species which have the apex of the phallus divided into a pair of flattened plates and parameres with a pre-apical tooth. Barnard and Clark (1986) suggested that the natalensis-group is monophyletic, due to the particular form of the male genitalia, although noother species groups have yet been recognized within the genus. Males of Australian species also differ from the type species, E. tenellus, which is characterized by a phallus with a sub- apical process and no parameres (Schmid, 1961). Many ofthe northern Australian species have superior appendages which are broadbased and short, which is a characteristic shared with many African species (Kimmins, 1957; Scott, 1963). However most southern and eastern Australian species have superior appendages which are long and relatively uniform in width, a characteristic shared with many described Oriental species (Mosely, 1932; Schmid, 1958; Ulmer, 1951) and undescribed species from Sulawesi and Papua- New Guinea (pers. obs.). When the Ecnomus fauna is more completely known, there will be scope for a detailed phylo- genetic and zoogeographic study of the genus. Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful to Dr Arturs Neboiss (NMV), for making available for study the extensive material in his care, including loan material and collections made by Mr John Blyth, Dr J.E. Bishop, and Dr Alice Wells. I also thank Dr Neboiss, together with John Dean and Alice Wells for their encouragement, guidance and constructive criticism of previous drafts of this study. References Barnard, P.C. and Clark, F., 1986, Thelarval morpho- logy and ecology of a new species of Ecnomus from Lake Naivasha, Kenya (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae). Aquatic Insects 8: 175-183. 28 Campbell, I.C., 1981. Biogeography of some rheophi- lous aquatic insects in the Australian region. Aquatic Insects 3: 33-43. Fischer, F.C.J., 1960-1973. Trichopterorum Catalo- gus. Vols 1-15. Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging: Amsterdam. (Ecnomus in vols 3, 13). Jacquemart, S., 1965. Contribution ĉ la connaissance dela fauna Trichoptàrologue de la Tasmanie et de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie 41: 1-47. Keast, A., 1981. Distributional patterns, regional bio- tas, and adaptions in the Australian biota: a synthesis. Chapter 68 in Keast, A. (ed.) Ecological biogeography of Australia. Vol. 3. Dr W Junk: The Hague. Kimmins, D.E., 1957. Notes on the Psychomyidae from the African mainland. Transactions of Royal Entomological Society London 109: 259-273. Lepneva, S.G., 1956. Morphological relationships of the subfamilies Psychomyinae, Ecnominae and Polycentropinae (Trichoptera, Annulipalpia) in the preimaginal stages. Revue d'Entomologie de l'USSR 35: 8-27. [in Russian]. Marlier, G., 1958. Trichoptéres du lac Tumba. Bulle- tin et Annales de la Société Royale Belge d'Ento- mologie 94: 302-320. McLachlan, R., 1864, On the trichopterous genus Polycentropus and the allied genera. Entomolog- ist's Monthly Magazine l: 25-31. Mosely, M.E., 1932, New exotic species of the genus Ecnomus (Trichoptera). Transactions of Entomo- logical Society London 80: 1-17. Mosely, M.E. and Kimmins, D.E., 1953. The Trichop- tera (caddis-flies) of Australia and New Zealand. British Museum (Natural History): London. 550 pp. Neboiss, A., 1977, A taxonomic and zoogeographic study of Tasmanian caddis-flies (Insecta: Tri- choptera). Memoirs of the National Museum Vic- toria 38: 1-208. Neboiss, A., 1978. A review of caddis-flies from three coastal islands of south-eastern Queensland (Insecta: Trichoptera). Australian Journal of Mar- ine and Freshwater Research 29: 825-843. DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Neboiss, A., 1981. Distribution of Trichoptera famil- ies in Australia with comments on the composi- tion of fauna in the south-west. In Moretti, G.P. (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Sympo- sium on Trichoptera ( University of Perugia, Italy, 1980). Dr W Junk: The Hague. Neboiss, A., 1982. The caddis-flies (Trichoptera) of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 30: 271-325. Neboiss, A., 1986. Atlas of Trichoptera of the SW Pacific — Australian region. Dr W Junk: Dor- drecht. 286 pp. Nielsen, A., 1957. A comparative study of the genital segments and their appendages in male Trichop- tera. Biologiske Skrifter 8: 1-159. Nielsen, A., 1978. The genital segments of female Tri- choptera. In Crichton, M.I. (ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Trichoptera (University of Reading, England, 1977). Dr W Junk: The Hague. Nielsen, A., 1981. A comparative study of the genital segments and the genital chamber in female Tri- choptera. Biologiske Skrifter 23: 1-200. Schmid, F., 1958. Trichopteres de Ceylon. Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie 54: 1 173. Schmid, F., 1961. Trichopteres du Pakistan. Tijd- schrift voor Entomologie 104: 187-230. Scott, K.M.F., 1963. Some Ecnominae from the Transvaal and south west Africa (Trichoptera: Psychomyidae), Annals of the South African Museum 46: 453-468. Scott, K.M.F., 1968. A new species of Ecnomus McLachlan (Trichoptera: Psychomyidae) from South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa 31: 411-415. Ulmer, G., 1907. Trichoptera in Genera Insectorum. Brussels, fasc. 60, 259 pp. Ulmer, G., 1916. Results of Dr E. Mjóberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia. 1910-1913, Trichoptera. Arkiv for Zoologi 10: 1—23. Ulmer, G., 1951. Kócherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln (Teil 1). Archiv für Hydrobio- logie. Supplement 19; 1-528. Watson, J.A.L., and Theischinger, G., 1984. Regions of taxonomic disjunction in Australian Odonata and other freshwater insects. Odonatologica 13; 147-157. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 29 —— Figures 1-9. Ecnomus spp. Males. 1, 2. Ecnomus ingibandi sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-053); genitalia: 1, lateral view; 2, ventral view; i.a., inferior appendage; par., paramere; pha., phallus; pro. IX, process on ninth abdominal segment; pro. X, process on tenth abdominal segment; s.a., superior appendage. 3, 4. Ecnomus kitabal sp. nov., paratype, NE-NSW. (CT-044); genitalia: 3, lateral view; 4, ventral view. 5, 6. Ecnomus jimba sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-046); genitalia: 5, lateral view; 6, ventral view. 7-9. Ecnomus veratus sp. nov., paratype, N-NT. (CT-056): 7, genitalia, lateral view; 8, genitalia, ventral view; 9, wing venation. Scale lines: figs 1-8, 0.1 mm; fig. 9, 0.5mm. 30 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 10-15. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 10, 11. Ecnomus turgidus Neboiss, paratype, S-WA. (CT-026): 10, lateral view: 11, ventral view. 12, 13. Ecnomus digrutus sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-067); 12, lateral view; 13, ventral view. 14, 15. Ecnomus woronan sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-078): 14, lateral view; 15, ventral view. 14a, 15a. Ecnomus woronan sp. nov. (variety), NE-Qld. (CT-063): 14a, lateral view; 15a, inferior appendage, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 31 Figures 16-23. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 16, 17. Ecnomus kakaduensis sp. nov., paratype, N-NT. (CT-066): 16, lateral view; 17, ventral view. 18, 19. Ecnomus wellsae sp. nov., paratype, NE-NSW. (CT-017): 18, lateral view; 19, ventral view. 20, 21. Ecnomus tridigitus sp. nov., paratype, NE-NSW. (CT-012): 20, lateral view; 21, ventral view. 22, 23. Ecnomus neboissi sp. nov., holotype, E-Vic. (CT-031): 22, lateral view; 22a, superior appendage, basiventral angle, ventro-lateral view; 23, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. 32 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 24-31. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 24, 25. Ecnomus turrbal sp. nov., paratype, SE-Qld. (CT-041): 24, lateral view: 25, ventral view. 26, 27. Ecnomus cuspidis sp. nov., paratype, NE-Qld. (CT-073): 26, lateral view: 27, ventral view. 26a, 27a. Ecnomus cuspidis sp. nov. (variety), SE-QId. (CT-074), inferior appendages: 26a, lateral view; 27a, ventral view. 28, 29. Ecnomus bishopi sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-079): 28, lateral view: 29, ventral view. 30, 31. Ecnomus clavatus sp. nov., paratype, N-NT. (CT-043): 30, lateral view; 31, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 33 33a Figures 32-37. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 32, 33. Ecnomus deani sp. nov. paratype, Vic. (CT-013): 32, lateral view; 33, ventral view. 32a, 33a. Ecnomus deani sp. nov. (variety), Vic. (CT-036): 32a, superior appendage, lateral view; 33a, inferior appendage, ventral view. 34a, 35a. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely, Tas. (CT-024): 34a, lateral view; 35a, ventral view. 34b, 35b. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely (variety), E-Vic. (CT-011) 34b, lateral view; 35b, ventral view. 34c-f. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely (varieties), inferior appendage, lateral: 34c, nr Naracoorte, SE-SA. (CT-033); 34d, L Purrumbete, Vic. (CT-035); 34e, SW Kyneton, Vic. (CT-034); 34f, SW Healesville, Vic. (CT-050). 36, 37. Ecnomus volsellus sp. nov., paratype, Vic. (CT-014): 36, lateral view; 37, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. 34 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 38-44. Ecnomus spp. Males. 38, Ecnomus volsellus sp. nov., paratype, Vic. (CT-014): wing venation. 39, 40. Ecnomus pansus Neboiss, paratype, S-WA. (CT-027), genitalia: 39, lateral view; 40, ventral view. 41, 42. Ecnomus cygnitus Neboiss, Vic. (CT-025), genitalia: 41, lateral view: 42, ventral view. 42a, 42b. Ecnomus cygnitus Neboiss (varieties), inferior appendage, ventral: 42a, SE-Qld. (PT-557); 42b, Tas. (PT-458). 43, 44. Ecnomus kerema sp. nov., holotype, NE-Qld. (CT-103), genitalia: 43, lateral view; 44, ventral view. Scale lines: fig. 38, 0.5 mm; figs 39-44, 0.1 mm. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 35 Figures 45-52. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 45, 46. Ecnomus continentalis Ulmer, NE-Qld. (CT-028): 45, lateral view; 46, ventral view. 462, inferior appendage, apico-ventral view. 47, 48. Ecnomus nibbor sp. nov., paratype, Vic. (CT-016): 47, lateral view; 48, ventral view. 49-50. Ecnomus ancisus sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-051): 49, lateral view; 50, ventral view. 51, 52. Ecnomus blythi sp. nov., paratype, N-NT. (CT-057): 51, lateral view; 52, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. 36 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 53-60. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 53, 54. Ecnomus centralis sp. nov., paratype, SW-Qld. (CT-038): 53, lateral view; 54, ventral view. 55, 56. Ecnomus myallensis sp. nov., paratype, SE-Qld. (CT-042): 55, lateral view; 55a, superior appendage, basiventral angle, ventro-lateral view; 56, ventral view 57, 58. Ecnomus yabbura sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-060): 57, lateral view; 58, ventral view. 59, 60. Ecnomus miriwud sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-068): 59, lateral view; 60, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 37 Figures 61—68. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 61, 62. Ecnomus wagengugurra sp. nov., paratype, NE- NSW. (CT-062): 61, lateral view; 62, ventral view 63, 64. Ecnomus karawalla sp. nov., holotype, W-Vic. (CT-032): 63, lateral view; 64, ventral view. 65, 66. Ecnomus russellius Neboiss, Tas. (CT-029): 65, lateral view; 66, ventral view. 67, 68. Ecnomus karakoi sp. nov., holotype, Vic. (CT-030): 67, lateral view; 68, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. 38 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 69-76. Ecnomus spp. Male genitalia. 69, 70. Ecnomus tropicus sp. nov., paratype, NE-Qld. (CT-069): 69, lateral view, apex of inferior appendage, ventro-lateral view; 70, ventral view. 71-72. Ecnomus apiculatus sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-018): 71, lateral view; 72, ventral view. 71a, 71b. Ecnomus apiculatus sp. nov. (varieties), inferior appendage, lateral: 71a, N-WA. (CT-039); 71b, SE-Qld. (CT-039). 73, 74. Ecnomus kinka sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-061): 73, lateral view; 74, ventral view. 75, 76. Ecnomus pilbarensis sp. nov., paratype, N-WA. (CT-022); 75, lateral view; 76, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 39) Figures 77-84. Ecnomus spp. Genitalia. 71, 18. Ecnomus larakia sp. nov., paratype male, N-NT. (CT-072): 77, lateral view; 78, ventral view. 79, 80. Ecnomus pakadji sp. nov., holotype male, NE-QId. (CT-052): 79, lateral view; 80, ventral view. 81, 82. Ecnomus walajandari sp. nov., paratype male, N-WA. (CT-065): 81, lateral view; 82, ventral view. 83-84. Ecnomus russellius Neboiss, Tas. (CT-108), female: 83, lateral view; 84, ventral view; v.pl., ventral plate. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. 40 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 85-96. Ecnomus spp. Female genitalia. 85, 86. Ecnomus myallensis sp. nov., Vic. (CT-087): 85, lateral view; 86, ventral view. 87, 88. Ecnomus pansus Neboiss, S-WA. (CT-114): 87, lateral view; 88, ventral view. 89, 90. Ecnomus cygnitus Neboiss, Vic. (CT-096): 89, lateral view; 90, ventral view. 91, 92. Ecnomus tridigitus sp. nov., paratype, NE-NSW. (CT-099): 91, lateral view; 92, ventral view. 93, 94. Ecnomus continentalis Ulmer, NE-Qld. (CT-106): 93, lateral view; 94, ventral view. 95, 96. Ecnomus nibbor sp. nov., paratype, Vic. (CT-104): 95, lateral view; 96, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) Figures 97-106. Ecnomus spp. Female genitalia. 97. 98. Ecnomus turgidus Neboiss, paratype, S-WA. (CT-113): 97, lateral view; 98, ventral view. 99, -100. Ecnomus deani sp. nov., SE-NSW. (CT-1 10): 99, lateral view; 100, ventral view. 101, 102. Ecnomus wellsae sp. nov., paratype, NE-NSW. (CT-097): 101, lateral view; 102, ventral view. 103, 104. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely, Tas. (CT-107): 103, lateral view; 104, ventral view. 103a, 104a. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely (variety) E-Vic. (CT-109): 103a, lateral view; 104a, ventral view. 105, 106. Ecnomus volsellus sp. nov., paratype, Vic. (CT-092): 105, lateral view; 106, ventral view. Scale lines: all 0.1 mm. 42 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT 107 a Mi 108 109 / LC Ss. PROVINCE = / ; Z fu ph LLY, e o o Los / kadi v $^ x l ^ nn 4 ; eŭ i Un | BASSIAN ^ MEAT 2 e Figures 107-109. 107, 108. Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely (variety), male and female in copula, Vic. (CT-093): 107, lateral view; 108, ventral view.109, faunal provinces of Australia, with associated barriers or disjunctions (////), total number of species of Ecnomus in each province indicated by ®, number of species of Ecnomus in each region (between barriers) indicated by N. Scale lines: figs 107, 108, 0.1 mm; fig. 109, 500 km. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 43 Figures 110, 111. Distribution of Ecnomus species. 110, Ecnomus ingibandi sp. nov. (8); Ecnomus kitabal sp. nov. (V); Ecnomus jimba sp. nov. (A); Ecnomus turgidus Neboiss (6). 111, Ecnomus veratus sp. nov. (m); Ecnomus tridigitus sp. nov. (€); Ecnomus neboissi sp. nov. (0); Ecnomus turrbal sp. nov. (A). Scale lines: all 500 km. 44 Figures 112, 113. Distribution of Ecnomus species. 112, Ecnomus digrutus sp. nov. (^); Ecnomus volsellus s pakadji sp. nov. (w); 113, Ecnomus kakaduensis Sp. nov. (m nov. (e); Ecnomus miriwud sp. nov. (a Scale lines: all 500 km. )? DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT p. nov. (e); Ecnomus larakia sp. nov. (m); Ecnomus ); Ecnomus wellsae sp. nov. (A); Ecnomus deani sp. THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 45 Figures 114, 115. Distribution of Ecnomus species. 114, Ecnomus wororan sp. nov. (M); Ecnomus pansus Neboiss (6). 115, Ecnomus cuspidis sp. nov. (m); Ecnomus karakoi sp. nov. (Y); Scale lines: all 500 km. Ecnomus bishopi sp. nov. (D). 46 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT Figures 116, 117. Distribution of Ecnomus species. 116, Ecnomus clavatus sp. nov. (m); Ecnomus cygnitus Neboiss (e); Ecnomus centralis sp myallensis sp. nov. (V). 117, Ecnomus tillyardi Mosely (e) Scale lines: all 500 km. . NOV. (A); Ecnomus ; Ecnomus apiculatus Sp. nov. (m); Ecnomus kinka Sp. nov. (D). THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF ECNOMUS McLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ECNOMIDAE) 47 Figures 118, 119. Distribution of Ecnomus species. 118, Ecnomus kerema sp. nov. (A); Ecnomus continentalis Ulmer (e); Ecnomus ancisus sp. nov. (m); Ecnomus pilbarensis sp. nov. (D). 119, Ecnomus nibbor sp. nov. (a); Ecnomus blythi sp. nov. (A); Ecnomus yabbura sp. nov. (v); Ecnomus russellius Neboiss (e). Scale lines: all 500 km. 48 DAVID I. CARTWRIGHT | Figure 120. Distribution of Ecnomus species. Ecnomus wagengugurra Sp. nov. (0); Ecnomus karawalla sp. nov (e); Ecnomus tropicus sp. nov. (4); Ecnomus walajandari sp. nov. (vw). Scale line: 500 km. E | | Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 49-64 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES AND THE ADULT MALE OF AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE (MASKELL) (COCCOIDEA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) Bv GRANT S. FARRELL Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia Abstract Farrell, G.S., 1990. Description of the immature stages and the adult male of an Australian mealybug, Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51(1): 49-64. All instars of Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell) except for the adult female are described and illustrated. Characteristic features of each instar and of the species, including the inci- dence and form of the dorsal cerarii in nymphal instars, are discussed. The morphology of the adult male is examined in detail and compared with that of other species of the fam- ily. Introduction The taxonomy of Australian scale insects is generally poorly understood, in spite ofthe early interest of such workers as W.M. Maskell and the recognition that Australia is apparently the origin of many species of economic importance. However Williams' (1985) revision of the Aus- tralian Pseudococcidae based on the adult female stage has elucidated many of the histori- cal problems of the family in this country. This treatment has provided a sound basis for an understanding ofthe group within Australia, but there is still an urgent need for more detailed descriptions and illustrations of the pre-adult instars and where possible the adult male. The mealybug Melanococcus albizziae (Mas- kell) is found along the eastern coast of Aus- tralia, occurring predominantly on Acacia Willd. (Mimosaceae). It was thought to be re- stricted to this host-plant genus, there being doubt concerning earlier host-plant records on other genera (Williams, 1985). However the host-plant range of this mealybug must be recon- sidered again as a breeding population of the species has recently been found on A/bizzia lophantha (Willd.) in Victoria (Farrell, unpub- lished data). This is the first record of the mealy- bug on this host-plant since the species’ original collection. M. albizziae is polyphagous on Aca- cia (Farrell, 1985; Williams, 1985), and is one of the few Australian mealybugs capable of inflict- ing damage on its native hosts (Williams, 1985). French (1916) reported death of the host-plant if an infestation was left unchecked. In Victoria 49 the mealybug has been observed to attain locally high population levels, although only one indi- vidual host-plant has been observed to have died and it was not possible to attribute cause of death solely to the infestation (Farrell, 1985). Howeverthe level of damage attributable to sub- lethal, high density infestations 1s as yet unquan- tified. Whilestudyingthe ecology ofthis mealybug in southern Victoria, sufficient numbers of all instars of both sexes were collected to allow detailed description of the species. As Williams (1985) has provided details of the adult female, the descriptions presented here will be limited to the other stages of development. Materials and methods All material was collected in the Melbourne area (Farrell, 1985). Samples thought to contain males were returned to the laboratory to enable rearing of the adult males while all other mater- ial was used immediately to make slides or stored in 7096 ethanol. Preparation of material for slide-mounting varied depending on the stage of the mealybug being examined. Small and delicate material such as early instars of both sexes and all pre-adult instars of the male were prepared using the techniques of Afifi and Kosztarab (1967), while later instars of the female were prepared using the techniques of Banks and Williams (1972). All stages were stained with acid fuschin and mounted in Eupa- ral. Diagrams were produced using a camera lucida attached to a Zeiss compound micro- 50 scope. Illustrations (except for adult male) include a central drawing of the insect with the left half representing the dorsal aspect and the right half the ventral aspect. Enlargements of important details are placed around the peri- meter of the figure. These enlargements are not to the same scale in each illustration, nor are the dermal structures and enlargements in direct proportion to each other. Scale lines are for the central drawing only, the exception to this being the illustration of the adult male. Details of the adult male illustration are provided in the figure legend. All measurements of morphological characters are in micrometers and are given either as ranges or as means followed by ranges in parentheses. Were possible a minimum of ten replicates were used for each character. Termi- nology for females instars is based on Williams (1985) and for males instars on Afifi (1968). Voucher specimens of each stage described here and of the adult female, have been lodged in the Australian National Insect Collection, Can- berra. Melanococcus Williams Melanococcus Williams, 1985: 203. Type species, Dactylopius albizziae Maskell, 1892: 31. Remarks. This genus was erected for 11 species of Australian mealybugs found on Acacia. Although close in character to two other genera, Epicoccus Cockerell and Mutabilicoccus Williams, the species of Melanococcus form a natural group if all characters are considered (Williams, 1985). In life the mealybugs are a dark reddish-brown to black with a flocculent ovisac beneath the body of the adult. The body itself is often shiny and usually without a cover- ing (Williams, 1985), Important characteristics of the genus include the structure of the anal ring and anal lobes, the type of setae found on the derm, particularly the similarity between cerar- ian and dorsal setae, the presence of an anal bar and the presence of tubular ducts around the ventral margins. Also the cerarii are restricted to the last few abdominal segments, trilocular pores and ostioles are present and the circulus and multilocular pores are variable in their occurrence (Williams, 1985). Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell) Dactylopius albizziae Maskell, 1892: 31, — Lidgett, 1899: 54. — Froggatt, 1916: 814. Dactylopius acaciae Maskell, 1892: 23. — Lidgett, 1899: 53. — Froggatt, 1916: 813. GRANT S. FARRELL Pseudococcus albizziae. — Fernald, 1903; 97. Pseudococcus acaciae. — Fernald, 1903: 97. Melanococcus albizziae. — Williams, 1985: 205. First Instar (Fig. 1). Body ovoid, dorsoventrally flattened, naked and dark red in colour before leaving brood chamber; after settling becoming less dorsoventrally flattened, cigar shaped, cov- ered with light dusting of waxy white powder. Legs and antennae large with respect to body. Slide-mounted specimens 473 (438-538) long, 248 (200-235) wide. Dorsum: Cerarii arranged in a marginal series of 18 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii (Fig. 1A), of 2 con- ical setae, no auxiliary setae and a single tri- locular pore within a lightly sclerotized area. Remaining cerarii (Fig. 1B), also made up of 2 conical setae and a trilocular pore, but setae indistinguishable from body setae and not asso- ciated with a sclerotized area. Dorsal body setae long and slender, few in number, arranged as follows: abdominal segments I to VII each medially with a pair of cerarian-like setae asso- ciated with a pair of trilocular pores, position of pores variable (Fig. 1C, D, E) and each side of segment with a submarginal seta associated with a trilocular pore except segments I, II where 2 pores per seta may occur; thorax: mesothorax and metathorax with transverse rows of setae apparently associated with each segment, the setae grouped medial and submarginal and each seta with a trilocular pore; prothorax and head variable, but usually 1 or both with a pair of medial setae with trilocular pores, prothorax occasionally with a submarginal seta and asso- ciated pore on each side. Pair of trilocular pores on abdominal segment VIII. Oral rim and oral collar ducts and multilocular pores absent. Anal ring (Fig. IF) entire, with 6 setae. Abdominal ostioles present. Venter: Anal lobe: anal bar with a long slender seta (Fig. IG); apical setae robust, 84-102 long. Two pairs of long setae on abdomen segment IX ventral to anal ring. Ventral body setae (Fig. 11), longer and more slender than dorsal body setae, anterior setae (Fig. 1J), longer than posterior setae; setae arranged as follows: on abdominal segments III to VII each side of body with a dou- ble row of submedial setae and a row of submar- ginal setae; submedial setae on segment VII with trilocular pore; submarginal setae with minute circular pore (Fig. 1H); abdominal segment II and III with a single row of submedial setae; mesothorax with a pair of setae and a trilocular pore between mid and hind legs and a pair of setae near labium; head with 6 to 8 setae between antennae. Microspines on all abdominal seg- AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE 51 Figure 1. First instar Melanococcus albizziae. (See Appendix for abbreviations in this and all other figures. AII scale lines 150 um long.) aid ments and most thoracic segments. Oral rim and oral collar ducts and multilocular pores absent. Circulus indistinct. Antennae with 6 segments, 170 (160-181, n = 14) long; terminal segment longest. Legs large compared to body and well developed; tarsal and claw digitules slender with knobbed apex. Length of hind femur: 58 (54-65 n = 19). Second Instar (Fig. 2). Live specimens dark red to dark purple in colour, usually covered with a white waxy exudate. Cigar shaped, similar to set- tled first instar. Antennae and legs hidden under body. Slide-mounted specimens 819 (688-925) long, 468 (325-600) wide. Dorsum: Cerarii restricted to abdominal seg- ments. Anal lobe cerarii (Fig. 2A), formed of 2 conical setae, 1 auxiliary seta and 3-4 trilocular pores within a sclerotized area. Remaining cer- arii (Fig. 2B), on segments IV to VII, occasion- ally segment III consisting of 2 conical spines more slender than anal lobe setae and a number of trilocular pores; cerarian setae becoming indistinguishable from body setae anteriorly. Dorsal body setae of 2 types: long spiny setae resembling cerarian setae (Fig. 2C), and shorter, more slender setae (Fig. 2D); arranged as follows: on abdominal segments I to VII in trans- verse rows and longitudinally into medial bands resembling dorsal cerarii, consisting of 3 setae and associated trilocular pores per segment, (Fig. 2C), setae becoming less closely grouped anteriorly; remaining setae on abdomen in band between medial setae and cerarii, consisting pre- dominantly of cerarian-like setae with some smaller setae (Fig. 2D); on thorax in 2 transverse rows corresponding to position of mesothorax and metathorax with some setae scattered on remainder of thorax and head. Trilocular pores (Fig. 2E), present on head and thorax, associated with setae; abdominal segment VIII with a trans- verse row of 6 trilocular pores. Oral collar ducts occasionally present on abdomen submargi- nally. Oral rim and multilocular pores absent, Anal ring (Fig. 2F), entire, bearing 6 setae, 66-84 long. Cephalic and abdominal ostioles poorly defined; with setae and trilocular pores on outer lips. Venter: Anal lobe (Fig. 2G) with anal bar bear- ing a long slender seta; apical setae 90—160 long, with a short seta and trilocular pore anterior to each apical seta. Two pairs of long setae on abdo- men segment IX ventral to anal ring. Ventral body setae (Fig. 2H), longer and more slender than dorsal setae, anterior setae (Fig. 21), longer than posterior setae; setae arranged on abdomen as follows: a double submedial row and a double GRANT S. FARRELL submarginal row on segments III to VII; segment II and III with a pair of setae medially, sub- marginal setae variable; some abdominal seg- ments occasionally with shorter setae distal to submarginal setae; body setae on thorax and head scattered randomly, but most numerous between antennae on head. Trilocular pores on abdomen near setae; on thorax near setae but also near spiracles and submarginally; on head randomly distributed. Microspines on all ab- dominal segments and most thoracic segments. Oral collar ducts (Fig. 2J) on abdomen submar- ginally, rarely on thorax. Oral rim pores absent. Circulus indistinct (Fig. 2K). Multilocular pores (Fig. 2L), associated with intercoxal setae on thorax. Antennae with 6 segments (Fig. 2M), 202 (178-218, n = 12) long; terminal segment long- est. Legs well developed; tarsal and claw digi- tules slender with knobbed apex. Length of hind femur: 82 (69-90, n = 19). Third Instar (Female) (Fig. 3). Live specimens dark red, covered with a white waxy exudate. Body elliptical, more rotund than previous stages. Antennae and legs hidden under body. Slide-mounted specimens 1250 (1017-1488) long, 820 (589-973) wide. Dorsum: Cerarii restricted to abdominal seg- ments. Anal lobe cerarii (Fig. 3A), formed of 2 conical setae, 2 or 3 setae similar to, but smaller than, cerarian setae, 2 or 3 auxiliary setae and a group of 6-9 trilocular pores; area lightly sclero- tized, irregularly shaped. Remaining cerarii (Fig. 3B), on segments IV to VII, occasionally segment III, consisting of 2 conical spines more slender than anal lobe setae and a number of tri- locular pores; cerarian setae becoming indistin- guishable from body setae anteriorly. Body setae of 2 types: longer setae, resembling cerarian setae (Fig. 3C), and indistinguishable from anterior cerarian setae and shorter, more slender setae; longer setae arranged as follows: in trans- verse rows on abdominal segments I to VII, each segment having a medial group of 3 setae and associated trilocular pores resembling dorsal cerarii (Fig. 3C), medial setae becoming more slender and less closely grouped anteriorly; tho- rax and head predominantly with cerarian-like setae scattered in clumps. Shorter body setae scattered over body. Trilocular pores (Fig. 3D), in transverse rows on abdomen; scattered over thorax and head, but tending to be near setae. Minute circular pores (Fig. 3E), scattered on tho- rax. Oral collar and oral rim ducts and multilo- cular pores absent. Anal ring (Fig. 3F), entire, bearing 6 setae, 78-102 long. Cephalic ostioles faint and abdominal ostioles poorly defined, but AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE Figure 2. Second instar Melanococcus albizziae. 53 54 GRANT S. FARRELL N UN Figure 3. Third instar female Melanococcus albizziae. AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE more distinct; both with setae and trilocular pores on outer lips. Venter: Anal lobe (Fig. 3G), with anal bar bearing a long slender seta; apical setae robust 132-156 long; 3to4 trilocular pores, several oral collar ducts and 4 to 6 auxiliary setae also on anal lobe. Three pairs of long setae on abdomen segment IX ventral to anal ring. Ventral body setae (Fig. 3H), longer and more slender than dorsal setae, anterior setae (Fig. 31), longer than posterior setae; setae on abdomen in transverse rows; on thorax, submarginally and between legs; on head between antennae. Trilocular pores numerous submarginally on abdomen and tho- rax, around spiracles and associated with body setae between coxae; less numerous medially on abdomen and head. Microspines absent. Oral collar ducts (Fig. 3J) scattered submarginally on abdomen, submarginally and medially on tho- rax. Oral rim ducts absent. Minute circular pores (Fig. 3K), scattered over venter, usually asso- ciated with setae. Circulus indistinct (Fig. 3L). Multilocular pores rarely present. Antennae with 6 segments (Fig. 3M), 235 (223-258, n- 11) long, terminal segment longest. Legs well devel- oped; tarsal and claw digitules slender with knobbed apex. Length of hind femur: 89 (81- 102, n = 18). Third Instar (Male) (Fig. 4) In life red in colour, body elongate, wing pads small; often covered by fluffy white wax test. Slide-mounted specimens 1068 (992-1116) long, 512 (485-576) wide. Dorsum: Lateral margin of abdominal seg- ments IV to VII, and occasionally segments l and III, each with 2-3 marginal setae grouped together and often near oral rim ducts. (Fig. 4A). Segment VIII with 3 setae (Fig. 4B), in a trans- verse row on lateral margin. Marginal setae occasionally occuring on thorax. Body setae sim- ilar to marginal setae, as follows: in transverse rows on abdominal segments II to VII, each seg- ment having a medial group of 3 setae (Fig. 4C): on thorax (Fig. 4D), setae scattered on metatho- rax and prothorax, absent or rare on mesotho- rax; on head concentrated anteromedially. Tri- locular pores absent. Multilocular pores (Fig. 4E) in irregular transverse rows on abdomen, scattered over thorax and head, but mainly asso- ciated with setae. Oral rim ducts (Fig. 4F), com- mon on abdomen, but less frequent on thorax and head. Oral collar ducts absent. Hamulohal- teres not apparent. Wing buds 119 (84-150) long, 115 (102-120) wide. Abdominal ostioles present. Genital segment: penial sheath with microspines; anal opening dorsal; apically 2 La LA pairs of setae. Sheath 63 (54-78) long, 97 (84- 108) wide. Venter: Segment VIII (Fig. 4G), with apical setae 69-102 long and 2 shorter auxiliary setae. Ventral body setae (Fig. 4H), shorter than dorsal body setae; in transverse rows on abdomen, scat- tered over thorax; setae on head between anten- nae, longer. Multilocular pores (Fig. 41), in transverse rows on abdomen, generally scattered on thorax but concentrated around spiracles. rare on head. Oral rim ducts (Fig. 4J), scattered on abdomen marginally; on thorax usually near spiracles and marginally on mesothorax. Oral collar ducts absent. Antennal segments often partly fused, segmentation variable; total length 233(216-294). Legs developed, with short setae; tibiotarsal articulation absent. Length of hind femur: 108 (99-118, n = 11). Fourth. Instar (Male) (Fig. 5). In life red in colour, body elongate, wing pads well devel- oped; antennae long; body often covered by fluffy text of white waxy threads. Slide-mounted specimens 1142 (992-1240) long, 434 (359- 484) wide. Dorsum: Lateral margin of each abdominal segment II to VII with 2-3 setae (Fig. 5A), in cluster resembling cerarii; with associated oral rim ducts. Abdominal segment VIII with a sub- marginal transverse row of 3 setae (Fig. 5B). similar to other submarginal abdominal setae, but not associated with oral rim ducts. Body setae similar to marginal setae, arranged as follows: in transverse rows on abdominal seg- ments II to VIL, each segment with medial group of 3 setae similar to dorsal cerarii (Fig. 5C); on thorax in a single row and clustered at base of wing bud of mesothorax, in transverse row and submarginally on prothorax; scattered over head. Trilocular pores absent. Multilocular pores (Fig. 5D) in transverse rows on abdominal segments III to VII; on thorax, near metatho- racic body setae (Fig. 5E). Oral rim ducts (Fig. SF), near abdominal cerarian-like submarginal setae; on prothorax submarginally. Oral collar ducts absent. Postocular ridge present; dorsal portion of ocular selerite weakly sclerotized. Hamulohalteres not apparent. Wing buds 404 (311-516) long, 114 (68-141) wide. Abdominal ostioles present. Genital segment: penial sheath with microspines; anal opening dorsal; 2 pairs of setae apically. Sheath 74 (69-84) long, 101 (90— 108) wide. Venter: Segment VIII (Fig. 5G), with apical setae 75-102 long and 2 shorter auxiliary setae. Ventral body setae (Fig. 5H), shorter than dorsal e GRANT S. FARRELL Figure 4. Third instar male Melanococcus albizziae. AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE OCS. Figure 5. Fourth instar male Melanococcus albizziae. 57 GRANT S. FARRELL body setae; in transverse rows on abdomen; den- sest around spiracles on thorax with occasional seta associated with coxa; setae longer on head, between antennae. Multilocular pores (Fig. 5I), in clusters on abdominal segments II to VIII; on thorax near spiracles and between fore coxa. Oral rim ducts (Fig. 5J), on lateral margins of abdominal segments II to VII; rare on thorax and head. Oral collar ducts absent. Antennal seg- ments well developed, 9 segmented, 411 (375- 447, n = 7) long; apical segment longest. Legs well developed; with tibiotarsal articulation and setae. Length of hind femur: 136 (123-141, na 9) Fifih Instar (Adult Male) (Fig. 6) In life red in colour, body slender, narrow; wings, antennae moderately sized compared with body. Slide- mounted specimens 1080 (1030-1184) long, 278 (225-338) wide; wing span 2338 (1183- 1426). Head: Subtetrahedral; subtriangular in dorsal and anterior view (Fig. 6A,C); ventral preocular depression not apparent in lateral view (Fig. 6B). Length 177 (125-192), width 206 (190-225). Dorsal arms of midcranial ridge anteriorly detached from other arms (Fig. 6C), posteriorly meeting postocular ridge; ventral and lateral arms forming Y-shaped ridge, ventral ridge poorly defined, reduced to slender line sur- rounded by irregular sclerotized area (Fig. 6C). Postocular ridge U-shaped, discontinuous with preocular ridge anteriorly; thickest posteriorly, tapering anteriorly and terminating at preocular ridge; posterior edge of ridge lightly sclerotized. Preocular ridge and interocular ridge joined pos- teriorly to postocular ridge below ocellus. Pre- oral ridge slender. Eyes: dorsal simple eyes with corneae 25.8 (22.5-35.0) in diameter, ventral simple eyes with corneae 25.3 (22.5-32.5) in dia- meter. Lateral ocelli large. Cranial apophysis truncated apically. Tentorial bridge very slen- der. Dorsal setae: 8-13 on each side of midline. Genial setae: 2-3 on each side of midline. Ven- tral head setae: 3-8 between ventral simple eyes; 19-22 ina transverse band across area of ventral preocular depression; 5-7 associated with lateral arms of midcranial ridge. Head disc pores (Fig. 6E): 1 pore associated with base of anten- nae. Antennae: Filiform, 10-segmented, 683 (633- 718) long; longer than half body ratio (ratio 1:1.30-1.71, average 1.58) and slightly longer than hind leg (ratio 1 : 1.08-1.23, average 1.17). Size of segments given in Table 1. Scape with 4 hair-like setae. Pedicel and flagellum with 18.0-24.0 8 20.4 IX 19.8-24.0 ZZzide. VIII 21.0-24.0 VII 60.0-78.0 68.6 6 22.8-27.0 VI 4.0-27.0 66.0-90.0 8 76.7 24 Segment (um) V 8 24,0-28.2 63.0-87.6 74.9 IV 69,0-88.8 23.4-28.8 78.0 8 II 8 27.0-30.6 69.0-93.0 79.9 54.0-69.0 8 61.7 Table 1. Length and width of antennal segments of adult male Melanococcus albi 33.0-42.0 37.2-48.0 41.0 8 39,0-48.0 Length Width 59 GRANT S. FARRELL g | / JI / nE: = = / jos--__ EIN oS Buss — pei ŝi sede. 1 NOEN EA S j psa ama 1] : -- suis " bej. ~u W ^ EE In esios * — - zus = 3 ! EE A 1 = FUP men ejos jes -/ A osa ~~ Ns X p age qe iae. A, dorsal and ventral aspects of body. B, lateral aspect 10th antennal segment, dorsal view. E, body pores. F, minute circular Figure 6. Fifth instar male (adult) Melanococcus albi of body. C, head, anterior view. D, pores. 60 numerous fleshy setae. Apical segment (Fig. 6D), with 2 subapical sensory setae; 2 antennal bristles subapically: 1 apical hair-like seta. Pedi- cel with sensillum placodeum dorsally. Hair-like setae variable, at most 1-2 per segment. Thorax. Prothorax: Pronotal ridge usually with medial interruption; lateral pronotal scler- ites and post-tergites distinct. Proepisternum bound ventrally by ridge-like structure reaching pleural ridge. Remaining pleural structures nor- mal for family, Prosternum subtriangular, bounded posteriorly by well developed proster- nal ridge. Prothoracic setae on each side: 1-2 medial pronotal setae; post-tergal setae absent; lateral pronotal setae absent: 0-4 antespiracular dorsal setae: antespiracular ventral setae absent, 0-2 prosternal setae, occasionally with 1 seta on apex of sclerite. Prothoracic pore on each side: 0-1 medial pronotal pores: 0-1 lateral pronotal pores; 2-3 antespiracular dorsal pores; 0-1 pro- sternal pores. Mesothorax: Prescutum 82 (65-95) long, 133 (122-150) wide. Prescutal ridge well developed. prescutal suture developed but indistinct medially. Scutum 115 (100-125) long, 207 (180-240) wide; with heavily anterolateral, pos- terolateral sclerotization, medial area with narrow longitudinal membranous band. Preal- are and triangular plate well developed, prealar ridge distinct. Scutellum 66 (50-85) long, 122 (100-160) wide; scutoscutellar suture and inward fold of posterior margin of notum well developed: medial ridge variable, but often dis- tinct longitudinally. dividing sclerite. Postalare with well separated anterior and posterior pos- talar ridges. Mesopleuron: mesopleural ridge interrupted above coxal articulation; basalare present. Other pleural structures typical for fam- ily. Mesosternum: basisternum 148 (122-170) long, 233 (180-268) wide. Marginal and pre- coxal ridges strong; furca well developed. Tho- racic setae on each side: 2-5 prescutal setae; 3-7 scutal setae; 2-5 scutellar setac; 4-8 postmeso- stigmatal setae; 0-4 tegular setae. Basisternal setae: 11-33 over entire sclerite. Pores on each side: 1 postmesostigmatal pore: 2-3 mesospira- cular pores. Metathorax: Metapostnotal selerites and metapostnotal ridge well developed. Pleural ridge with pleural apophysis. Episternum and epimeron distinct, precoxal ridge well devel- oped, tending to anteriorly delineate epister- num. Metasternal apophysis distinct but occa- sionally absent, Metathoracic setae on each side: 1—3 metatergal setae; 0-2 metapleural setae; 1—4 anterior metasternal setae; 1-2 posterior metas- GRANT S. FARRELL ternal setac. Pores on each side: metatergal pores absent; 1-2 metaspiracular pores: l anterior metasternal pore: 0-1 posterior metasternal pores. Wings: 1031 (928-1088) long. 417 (371—454) wide. Alar lobe: additional sclerites developed: first and second auxiliary sclerites well devel- oped, third auxiliary sclerite difficult to detect. Usually 3 alar setae, 2 circular sensoria. Hamu- lohalteres present; with l apical seta. Legs: Of moderate length and slender (Table 2). All segments with numerous hair-like setae. Tarsus with 2 tarsal digitules, ungual digitules on claw absent, Trochanter with 2—3 circular sensilla on each side and 1 long apical seta. Tibia with 2 apical spurs and 2 smaller spine-like hairs, Abdomen: 557 (487-650) long, 277 (225-377) wide. Tergites: present as 2 small submedial plates on segment I; absent on segments II to VII; represented by a transverse band on seg- ment VIII. Sternites absent except for a weakly sclerotized area on either side of segment VIII. Ostioles greatly reduced. Abdominal setae: dor- sal setae on each side in transverse rows on each segment and longitudinally as a medial and sub- medial band; medial setae as follows: segment VIII always with 2 setae on posterior edge of ter- gites; segment VII, 2-3 setae: segment VI, 3-4 setae; segments I to V, 2 setae; and submedial setae: in double row on segments I to VII, absent segment VIII. Segment II occasionally with a single seta between medial and submedial setae. Pleural setae in transverse rows on each side: segments I and II, 2-3 setae: segments II to VII 4—6 setae. Ventral setae on each side in trans- verse rows and longitudinally in medial and sub- medial bands; medial setae arranged as follows: segments II to VII, 2 setae; submedial setae as follows; segments II to VII, 1 seta. Segment III usually with a single seta between medial and submedial setae. Abdominal pores: pleural pores: 0-3 minute circular pores (Fig. 6F), on segments I to VII; ventral pores: 0-1 disc pores near submedial setae; 0-1 circular pores on seg- ments III to VIII near medial, and occasionally, submedial setae. Glandular pouch well developed, with a pair of long tail setae and 2 long hair-like setae. Genital segment: small, triangular dorsally; style curved upwards in lateral view. Penial sheath 112 (90-125) long, 80 (76-88) wide. Basal ridge well developed, its projection and process of penial sheath distinct. Aedeagus tapering posteriorly to a point. Setae of genital segment on each side: dorsally, 3 near style; ven- AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE 61 Table 2. Length and width of leg segments of adult male Melanococcus albizziae. Segment (um) Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus Leg I Length range 30-62 50-62 137-172 155-205 TEE mean 46 58 152 167 83 ü 10 11 8 12 12 Width range 41-62 25-37 32-40 17-25 15-20 mean Do 29 36 21 19 n 10 11 8 12 12 Leg II Length range 37-50 25-57 1252155 147-200 75-100 mean 44 So 147 186 84 n 8 8 10 12 14 Width range 45-55 22227 32-40 22 15-20 mean 49 i 35 18 19 n 8 10 12 14 Leg III Length range 37-62 55-62 137-187 175-250 75-100 mean 49 60 150 PH TI 87 n 10 9 12 14 14 Width range 47-55 25-30 32-42 17-22 15-22 mean 52 25 36 19 l n 10 9 12 14 14 trally 3-4 setae on the penial sheath: 2—3 setal sensilla on process. Remarks. This species was simultaneously de- scribed under two different names in the same paper (Maskell, 1892), highlighting the histori- cal difficulties modern workers have faced with the Australian mealybugs. Although Fernald (1902) transferred the species to Pseudococcus Westwood, Froggatt (1916) later returned it to Dactylopius O. Costa. The genus Dactylopius is now the sole member of the Dactylopiidae (De Lotto, 1974), the family being characterized by its host specificity to the cactaceous plants, par- ticularly those of the genus Opuntia. Dactylopius albizziae is thereby excluded from this genus and a new genus, Melanococcus, was erected to accomodate it (Williams, 1985). M. albizziae can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the conical dorsal setae being about the same size as those on the anal lobe (Williams, 1985). Key to instars of Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell) Although it was possible to seperate instars on the length of the hind femur, other morphological characters were also diagnostic. These characters have been used to construct the key presented here. Although not described here the adult female has been included for completeness. As the adult male is easily distinguished from other instars, it has not been included. Ë Wing buds present — Wing buds absent .......... 5 to GRANT S. FARRELL Derm without tubular ducts and multiocular pores; each dorsal cerarius WIL On I SC JO, Muso e Apa E pum e Hs e EE ALI, Ist instar Derm without either tubular ducts or multiocular pores; dorsal cerarii HOF e Er EE LE Mrs EXPE E ER A IE. p At least marginal cerarii of abdominal segment VIII with more than 2 setae; multilocular pores on abdomen in region of vulva Adult female Marginal cerarii with a maximum of 2 setae; multilocular pores either absentcorut present; VO, oue may Em RTI PIN So a hedo 4 Multilocular pores absent; minute circular pores on dorsum; anal lobe with 3-4 trilocular pores, several oral collar ducts and 4-6 auxilary Oc TR e dA E A USERS 3rd instar female Multilocular pores present, but restricted to area anteromedial to hind coxa; minute circular pores absent; anal lobe with | auxilary seta and ] trHoduldnmporedo. AP ee NM LI PE QR s 2nd instar female Wing pads as long as wide; antennal segments partly fused, segmentation variable; legs without tibiotarsal articulation ........3rd instar male Wing pads longer than wide: antennae with 9 well defined segments: legs with tibiotarsal articulation ... Discussion The presence of marginal cerarii is a charac- teristic of the Pseudococcidae. but dorsal or medial cerarii are less common (Ferris, 1950: McKenzie, 1967). The presence of dorsal cerarii on M. albizziae is thus noteworthy. These struc- tures are characterised in first instars by two conical setae and a pair of associated pores (Fig. IC), and in subsequent instars by three setae and associated pores (Fig. 2C, 3C). The setae of each dorsal cerarius are equal or subequal in size and shape to the setae of the corresponding marginal cerarius. The dorsal cerarii are located medially on each abdominal segment and like the margi- nal cerarii, are most distinct on abdominal seg- ment VII, but become less obvious anteriorly. The actual number of distinguishable cerarii. both marginal and dorsal, varied from instar to instar and individual to individual. with the largest recognizable number being found on the first instar and the smallest number on the adult female. On all individuals examined, no dorsal cerarii were found anterior to the abdomen. In male instars the abdominal segments also bore dorsal setae arranged into groups of three along the midline. However unlike the females, there were no pores associated with these setae (Fig. 4C, 5C, 6A). Pre-adult male instars also had marginal cerarii, but these were associated with tubular ducts rather than trilocular pores as in female instars. It is of interest to note that while it is often difficult to differentiate types of tubu- lar ducts in female instars of Australian mealy- bugs (Williams, 1985), no such difficulties were Observed in the males of M. albizziae. TE ME MERE Pe I. mn 4th instar male The trilocular pores of the dorsal cerarii of the first instar exhibited an interesting orientation in relationship to the setae. In all material exam- ined the cerarii of abdominal segments IV to VII had a pair of setae between a pair of pores (Fig. 1C). while the cerarii of segments I to III had the pair of pores between the pair of setae (Fig. 1D). It is not known why this change in orientation Occurred, but it was a constant pattern in all individuals. The classification of the Pseudococcidae. as with all other families of Coccoidea. is still firmly based on female morphology (Williams, 1985), although other instars, including the adult males, provide characters of phylogenetic value (Afifi, 1968; Boratynski. 1970; Williams, 1985). Specifically males are thought to better represent ancestral affinities, particularly at higher levels of classification (Boratynski, 1970). although they can also be useful at an intrafamiial level (Boratynski and Davies, 1971: Davies and Boratynski, 1979: Davies, 1981). Although descriptions of adult males are not available for the two genera indicated by female morphology to be most closely related to Mela- nococcus, it was possible to compare the adult male of M. albizziae with the twenty species of mealybugs described by Afifi (1968). Based on these data sets Afifi (1968) used 134 characters to separate the species into four groups of genera. Using the same character states, M. albizziae shows greatest affinity (85— 101 shared character states) with the P/anococ- cus-group. Within the Planococcus-group most features were shared with two Nipaecoccus Sulc AN AUSTRALIAN MEALYBUG, MELANOCOCCUS ALBIZZIAE 63 species, N. vastor (Maskell) (101) and N. nipae (98). However M. albizziae also exhibited char- acter states considered exclusive to other groups of genera. These are: (i) the lack of a ventral preocular depression (Saccharicoccus-group), (ii) a ridge-like ventral margin to the proepister- num (Ceroputo group), and (iii) the absence of a trochantin (Nairobia-group). While the first and last of these features can be explained by con- vergence, the ridge-like ventral margin to the proepisternum, thought by Afifi (1968) to be a specialization, can not. The Planococcus-group exhibited the generalized condition of most character states and as a whole was considered by Afifi (1968) to be the most ancestral of the four groups. It would seem that based on male morphology M. albizziae is closely allied to the Planococcus-group and Nipaecoccus in particu- lar. However within the limitations of Afifi’s analysis, the presence of the ridge-like ventral margin to the proepisternum in M. albizziae alone is sufficient to exclude the species from the grouping. Female scale insects are neotenic, highly spe- cialized plant parasites that display a high degree of convergence and so provide few characters on which to base evolutionary relationships. The morphologically more conservative males retain primitive characters lost in the female and pro- vide potential clues to relationships. However the Australian phytophagous fauna has been characterised by rapid evolution and specializ- ation paralleling the rapid evolution of the autochthonous element of the Australian flora (Barlow, 1981; New, 1983). This provides an ideal situation for diffuse coevolution (Fox, 1981) and it has been postulated that this leads to the evolution of taxonomically difficult groups (New, 1983). Australian mealybugs are thought to be of Gondwanan origin (Williams, 1985), with most species found on host-plant genera with (evolutionary) recent and extensive radiations (Gill, 1975; Williams, 1985). Is not surprising, then, that M. albizziae failed to fit into the Afifi's (1968) framework, given that it was based on cosmopolitan and non-Australian species. It is possible that the study ofthe taxonomy of male scale insects may play an important role in illuminating the systematic of the Pseudococci- dae and other families of the Australian fauna. For example Williams (1985) has suggested that the true relationships ofthe Australian species of Pseudococcus may only be understood when the males are studied. Acknowledgments I thank Dr T. New (Department of Zoology, La Trobe University) for his help and advice during this project and for his critical reading of the manuscript. My thanks to Jenny Lawther for her help in preparing the illustrations. Dr D. Williams (Commonwealth Institute of Entomo- logy) identified Melanococcus albizziae and pro- vided encouragement. Comments on the man- uscript by an anonymous referee are greatly appreciated. Part of this work was done while holding a Commonwealth Postgraduate Research Scholarship. References Afifi, S.A., 1968. Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum, (Natural History) Entomo- logy Supplement 13: 210 pp. Afifi, S.A. and Kosztarab, M., 1967. Studies on the morphology and taxonomy of males of Antonina and one related genus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Research Division Bulletin 15: 1-43. Banks, H.J. and Williams, D.J., 1972. Use of the sur- factant, Decon 90, in the preparation of coccids and other scale insects for microscopy. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 11: 347— 348. Barlow, B.A., 1981. The Australian flora: its origin and evolution. Pp. 25-75 in: Flora of Australia 1. Introduction. Bureau of Flora and Fauna: Can- berra. Bartlett, B. R., 1978. Pseudococcidae. Pp. 137-170 in: Clausen, C.P. (ed.) /ntroduced parasites and pred- ators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. United States Department of Agriculture, Agri- culture Handbook No. 480. Boratynski, K., 1970, Advances in our knowledge of Coccoidea with reference to studies of males and the application of some numerical methods of classification. Polish Congress of Contemporary Science and Culture in Exile 1: 585—595. Boratynski, K. and Davies, R.G., 1971. The taxon- omic value of male Coccoidea with an evaluation of some numerical techniques. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3: 57-102. Davies, R.G., 1981. Information theory and character selection in the numerical taxonomy of some male Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea} Systematic Entomology 6: 49-178. Davies, R.G. and Boratynski, K.L., 1979. Character selection in relation to the numerical taxonomy of 64 some male Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 12: 95- 165. De Lotto, G., 1974. On the status and identity of the cochineal insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dacty- lopiidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa 37: 167-193. Farrell, G.S., 1985. The morphology, biology and eco- logy of two colonial scale insects (Coccoidea) on Acacia (Mimosaceae) in south-eastern Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. Fernald, H.T., 1903. A catalogue ofthe Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Agricultural Experi- mental Station 88: 360 pp. Ferris, G.F., 1950. Atlas of the scale insects of North America: Series V: The Pseudococcidae (Part 1). Stanford University Press: Standford. 278 pp. French, C., 1916. Insect pests of the fruit, flower and vegetable garden. Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Victoria 14: 495-498. Lidgett, J., 1899. A Catalogue of Australian Coccidae. The Wombat 4: 31-64. Maskell, W.M., 1892, Further coccid notes: with de- scriptions of new species and remarks on Cocci- dae from New Zealand, Australia and elsewhere. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 24(1891): 1-64. McKenzie, H.L., 1967. Mealybugs of California: with taxonomy, biology and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles. 526 pp. New, T.R., 1983. Systematics and ecology: reflections from the interface. Pp. 50-79 in: Highley, E. and Taylor, R.W, (eds.) Australian systematic entomo- logy: a bicentenary perspective. CSIRO: Can- berra. Sandlant, G.R., 1978. Slide-mounting fresh specimens of small soft-bodied Homoptera (mealybugs, scale insects, and aphids). New Zealand Entomologist 6(4): 430-431. Williams, D.J., 1985. Australian mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History): London. 431 pp. Wilson, F.. 1960. A review of the biological control of insects and weeds in Australia and Australian New Guinea. Technical Communication. Com- monwealth Institute of Biological Control 1: 102 pp. GRANT S. FARRELL Appendix Abbreviations used in figures. ab. antennal bristles. ads, abdominal dorsal setae. aed, aedeagus. al, alar lobe. als, alar setae. amsp. anterior metasternal pores. amss, anterior metasternal setae. anp, anterior notal wing process. apar, anterior pos- talar ridge. app. abdominal pleural pores. aps, abdom- inal pleural setae. as, abdominal sternite. asdp, antes- piracular dorsal pores. at, abdominal tergites. avp, abdominal ventral pores. avs, abdominal ventral setae. bas, basalare. bra, basal rod of aedeagus. brps. basal ridge of penial sheath. ca, cranial apophysis. cl, claw. ex, coxa. dhp, dorsal head pores. dhs, dorsal head setae. dmer, dorsal arm of midcranial ridge. dse, dorsal simple eyes. epm2, mesepimeron. epm3, metepime- ron. eps2, mesepisternum. eps3, metepisternum. f, furca. FIII-X, flagellum segments — 3rd to 10th. fm, femur. fs, fleshy setae. g. gena. gls. setae of glandular pouch. gp. glandular pouch. gs, genal setae. gts, setae of genital segment. h, hamulohaltere. Imcr, lateral arm of midcranial ridge. lpp, lateral pronotal pores. med, marginal ridge. mpnp, medial pronotal pores. mpns, medial pronotal setae. mps, metapleural setae. mr, marginal ridge. mts, metatergal setae. o, ocellus. ocs, ocular sclerite. ost, ostiole. pa. postalare, per2, pre- coxal ridge of mesothorax. per3, precoxal ridge of metathorax. pdc, pedicel. pepcv. proepisternum + cervical selerite. plr2, mesopleural ridge. plr3, meta- pleural ridge. pmp, postmesostigmatal pores. pms, postmesostigmatal setae. pn3, metapostnotum, pna. postnotal apophysis. pn3r, metpostnotal ridge. pocr, postocular ridge. por, postocular ridge. ppar, posterior postalar ridge. pra, prealare. prar, prealar ridge. prn. lateral pronotal sclerite. prnr, pronotal ridge. pro, pro- cess of penial sheath. procr, preocular ridge. pror, preoral ridge. pros, setal sensilla of process of penial sheath. prsc, prescutum. pscr, prescutal ridge. pscse, prescutal setae. pt, post tergite. pwp, mesopleural wing process. rad, radius, sel. scutellum. sep, scape. sct, scu- tum. sctse, scutal setae. sens, circular sensoria. ser, subepisternal ridge. set scla, subapical sensory setae. sp2, mesothoracic spiracle. sp3, metathoracic spiracle. sp2p, mesospiracular pores. sp3p. metaspiracular pores. st, style. stnl, prosternum. stn2, mesosternum (basisternum). stnlr, prosternal ridge. stn1s, proster- nal setae. stn2s, basisternal setae. tar, tarsus. tdgt, tarsal digitules. vhs, ventral head setae, vmer, ventral arm of midcranial ridge. vse, ventral simple eyes. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 65-82 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 REDESCRIPTION OF CRYPTES BACCATUS (MASKELL) (COCCOIDEA: COCCIDAE), AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE Bv GRANT S. FARRELL Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia Abstract Farrell, G.S., 1990. Redescription of Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Coccidae), an Australian species of soft scale. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria S1(1): 65-82. All instars of the male and female of Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) are described and illus- trated, Characteristic features of each instar are discussed. Morphology of the adult male is examined in detail and compared with that of other coccid species. The status of the genus is examined with regard to the morphology of the adult male and female. Introduction The Coccidae are difficult to classify and there are few keys to species. Little has been written on the family (Williams and Kosztarab, 1972) although a large number of species are economi- cally important (De Lotto, 1965). For most species the few diagnostic characters used in the past are either unreliable or of minor taxonomic importance (De Lotto, 1965). There has been little recent study on endemic soft scales in Australia. Froggatt's (1921) work, the most recent treatment, was not systematic and was little better then a catalogue. One endemic Australian genus of interest is Cryptes Cockerell and Parrott. This genus is monotypic and Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) is restricted to Acacia Willd. (Mimosaceae) Although distinc- tively a coccid, its relationship within the family is uncertain (Steinweden, 1929). No modern descriptions of the species exist and while work was being carried out on its ecology the oppor- tunity was taken to describe all stages of both the male and female of this unusual species. The scale occurs in large aggregations, the sexes either occurring together or in separate, but proximate aggregations. The species has been found along the east coast of Australia, although the northern limits of its distribution are unknown. To the south its range extends into South Australia and it has also been found in the Perth region of Western Australia (Farrell, 1985). Materials and methods Material was collected and prepared as de- scribed by Farrell (1990). The development of 65 the adult female 1s characterised by an extended period of allometric growth, with the female be- coming heavily sclerotized and convex towards the end of this period (Farrell, 1985). This ren- ders mature females useless for distinguishing morphological characters. Descriptions of adult females presented here are restricted to young individuals priorto this stage. All measurements of morphological characters are in micrometers and are given as either ranges or means followed by ranges in parentheses. Unless stated other- wise a minimum of ten replicates were used for each character. Terminology for female instars is based on Ray and Williams (1980) and for male instars on Giliomee (1967) and Ray and Williams (1980). Illustrations (except for adult male) include a central drawing of the insect with the left half representing the dorsal aspect and the right half the ventral aspect. Enlarge- ments of important details are placed around the perimeter of the figure. These enlargements are not to the same scale in each illustration, nor are the dermal structures and enlargements in direct proportion to each other. Scale lines are for the central drawing only, the exception to this being the illustration of the adult male. Details of the adult male illustration are provided in the figure legend. Voucher specimens of all stages have been lodged in the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra. Cryptes Cockerell and Parrot Cryptes Cockerell and Parrott, 1899: 161. — 1901: 58. — Froggatt, 1921: 42. — Morrison and Morrison, 1922: 80. — Steinweden, 1929: 233. baccatum Maskell, Type species. Lecantum 1891. 66 Remarks. This monotypic genus was erected by Cockerell and Parrott for a species of Lecanium Bouche described by Maskell (1891) from a specimen collected on Acacia paradoxa Br. Cockerell and Parrott (1899), upon examining material sent to them by J. Lidgett believed that the species was more closely related to Kermes Latreille than to Lecanium. However, as the spe- cies showed a mixture of features common to both genera they decided, based on the male test, that it warranted a distinct genus. Morrison and Morrison (1922) showed that Cockerell and Parrott were the first to use Cryptes as a genus, despite some earlier confu- sion in the literature. Steinweden (1929) con- cluded that the following features diagnose the genus: the long, curved, blunt-tipped marginal setae and body setae; the stout, very short, blunt stigmatic setae of the first instar; and the com- pletely fused anal cleft of the adult female. As the last feature is absent in young specimens of adult females, it is not entirely satisfactory as a diag- nostic character. Fusion of the anal cleft occurs as a result of allometric growth of the scale dor- sum and can take up to a month to be completed (Farrell, 1985). This character should be con- sidered of secondary importance in defining the genus. Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) Lecanium baccatum Maskell, 1891: 20, — 1893: 217. — 1897: 311. Lecanium baccatum var. marmoreum Fuller. 1899: 458. Cryptes baccatus Cockerell and Parrott, 1899: 161. — Froggatt, 1921: 42. — Morrison and Morrison, 1922: 80. Egg. Ellipsoidal, 253 (228 — 266) long, 118 (95— 133) wide (n = 20). Covered with a light dusting of white wax, probably secreted by the ventral abdominal pores of the female during ovipos- ition; orange when laid, but gradually become lighter in colour, yellowish shortly before hatch- ing. First instar (Fig. 1). General Appearance: Body flattened, elongate-ovoid, tan to mustard in colour. Slide-mounted specimens 749 (589- 961) long, 433 (310-589) wide. Dorsum: Derm membranous. Marginal setae (Fig. LA), 26 (18-40) long, blunt ended, often bent posteriorly, distributed as follows: 13-19 between anterior spiracular furrows, 2-3 between anterior and posterior spiracular furrows of each side, 22-30 on remainder of body. Body setae (Fig. IB), 34 (26-46) long, GRANT S. FARRELL blunt ended and often bent posteriorly; 18-20 on derm arranged in 2 longitudinal rows. Two spiracular setae (Fig. 1C), in anterior spiracular furrow, 1 in posterior spiracular furrow; 8.0 (6.6-9.6) long, 3.7 (3.0-4.8) wide. Eyes on margin. No pores, tubular ducts or tubercles on derm. Anal Plates: Each plate triangular with rounded angles; 75 (69-81) long, 22 (18-27) wide, cephalolateral margin 43 (39-53) long. caudolateral margin 42 (33-48) long. Each plate (Fig. 1D), with 3 apical setae, 1 discal seta, l subapical seta. Anal fold with | pair of fringe setae. Median apical setac (Fig. 1E), approxi- mately half body length. Anal ring (Fig. IF), with 6 hairs and no pores. Venter: Segmentation faintly delineated on abdomen. Submarginal setae (Fig. IG), in longi- tudinal row on each side of body arranged as follows: 7 setae on abdomen, 1 seta between spi- racular furrows, l seta medially on head, between antennae. Body setae (Fig. IH), shorter and stouter than submarginal setae, arranged on each side of abdomen in row of 6-7 setae parallel to submarginal setae. One pair of long setae anterior to anal cleft. One pair of interantennal setae. Antennae (Fig. 1I), well developed, 6 seg- mented, 138 (120-147) long. Legs well devel- oped, without tibiotarsal sclerosis; 2 tarsal digi- tules, proximal 1 with knobbed apex, distal 1 with plate-like apex; 2 claw digitules with knob- bed apex. Length of hind femur: 90 (84-91, n — 20). Spiracular furrows with quinquelocular pores (Fig. 1J); anterior band with 2 pores, pos- terior band with 3 pores. No other pores on venter. Tubular ducts and microducts absent. Second instar (Female) (Fig. 2). Body elliptical to slightly pyriform, with white seta-like wax fringe. Yellow-white in colour. Slide-mounted specimens 1166 (1054—1314) long, 783 (651— 930) wide. Dorsum: Derm membranous. Marginal setae (Fig. 2A), 17.6 (14,4-28.2) long, blunt ended, distributed as follows: 17 (14-19) between anterior spiracular furrows, 3 (3-4) between anterior and posterior spiracular furrows of each side, 30 (27-32) on remainder of body. Two spi- racular setae (Fig. 2B), in anterior spiracular furrow, l in posterior spiracular furrow; 7.0 (4.8-9.0) long, 7.0 (5.4-9.0) wide. Body setae, tubular ducts, tubercles, eyes and pores absent on derm. Anal Plates: Each plate triangular, but with rounded angles and median edge concave; 105 (100-114) long, 38 (35-45) wide, cephalolateral AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE 67 Figure 1. First instar Cryptes baccatus. (See Appendix for abbreviations in this and other figures. All scale lines 150 um long). margin 66 (60-72) long, caudolateral margin 63 (55-69) long. Each plate (Fig. 2C), with 2 apical setae, l discal seta, 1 subdiscal, 3 subapical seta. Anal fold with 1 pair of fringe setae (Fig. 2C). Anal ring (Fig. 2D), with 8 hairs and no pores. Venter: Segmentation delineated on thorax and abdomen by membranous folds. Submargi- nal setae (Fig. 2E), long, pointed, 12.8 (8.4-18.0) long, arranged on each side of the body as follows: on abdomen in either | or 2 rows of 4 to OM Figuro 2, Second instar female Cryptes baccatus, 3 / setae, posterior setae of outer row longest, | setae between spiracular furrows, 6-8 setae on whole head, between antennae, Body setae shorter and stouter (han submarpinal setae, Two GRANT S, FARRELL pairs of long setae on abdominal segments VI and VII, Antennae (Fig. 2P), not well developed, 7 segmented, 118 (111-132) long. Two pairs of setae near antennal scape, | approximately twice AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE the length of other. Legs well developed, without tibiotarsal sclerosis, claw and tarsal digitules slender, knobbed. Length of hind femur 90 (81- 102, n = 19). Spiracular pores quinquelocular (Fig. 2G), pore bands of variable width; anterior band with 6-10 pores, posterior band with 6-12 pores. Tubular ducts (Fig, 2H). scattered over venter. Microspines on abdomen, concentrated in anal cleft. Microducts absent. Second instar (Male) (Fig. 3). Body elongate- oval, may be enclosed in a cottony wax test with a glassy operculum posteriorly. In life, tan in colour, test white. Slide-mounted specimens 1453 (1110-1860) long, 904 (775-1042) wide. Dorsum: Derm initially membranous but becoming progressively sclerotized in older specimens. Marginal setae (Fig. 3A), 16.1 (12.0— 23.0) long, blunt ended, distributed as follows: 14 (12-16) between anterior spiracular furrows, 3 (2-3) between anterior and posterior spiracu- lar furrows of each side, 24 (16-29) on remain- der of body. Two spiracular setae (Fig. 2B), in anterior spiracular furrow (occasionally 3), l in posterior spiracular furrow; 7.0 (4.8-9.0) long, 7.0 (5.4-9.0) wide. Tubular ducts (Fig. 3C1) scattered over derm, but absent from area cor- responding to operculum of test. Sclerotization of area surrounding duct opening (Fig. 3C2) resulting in semicircular band corresponding to anterodorsal margin of operculum. Body setae, tubercles. eyes and pores absent on derm. Anal Plates: Each plate triangular, but with rounded angles and median edge concave; 89 (78-96) long, 36 (27-51) wide, cephalolateral margin 58 (48-69) long, caudolateral margin 56 (48-62) long. Each plate (Fig. 3D), with 2 apical setae, | discal seta, 1 subdiscal. 3 subapical seta. Anal fold with 1 pair of fringe setae (Fig. 3D). Anal ring (Fig. 3E), with 8 hairs and no pores. Venter: Segmentation on thorax and abdo- men delineated by sclerotization medially. Sub- marginal setae (Fig. 3F), long, pointed, 12.8 (8.4-18.0) long, arranged on each side of the body as follows: on abdomen in either | or 2 rows of 4 to 7 setae, posterior setae of outer row longest, 1-2 setae between spiracular furrows, normally a pair of setae medially on head, between antennae, although 3 setae have been observed. Body setae (Fig. 3G) shorter and stouter than submarginal setae, scattered over body. Two pairs of long setae on abdominal seg- ments VI and VII. Antennae (Fig. 3H), not well developed, 7 segmented, 105 (96-114) long. Two pairs of setae associated with each antennal scape, | approximately twice the length of other. 69 Legs well developed, without tibiotarsal sclero- sis, claw and tarsal digitules slender, knobbed. Length of hind femur: 79 (69-87, n = 19). Spi- racular pores quinquelocular (Fig. 31), pore bands of variable width; anterior band with 6- 10 pores, posterior band with 6-12 pores. Tubu- lar ducts (Fig. 3J), scattered over venter, more concentrated posteriorly. A submarginal row of tubular ducts also found. Microspines on abdo- men, concentrated in anal cleft. Microducts absent. Third instar (Female) (Fig. 4). Body subelliptical to pyriform, brown to tan in colour. Size of slide- mounted material 1277 (1178-1426) long, 1011 (930-1054) wide. Dorsum: Derm membranous. Marginal setae (Fig. 4A), 18 (12-24) long, blunt ended, distri- buted as follows: 22-33 between anterior spi- racular furrows, 5-7 between anterior and pos- terior spiracular furrows of each side, 44-58 on remainder of body. Body setae (Fig. 4B), as long or longer than marginal setae, spread in a semi- circular ring anterior to anal plates, irregularly over rest of derm. Two spiracular setae (Fig. 4C), in anterior spiracular furrow (occasionally 3), 1 in posterior spiracular furrow; 8.0 (6.6-9.0) long, 8.0 (6.6-9,0) wide. Submarginal tubercles absent. Simple pores (Fig. 4D), restricted to semicircular ring anterior to anal plates. Anal Plates: Each plate triangular, but with rounded angles and median edge concave; 118 (96-141) long, 45 (30-48) wide, cephalolateral margin 70 (54-87) long, caudolateral margin 74 (51-90) long. Each plate (Fig. 4E), with 2 apical setae, | discal seta, 1 subdiscal, 3 subapical seta. Anal fold with 1 pair of fringe setae (Fig. 4E). Anal ring (Fig. 4F), with 8 hairs and no pores. Venter: Segmentation delineated on thorax and abdomen by membranous folds. Submargi- nal setae (Fig. 4G), long, pointed, arranged as follows: 16-23 around head, between anterior spiracular furrows, 3-6 setae between spiracular furrows, 48-50 setae on thorax and abdomen between posterior spiracular furrows. Body setae (Fig. 4H), shorter than submarginal setae and more bristle-like, scattered over venter. One pair of long setae medially on abdominal seg- ment VII, flanked proximally by 2 pairs of shorter setae. Antennae not well developed, 7 segmented, 1332 (1080-1650) long. Legs well developed, without tibiotarsal sclerosis, claw and tarsal digitules slender, knobbed. Length of hind femur: 116 (109-153, n = 9). Spiracular pores quinquelocular (Fig.4I), pore bands of variable width; anterior band with 22-26 pores, 70 Figure 3. Second instar male Cryptes baccatus. GRANT S. FARRELL AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE Figure 4. Third instar female Cryptes baccatus. 71 72 posterior band with 22-38 pores. Multilocular pores (Fig. 4J), restricted to medial area of abdominal segments. Tubular ducts (Fig. 4K), scattered over venter. Third instar (Male) (Fig. 5). Enclosed within white cottony wax test with glassy operculum. Body elliptical. Slide-mounted specimens 1760 (1628-1910) long, 970 (862-1102) wide. Dorsum and Pleural Surface: Derm membra- nous. Pair of short peg-like setae (Fig. 5A), on head. No setae on thorax. A pair of peg-like setae (Fig. 5B) on each of abdominal segments II to VII. Long and bristle-like dorsopleural setae (Fig. 5C) in groups of 1-3 on segments IV to VII. Shorter ventropleural setae (Fig. 5D) on abdom- inal segments IV to VII. Eyes present on margin above level of antennal scape. No spiracular setae, submarginal tubercles, pores or ducts pre- sent. Wing buds 516 (475-550) long, 200 (173- 238) wide. Anal Plates: Plates reduced to an irregular bilobed membranous ring. Anal ring absent. Penial sheath lightly sclerotized, no setae: geni- tal opening subapical. Sheath 107 (90-135) long, 114 (90-150) wide. Venter: Pairs of peg-like setae between anten- nal bases. Occasionally 1 or 2 longer bristle-like setae (Fig. SE), at base ofeach hind coxa. Ventral abdominal setae: a pair on each of abdominal segments II to VI (Fig. 5F); 3 pairs on segment VII. Antennae mainly membranous, 9 seg- mented, 341 (315-405) long. Legs mainly mem- branous, with poorly defined segmentation. Ducts and spiracular pores absent. Fourth instar (Adult Female) (Fig. 6). Living scale varying in colour from brown in newly moulted, pre-settled females to grey in pre-ovi- position females. Post-oviposition females dark brown. Shape varing from pyriform in newly moulted females to sub-spherical in reproduc- tive females. Distortion of shape due to aggrega- tion may result in a “corn on the cob" effect. Description based on pre-reproductive females. Size of slide-mounted material: immature, pre- settled individuals; 1795 (1430-2140) long, 1443 (1200-1710) wide, post-oviposition indi- viduals: 6047 (4200-7150) long, 5572 (4620- 6290) wide. Dorsum: Derm membranous in pre-ovipos- ition females, completely sclerotized in post- oviposition females. Marginal setae (Fig. 6A), 34 (28-54) long, blunt ended, sometimes bent pos- teriorly, distributed as follows: 16-20 between anterior spiracular furrows, 3-6 between anter- ior and posterior spiracular furrows of each side, GRANT S. FARRELL 25-30 on remainder of body. Body setae (Fig. 6B), as long as marginal setae but more slender, pointed apically, distributed over derm. Spira- cular setae (Fig. 6C) sub-spherical in shape, 19 (15-20) long, 17 (15-20) wide. Two spiracular setae (occasionally 3), in anterior spiracular furrow, 1 in posterior spiracular furrow. Sub- marginal tubercles and tubular ducts absent. Simple pores (Fig. 6D), restricted to semicircu- lar ring anterior to anal plates. Anal Plates: Each plate triangular, but with rounded angles and median edge concave; 167 (141-180) long, 66 (54-99) wide, cephalolateral margin 106 (93-120) long, caudolateral margin 100 (96-108) long. Each plate (Fig. 6E), with 2 apical setae, 1 discal seta, 1 subdiscal, 2 subapi- cal seta. Anal fold with 2 pairs of fringe setae (Fig. 6E). Anal ring (Fig. 6F), with 16 setae and no pores. Anal cleft open initially, progressively fused as scale grows, with anal plates becoming convex and area around plates becoming heavily sclerotized. Venter: Segmentation, when delineated, on abdomen medially. Submarginal setae (Fig. 6G). long, pointed, scattered along margin, more numerous posteriorly, Body setae (Fig. 6H). shorter than submarginal setae and more bristle- like, scattered irregularly over venter. Three setae near each antenna. Pair of longer setae with nearby body setae on abdominal segment VIL. Pair occasionally on abdominal segment VI. Antennae (Fig. 61) well developed, 230 (200- 250) long, usually 8 segmented, occasionally with incomplete fourth segment (Fig. 6J). Legs well developed, with tibia and tarsus fused, claw and tarsal digitules slender, knobbed. Length of hind femur: 155 (134-168, n = 22). Spiracular pores quinquelocular (Fig. 6K), pore bands of 1— 3 pores wide; anterior band with 22-34 pores, posterior band with 30-44 pores. Multilocular pores (Fig. 6L), on abdomen medially, body setae scattered amongst pores. Tubular ducts (Fig. 6M), scattered over venter. Microspines in anal cleft. Small indistinguishable structures, possibly microducts scattered on head around mouthparts and between antennae. Fourth instar (Male) (Fig. 7). Enclosed within white cottony wax test with glassy operculum. Body elliptical. Slide-mounted specimens 1746 (1580-1868) long, 788 (671—958) wide. Dorsum and Pleural Surface: Derm mem- branous. Head and thorax without setae. A pair of short peg-like setae (Fig. 7A), on each of abdominal segments III to VIL. Longer dorso- pleural abdominal setae (Fig. 7B), in groups of AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE Ak Figure 5. Third instar male Cryptes baccatus. 1-3 on segments IV to VII, usually becoming more numerous posteriorly. Shorter peg-like ventropleural setae (Fig. 7C), on segments V to VII. Eyes submarginal, posterior to scape. No spiracular setae, submarginal tubercles, pores or ducts present. Wing buds 749 (630-800) long, 254 (225-300) wide. 73 Anal Plates: Replaced by a membranous col- lar. Anal ring absent. A sclerotized penial sheath originates from membranous collar. Genital opening subapical. Venter: No setae on head and thorax. Ventral abdominal setae (Fig. 7D), in pairs on each of abdominal segments II to VI, 3 pairs medially on 74 GRANT S. FARRELL Figure 6. Fourth instar female (adult) Cryptes baccatus. AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE segment VII. Antennae elongate, largely mem- branous, 9-10 segmented, 717 (630-765) long. Legs mainly membranous, segmentation poorly defined, but apparent. Length of hind femur: 245 (216-276. n = 19). Ducts and spiracular pores absent. Fifth instar (Adult Male) (Fig. 8). Living speci- mens red-brown with sclerotized areas dark brown-black, appendages yellowish-orange, wing with purplish tinge along radial vein; body robust: legs, antennae setose; abdomen with long wax filaments. Slide-mounted specimens, 2086 (1929-2367) long, 267 (237-312) wide; wing span 3263 (2989-3512). Head: Typical coccid subconical shape in dor- sal view (Fig. 8A); in lateral view (Fig. 8B), dor- soventrally elongated, anterodorsal bulge not pronounced. Length 304 (250-350), width 288 (275-300). Median crest sclerotized and weakly striated dorsally, but only weakly sclerotized anterodorsally to lateral arm of mid-cranial ridge (Fig. 8C); with 0-4 hair-like setae arranged in 2 groups of 0-2 setae, 1 group at level of, and other group anterior to, dorsal simple eyes. Dor- sally midcranial ridge absent: posterior poly- gonal reticulation absent. Genae: moderate size, entirely membranous, without setae. Eyes: 2 pairs, subequal, corneae of dorsal eyes 50.8 (47.5-55.0) in diameter, corneae of ventral eyes 50.3 (45.0-57.5) in diameter. Ocellus small. Sclerotization of ocular sclerite apparent, although weakly in places; polygonal reticu- lation usually absent, if present weak and locally restricted; striation common, particularly between eyes. Preocular ridge moderately long with ventral part not extended far beyond arti- cular process. Postocular ridge weak dorsally, definition increased lateroventrally but only well defined posteromedially; no apparent split- ting to enclose ocellus. Dorsal ocular sclerite absent. Ventral head setae: restricted to | seta anterior to ocular sclerite, between articular pro- cess and midcranial ridge. Preoral ridge present. Tendon-like apodeme variable, usually absent. Cranial apophysis with apex truncated, extend- ing to a level medial to ventral eyes. Anterior tentorial pits absent. Antennae: Ten-segmented, filiform, 1173 (1047-1335) long. Ratio to: half body length 1:1.07-1.31 (average 1.14); posterior leg 1:0.87— 1.34 (average 1.05); penial sheath 1:2.52-3.82 (average 3.14). Size of segments given in Table 1. All segments without polygonal reticulation, but striated. Scape with ventral sclerotization reduced; with hair-like setae only. Pedicel with Table 1. Length and width of antennal segments of adult male Cryptes baccatus. (um) Segment IX VIII VII VI IV IH II Length range mean 2-87.2 6.4 72.0-94.8 68. 3 94.8-1 114.3 8.9-174.3 5 .4-227.4 1 55 182.1 6.4-181.9 121.3-181.9 1 13 5 64.4-72.0 83.4-117 77.3 18 87.8 18 15 163.8 98.1 18 68.0 14 64.2 14 18 18 18 18 Width range mean 7.9 (io 30.3 4.1-41.7 A ^ ! 32.8 18 AST en aj uw 60.6 14 18 18 18 18 18 18 14 76 dorsal sensillum. Segments II to IX predomi- nantly with fleshy setae, but occasionally 1 hair- like seta and basiconica sensillum per segment Apical segment (Fig. 8D), with 2 subapical setae; 0-3 antennal bristles. Thorax Prothorax: Pronotal ridge uninterrupted medially, although narrow. Lateral pronotal sclerite variable, but usually absent. Post-ter- Figure 7. Fourth instar male Cryptes baccatus. GRANT S. FARRELL gites absent. Proepisternum and cervical sclerite and pleural ridge as normally for family except for pleural apophysis, which is vestigial. Proster- num variable, transverse ridge strong, but often with semicircular plate extending posteriorly; sclerite triangular to subtriangular, size variable; median ridge, if present, extending anteriorly beyond apex of sclerite, but not reaching trans- verse ridge posteriorly. Setae absent from pro- thorax. TI AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE eo “sae suid 1300 ~~ ƏSA “ejos jos ^ 7 Oo x 19030 e ice or EAER i sua opd S OQ x adult) Cryptes baccatus. A, dorsal and ventral aspect of body. B, lateral aspect of body. 10th segment of antenna, dorsal view. E, distal edge of fore coxa, coxal bristle Figure 8. Fifth instar male( C, head, anterior view. D, 78 Mesothorax: Prescutum 129 (108-150) long, 260 (237-275) wide, curved anteriorly and bound laterally by prescutal ridge and poster- iorly by prescutal suture; sclerotization even; polygonal reticulation variable, when present only faintly delineated; striations more normally present. Scutum: medium membranous area subrectangular 112 (90-127) long, 232 (217- 250) wide, with 0—4 setae. Scutellum 136 (125- 145) long 267 (237-312) wide, not tubular, without setae. Postnotum with anterior margin not overlapped by metathoracic fold; postnotal apophysis and postalare developed, the latter sclerotized such that it appears to bear a foramen lateromedially. Mesopleuron: mesopleural ridge strong, reaching coxal articulation; pleural apophysis well developed: pleural process devel- oped, semicircular, not rounded. Basalare absent. Subalare small, difficult to detect. Epi- sternum slightly striated, subepisternal ridge well developed, thicker medially; dorsal part of ridge split into two arms, ventrally ridge turns GRANT S. FARRELL posteriorly, but stops well short of membranous cleft; sclerotized band joins episternum and lateral pleurite, closing membranous cleft anter- iorly. Episternum small. Lateropleurite partly bound anteriorly by extension from marginal ridge. Basisternum 270 (250-312) long, 344 (330-395) wide, bounded by strong marginal ridge and precoxal ridges. Median ridge varia- ble, when present may extend length of sclerite. Furca well developed. Setae absent. Mesotho- racic spiracle with well developed peritreme; spiracular setae absent. Tegula small, 0-8 tegu- lar setae. Axillary wing sclerites typical of fam- ily. Additional sclerites present. Metathorax: Metanotum with posterior mar- gin occasionally desclerotized medially, suspen- sorial sclerites small. Postnotum consisting of transverse sclerite on each side. Metatergal setae (1-3) usually present on each side of thorax. Pleural ridge well developed, may be interrupted anterior to episternum; with small wing process. Episternum extended ventrally, ridge not devel- Table 2. Length and width of leg segments of adult male Cryptes baccatus. Segment (um) Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus Leg I Length range 80-112 75-100 187-275 360-400 155-187 mean 97 87 247 374 176 n 12 13 12 13 13 Width range 75-105 42-55 50-75 27-37 22-32 mean 9] 49 59 33 26 n 12 13 12 12 13 Leg II Length range 87-112 75-100 200-265 335-412 155-200 mean 96 86 23] 374 167 n 14 14 15 15 16 Width range 80-100 45-62 50-75 25-37 22-32 mean 90 5] 60 30 26 n 14 14 15 15 16 Leg III Length range 87-125 75-112 195-275 350-462 170-215 mean 108 97 252 422 195 n 14 21 21 21 21 Width range 100-137 47-75 62-90 32-50 25-37 mean 108 SES 69 Hi 28 n 18 21 21 21 21 AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE oped anteriorly; epimeron produced posteriorly. Metathoracic spiracle similar to mesothoracic one. Metasternal plate variable, sclerite often incomplete medially, irregularly shaped; meta- sternal setae absent. Wings: Hyaline, 585 (538-625) long, 284 (237-325) wide, alar lobe and alar setae present. Hamulohalteres well developed, each with 1 api- cally hooked seta. Legs: Moderately long, slender, hind pair longest, mid pair shortest; ratio hind leg to body length 1:1.53-2.03 (average 1.85). Length and width of segments given in Table 2. Each tibia with apical spur; each tarsus with 2 subequal digitules. Claws with 2 knobbed subequal digi- tules. Fore coxa with 2 large, distinctive coxal bristles (Fig. 8E). Mid and hind coxa with an elongate hair-like seta on proximal edge. Legs uniformly covered with fleshy setae. Abdomen: Segments I-VII; tergites absent on all segments, sternites present on all segments; posterior sclerites present as transverse plates, anterior sclerites usually as 2 plates; sclerotiz- ation heaviest on posterior plates. Caudal exten- sion of segment VII not sclerotized, Dorsal setae: hair-like only, segments Ito VII with 1 seta on each side. Pleural setae represented by hair- like setae on segments V to VII only and asso- ciated with minute (1 simple) pores, arranged as follows: 2-3 dorsal pleural setae and 1 ventral pleural seta on segment V, 3-4 dorsal pleural setae and l ventral pleural seta on segment VI, 4 dorsal setae and 1 ventral pleural setae on seg- ment VII, occasionally 1—2 dorsal pleural setae 79 and 1 ventral pleural seta on segment IV. Ven- tral setae: hair-like only, arranged as follow": 1 seta each side of segments II to VII, segment VII also with 3-7 medial setae at posterior edge of sclerite. Genital segment: Eighth segment expanded dorsally into subrectangular lobe overlaying base of penial sheath; containing glandular pouch. Penial sheath 380 long, 43 wide, lateral sclerotization not joined anteriorly to arms; basal rod short, sheath without setae, with small sensilla laterally over distal half. Remarks. Maskell (1891) described the external features of the adult female and what appears to be the first instar, including details of the anten- nal segments. He also described the male test and figured the immature and adult female ag- gregation, details of adult females and male test, the first instar and antennae of the adult female and first instar. Fuller (1899) proposed a race for Western Australian specimens, Lecanium bac- catum var. marmoreum Fuller, but its status is uncertain (Morrison and Morrison, 1922) although it is likely that, based on Fuller's de- scription and illustrations, it should be synony- mized with the nominal subspecies. Morrison and Morrison (1922) figured and described the first instar and adult females. Their illustration of the first instar nymph lacks the dorsal body setae found in this study and as there is no men- tion of them in the text, it must be assumed they were absent from the material examined (cf. Fig. l with Morrison and Morrison, 1922: 81. Fig. 27). Key to instars of Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) It was possible to separate instars on a number of morphological characters. These characters have been used to construct the key presented here. Astheadult male is easily distinguished from other instars, it has not been included. i Veri dita asd n ein ES E Ee o ERI RU cu Ten UTR E YET RE NA AE E nd Or de tu uio uie 2 — NER RIT ORDINE TE ELE SE EE sr EE Aa oe SS Data Ee ke Pusey sins coe 6 2 Dorsal body setae arranged into 2 longitudinal rows, with setae often BRIM DOSIGNMOTIVE NO mel Fan gn e pelo ore olo ere aleto (lainey ole Ist instar Dorsal body setae either absent or not as above ................. 3 xo il DOLOS La eR Enea Ate ea p3rsuauwmaked eo kac bs Dorsum with tubular ducts, setae or minute circular pores Dorsum with tubular ducts, but without setae or minute circular ILE on de ere eee e rs 5 2nd instar male Co E ON Eg 2nd instar female — Dorsum without tubular ducts, but with setae and minute circular POVES Py Ibm bl ach s Antennae with 7 segments; anal ring with 8 setae .. 3rd instar female L Antennae with 8 segments, segments 3 and 4 occasionally only partly differentiated; anal ring with 16 setae A CR ONIS ee; Adult female 80 GRANT S. FARRELL 6. Dorsal body setae on head and abdomen: legs and antennae: short, length much less than abdomen, with poorly defined segmentation Dorsal body setae on abdomen only; legs and antennae: long, length 3rd instar male subequal to abdomen, segmentation poor but apparent4th instar male Discussion There are no authoritative revisionary treat- ments of the Australian Coccidae and the most recent world wide review of the family based on female morphology was by Steinweden (1929). Given that the generic classification of the fam- ily is in urgent need of revision (De Lotto, 1965), attempts to reclassify the family into natural or related groups have, not surprisingly, met with little success (Williams and Kosztarab, 1972). Speculation on the relationship of Cryptes to the rest of the family, based on female morphology. is mostly futile. Suffice to say that nothing in this redescription of the adult female questions the assertion of Morrison and Morrison (1922) or Steinweden (1929) as to the generic status of Cryptes. Whether this would remain so after a generic revision of the family is another mat- ter. The taxonomy of the Coccoidea is still firmly based on female morphology, but males are thought to represent ancestral affinities better, particularly at higher levels of classification (Boratynski, 1970), although they can be of use at an intrafamiial level (Boratynski and Davies, 1971; Davies and Boratynski, 1979; Davies, 1981). In the Coccidae the work by Giliomee (1967) provides a base line for the study of intra- famiial relationships using male morphology. Using 119 characters based on the study of 23 species he was able to separate the species exam- ined into four subfamilies (Giliomee's groups of genera). By using the characters established by Giliomee, it was possible to examine the degree of affinity of Cryptes to these genera. Cryptes shared most features (52-65) with the subfamily Eulecaniinae which includes: Eule- canium Cockerell, Nemolecanium Borchsenius. Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti, Rhodococcus Borchsenius, Palaeolecanium Sule, Phyllos- troma Sulc, Filippia Targioni Tozzetti, Cteno- chiton Maskell, Ericerus Signoret, and an uni- dentified genus. It was the largest and most heterogeneous of the families and considered by Giliomee to be the most primitive. To test the relationships between subfamilies, Giliomee used Ghauri’s (1962) method of analy- sis to calculate the following: (a) the number of character states shared by pairs of subfamilies; (b) the number of character states exclusive to the pairs and; (c) the number of character states by which the two subfamilies differ from each other. A similar method was followed to examine the relationships of Cryptes to Giliomee's sub- families (Table 3). These data confirm the affin- ity of Cryptes to Eulecaniinae. It shared more character states with this subfamily than any other, and it shared four exclusive character states with the Eulecaniinae compared with none or one shared with other subfamilies. However, Cryptes also shows two character states considered by Giliomee to be exclusive to other subfamilies. The postocular ridge does not fork in C. baccatus, a feature found only in the Eriopeltinae and C. baccatus has lost the basal- are, a character state Giliomee considered to be diagnostic of the Coccinae. The number of character states shared by Cryptes and the Eulecaniinae was greater than any other pair of subfamilies examined by Gil- iomee and similarly the number of differentiat- ing character states was less then for any other pair (Giliomee, 1967: Table 2A). Cryptes can not be included in the Eulecaniinae, as defined by Giliomee because of attributes considered exclusive to other subfamilies. Giliomee stressed that his findings were provisional, given the limited number of species used in the analy- sis. In particular the Eulecaniinae was the most diverse and artificial, so it is hardly surprising given this, and considering that the work was based on European species, that while C ryptes showed close affinity to the subfamily, the genus could not be properly included within it. Unique conditions during the evolution ofthe Australian phytofauna, particularly the (evol- utionary) recent and extensive radiation of Aca- cia and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) (Gill, 1975), provided an ideal situation for diffuse coevolu- tion (Fox, 1981) to occur (New, 1983). It has been postulated that this can lead to the evolu- tion of many taxonomically difficult groups (New, 1983). Whether the situation with C ryptes is a reflection of this or more simply the poor AN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF SOFT SCALE Table 3. Relationship between Cryptes and subfamilies of coccid genera based on Giliomee (1967). See text for 8l explanation. Pairing Number of Character States (a) (b) (c) Shared Exclusive Differentiating Cryptes—Eulecaniinae 20 4 3 Cryptes-Eriopeltinae 18 1 10 Cryptes-Inglisia* 13 0 20 Cryptes—Coccinae 10 1 21 * Only a single species was contained in Giliomee’s (1967) Ingli- sia-group and so it has not been raised to subfamily status here. state of our knowledge of the coccids is uncer- tain. The analysis of the male presented here, while giving a better indication of the affinities of the genus then possible from study of the female, still was inconclusive. The long term sta- tus ofthe genus depends very much on the extent of revisionary work to be done both on the Aus- tralian fauna and world wide. In a recent review Williams (1985) has predicted that many Aus- tralian mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) are yet to be discovered and described. It is not unreasonable to believe that a similar situation exits in the Coccidae. Until such revisionary work is done on the Coccidae, the status and position of Cryptes within the family will remain uncer- tain. Acknowledgments I thank Dr T. New (Department of Zoology, La Trobe University) for his help and advice during this project and for his critical reading of the manuscript. My thanks to Jenny Lawther for her help and good humour in preparing the illus- trations through the early hours of many a cold winter's night. Comments on the manuscript by an anonymous referee are greatly appreciated. Part of this work was done while holding a Com- monwealth Postgraduate Research Scholar- ship. References Boratynski, K., 1970. Advances in our knowledge of Coccoidea with reference to studies of males and the application of some numerical methods of classification. Polish Congress of Contemporary Science and Culture in Exile 1: 585-595. Boratynski, K. and Davies, R.G., 1971. The taxon- omic value of male Coccoidea with an evaluation of some numerical techniques. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3: 57-102. Cockerell, T.D.A. and Parrott, P.J., 1899. Contribu- tions to the knowledge ofthe Coccidae. The Indus- trialist 1899: 159—165. Davies, R.G., 1981. Information theory and character selection in the numerical taxonomy of some male Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Systematic Entomology 6: 49-178. Davies, R.G. and Boratynski, K.L., 1979. Character selection in relation to the numerical taxonomy of some male Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 12: 95- 165. De Lotto, G., 1965. On some Coccidae (Homoptera), chiefly from Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 177— 239. Farrell, G.S., 1985. The morphology, biology and eco- logy of two colonial scale insects (Coccoidea) on Acacia (Mimosaceae) in south-eastern Australia. Unpublished PhD thesis, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. Farrell, G.S., 1990. Description ofthe immature stages and adult male of an Australian mealybug, Mela- nococcus albizziae (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Pseudo- coccidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 00-00. Fox, L.R., 1981. Defence and dynamics in plant-her- bivore systems. American Zoologist 21: 853- 864. Froggatt, W.W., 1921. A descriptive catalogue of the scale insects (Coccidae) of Australia. Part Il. Scientific Bulletin of the Department of Agricul- ture New South Wales 18: 1-159. Ghauri, M.S.K., 1962. The morphology and taxonomy of male scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History): London. 221 pp. Giliomee, J.H., 1967. Morphology and taxonomy of adult males of the family Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Nat- ural History) Entomology Supplement 7; 168 pp. Gill, E.D., 1975. Evolution of Australia's unique flora and fauna in relation to plate tectonics theory. 82 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 87: 215-234. Maskell, W.M., 1892. Further coccid notes: with de- scriptions of new species and remarks on Cocci- dae from New Zealand, Australia and elsewhere. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 24(1891): 1—64. Morrison, H. and Morrison, E., 1922. A redescription of the type species of the genera of Coccidae based on species originally described by Maskell. Pro- ceedings of the United States National Museum 60 art 12, No. 2407, 130 pp. New, T.R., 1983. Systematics and ecology: reflections from the interface. Pp. 50-79 in Highley, E. and Taylor, R.W. (eds.) Australian systematic ento- mology: a Bicentenary perspective. CSIRO: Can- berra. Ray, C.H. and Williams, M.L., 1980. Description of theimmature stages and adult male of Pseudophil- ippia quaintancii (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Cocci- dae). Annals of the Entomological Society of Amer- ica 73: 437-447. Steinweden, J.B., 1929. Bases for the generic classifi- cation of the coccoid family Coccidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 22: 197— 243. Williams, D.J., 1985. Australian mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History): London. 431 pp. Williams, M.L. and Kosztarab, M., 1972. Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer- sity, Research Division Bulletin 74: 215 pp. Appendix Abbreviations used in figures. aas, ante-anal setae. ads. abdominal dorsal setae. aed, aedeagus. al, alar lobe. GRANT S. FARRELL anp, anterior notal wing process. apar, anterior pos- talar ridge. as, abdominal sternite. ase, differentiated apical setae. avs, abdominal ventral setae. bma, basal membranous area. bra, basal rod of aedeagus. bs, sen- silla basiconica. ca, cranial apophysis. cb, coxal bris- tle(s). ce, caudal extention. cl, claw. cx, coxa. dhs, dorsal head setae. dps, dorsopleural setae. dse, dorsal simple eyes. epm2, mesepimeron. epm3, metepime- ron. eps2, mesepisternum. eps3, metepisternum. f, furca. FIII-X, flagellum segments — 3rd to 10th. fm, femur. fs, fleshy setae. g, gena. gp, glandular pouch. h, hamulohaltere. Imcr, lateral arm of midcranial ridge. Ipl, lateropleurite. mc, median crest. mdr, median ridge. med, marginal ridge. mr, marginal ridge. mts, metatergal setae. o, ocellus. ocs, ocular sclerite. pa, postalare. pcr2, precoxal ridge of mesothorax. pcr3, precoxal ridge of metathorax. pdc, pedical. pepcv, proepisternum + cervical sclerite. pla3, metapleural apophysis. plrl, propleural ridge. plr2, mesopleural ridge. plr3, metapleural ridge. pn2, mesopostnotum. pn3, metapostnotum. pna, postnotal apophysis. pnp, posterior notal wing process. pocr, postocular ridge. pra, prealare. prnr, pronotal ridge. procr, preocular ridge. pror, preoral ridge. prsc, prescutum. ps, penial sheath. pscr, prescutal ridge. pscs, prescutal suture. pwp. mesopleural wing process. rad, radius. scl, scu- tellum. sclf, scutellar foramen. scp, scape. sct, scutum. ser, subepisternal ridge. set.scla, subapical sensory setae. sp2, mesothoracic spiracle. sp3, metathoracic spiracle. stn1, prosternum. stn2, mesosternum (basis- ternum). stn3, metasternum. stnlr, prosternal ridge. tar, tarsus. tdgt, tarsal digitules. teg, tegula. tegs, tegu- lar setae. tib, tibia. tibs, tibial spur. tp, triangular plate. tr, trochanter. ts, tail setae. udgt, ungual digitules. vhs, ventral head setae. vmcr, ventral arm of micdcranial ridge. vps, ventropleural setae. vse, ventral simple eyes. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 83-86 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 THE FAMILY PSYCHOMYIIDAE (TRICHOPTERA) RE-ESTABLISHED IN AUSTRALIA By ARTURS NEBOISS Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, 71 Victoria Crescent, Abbotsford 3067, Victoria, Australia Abstract Neboiss, AL, 1990. The family Psychomyiidae (Trichoptera) re-established in Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51(1): 83-86. The family Psychomyiidae is re-established in the Australian Trichoptera fauna repre- sented by Tinodes radona sp. nov. from Kakadu National Park, NT, and a north-eastern Queensland species tentatively referred to the New Zealand genus Zelandoptila, Z. yucca- bina sp. nov. Introduction The family Psychomyiidae s.l. was first recorded from Australia by Mosely and Kim- mins (1953) who reported the genera Ecnomus and Ecnomina. Subsequently, Riek (1970) incorporated all polycentropodids, stenopsy- chids and ecnomids in Psychomyiidae. This was changed when Neboiss (1977) following pro- posals of Ulmer (1951), Lepneva (1956) and Schmid (1969), recognized these three groups as separate families and removed Psychomyiidae from the Australian Trichoptera. Recent dis- covery of a member of the genus Tinodes in Northern Australia re-establishes the family firmly on the Australian continent and comes as no surprise as the genus Tinodes is already known from New Guinea (Kimmins, 1962). Another species from north-eastern Queensland is tentatively referred to the New Zealand genus Zelandoptila although it conflicts in several res- pects with the generic definition. The following abbreviations are used for the institutions where specimens are deposited: ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; NMV, Museum of Victoria, Mel- bourne. Psychomyiidae Curtis Psychomidae Curtis, 1835: 561 (text). Diagnosis. (Modified after Wiggins, l 982) Ocelli absent, Maxillary palpi 5-segmented in both sexes (6-segmented in Padunellinae, not known from Australia); segment 1 short, segment 2 about as long as or longer than segment 1, seg- ment 3 as long as segment 2 or segments | and 2 together, never inserted before the apex of seg- ment 2, segment 4 as long as or shorter than segment 3, segment 5 about as long as segments 3 83 and 4 together, annulate, flexible. Antennae moderately robust, not exceeding the length of fore wing, scape shorter than head, only slightly thicker than following segments. Mesoscutum with pair of ovoid warts, scutellum with setal warts either separate or fused. In some genera females with mid-legs dilated. Claws normal. Spurs 2:4:4 (some genera may be 1:2:4 or 1:4:4). Wings slender, rounded or tapered apically. Fore wings fork l absent, discoidal cell short, median cell usually closed, thyridial cell very small, situated close to wing base and more or less separated from the base of median cell. Hind wing narrow, lanceolate, costal margin more or less produced anteriorly at middle, fork 1 absent, forks 2, 3 and 5 usually present, fork 3 sometimes absent, discoidal cell open. Tinodes Curtis Tinodes Curtis, 1834: 216. Type species. Tinodes lurida Curtis, 1834 (= Phryganea waeneri Linnaeus, 1758 (by mono- typy). Diagnosis. Maxillary palpi with segment 3 about as long as segment 2, segment 4 shorter than seg- ment 3. Mid-legs of females not dilated. Spurs 2:4:4. Fore wings moderately slender, rounded api- cally, discoidal cell relatively broad, apical forks 2. 3, 4A and 5 present, fork 2 sessile, forks 3 and 4 with footstalk, median cell open in Australian and New Guinea species (closed in European species), thyridial cell small, distinctly separated from base of median cell (fork). Hind wing rather narrow, costal margin at apical half slightly concave, projection at middle small, R1 connected to R2 by cross-vein, fork 3 present, 84 sessile, 2 anal veins run separately along their entire length. Male genitalia with inferior appendages robust; in females abdomen ends in more or less extended ovipositor. Tinodes radona sp. nov. Figures 1-4 Type material. Holotype 8, Northern Territory, Radon Springs, 12745'S, 132°55’E, light trap, 13 Apr 1989, A. Wells and P. Suter (NMV T-10484). Paratypes: 18 19, collected with holotype (genitalia prep. PT-18148, PT-18159 figured) (NMV T-10485, T-10486); 18, North Queensland, Gordon Creek, Iron Range, 2 Jun 1975, M.S. Moulds (NMV T-10487); 168 29, 3-13 km ENE of Mt Tozer, 12°43’S, 143°18’E, MV- light, 28 Jun-13 Jul 1986, J.C. Cardale et al. (ANIC: NMV). ARTURS NEBOISS Other material examined: 14, North Queensland, 1 km SE of Mt Cook, Cooktown, 13 Oct 1980, J.C. Car- dale (ANIC). Description. Adults preserved in alcohol, general colour including legs and antennae yellowish to greyish brown. Male genitalia: tergite 9 with long and narrow ventrolateral extensions, segment 10 membranous and vestigial, sternite 9 strongly sclerotised, ventral margin extended distally. Preanal appendages long, slightly curved, inserted together with end of ventrolateral extension of tergite 9, a small lateral tubercle near base. Intermediate appendages strongly developed, attached to upper section of sternite 9, lateral sclerites flattened, extended distally, armed mid-dorsally with 3 long, slightly curved spiny setae and apically with several long and a group of shorter spiny setae. Inferior appen- Figures 1-A; Tinodes radona sp. nov. 1, male paratype T-10485, genitalia lateral; inf, inferior appendages; int, intermediate appendages; pa, preanal appendages; ph, phallus; phg, phallic guide; phs, phallic sclerite. 2, male genitalia ventral. 3, male wing venation. 4, end segment s of female abdomen paratype T-10486. PSYCHOMYIIDAE (TRICHOPTERA) IN AUSTRALIA 85 dages robust, broad, fused mesoventrally near base, terminating with 2 apically pointed branches, ventral margin with several short, pointed teeth, ventrally directed, digitiform pro- cess arises from mesal surface at base of apical branches. Phallic structure membranous, situ- ated between and above intermediate appen- dages, phallic sclerite flattened dorsoventrally, situated near apex. Female: abdominal segment 8 composed of distinct tergite and sternite, segment 9 elongate, tapering distally, segment 10 short, rounded api- cally, terminating with pair of small cerci. Length of fore wing: à 3.1-3.4mm, 9 3.6- 3.8 mm. Distribution. Northern Australia (Arnhem Land and Cape York Peninsula). Etymology. The name refers to the type locality, Radon Springs, Kakadu National Park. Remarks. Male genitalia resemble those of Tinodes aberrans Kimmins of New Guinea but may be distinguished by row of strong, acute teeth along the ventral margin of inferior appen- dages. Zelandoptila Tillyard Zelandoptila Tillyard, 1924: 300. Type species. Zelandoptila moselyi Tillyard (by monotypy). Diagnosis. Head wider than long. Maxillary palpi with segment | short, about as long as wide, segment 2 about as long as segment 1, seg- ment 3 and 4 slender, each about as long as seg- ments l and 2 together, segment 5 annulate, flexible. Scutellum with setal warts apparently fused. Spurs 2:4:4 (Australian species) or 1:2:4 (New Zealand species). Wings slender, narrowly rounded apically. Fore wing with discoidal cell and apical forks 2 and 3 present, median cell open, thyridial cell basal to medial fork, or at most, just touching. Hind wing with costal margin slightly produced anteriorly at middle, Sc extends beyond middle without cross-vein to R, discoidal cell open, forks 2, 3 and 5 present, anal area narrow. Remarks. Irrespective of some deviation from the generic characters described for the New Zealand genus, the general characteristics of both insects are so similar that a separate generic placement for the Australian species is not warranted. Tillyard (1924) proposed the genus Zelandop- tila for species moselyi in the family Hydroptil- idae, commenting that “... this remarkable genus has no near relatives in any part of the world, and must be considered as a very primi- tive Hydroptilid type." In 1956 McFarlane de- scribed Zelomyia trulla in the Psychomyiidae, but later (McFarlane, 1964) recognized this as a synonym of Tillyard's Zelandoptila moselyi in the Hydroptilidae. McFarlane (1964) examined Tillyard's unique type specimen, a female, and noted that both wings were incorrectly figured, they actually agree with figures given for Zelom- yia trulla, The absence of cross-veins is particu- larly noticeable in Tillyard's figures. Further amendments were suggested and new drawings of wing venation were prepared which differed from the previously published versions (McFar- lane, in litt. 1976). It is still not clear whether the fore wing median and thyridial cells and fork 5 are present. Tillyard (1924) gave tibial spurs as “apparently l, 2, 4" but the formula was not ver- ified by McFarlane (1956, 1964). The Australian species agree in most charact- ers with the combined descriptions given by Till- yard (1924) and McFarlane (1956). The main discrepancies, however, are the closed thyridial cell, absence of fork 5 in fore wing and the spurs 2:4:4 as in typical psychomyiids. Zelandoptila yuccabina sp. nov. Figures 5, 6 Type material. Holotype à, NE Queensland, Yucca- bine Creek, Kirrama State Forest, 18°12’S, 145°54’E, Feb 1986, R. Pearson and L. Benson (genitalia prep. PT-1587 figured) (NMV T-10488). Description. Adult preserved in alcohol, general colour pale yellowish-brown. Male genitalia: segment 9 short, segment 10 membranous, in dorsal view triangular with small apicomesal incision. Preanal appendages long, subparallel, apex with partial twist forming short mesal ridge, a short rounded tubercle basolaterally, ventromesal margins of both sides fused, extended distally into a long, apically hooked process. Intermediate appendages slender, gradually curved, distally slightly dilated before tapering to acute apex. Phallus almost as long as preanal appendages, semimembranous, apex rounded. Inferior appendages fused mesally to form elongate, distally tapered and apically bluntly rounded plate, phallic guide arises from the mesal surface, flattened dorsoventrally, apex turned upwards, deeply incised apically, with two internal chitinous spines. Female unknown. Length of fore wing: à 2.4 mm. 86 Figures 5, 6. Zelandoptila yuccabina sp. nov., holotype T-10488. 5, lateral. Distribution. NE Queensland. Etymology. The species name refers to the type locality Yuccabine Creek, NE Queensland. Acknowledgments The author is indebted to Dr R. Pearson, Zo- ology Department, James Cook University, Townsville and Dr A. Wells, Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, for the privi- lege of examining and describing material they collected in North Queensland and Northern Territory respectively. References Curtis, J., 1834. Descriptions of some hitherto non- descript British species of mayflies of anglers. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 4: 120-125; 212-218. Curtis, J., 1835. British Entomology 12: plates 530— E, Kimmins, D.E., 1962. Miss L. E. Cheesman's expedi- tions to New Guinea. Trichoptera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 11: 99-187. Lepneva, S.G., 1956. Morphological relationships of the subfamilies Psychomyinae, Ecnominae and Polycentropinae (Trichoptera, Annulipalpia) in ARTURS NEBOISS male wing venation. 6, male genitalia preimaginal stages. Revue d'Entomologie de VUSSR 35: 8-27. [In Russian] McFarlane, A.G., 1956. Additionsto the New Zealand Trichoptera (Part 3). Records of the Canterbury Museum 7: 29-4]. McFarlane. A.G., 1964. A new endemic subfamily, and other additions and emendations to the Tri- choptera of New Zealand (Part 5). Records of the Canterbury Museum 8: 55-79, Mosely, M.E. and Kimmins, D.E., 1953. The Trichop- tera (caddis-flies) of Australia and New Zealand. British Museum (Natural History): London. 550 pp. Neboiss, A., 1977. A taxonomic and zoogeographic study of Tasmanian caddis-flies (Insecta: Tri- choptera). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 38: 1-208. Riek, E.F., 1970. Trichoptera. Chapter 35, pp. 741- 764 in Mackerras, I.M. (ed.) The Insects of Aus- tralia. Melbourne University Press: Melbourne. Schmid, F., 1969. La famille des Stenopsychides (Tri- choptera). Canadian Entomologist 101: 187— 224. Tillyard, R.J., 1924. Studies of New Zealand Trichop- tera or caddisflies: No. 2, Descriptions of new genera and species. Transactions of the New Zeal- and Institute 55: 285-314. Ulmer, G., 1951. Kócherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln (Teil 1). Archiv für Hydrobio- logie Supplement 19: 1-528. Wiggins, G.B., 1982. Trichoptera. Pp. 599-612 in Parker, S.P. (ed.) Synopsis and classification of liv- ing organisms. McGraw-Hill: New York. Vol. 2. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 87-92 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 TRICHOPTERA OF THE FAMILIES GOERIDAE AND LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE FROM SULAWESI, INDONESIA Bv AnTURS NEBOISS Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, 71 Victoria Crescent, Abbotsford, Victoria 3067, Australia Abstract Neboiss, A., 1990. Trichoptera of the families Goeridae and Lepidostomatidae from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51(1): 87-92. Descriptions of Goera skiasma sp. nov. (Goeridae) and three new species of Lepidosto- matidae — Goerodes tectoris sp. nov., G. xylochus sp. nov. and G. anorhepes sp. nov. are given. Both families are recorded for the first time from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Introduction This paper is based on material collected at Dumoga-Bone National Park, Northern Sulawesi, by participants of the Project Wallace expedition 1985 and several additional speci- mens from Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Both families, Goeridae and Lepidos- tomatidae, although known from Sumatra, Java and New Guinea (Ulmer, 1951; Weaver, 1989) are here reported from Sulawesi for the first time. The family Goeridae is represented by one species, Goera skiasma sp. nov., and Lepidosto- matidae by three, Goerodes tectoris sp. nov., G. xylochus sp. nov, and G. anorhepes sp. nov. These new species differ clearly from the several lepidostomatids recently reported from Suma- tra by Weaver (1989) and those described by Ulmer (1951) from Sunda islands and Kimmins (1962) from New Guinea. The following abbreviations are used for depositories of material: ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; BMNH, British Museum (Natural History), London; NMV, Museum of Victoria, Melbourne; NTMD, Northern Territory Museum of Art and Sciences, Darwin; RMNH, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden; ZMB, Zoological Museum, Bogor. Terminology follows that used by Weaver (1988). All dissected and figured specimens are identified by the author's notebook number with the prefix “PT-”, Goeridae Goera skiasma sp. nov. Figures 1-7 Type material. Holotype 8, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga- Bone National Park, Tumpah River and tributary 87 junction, 00°35’N, 123°54’E, 19 May 1985, A. Wells, M. Wilson, M.W. Tan (NMV T-10420). Paratypes: 14, collected with holotype (genitalia prep. PT-1530 figured) (NMV); lê, Edwards Camp. Tumpah River, alt. 650 m, MV-light, 28 Apr 1985, J. Martin and M. Horak (NMV); 28, 1440 Camp. 00°37’N, 123°51’E, 9-14 May 1985, J. Martin and M. Horak (BMNH, NMV); 14, Toraut River, Aug 1985, D. Dudgeon (ZMB); 18 19, Beach on Tumpah River, Pienic site, alt. 225 m, MV-light, Oct 1985, M. Mali- patil (genitalia prep. PT-18109 figured) (NMV); 18, Base Camp, Toraut River cleared area, alt. 211 m, MV-light, 4 Oct-8 Nov 1985, M. Malipatil (NTMD); lő, Palu, 50 km SE of Lore Lindu National Park, Dongi Dongi shelter, alt. 950 m, 4 Dec 1985, J. van Tol and J. Krikken (RMNH); 18, same locality, 9 Dec 1985, J. van Tol and J. Krikken (RMNH). Diagnosis. Adults yellowish-brown to brown, resembling Goera minor Mosely of Burma. Males distinguished by broad, bifid, mesolateral lobe of inferior appendages, females by the mesodistally marginate sternite 9 and distinctly excavated distal margin of vulvar plate. Length of fore wing: à 7.1-8.1 mm, 9 8.5 mm. Description. Male: Scape fusiform; maxillary palpi adpressed, apparently 2-segmented, mem- branous, widest distally, densely covered with closely adherent hairs, an additional membra- nous branch arises at base. Abdominal sternite 6 with distinct transverse ridge; mesal comb formed of 7 prongs, the central one rounded api- cally (Fig. 4.). Genitalia (Figs 1-3). Segment 9 in lateral view widest at dorsal third, narrowed ventrally, mid-dorsal excavation broad; dor- somedian lobes digitiform, preanal appendages robust; intermediate appendages long, slender, pointed distally. Segment 10 membranous, short, bilobed distally. Inferior appendages 88 ARTURS NEBOISS Figures 1-7. Goera skiasma sp. nov., PT-1530: 1, male genitalia lateral. 2, dorsal. 3, ventral. 4, mesal comb of male abdominal sternite 6. PT-1810: 5, female genitalia lateral. 6, ventral. 7, mesal comb of female abdominal sternite 6. > TRICHOPTERA FROM SULAWESI broad at base, expanded mesolaterally into a broad lobe from which arise 2 branches: 1 elon- gate dorsal branch, tapering to acute apex and shorter ventral branch, curved, digitiform, bluntly rounded at apex. Phallus long, robust, membranous distally, Female: Abdominal sternite 6 with transverse ridge, mesal comb small, formed of 3 prongs, the central robust, lateral prongs small (Fig. 7 ). Ster- nite 8 extended dorsoventrally. Tergites 9 and 10 fused (Fig. 5); supragenital plate sclerotised, rounded apically; sternite 9 short, with distally pronounced mesal margin; distal margin of vul- var plate in ventral view distinctly indented mesally (Fig. 6). Distribution. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Etymology. From skiasma (Greek), a shadow, in reference to the species’ generally dark appear- ance. Lepidostomatidae Goerodes tectoris sp. nov. Figures 8-16 Type material. Holotype 8, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga- . Bone National Park, Edwards Camp, Tumpah River, 00°35’N, 123°51’E, alt. 650 m, MV-light, 22 May 1985, A. Wells (NMV T-10426,). Paratypes: 2¢ 1 9, collected with holotype (NMV); lê 72, same locality, 28 Apr 1985, J. Martin and M. Horak (genitalia prep. PT-15394. PT-18059 figured) (NMV); 68, same locality, 8 May 1985, J. Martin (ANIC, BMHN, ZMB); 24, same locality, alt. 664 m, 22-23 Oct 1985, M. Malipatil (NTMD); 18, Tumpah River tributary, first fall, 00°36’N, 123°54’E, 4 May 1985, A. Wells (NMV); là, Hog's Back Camp. 00*35^N, 123°52’E, alt. 492 m. MV-light, 2 Oct-4 Nov 1985, M. Malipatil (NMV); lô, Motolanga River Dolodua-Malibagu Road, 00°28’N, 123°58’E, 7 May 1985, A. Wells (NMV). Diagnosis. Adults pale yellowish; fore wings broad, rounded apically without folds, venation differing between sexes in Cu-A region (Figs 12, 13). Male genitalia similar to other Goerodes species described from Java and Sumatra, but differ in the short, robust and coarsely spinose segment 10. Length of fore wing: à 4.7-5.3 mm; 9 5.5- 6.2mm. Description. Male: Scape about as long as the diameter of eye (Fig. 11), cylindrical, mesofron- 89 tal surface more or less darkly pigmented. Max- illary palpi 2-segmented, adpressed to face, seg- ment 2 very short, apical half of inner surface setose. Genitalia (Figs 8-10). Segment 9 annu- lar, slightly produced midventrally. Segment 10 short, robust, spinose dorsally; lateral processes symmetrical, short, rounded apically, in dorsal view converging distally; dorsomesal processes short, subtriangular in dorsal view. Inferior appendages in ventral view broad-based, in lateral view widest at distal two thirds, bilobed apically; apicodorsal lobe slightly curved, taper- ing distally, apex blunt; apicoventral lobe robust, setose, rounded apically; basidorsal pro- cess digitiform, rather robust. Phallus without parameres, phalicata at about right angle with base. Female: (Figs 14, 15) Abdomen terminating bluntly. Segment 8 with shallow lateral depres- sions; spermathecal sclerite subtriangular in ventral view; spermatheca (Fig. 16) elongate- ovoid, anterior half with scale-like microstruc- ture, denser and more distinct towards the anter- ior end. Distribution. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Etymology. From tector (Latin), a coverer, refer- ring to the adpressed maxillary palpi in the male. Goerodes xylochus sp. nov. Figures 17-21 Type material. Holotype à, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga- Bone National Park, Edwards Camp, Tumpah River, 00935/N, 123°51’E, alt. 650 m, MV-light, 28 Apr 1985, J. Martin and M. Horak (NMV T-10441,). Paratypes: 26, collected with holotype (genitalia prep. PT-1540 figured) (NMV); 18, same locality, alt. 664 m, 22-23 Oct 1985, M. Malipatil (NTMD). Diagnosis. Adults pale yellowish; fore wings broad, rounded apically without folds, venation regular (Fig. 21). Closely similar to Goerodes tec- toris sp. nov. from Sulawesi, but distinguished by mesolaterally excavated scape and large, densely setose maxillary palps. Length of fore wing: à 5.3-5.5 mm. Description. Male: Scape about 1.5 times as long as the diameter of eye; mesofrontal cavity elon- gate, darkly pigmented, densely covered with long, dark hair (Fig. 20). Maxillary palpi long, ^ Figures 8-16. Goerodes tectoris sp. nov., PT-1539: 8, male genitalia lateral. 9, dorsal. 10, ventral. 11, male head lateral. 12, male wing venation. PT-1805: 13, female wing venation. 14, female genitalia lateral. 15, ventral. 16, spermatheca. 90 ARTURS NEBOISS ee ym ze UN, b rx GEEET SEE ET FRONTAN LO Figures 17-21. Goerodes xylochus sp. nov., PT-1540: 17, male genitalia lateral. 18, dorsal. 19, ventral. 20, male head lateral. 21, wing venation. > TRICHOPTERA FROM SULAWESI 91 Figures 29, 30. Goerodes anorhepes sp. nov. wing venation. 29, male. 30, female. densely setose, basal setae somewhat elongate spatulate; apical segment extends above the frons and correspondingly matches the curva- ture ofthe elongate cavity ofthe scape. Genitalia (Figs 17-19). Segment 9 annular with small pro- jection midventrally. Segment 10 robust, spi- nose dorsally; lateral processes symmetrical, short, rounded apically, in dorsal view slightly curved, converging distally; dorsomesal pro- cesses short, subtriangular in dorsal view, Infer- ior appendages in ventral view broad based, in lateral view widest medially, bilobed apically; apicodorsal lobe slightly curved, apex truncate in lateral view: apicoventral lobe widest at basal third, setose, rounded apically, shorter than api- codorsal lobe; basidorsal process digitiform, slender. Phallus without parameres, phalicata at about right angle with base. Female: unknown. Distribution. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Etymology. From xylochos (Greek), a thicket, referring to dense coverage of hairs on scape and maxillary palps. Goerodes anorhepes sp. nov. Figures 22-30 Type material. Holotype à, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga- Bone National Park, Edwards Camp, Tumpah River, 00°35’N, 123°51’E, alt. 650 m, MV-light, 28 Apr 1985, J. Martin and M. Horak (NMV T-10444,). Paratypes: 74 39, collected with holotype (genitalia prep. PT-15418, PT-18099 figured) (NMV); 18 de, same locality, 8 May 1985, J. Martin (NMV); 38 29, same locality, alt, 664 m, 22-23 Oct 1985, M. Mali- patil (BMNH, NTMD); 19, Barney's Camp, alt. 302 m, 4 Oct-8 Nov 1985, M. Malipatil (NTMD); 28, Hog's Back Camp, 00°35’N, 123°52’E, alt. 492 m, 21 Oct-4 Nov 1985, M. Malipatil (NTMD); 28 69, 1440 Camp, 9-14 May 1985, J. Martin and M. Horak (ANIC, NMY); 14, Tumpah River, Aug 1985, D. Dudgeon (ZMB). Diagnosis. Adults greyish-brown, fore wings with pale, oblique band at apicocostal margin and at anastomoses. Male fore wing (Fig. 29) unlike those of other Sunda Island species, obliquely truncate apically, female rounded (Fig. 30). Scape of male antenna with with dis- tinct, darkly pigmented, setose depression. Length of fore wing: à 8.1-8.8 mm; 9 7.2- 7.6 mm. Description. Male: Scape slightly longer than twice the diameter of eye (Fig. 25), widest at dis- tal quarter; mesofrontal cavity ovoid, darkly pig- mented, bearing numerous erect setae; inner margin elevated to short, apically truncate pro- tuberance. Maxillary palp 2-segmented, slender, adpressed to face, apex fitting within the depres- sion of the scape; apical segment semi-membra- nous, covered with long, dense hair. Genitalia (Figs 22-24). Segment 9 annular, slightly wider ventrally. Segment 10 short, symmetrical; lateral processes slender, shorter than dorsomesal pair, both tapering distally. Inferior appendages in lateral view widest at apical third; apices bilobed; apicoventral lobe robust, rounded, api- cally densely setose; apicodorsal lobe tapering distally, slightly curved downward; a small, ^ Figures 22-28. Goerodes anorhepes sp. nov., PT-1541: 22, male genitalia lateral, 23, dorsal. 24, ventral. 25, male head lateral. PT-1809: 26, female genitalia lateral. 27, ventral. 28, spermatheca, 92 slightly clavate mesal process at right angles to the inferior appendage; basidorsal process expanded distally. Phallus without parameres, slightly curved. Female: Sternite 8 laterally (Fig. 26) with internal longitudinal ridge, venter somewhat flattened with a narrow strongly sclerotised transverse bar situated near anterior margin; spermathecal sclerite broad in ventral view (Fig. 27); spermatheca (Fig. 28) elongate ovoid, anter- ior half covered with scale-like microstructure, more distinct at apex. Distribution. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Etymology. From rhepo (Greek), an incline or slope, referring to the obliquely truncate tip of the male fore wing. Acknowledgments I am most grateful to Dr Alice Wells of the Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, for providing most of the material and valuable criticism, also to Drs D. Dudgeon of Hong Kong, ARTURS NEBOISS Jan van Tol of Leiden and M. Malipatil of Darwin (now of Melbourne) for the loan of other important material. This paper has been registered as Results of Project Wallace No. 91; the project was jointly sponsored by the Royal Entomological Society of London and the Indonesian Institute of Science. References Kimmins, D.E., 1962. Miss L.E. Cheesman's expedi- tions to New Guinea. Trichoptera. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Entomology) 11: 99-187. Ulmer, G., 1951. Kócherfliegen (Trichoptera) von den Sunda-Inseln, Teil I. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement 19: 1-528. Weaver, J.S., 1988. A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 24(2): 1- 141. Weaver, J.S., 1989. Indonesian Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera) collected by Dr E.W. Diehl. Aquatic Insects 11: 47-63. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 93-97 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 TYLOS BILOBUS SP. NOV., A SECOND AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TYLIDAE (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA: ONISCIDEA) Bv FioNA LEWIS School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia Abstract Lewis, F., 1990. Tylos bilobus sp. nov., a second Australian species of Tylidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51(1); 93-97. Tylos bilobus sp. nov. is described from specimens collected from three Queensland beaches. The new species differs from the recently described Tylos australis Lewis and Bishop (1990) by a lobed telson and a triangular frontal process. Introduction This second Australian species of Tylos is de- scribed from specimens collected from three beaches in Queensland: Clairview, south of Mackay, Cardwell, north of Townsville and Tin Can Bay, south of Maryborough. Until recently the infraorder Tylomorpha was considered to contain one family, Tylidae, with two genera, Tylos Latreille, 1826 and Helleria Ebner, 1868 (Holdich et al., 1984). Now, it has been sug- gested that the Tylidae should be reclassified in the section Crinocheta as one of the three families of the superfamily Scyphacoidea (Schmalfuss, 1989). Three Australian species of Tylos have been collected within the last three years, T. australis (Lewis and Bishop, 1990) from the New South Wales and Victorian coasts, the species described here from the eastern Queensland coast, and a third from Western Australia (Lewis, in press). The following abbreviations are used: AM, Australian Museum, Sydney; TM, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart; QM, Queens- land Museum, Brisbane; MU, Macquarie Uni- versity, Biological Sciences Museum, Sydney. Tylidae Tylos Audouin, 1826 Type species. Tylos latreillei Audouin, 1826. Diagnosis. (Adapted from Schmalfuss and Fer- rara, 1978). Able to roll up into perfect ball; head with triangular protrusion between antennae and lateral quadrangular grooves into which antennae fit when animal is rolled up; antenna 1 of 1 article; antenna 2 with 4-articled flagellum; pereonite 1 with ventral grooves in the epimera (locking mechanism when conglobating); pleonal tergites not fused (fused in Helleria); 93 pleonal epimera forming ventral plates (phyla- comeres) covering part of ventral surface of pleon; pleopodal exopods with tracheal system; only pleopod 2 endopod modified as male copu- latory organ; uropods completely ventral, with terminal endopod, exopod obsolete. Remarks. The genus Tylos currently contains 24 species (Roman, 1977; Schultz, 1983; Lewis and Bishop, 1990) of which nine are from the southern hemisphere. With the exception of Tylos latreillei the other species of Tylos have a restricted distribution. The species are distin- guished by variations in the shape of the frontal process, the shape and ornamentation of the tel- son, the shape of the lateral border of the first epimeron and the shape of the fifth pleon plate. Tylos bilobus sp. nov. Figures 1-3 Type material. Holotype male, Clairview Beach, Queensland (22°07’S, 149°32’E), from under debris along high tide line, Aug 1988, Fiona Lewis, AM P39118. Paratypes. Collection data as for holotype, AM P38911 (2 males, 2 females). Cardwell Beach, Queens- land (18*10'S, 146°01’E), from under debris along high tide line, Fiona Lewis, Aug 1988, TM G3286 (2 males, 2 females), QM W15792 (2 males, 2 females), MU (2 males, 2 females). Diagnosis. 2 raised lobes on the telson, promi- nent triangular frontal process, evenly convex lateral border of epimeron 1, straight medial margin of fifth pleon plate. Description (of holotype except where indi- cated). Length 10 mm, breadth 4.5 mm. Colour (live). Dorsal surface creamy-grey with very small black chromatophores scattered 94 T.bilobus FIONA LEWIS T.australis Figure 1. Differences between Tylos bilobus sp. nov. and T. australis Lewis and Bishop, 1990. a, telson. b, frontal process. c, epimeron 1. d, pleon plate 5. along the posterior pereonite borders, sparse elsewhere; few on antennae and none on pereo- pods. Some specimens with denser chromato- phores on pereonites 4 and 5. Cephalon. Eyes each of 35-36 ocelli. Vertex without distinct frontal line but with slightly raised areas adjoining and median to eyes; fron- tal process broadly triangular with apex sharply joining cephalon; clypeus distinctly tuberculate and spinose. Antenna 1 medial to and slightly above antenna 2 base, of l immobile, triangular article. Antenna 2 short and stout; flagellum of 4 articles, 0.2, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.05 mm long, terminal TYLOS BILOBUS, A SECOND AUSTRALIAN TYLID ISOPOD 95 i ] í i j l view of cephalon. c, antenna 2. d, . Tylos bilobus (holotype): a, anterior view of cephalon. b, latera | | : at iae 4. Paratype male, similar size: e, left mandible. f, right mandible. g, maxilla 1. h, maxilla 2. i, maxilliped. 96 FIONA LEWIS Figure 3. Tylos bilobus (holotype): a, lateral view of whole animal. b, ventral view of epimera 1 and 2. c, pereopod 1. d, pereopod 2. e, pereopod 7. f, dactylus of pereopod 1. g, dactylus of pereopod 7. h, ventral view of pleon. i, dorsal view of pleon. j, left uropod, ventral view. TYLOS BILOBUS. A SECOND AUSTRALIAN TYLID ISOPOD 97 one minute with few spines, ending with clump of setae; fifth peduncular and first 3 flagellar articles heavily spinose. Mouthparts from male paratype of similar size. Left mandible incisor process with 2 teeth: lacinia mobilis terminating in 3 teeth with l penicil, bunch of setae on lobe at base; clearly separated is second small lobe with 3 penicils; molar process large, oval and flat, with penicil on medial side. Right mandible incisor process with 3 teeth: lacinia mobilis, ring of small teeth and 1 penicil: second lobe separated with 5 peni- cils; molar process similar to left. Labium bilobed and setose. Maxilla 1 outer lobe longer, with 4 large and 1 short, stout terminal teeth on lateral side, 5 serrated teeth medially, at bases of which are 3 short teeth; inner lobe terminating in 3 long setose penicils. Maxilla 2 broad lamella, terminally setose. Maxilliped basis with broad endopod and smaller endite; anterior edge of endopod divided into 3 lobes bearing numerous blunt setae; endite terminating in 5 setose peni- cils, with 1 tooth at bases of second and fourth penicils. Pereon. Granulated and sparsely scattered with fine setae. All epimera except | separated. Epimeron 1 extends anteriorly closely below the eye, lateral border is smoothly curved with anterior extension of ventral lobe visible below it forming shallow, cleft border produced poste- roventrally into raised, approximately triangu- lar lobe joining anteriorly into cleft border. Ven- tral surface of epimeron 2 has slightly raised. subrectangular area; epimeron 3 has slightly raised ridge. Epimera 2-4 small, subtriangular; epimera 5-7 larger and subrectangular. Pereo- pods bases of pereopods 1-3 subequal in length to ischium, merus and carpus combined, decreasing in length on pereopod 4. Anterior margin of basis distally produced sharply to triangular process; process decreases sharply in size, small on pereopod 2 and absent on pereo- pods 5-7. Sulcus near the process which receives the folded limb, decreases in size from pereopod 2-4, Anterior margins of ischium and merus expanded distally into lobes. Carpus short and rounded. Dactylus short and stout on all pereo- pods, long dactylar organ present on all. Setae present on all articles and large. strong spines more numerous on distal 5. Pleon. Pleonites 1 and 2 visible dorsally, 3-5 curve posteriorly to blunt points forming contin- uous line with pleotelson which is roughly rec- tangular and broader than long. with posterior margin slightly concave in midline and with regularly spaced short spines. Two large lobes on dorsal surface angled towards and close to mid- line. Ventrally much of pleon covered by broad plates of pleonites 3-5, those of 5 meeting medially in a straight line with anterior margins curving from midline to lateral angle. Pleopod 1 reduced to a slender lamella curv- ing around the lateral angle of second pleopod. Pleopod 2 endopod copulatory stylet extending past anterior margin of uropod; pseudotracheae present in exopod. Pleopod 3 exopod and endo- pod lamellar. folds of exopod enclosing slit openings of pseudotracheae. Pleopods 4 and 5 similar to 3. Uropod not visible dorsally, ventral to pleo- telson, wedge-shaped and plate-like, produced into a small, spinose lobe lateral to heavily setose endopod which has long spine extending from posterior angle. Female. Length of largest specimen, 9 mm, breadth 4 mm. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Dr N.N. Tait, Dr D.A, Briscoe and Mr L. Bishop who read and commented on this paper. References Lewis, F., in press. A new species of Ty/os Audouin (Isopoda: Oniscidea: Tylidae) from Western Aus- tralia, Records of the Western Australian Museum 15(1). Lewis, F, and Bishop, L., 1990, Tylos australis: a new species of Tylidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea), a family previously not recorded in Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 747-757. Roman, M.L., 1977. Les oniscoids halophiles de Mad- agascar (Isopoda, Oniscoidea). Beaufortia 26(334); 107-152. Schultz, G.A., 1983. Two species of Tylos Audouin from Chile, with notes on species of Ty/os with three flagellar articles (Isopoda; Oniscoidea; Tyli- dae) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 96 (4): 675-683. Schmalfuss, H. and Ferrara, F., 1978. Terrestrial iso- pods from West Africa, Part 2. Monitore Zoolog- ico Italiano. N.S. Supplemento XI (2): 15-97. Vandel, A., 1960. Isopodes terrestres (Premier Partie). Faune de France 64: 101-111. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 99-107 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS BELONGING TO AUSTRALIAN ENDEMIC GENERA (SEROLIDAE AND CHAETILIIDAE) By GARY C. B. POORE Department of Crustacea, Museum of Victoria, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Abstract Poore, G.C.B., 1990. Two new species of isopod crustaceans belong to Australian endemic genera (Serolidae and Chaetiliidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 99-107. Basserolis franklinae sp. nov. (Serolidae) from the south-eastern Australian shelf edge and Stegidotea latipoda sp. nov, (Chaetiliidae) from the North-west shelf are described, being respectively the second and third species described in genera known only in Australia. Introduction Among Australia's endemic genera of Crusta- cea two genera of Isopoda have been until now known by only one (Serolidae, Basserolis Poore, 1985a) and two species (Chaetiliidae, Stegidotea Poore, 1985b). In this short contribution an additional species is described for each genus. One comes from the edge of the continental shelf in south-eastern Australia and the other from the North-west shelf. Material is in the Museum of Victoria, Mel- bourne (NMV) and Australian Museum, Sydney (AM). Serolidae Dana Basserolis franklinae sp. nov. Figures 1-2 Material examined. Holotype, male, 1.7 mm. Victoria, south of Point Hicks (38°14.80’S, 14999,30/E), 200 m, coarse sand and gravel, WHOI epibenthic sled, M.F. Gomon et al. on RV Franklin, 24 Jul 1986 (stn SLOPE 41), NMV J17642 (with 3 slides). Paratypes. Type locality, NMV J17643 (1 male, 4 slides), J17644 (10 specimens), AM P40047 (4 speci- mens). Diagnosis. Male. Body outline roughly pyriform, about 1.2 times as long as wide, widest at pereonite 1 and tapering to about two-thirds maximum width at pleotelson. Head as long as pereonite 1, together one-third total length. All margins of pereonites, pleon, antennal ped- uncles and uropods finely serrate. Sutures between the dorsal coxal plates and tergites of pereonites 2-6 weekly visible; coxae 2-6 obliquely truncate. Pleotelson 1.7 times as wide as long, posteriorly broadly rounded, with 2 minute denticles at apex. 99 Antennae l and 2 of very similar proportions, setation and aesthestasc arrangement as B. kim- blae. Mouthparts identical to those of B. kimblae except mandibular palp article 3 with 4 apical setae (3 in B. kimblae). Pereopod 1 with same proportions and set- ation as B. kimblae but palmar spines longer and end of dactylus curved (straight in B. kimblae). Pereopods 2-7 and pleopods 1-5 with same pro- portions and setation as in B. kimblae. Uropodal peduncle with subacute medial pro- jection, lateral margina and apex of medial mar- gin serrate; endopod exceeding peduncle, twice as long as wide, tapering to serrate apex; exopod about ahalf length of endopod. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Like B. kimblae this species is named for the vessel from which it was collected, in this case ORV “Franklin”. Distribution. South-eastern Australian shelf edge, 200 m (type locality only). Remarks. The species is very similar to Basse- rolis kimblae Poore, 1985 but is easily recog- nised by its characteristic tapering shape (B. kimblae is more oval, has a proportionly larger pereonite 1 and lacks the marginal serration). The new species also differs in the form of per- eopod | and the uropod. The uropodal endopod of B. franklinaeis longer and narrower than in B. kimblae. The new species confirms the generic diagno- sis of Basserolis. Detailed similarities between the two species extend to setation of the mouth- parts, antennae and pereopods. Closer examin- ation of both species has shown that weak coxal sutures are visible on pereonites 2-6 in speci- 100 GARY'€. B. POORE Figure 1. Basserolis franklinae, holotype. Al, A2, antenna 1 and 2; MDI, left mandible: U, left uropod, ventral; scale line - 1 mm. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS 101 Figure 2. Basserolis franklinae, holotype. P1, P2, pereopod 1 and 2. mens of both species, not only on pereonites 2-4 as shown for B. kimblae. This visibility of these sutures depends on preparation and lighting. The mandible in figure 1 is shown at a differ- ent perspective from that of B. kimblae (Poore, 1985a: fig. 3a) but is similar in the two species. The distoventral step seen in the new figure accomodates the upper lip which protects the incisor (see Poore, 1985a: fig. la). Both species are notable for the possession ofa discoid seta mesio-distally on the palm of pereo- pod 1 and fitting into the base of the dactyl. The new species was taken from a single sta- tion at 38°S at 200 metres depth during sampling programs which sampled more than 200 benthic stations between 37'S and 41°S and 16 m and 3150 m. Basserolis kimblae Poore Remarks. Recently collected material of B. kim- blae extends its depth and latidudinal range beyond that known when it was described. It is now known from 3 specimens from c. 37°S at 520 m off New South Wales and 17 specimens from c. 40°S at 120 m off eastern Bass Strait. The only known occurrence of B. franklinae hes between these extremes. Chaetiliidae Dana Stegidotea Poore, 1985 Remarks. Only two genera of Chaetiliidae pos- sess an antenna 2 with a flagellum composed ofa major plus two minor articles, Stegidotea (with two species) and Symmius Richardson, 1904 (also with two species) (Poore, 1984, 1985b). The new species described here does not agree exactly with the current diagnoses of either. Symmius is distinguished from Stegidotea by the possession of two elongate uropodal rami (short and unequal in Stegidotea), stongly lobed maxillipedal palp articles 4 and 5 (not lobed), and in pereopod 7 lacking an unguis (unguis well developed). The new species has none of these features characterising Symmius and is more similar to Stegidotea in general habitus, arrange- ment of dorsal sculpture, pereopods and uro- pods. Differences between this species and the two previously known require restatement of three character states used by me to define Stegido- tea: 1. Pleonites 1 and 2 are completely delimited dorsally, pleonite 3 completely or partially so. 102 2. Mandibular molar process is an untoothed boss or fully toothed and setose. GARY C. B. POORE or free. Key to Australian species of Stegidotea Bases of pereopods 5-7 about half as wide as long and overlapping; dor- sal scupture obscure; antennae 1 and 2 of similar lengths .S. /atipoda Bases of pereopods 5-7 linear and not overlapping; dorsally 3 rows of carae antenha 1 ShOorter than antennade2. Re noro 2 Pereon with mid-dorsal and midlateral rows of strong triangular carinae; pleonite 4 wider than remaining pleotelson; head only partly immersed ürpersonite-ie m s DURS NC ART PUE S. pinnata Pereon with mid-dorsal and midlateral rows of weak carinae; pleonite 4 as wide as remaining pleotelson; head immersed between wider should- 3. Maxillipedal palp with article 2 and 3 fused EISOLPRIEONME | |). seo, Stegidotea latipoda sp. nov. Figures 3-6 Material examined. Holotype, female, 4.7 mm. Western Australia, North-west Shelf,between Dam- pier and Port Hedland (19°8.4’S, 119°2.4’E), 78 m, WHOI epibenthic sled, CSIRO, Division of Fisheries on RV Soela, 11 Dec 1982 (stn NWA 349), NMV J17664 (with 2 slides). Description. Body almost 3 times as long as wide, dorsoventrally moderately convex; uropods dominate lateral view posteriorly. Integument with clear pattern of regular small pits all over. Head with a sinuous anterior margin; lateral margin of head rounded. Pereonites with obscure mid-dorsal ridge posteriorly, with obscure midlateral and lateral crests, more prominent posteriorly; pleon with only obscure dorsal bosses. Dorsal coxal plates rounded pos- teriorly. Pleon almost half total length: pleonite l short, narrower than pleonites 2 and 3, free; pleonites 2 and 3 free but not articulating, not laterally expanded; pleotelson tapering to sharply rounded apex. Antenna 1 reaching to near lateral margin of head, about as long as antenna 2; articles of peduncle subequal in length; flagellum as long as last article of peduncle, its article 2 minute; fla- gellar articles with short apical aesthetascs. Antenna 2 peduncle article 3 with 1 strong dis- tolateral seta, article 5 with 7 strong lateral setae; flagellum shorter and narrower than last article of peduncle, of 3 articles of decreasing lengths. Mandible with toothed incisor; lacinia mobilis weakly developed, broader on left than on right; spine row of 2-3 short spines fused to lacinia mobilis; molar simple, untoothed. Max- a mk IS SA ede S. scabra illa 1 with 2 setae on inner lobe, 10 uneven finely denticulate setae on outer lobe. Maxilla 2 with mesial plumose seta and 5 denticulate setae api- cally; middle and outer lobes with 9 and 8 falcate setae on oblique apices. Maxillipedal endite reaching two-thirds along fused articles 2 and 3 of palp, without coupling hooks, with 2 apical setae separated by a distal tooth plus 3 setae in oblique posterior row; palp ovate, articles 2 and 3 fused with mesial setae only, article 5 short. Pereopods 1-3 similar in form and size. Per- eopod 1 carpus posteriorly lobed with 2 poste- rodistal short setae; propodus with 2 proximal setae on palm; dactylus closes on carpus. Pereo- pods 2 and 3 similar, bases slightly wider than on pereopod 1. Pereopods 4-7 ambulatory; basis of 4 about 4 times as long as wide, of 7 about 2.5 times as long as wide; ischium with posterior lobe overlapping basis when closed; carpus with l and propodus with 2 posterior strong setae. Pleopod 1 with almost square peduncle; rami shorter than peduncle, overlapping; endopod with 7 long distal apical plumose setae; exopod broader, with 16 apical and lateral plumose setae plus | simple seta at mediodistal corner. Pleo- pod 2 peduncle wider than long; rami similar to those of pleopod except simple exopodal seta absent. Pleopod 3 similar to pleopod 2 except exopod 2-articulate. Pleopods 4 and 5 similar; exopod 2-articulate, each article with 1 or 2 simple short setae. Uropodal peduncles interlocking with a catch anteriorly, with row of obscure rugae, and with mesiodistal plumose seta; endopod triangular, apically rounded; exopod narrow, parallel- sided, with 5 plumose setae on oblique terminal margin. Colour in alcohol white. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS Figure 3. Stegidotea latipoda, holotype. Scale line = | mm. 104 GARY C. B. POORE Figure 4. Stegidotea latipoda, holotype. P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P7. pereopods 1, 2 (part), 3, 4, 5, 7. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS 105 Figure 5. Stegidotea latipoda, holotype. A1, A2, antennae 1 and 2; PLI-PLS, pleopods 1-5; U, uropodal rami. 106 GARY C, B, POORE Figure 6. Segidotea latipoda, holotype, MDI, MDr, left and right mandibles with detail: MNT, maxilla l; MXA, maxilla 2 with lobes in detai MP, masilliped; MPe, maxillipedal endite, anterior, TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS Etymology. The specific name alludes to the broad bases of the posterior pereopods. Distribution. North-western Australian shelf, 78 m. (type locality only). Remarks. There are several differences between this species and the two others previously known. In S. /atipoda pleonite | is only slightly narrower than the rest and pleonites 1—3 are completely delimited dorsally from each other and from the pleotelson. In S. pinnata Poore and S. scabra Poore pleonite | is free but not visible laterally, pleonite 2 is completely free, and pleonites 3 and 4 are free only laterally. The molar of S. /atipoda is an untoothed boss (it is fully toothed and setose in the other two species; the difference is not sex-dependant). Articles 2 and 3 of the maxillipedal palp are fused (separated by a suture in the original species) and the maxillipedal endite lacks a coupling hook (present in S. pinnata and S. sca- bra). ln general shape the mouthparts of all three species are similar. Pleopod 1 of S. /atipoda is very different. The two rami are simple, broad and overlap. In S. pinnata and S.scabra the rami are narrow and do not overlap and the exopod bears "stridulatory" ridges. As well as these characters and its general habitus the species is notable for the extreme 107 width of the bases of pereopods 5-7 which over- lap anterior to the uropodal cavity as ifto extend it forward to the middle of the pereon, Stegidotea latipoda is known from a single specimen from a midshelf depth on the North- west shelf of Australia. Its congener, S. pinnata, occurs at shallower depth, 42 m, on the same shelf but is more common in Bass Strait and the south-eastern Australian shelf between 47 and 204 m. S. scabra has been found only in Bass Strait at 55-95 m. References Poore, G.C.B., 1984. Clarification of the monotypic genera Chiriscus and Symmius (Crustacea: Iso- poda: Idoteidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 97: 71-77. Poore, G.C.B., 1985a. Basserolis kimblae, a new genus and species of isopod (Crustacea) from Australia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 5: 175-181. Poore, G.C.B., 1985b. Australian chaetiliids (Crusta- cea: Isopoda: Valvifera): a new genus, new species and remarks on the family. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 46: 153-171, pl. 34. Note added in press: ln a paper in preparation for Memoires du Musĉum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, three additional species of Stegidotea from deeper waters near New Caledonia are described. pier m El Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 109-119 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 CHELANTHURA (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA: ANTHURIDAE), A NEW GENUS FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA By GARY C. B. POORE AND TANIA M. BARDSLEY Department of Crustacea, Museum of Victoria, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Abstract Poore, G.C.B. and Bardsley, T.M., 1990. Chelanthura (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae), a new genus from southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 109-119. Chelanthura, a new genus of anthurid isopod is erected for C. ajuga sp. nov. (type species), C. salvia sp. nov., C. westringia sp. nov. and Mesanthura calaena Poore and Lew Ton. The genus differs from Mesanthura in the possession of a chelate first pereopod. Introduction Discovery of three new species similar to Mesanthura calaena (Poore and Lew Ton, 1986) prompted a reappraisal of their generic place- ment. The four are sufficiently distinctive to warrant a new genus. The following abbreviations are used in fig- ures 2-9: Al, A2, antennae l and 2; MD, man- dible; MP, maxilliped; P1-P7, pereopods 1-7; PL1-PL5, pleopods 1-5; UN and UX, uropodal endopod and exopod; T, telson; |, left; r, right. Material is lodged in the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (NMV), the Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QM), the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM) and the Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM). Chelanthura gen. nov. Diagnosis. Integument pigmented. Eyes present. Antenna 1 flagellum of 3 articles, the last with 3 terminal aesthetascs. Antenna 2 flagellum short and composed of few short articles. Mandibles symmetrical; incisor, lamina dentata and molar process present; palp of 3 articles, article 3 shorter than 2 with row of few marginal setae. Maxillipedal endite absent; palp articles 1 and 2 fused, 2 and 3 weakly differentiated if at all, 3 and 4 clearly delimited, and 4 and 5 fused and with 4 mesially-directed setae. Pereopod 1 chelate; carpus and propodus fused, propodus enlarged and elongate, its palm extremely produced and bearing complex grind- ing surface. Dactylus broad, almost rectangular with a complexly ridged surface on the flattened distal margin opposing the produced palmar surface; unguis subterminal. Pereopods 2 and 3 slightly more robust than posterior pereopods. Pereopods 4-7 with carpus triangular, its anter- lor margin free. Pleon about as long as pereonite 6. Telson tapering over posterior third, apex with 3 pairs of setae. Etymology. From the Latin chela, a claw, and Anthura, type genus of Anthuridae. Type species. Chelanthura ajuga sp. nov. Remarks. Chelanthura differs from Mesanthura in the possession of a chelate pereopod 1 formed by a sharply produced fixed finger on the pro- podus and a broad dactylus with a complexly ridged distal margin. These structures have homologues in Mesanthura. The fixed finger is a gross extension of the palmar boss seen in some species of Mesanthura (e.g.. M. astelia Poore and Lew Ton, 1986) but is more complex and forms a grinding surface opposing the end of the dac- tylus. The unguis is reduced, subterminal and barely projects beyond the end of the dactylus. In all species of Mesanthura the unguis is terminal and projects as in all other anthurids. The denticu- late boss at the base ofthe unguis in some species of Mesanthura (e.g., M. astelia, M. romulea Poore and Lew Ton, 1986) is homologous to the distal surface of the dactylus in Chelanthura. In no species of Chelanthura were we able to define the suture between the carpus and propo- dus. Its most distal point could be seen and was defined by a group of setae on the posterior mar- gin of the enlarged carpus-propodus. Another minor difference between the two genera was seen in the lamina dentata which is 109 110 poorly toothed in Chelanthura and regularly toothed in all species of Mesanthura examined by us. We interpret the terminal article of the palp of Chelanthura and Mesanthura as the fused articles 4 and 5 of the primitive 5-articled palp. Ihe more proximal portion derives from three GARY C. B. POORE AND TANIA M. BARDSLEY articles: the first article which is rarely differen- tiated in anthurideans, and articles 2 and 3 which, in Chelanthura, may or may not be sep- arated by a suture. Their boundary is marked by a mesial seta. Such variability is not usual in anthurid genera where the number of articles has often been used as a generic character. Key to species of Chelanthura Pigment in well-defined transverse bands on head, pereonites 1—7 and pleon; mandibular palp article 3 with 7 setae ............ C. calaena Pigment in irregular patches or more or less continuous longitudinally; mandibular palp-artielé 3 with dron 5ssetder l, o. sese dn suk oe 2 Antenna 2 peduncle broad (article 5 broader than long); pereopod 1 unguis well produced beyond distal grinding surface; pigment in 2 dorsal [ONIGI UII RS ve Mo us ig dr oo iw C. westringia Antenna 2 peduncle narrow (article 5 longer than broad); pereopod l unguis not or slightly produced beyond distal grinding surface; pigment VA mar [86 dai a ow Lol tb in e oa T CO E NE ER IE IU Pereopod | propodus robust (1.2 times as long as wide); unguis slightly overlapping distal grinding surface of dactylus; telson widest two-thirds way along; pigment diffuse patches. ........s/«.s.«ssvstes C. salvia Pereopod 1 propodus elongate-ovoid) (1.7 times as long as wide); unguis not overlapping distal grinding surface of dactylus; telson widest halfway along; pigment even dorsally Chelanthura ajuga sp. nov. Figures la, b, 2-4 Material examined. Holotype. Western Australia. 7 Mile Beach (29*12.0'S, 144°53.0’E), 1 m, G: Edgar, 1985, NMV J17112 (1 preparatory female, 2 slides). Paratypes. Western Australia. 7 Mile Beach (29*12.0'S, 144°53.0°E), | m, Amphibolus, G. Edgar, 1985, NMV 116936 (1 preparatory female, 2 slides); WAM 78-90 (8 juveniles, | submale); NMV 716939 (2 juveniles); NMV 716940 (4 ovigerous females, 7 juve- niles, l submale); NMV J16937 (1 juvenile). Other material. Queensland. Heron Island, Canyons (23927.0'S, 151*55,0'E), 3 m, N.L. Bruce, Dec 1979, QM W16564 (1 female, 2 slides); Heron Island, N.L. Bruce, 15 Jan 1979, QM W16565 (1 female). Diagnosis. Head, pereonites and pleotelson with pigment patches over most of the dorsal surface; small lateral patches may be present on more posterior segments. Pereonites 1-3 with heart- shaped patches, pigment most dense on anterior part of segment; pereonites 4-7 and pleon with dense pigment on posterior part of segments; pereonites 6 and 7 and pleon with mid-dorsal elongate nonpigmented patches; dense pigment on uropodal exopod; pigment patches on endo- pod and telson. PW or NNUS PIRE Ies à C. ajuga Antenna | peduncle, article 3 twice as long as wide. Antenna 2 peduncle, article 4 1.5 times as wide as long. Mandible with ridged lamina den- tata; palp article 3 with 4 marginal seta. Maxil- lipedal palp with articles 2 and 3 fused. Pereopod | propodus elongate-ovoid, about 1.7 times as long as wide. Pereopod 1 fixed finger about one-seventh as long as posterior length of fused carpus and propodus, its grinding surface axial; dactylus inner margin without distal teeth; unguis narrow, about two-thirds as long as distal margin of dactylus and reaching apex of dac- tylus. Pleonite 6 with triangular medial notch on posterior margin. Uropodal endopod almost às wide as long. Telson moderately acutely tapered, widest halfway along its length. Description, Integument dorsally pigmented (see Diagnosis). Antenna | peduncle article 1 square, with brush setae; article 2 wider than long with 1 simple seta and 2 brush setae; article 3 twice as longas wide with tooth on the mesial margin and 3 simple setae; flagellum article 1 short with brush setae, article 2 twice as long as wide, article CHELANTHURA, A NEW ISOPOD GENUS FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 111 3 short with 3 terminal aesthetascs and setae. Antenna 2 peduncle articles 2-4 at least as long as wide with setae; article 5 with simple setae and 2 brush setae; flagellum of 4 very short arti- cles with many mesial setae. Mandible of molar process with triangular tooth, ridged lamina dentata and blunt incisor. Mandibular palp of 3 articles, much longer than incisor; article 1 with 1 distal seta, article 3 short with row of 4 setae. Maxillipedal palp with articles 1, 2 and 3 fused, together longer than wide and with a blunt mesiodistal process, with 1 mesial and 2 mesiodistal setae plus fine hairs; terminal article with 1 mesial plumose seta and 4 strong terminal setae. Pereopod 1 chelate; carpus and propodus fused, propodus elongate-ovoid, its palm much produced to form an axial elongate fixed finger with a ridged surface and marginal setae. Dacty- lus broad and bearing a regular row of teeth on Figure 1. a, Chelanthura ajuga, holotype female, 4.5 mm, J17112; b, Chelanthura salvia, holotype female, 3.7 mm, J16795; c, Chelanthura calaena, holotype juvenil e, 6.7 mm, J4452 (from Poore and Lew Ton, 1986); d, Chelanthura westringia, holotype juvenile, 2.7 mm, J16941. (scale bars = | mm) 112 GARY C. B. POORE AND TANIA M. BARDSLEY Figure 2. Chelanthura ajuga, holotype. Pereopod 1 with mesial and lateral detail of palm and dactylus; pereopods 2, 4 and 7. CHELANTHURA, A NEW ISOPOD GENUS FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 113 Figure 3. Chelanthura ajuga, holotype. Antennae, left mandible, maxilliped, pleopods 1-5. 114 GARY C. B. POORE AND TANIA M. BARDSLEY Figure 4. Chelanthura ajuga, holotype. Pleotelson, uropodal endopod and exopod. the distal margin with unguis arising mid-later- ally; unguis about two-thirds length of distal margin (see Diagnosis). Pereopods 2 and 3 propodus 2.2 times as long as wide, palm bearing strong posterodistal seta; dactylus about half as long as propodus; termi- nal primary and small secondary unguis present. Pereopod 4 carpus with short anterior margin, its distal margin with strong seta; propodus 2.4 times as long as wide with distal strong seta; dactylus curved. Pereopods 5-7 similar to per- eopod 4, becoming more elongate posteriorly. Pleon about as long as pereonite 6. Pleonite 6 with triangular notch on posterior margin. Pleo- pod l exopod operculiform, distal margin setose; endopod subequal in length and about one-third as wide as exopod, distally setose. Pleopod 2 elongate, rami subequal, setose. Pleo- pods 3-5 rami shorter than 2, subequal setose. Uropodal endopod almost as wide as long, bearing dense marginal row of long simple setae with few plumose setae; 5 brush setae submargi- nally on dorsal surface. Exopod almost twice as long as wide with a dense marginal row of mostly plumose setae with few long simple setae. Telson about 2.5 times as long as wide, greatest width about one-third along, tapering moderately acu- tely to a rounded apex with concave tip bearing 3 CHELANTHURA, A NEW ISOPOD GENUS FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA pairs of setae: short plumose near midpoint, long simple setae next, and short simple setae later- ally. Etymology. Ajuga is a genus of Australian native flowering plant. Distribution. Western Australia and Queens- land; intertidal to 3 m. Remarks. Chelanthura ajuga is very similar to C. salvia, especially in proportions of the anten- nae, pereopods, uropods and telson. It differs in pigmentation and in the shape of pereopod 1. Chelanthura ajuga shares with C. westringia a maxillipedal palp with articles 2 and 3 fused. These two articles are separate in C. calaena and all species of Mesanthura) and are partially sep- arate in C. salvia. We were able to discern the remnant of the lacinia mobilis on the left mandible of this spe- cies and C. salvia. This has been noted before for Anthuridea only in Hyssuridae (Poore and Lew Ton, 1988: fig. 7). 115 Chelanthura calaena (Poore and Lew Ton) Figures lc, 5 Mesanthura calaena Poore and Lew Ton, 1986: 96, 97, figs 2b, 7. Material examined. Type material, see Poore and Lew Ton (1986). Diagnosis. Head, pereonites 1-6 and pleon with transverse bands of pigment occupying about middle third of each segment. Pigment patches with few clear areas, their anterior margins fairly even, but posterior margins bilobed on pereon- ites 4 and 5. Pigment extending laterally es- pecially on pereonites 1-3. Antenna 1 peduncle, article 3 twice as long as wide. Antenna 2 peduncle with fine mesial setae, article 4 1.3 times as long as wide. Mandible with lamina dentata of 4 teeth; palp article 3 with 7 setae. Maxillipedal palp with articles 2 and 3 weakly defined. Pereopod 1 fixed finger about one-fifth as long as the posterior length of the fused carpus and Figure 5. Chelanthura calaena, holotype. Antennae, left mandible and maxilliped. 116 propodus; its grinding surface axial. Dactylus inner margin with teeth; unguis attached later- ally, about half as long as distal surface of dacty- lus but not overlapping it. Pleonite 6 with narrow, elongate medial notch on posterior margin. Uropodal endopod wider than long. Telson moderately tapered. Distribution. Victoria and South Australia, intertidal and subtidal. Remarks. In the original description a suture between the carpus and propodus of pereopod 1 GARY C. B. POORE AND TANIA M. BARDSLEY was illustrated. Re-examination failed to find it. The species is easily recognisable from its well- defined colour pattern. We illustrate antennae, mandible and maxilliped for comparison with other species. Chelanthura salvia sp. nov. Figures 1b, 6, 7 Material examined. Holotype. New South Wales. Coffs Harbour (30°18.0’S, 153°09.0’E), 5 m, S. Smith, 11 Jul 1989, NMV 716795 (1 preparatory female, 2 slides). Figure 6. Chelanthura salvia, holotype. Antennae, left mandible, maxilliped, telson, uropodal endopod and exopod. CHELANTHURA, A NEW ISOPOD GENUS FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA Paratypes. New South Wales. Coffs Harbour (30°18.0’S, 153°09.0’E), 5 m, S. Smith, 11 Jul 1989, NMV 716796 (1 ovigerous female; NMV 717110 (1 preparatory female); AM P40095 (1 preparatory female, 1 ovigerous female). Diagnosis. Head, pereonites and pleotelson with ill-defined pigment pattern, confined to spots and patches usually symmetrically arranged. Pigment on head moderately extensive and per- forated by small nonpigmented areas. Uropods and telson with small spots of pigment. Antenna | peduncle, article 3 twice as long as wide. Antenna 2 peduncle article 4 as wide as long. Mandible with ridged lamina dentata; palp 117 article 3 with 5 marginal setae. Maxillipedal palp with articles 2 and 3 partially fused. Pereopod 1 propodus robustly ovoid, about 1.2 times as long as wide. Pereopod 1 fixed finger about one-seventh as long as posterior length of fused carpus and propodus, its grinding surface axial-oblique; dactylus inner margin toothed; unguis broad, almost as long as distal margin of dactylus and overlapping apical grinding surface of dactylus. Pleonite 6 with shallow rounded medial notch on posterior margin. Uropodal endopod slightly wider than long. Telson moderately tapered, widest two-thirds along its length. Figure 7. Chelanthura salvia, holotype. Pereopod 1 with lateral detail of palm and dactylus, pereopods 2, 4 and 7. 118 Etymology. Salvia is a genus of flowering plant found in Australia. Distribution. New South Wales, Coffs Harbour, subtidal. Chelanthura westringia sp. nov. Figures 1d, 8, 9 Material examined. Holotype. South Australia. Flin- ders Island, “The Hotspot” reef, 5 n. miles W of Flin- ders Island (33*40.80'S, 134°22.50’E), 21 m, large red algae, SCUBA, G.C.B. Poore, on FV Limnos, 20 Apr 1985 (stn SA-69), NMV 716941 (juvenile, 1 slide). Diagnosis. Head, pereonites and pleotelson with pigment over most of the dorsal surface. Head with a transverse band of pigment between eyes. GARY C. B. POORE AND TANIA M. BARDSLEY On pereonites and pleon a pair of longitudinal stripes of pigment run each side of the mid- dorsal line. Lateral patches of pigment on per- eonites 5 and 6. Antennae squat. Antenna | article 3 as wide as long, antenna 2 peduncle article 4 2.5 times wide as long. Mandible with lamina dentata of 3 or 4 ill-defined teeth; palp article 3 with 4 setae. Max- illipedal palp with article 2 and 3 fused. Pereopod 1 fixed finger about one-eighth as long as posterior margin of fused carpus and pro- podus; its grinding surface oblique. Dactylus inner margin without teeth; unguis attached anterolaterally, at least as long as grinding sur- face of dactylus, and well produced beyond it. Pleonite 6 with rounded medial notch on pos- Figure 8. Chelanthura westringia, holotype. Antennae, maxilliped, uropodal endopod and exopod, telson. CHELANTHURA, A NEW ISOPOD GENUS FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA DUO Figure 9. Chelanthura westringia, holotype. Pereopod 1 with mesial and lateral detail of alm and dactylus, pereopods 2 and 7. terior margin. Uropodal endopod 1.2 times long as wide. Telson moderately tapered. Etymology. Westringia is a genus of native Aus- tralian flowering plant. Distribution. South Australia; subtidal. Remarks. Although the unique specimen is incomplete it clearly differs from the other two species. The pigmentation pattern is different, antennae are much broader and the pereopod 1 unguis is well produced. Acknowledgements This contribution was made possible through agrant from the Australian Biological Resources Study. We are grateful to Neal Denning who helped by sorting the material and to Graham Milledge who inked the figures. We thank Steve Smith (University of New England) and Gra- ham Edgar (CSIRO, Perth) for donating speci- mens and Niel Bruce (Queensland Museum) for theloan of material and for critical comments on the manuscript. References Poore, G.C.B. and Lew Ton, H.M., 1986. Mesanthura (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae) from south-eas- tern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 47: 87-104. Poore, G.C.B. and Lew Ton, H.M., 1988. A generic review of the Hyssuridae (Crustacea: Isopoda) with a new genus and a new species from Aus- tralia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 49: 169- 193. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51: 121—130 (1990) ISSN 0814-1827 LEONTOCARIS AMPLECTIPES SP. NOV. (HIPPOLYTIDAE), A NEW DEEP-WATER SHRIMP FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA A.J. BRUCE Division of Natural Sciences, Northern Territory Museum, P.O. Box 4646, Darwin, Australia 0801 Abstract Bruce, A.J., 1990. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov. (Hippolytidae), a new deep-water shrimp from southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 51(1): 121-130. Leontocaris amplectipes is described and illustrated, compared with the two other species of the genus, and a key for their identification is provided. The present record is the first occurrence of this little-known genus outside the Atlantic Ocean. A previous suggestion that the genus is associated with coelenterates is supported and a raptorial function for the un- usual major chela is suggested. Introduction The small hippolytid genus Leontocaris was first reported from South African waters by Stebbing (1905), who described a single male specimen of L. paulsoni from 240-249 m off Lion Head. Subsequently Kemp (1906) de- scribed L. lar in the north-west Atlantic Ocean, off Ireland, from about 1000-1300 m, and further material of L. paulsoni from South Africa, at 240-265 m, was added by Barnard (1950). The last 40 years have provided no further records despite increased scientific activities in deeper water, particularly in the tro- pics. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov. Figures 1-5 Material examined. Holotype, ?male, Victoria, S of Point Hicks (38°21.9’S, 149°20.0’E), 1000 m, WHOI epibenthic sledge, G.C.B. Poore et al. on ORV Frank- lin, 23 July 1986 (stn SLOPE-32), Museum of Victoria register number J19881. Description. Small, slenderly built shrimp, of subcylindrical body form, in a fragile state, rather macerated, with abdomen almost sepa- rated from cephalothorax, ophthalmic somite damaged, and lacking right antenna, and right third and fifth pereiopods and first and second pleopods. Carapace smooth, glabrous; rostrum well developed, slender, acute, slightly compressed, straight, horizontal, about 0.65 of carapace length, not exceeding antennular peduncle, reaching to about distal margin of intermediate 121 peduncular segment, extreme tip missing; with 9 acute dorsal teeth, all anterior to posterior orbi- tal margin, decreasing slightly in size distally, dorsal carina without setae; lateral carinae feebly developed; ventral carina with 3 small acute teeth on central third, non-setose; epigast- ric region with 3 acute teeth, similar to posterior rostral teeth but separated by larger interval, supraorbital and hepatic spines absent, orbit with feeble posterior marginal ridge, inferior orbital angle produced, blunt, antennal spine well developed, exceeding inferior orbital angle, marginal, with distinct carina; anterolateral angle of branchiostegite rounded. Abdomen smooth, glabrous; third segment feebly produced posterodorsally, without poste- rodorsal tooth, fifth segment about 0.6 of sixth segment length, sixth segment about 1.8 times longer than deep, compressed, posteroventral angle bluntly produced, posterolateral angle acute. Telson about 1.5 times sixth segment length, 3.0 times longer than anterior width, lateral margins straight, feebly convergent, with 4 pairs of small marginal spines at about 0.3, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9 of telson length, posterior margin about 0.8 of anterior margin width, broadly rounded, without median process, with 4 pairs of short simple spines, lateral posterior spines slightly larger than lateral marginal spines, sub- median spines about 0.085 of telson length, 2.0 times lateral posterior spine length. Antennule distinctly exceeding rostrum, with proximal segment of peduncle subcylindrical slender, about 4.0 times as long as distal width, unarmed, stylocerite short, broad, with small lateral tooth, statocyst obsolete; intermediate t3 [o9] A. J. BRUCE Figure 1. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov., ?male, holotype, Victoria, 1000 m. Scale bar in millimetres. segment about 0.38 of proximal segment length, subcylindrical, unarmed; distal segment about 0.26 of proximal segment length, subcylindrical, unarmed; flagella damaged, upper flagellum robust, lower flagellum slender. Antenna with stout, unarmed basicerite, ischiocerite normal, merocerite small, carpocer- ite elongate, slender, subcylindrical, about 9.0 times as long as distal width, reaching to distal end of antennular peduncle, flagellum lacking; scaphocerite well developed, exceeding anten- nular peduncle, broad, about 2.6 times as long as central width, proximal half of lateral margin straight, entire, distal half feebly convex with 11 small acute teeth, distal lamella broadly rounded, distinctly exceeding distal lateral tooth. Eye with large globular cornea, diameter about 0.2 of carapace length, well pigmented, without accessary pigment spot; stalk short, broad, length about 0.75 of width, 0.6 of corneal diameter. Epistome unarmed; labrum normal; anterior thoracic sternites narrow, posterior sternites broad, fifth with small elongate median boss, sixth with larger hemispherical eminence, seventh with small anterolateral rounded lobes, eighth unarmed. Mandible (right) with single segmented palp, slender, about 3.0 times longer than wide, with single simple distal seta; molar process normal, distally excavate, with 2 blunt posterior teeth, with dense mass of marginal setae, short, simple, slender proximally, larger, stouter distally, with numerous blunt denticles distally; incisor pro- cess normal, obliquely truncate distally, with 6 acute teeth, medial and lateral teeth larger than central teeth; maxillula with slender, feebly bilobed palp, upper lobe rounded, with long slender feebly plumose seta, lower lobe angular, with short simple seta; upper lacinia broadened centrally, distal border with double row of about 14 short stout simple spines and numerous simple setae; lower lacinia slender, tapering dis- tally, with numerous long simple setae. Maxilla with short, slender palp, medially emarginate, with single long plumose distal seta, basal endite deeply bilobed, distal lobe broader than prox- imal, both with numerous simple setae distally, coxal endite simple, short, broad, rounded, sparsely setose; scaphognathite about 3.2 times longer than broad, posterior lobe slender, about NEW HIPPOLYTID SHRIMP FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 11073) Figure 2. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov., holotype. A, anterolateral carapace, orbital region. B, eye and anten- nular region, dorsal C, thoracic sternites. D, antennule. E, scaphocerite, distal half. F, telson. G, same, posterior spines. H, uropod. I, same, distolateral spine of exopod. 124 A. J. BRUCE Figure 3. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov., holotype. A, mandible. B, maxillula. C, maxilla. D, first maxilliped. E, second maxilliped. F, third maxilliped. NEW HIPPOLYTID SHRIMP FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 4.2 times longer than anterior width, slightly expanded distally, anterior lobe broad, 1.6 times longer than wide, medial margin feebly emargi- nate. First maxilliped with short subcylindrical palp, with 2 plumose distal setae, several preter- minal simple setae, basal endite angular, densely setose medially, coxal endite lost in dissection, exopod with large, broad caridean lobe, flagel- lum feebly developed, with vestigial setation; epipod large, deeply bilobed. Second maxilliped with normal endopod, dactylar segment short, broad, 1.8 times longer than wide, densely setose medially, setae denticulate, obliquely articu- lated with propodal segment, 2.5 times longer than wide, medial margin with long spiniform setae, simple proximally, feebly denticulate dis- tally, proximal segments of endopod normal, coxa produced medially, exopod with slender flagellum with 4 plumose setae distally, epipod simple, with podobranch. Third maxilliped slen- der, extending to distal margin of scaphocerite, exceeding antennular peduncle, ischiomerus distinct from basis medially, about 5.6 times longer than proximal width, broadly expanded proximally, slender, subcylindrical distally, with few simple setae proximomedially, penultimate segment subcylindrical, about 5.3 times longer than wide, 0.3 of ischial length, distal segment subcylindrical, about 10.5 times longer than proximal width, tapering distally, 0.5 of ischial length, with numerous groups of short simple spines distoventrally, few feeble setae distally; basis broad, about 1.9 of ischial length, sparsely setose medially, without exopod; coxa feebly produced medially, without epipod or lateral plate, with well developed small arthrobranch. First pereiopods similar, small, slender, reaching to about middle of intermediate seg- ment of antennular peduncle; chela small, with palm subcylindrical, slightly compressed, about 2.0 times longer than deep; dactylus about 0.5 of palm length, stout, broad, ventrally concave, with small acute hooked tip, dense arc of short setae distodorsally; fixed finger, slender, sub- cylindrical, with small acute hooked tip: carpus about 2.3 times chela length, subcylindrical, unarmed, about 8.0 times longer than distal width, tapered proximally, with small setose depression distoventrally; merus about 0.75 of carpal length, 6.0 times longer than central width, generally uniform, slightly expanded dis- toventrally, unarmed; ischium 0.5 of carpal length, 5.0 times longer than distal width, unarmed; basis short, without exopod; coxa robust, without epipod or arthrobranch. Second pereiopods grossly unequal, dissimi- 125 lar. Major pereiopod (right) exceeding antennal peduncle by carpus and chela; chela with palm smooth, glabrous, about 3.3 times longer than central width, subcylindrical with well devel- oped ventral flange, with a deep narrow submar- ginal fissure along central medial third, irregular distodorsally; dactylus strongly compressed, laminar, far exceeding fixed finger, about 2.3 times longer than central depth, lateral margin broadly rounded, far over reaching small blunt distal tooth, curved laterally, cutting edge curved medially, with large acute central tooth separated by deep notches from small proximal tooth and blunt distal tooth; fixed finger stout, about as long as deep, moderately compressed, distally with blunt rounded tip, large irregular preterminal tooth separated by deep notch from proximal acute tooth; fixed finger stout, about as long as deep, moderately compressed, distally with blunt rounded tip, large irregular pretermi- nal tooth separated by deep notch from proxi- mal acute tooth, with 5 smaller denticles proxi- mally, notches with scattered simple setae medially; carpus long and slender, unarmed, 4- segmented with proximal segment about 1.3 times palm length, subeylindrical, moderately expanded distally, about 18.5 times longer than central width, 3 distal segments subequal, quadrate, irregular, about 0.1 of proximal seg- ment length; merus about 0.6 of proximal carpal segment length, slender, slightly expanded dis- tally, about 12.0 times longer than central width, unarmed, with distinct flange proximomedially; ischium 0.5 of merus length, about 5.0 times longer than central width, unarmed, with feeble ventromedial flange; basis and coxa normal, without special features; exopod, epipod and arthrobranch lacking. Minor second pereiopod with proximal carpal segment extending to about end of antennular peduncle; chela small, about 0.45 of carapace length, palm smooth, subcylindrical, feebly compressed, forcipulate, about 2.6 times longer than deep; fingers slender, about 0.9 of palm length, dactylus tapering, about 5.0 times longer than proximal width, distally feebly spatulate, with serrate cutting edges medially and laterally, small acute hooked tooth distally; fixed finger similar, spatulate, with 2 small distal teeth: carpus 4-segmented, distal segment robust, unarmed, about 0.5 of palm length, 2 central seg- ments short, stout, 0.3 of palm length, unarmed, proximal segment elongate, subequal to length of chela and distal carpal segment, about 7.0 times longer than distal width, 2.0 times wider distally than proximally, unarmed; merus about 126 A. J. BRUCE Figure 4. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov., holotype. A, first pereiopod. B, same, chela. C, major second per- eipod. D-G, same, chela. H, same, fingers, medial, I, same, lateral. J, minor second pereiopod. K, same, chela. L. fourth pereiopod. M, same, dactylus and propod. NEW HIPPOLYTID SHRIMP FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 127 Figure 5. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov., holotype. A, mandible, molar process; inset, marginal spine (not to scale). B, same, incisor process. C, same, palp. D, minor second pereiopod, tip of dactylus. E, major second pereiopod, dactylus. F, same, fixed fingers. G, fourth pereiopod, not to scale, indicating range of dactylar movement. H, fourth pereiopod, dactylus. 0.9 of proximal carpal segment length, 6.5 times longer than distal width, feebly tapering proxi- mally, unarmed; ischium about 0.95 of meral length, 7.5 times longer than central width, unarmed; basis and coxa short, stout, without special features. Ambulatory pereiopods moderately slender. Third pereiopod with carpus reaching to about distal antennular peduncle; dactylus robust, subcylindrical, feebly curved ventrally, about 0.5 of propod length; unguis distinctly demar- cated, short, conical about 2.5 times longer than basal width, simple, curved, about 0.12 of cor- pus length, corpus about 5.0 times longer than proximal width, tapering feebly distally, simple, ventral border concave, without accessary spines or teeth, with numerous scattered simple setae; propod about 6.0 times longer than central width, 0.33 of carapace length, slightly bowed, distal 0.45 ventrally concave, with numerous long simple setae, ventral margin without spines; carpus slender, about 2.0 times propod length, about 10.5 times longer than distal width, unarmed; merus subequal to propod length, unarmed; ischium about 0.43 of merus length, unarmed; basis and coxa normal, without special features; without exopod, epi- pod or arthrobranch. Fourth and fifth pereio- pods generally similar, propods subequal, about 1.25 third propod length; carpus subequal, about 0.9 of third carpus lengths; merus subequal, about 0.8 of third merus length. Pleopods damaged, first and second pairs completely lacking, posterior pairs incomplete. Uropods with protopodite normal, unarmed; exopod subequal to endopod, distinctly exceed- 128 ing posterior margin of telson, about 3.6 times longer than wide, lateral margin convex proxi- mally, straight, entire, with small mobile spines distally, diaeresis feebly indicated. Measurements. Total body length (approx.), 25.7 mm; carapace and rostrum, 10.0 mm; cara- A. J. BRUCE pace, 6.2 mm; major second pereiopod, chela, 7.8 mm; minor second pereiopod, chela, 2.8 mm. Colour. No data. Etymology. From amplector, to embrace, and Table 1. Comparison of the three species of Leontocaris. L. paulsoni Stebbing L. lar Kemp L. amplectipes sp. nov. Rostrum distinctly exceeding carapace length and antennular peduncle Rostrum with 6 dorsal and 6-8 ventral teeth. 2 epigastric teeth Inferior orbital angle acute Scaphocerite with strong distolateral tooth, with 19 distolateral teeth Cornea reduced, narrower than stalk Second pereiopod with fixed finger teeth very slender, acute, simple Third pereiopod with dactylus about 0.25 of propod length, propod subequal to carpal length Third abdominal segment with posterodorsal tooth Pleuron of fifth abdominal segment with posterior tooth Telson with 5 pairs of marginal dorsal spines; posterior margin acute, bifid, with 2 pairs of spines Rostrum distinctly exceeding carapace length and antennular peduncle Rostrum with 9 or 10 dorsal and 9-13 ventral teeth. 3 epigastric teeth Inferior orbital angle acute Scaphocerite without strong distolateral tooth, with 17 distolateral teeth Cornea well developed, broader than stalk Second pereiopod with fixed teeth acute, simple Third pereiopod with dactylus about 0.2 of propod length, propod subequal to carpal length Third abdominal segment posterodorsally unarmed Pleuron of fifth abdominal segment with posterior tooth Telson with 5 pairs of marginal dorsal spines; posterior margin broadly rounded, with 3 pairs of spines Rostrum much shorter than carapace length, not exceeding antennular peduncle Rostrum with 9 dorsal and 3 ventral teeth. 3 epigastric teeth Inferior orbital angle blunt Scaphocerite without strong distolateral tooth, with 11 distolateral teeth Cornea well developed, broader than stalk Second pereiopod with fixed finger teeth short, stout, blunt, denticulate Third pereiopod with dactylus about 0.5 of propod length, propod about 0.5 of carpal length Third abdominal segment posterodorsally unarmed Pleuron of fifth abdominal segment rounded, unarmed Telson with 4 pairs of marginal dorsal spines; posterior margin broadly rounded, with 4 pairs of spines NEW HIPPOLYTID SHRIMP FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 129 pes. foot (Latin) referring to the prehensile appearance of the ambulatory pereiopods. Associated fauna. Three small hippolytid shrimps, badly damaged and unidentifiable to Systematic position. The two other species of the genus, L. paulsoni Stebbing and L. lar Kemp, appear more closely related to each other than to L. amplectipes. The major features of the three genus level. N species are outlined in Table 1. Key to the species of Leontocaris Stebbing, 1905 Rostrum exceeding carapace length, with 8 or more ventral teeth; ambu- latory pereiopod with dactylus much less than 0.5 of propod length; fifth pleuron with small posterior tooth; exopod of uropod distolaterally ser- rate Rostrum much shorter than carapace length, with 3 ventral teeth only; ambulatory pereiopod with dactylus about 0.5 of propod length; fifth pleuron posteriorly unarmed; exopod of uropod distolaterally entire, with small mobile spine only...,............ L. amplectipes sp. nov. Rostrum with 9-10 dorsal teeth; distolateral tooth of scaphocerite small; cornea large; third abdominal segment without posterodorsal tooth; pos- terior margin of telson rounded) EE EE os sk kuo L. lar Kemp Rostrum with 6 dorsal teeth; distolateral tooth of scaphocerite large; cornea small; third abdominal segment with posterodorsal tooth; pos- terior margin of telson bifid .. Discussion The discovery of a third species of the genus Leontocaris in Australian waters provides a sig- nificant extension to the known geographic range of the genus and the first record of its occurrence outside the Atlantic Ocean. The additional species confirms Barnard’s (1950) diagnosis of the genus. The functions of the unusual but diagnostic major chela remain obscure. As noted by Kemp (1910) when extended it can be almost equal to the entire length of the shrimp, but at the same time it is capable of being folded away in an inconspicuous position beneath the body. The long proximal segment of the carpus lies in the longitudinal groove lateral to the flange along the ante-dactylar border of the palm and is pro- bably held in place by the merus, which bears a proximal medial flange which can fit exactly into the deep groove in the central portion of the pal- mar flange. Kemp (1910) reported a thin-walled sausage-shaped structure arising from an extra deep area of this groove. It is suggested that the floor of this fossa is feebly calcified and has been everted by post-mortem swelling in the case of Kemp’s material — which as he states, is very variable. This locking mechanism suggests that the limb may be capable of rapid extension and may havea predatory function, similar to that of the raptorial claws in stomatopods (Fig. 6). Seto Sees L. paulsoni Stebbing The proximal ventral margin of the merus of the major second pereiopod shows a row of small serrations. In both L. paulsoni and L. lar, these have small spines attached (Barnard, 1950; Kemp, 1910), which have presumably been lost in the present specimen. From their positions, these spines would appear to be related to the locking mechanism between merus and palm but their exact function is not obvious. The ecological niche occupied by species of Leontocaris remains unknown. Kemp (1910) suggested an association with coelenterates (Antipatharia and Lophohelia). A commensal life-style is also suggested by the prehensile appearance and limited range of movement in the dactylus and propod of the ambulatory per- eiopods in L. amplectipes, although this feature is less conspicuous in the other two species ofthe genus. The limited range of dactylar movement appears to be compensated for by an increased range of movement in the carpo-propodal joint, where an unusually large degree of extension is possible. The arrangement resembles that found in many chirostylids, many of which are found in association with coelenterate hosts. The three species of Leontocaris now known all occur in deep water. Leontocaris paulsoni has been reported from 246-269 m (Stebbing, 1906) and 240-265 m (Barnard, 1950); L. /ar is known from 914 m and 1146-1368 m (Kemp, 1910). 130 A. J. BRUCE del. K. Coombes Figure 6. Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov. A, with major first pereiopod flexed. B, with major second pereiopod extended. The new species, at 1000 m, lies at the deeper end of the range of the genus. Acknowledgements I am most grateful to Dr G.C.B. Poore, Museum of Victoria, for the opportunity to report on this interesting shrimp and to Mrs M.G. van der Merwe, South African Museum, for providing useful literature. References Barnard, K.H., 1950. Descriptive catalogue of South African decapod Crustacea. Annals of the South African Museum 38: 1-837, figs 1-154. Kemp, S.W., 1906. Preliminary descriptions of two new species of Carida from the West Coast of Ire- land. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, series 7 17: 297—300. Kemp, S.W., 1910. The Decapoda Natantia of the coasts of Ireland. Scientific Investigations of the Fisheries Branch 1908 (1): 3-190, pls 1-23. Stebbing, T. R.R., 1905. South African Crustacea. Part III. Marine Investigations of South Africa 4: 21— 123, pls 17-26. CONTENTS The Australian species of Ecnomus McLachlan (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae). David :Gartwrieght: srnec a. etam RM NE I 1 Description of the immature stages and the adult male of an Australian mealybug, Melanococcus albizziae (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Grantas- Fanelli o dp IRE RAI MIN EE EE 49 Redescription of Cryptes baccatus (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Coccidae), an Australian species of soft scale. Grants katrell s nee Ad EA AR hc oe EF 65 The family Psychomyiidae (Trichoptera) re-established in Australia. Arturs Neboiss. uu el UAM. ate okra a en ed an EE KA ERU 83 Trichoptera of the families Goeridae and Lepidostomatidae from Sulawesi, Indonesia. ATHITSSNEDOISS. S TRUE Nine no RESUME AR IE EE N 87 Tylos bilobus sp. nov., a second Australian species of Tylidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). Fiond LEWIS ee cnin tas ua URL e eri To A Rs e E 93 Two new species of isopod crustaceans belong to Australian endemic genera (Serolidae and Chaetiliidae). Ga yi C MB POOLE He rr E ee N AL EL EE MERE 99 Chelanthura (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae), a new genus from southern Aus- tralia. Game. B -Poore and [anias M. Bakaslepi LA A 109 Leontocaris amplectipes sp. nov. (Hippolytidae), a new deep-water shrimp from southern Australia. A: Te Bruce N skuado ka kis de: mE OE DE A NE ME 29]