Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum.

VOL. XII. PART I.

ISSUED 13th JUNE, 1941.

EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR, H. A. LONGMAN.

ISSUED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY FOR QUEENSLAND,
THE HON. W. FORGAN SMITH, LL.D.

MEMOIBS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Yol. XII, Part I.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN

AUSTRALIA.

PART 4 : EARLY CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS SIMILAR TO THE LARVAL STAGES

OF RECENT FORMS.

By F. W. Whitehouse, Fh.D., D.Sc.

(Department of Geology, the University of Queensland).

(Plates I-IY.)

Summary: In the lowest zone of the Middle Cambrian of Queensland two species of
unattached eehinoderms oceur in vast numbers. One of these, bilaterally symmetrical,
corresponds morphologically to the dipleurula stage in the larval history of the phylum. The
other agrees with the radially symmetrical form that, in ontogeny, usually succeeds that
stage. Stereom structures are more simple than is usual for the eehinoderms; but a change
in skeletal structures by the adoption of fibrous spherulitic growth provides an explanation
for the metamorphosis in echinoderm ontogeny and the attainment of pentameral form.
Some observations are offered upon the inter-relationships of the major groups of the phylum.

From the Lower Cambrian to the Ozarkian eehinoderms are richly
present in the sequence of Western Queensland. Very often the ossicles are
packed so closely, with relatively little of the calcareous cement, that they form
echinodermal limestones as fully organic as the typical crinoidal limestones of
later periods. Such limestones often are of great thickness as well as of wide
extent. Usually, however, as with later limestones, the plates are so closely
adpressed that the surface features of individuals or the form of the whole
skeleton is not to be determined. Yet from quite a number of horizons, from
late Lower Cambrian to Ozarkian, united ossicles of normal pelmatozoans have
been obtained. These will be described at some later date. Meanwhile this
record is given of two members that are not pelmatozoans but belong to quite a
new group. They occur in vast numbers and in considerable perfection; and
they have features of unusual interest for morphological and phylogenetic
studies in the phylum.

THE MATERIAL AND ITS AGE.

The specimens were collected in 1939 by Mr. Edgar Riek* and myself
on Thorntonia station in the far north-west of Queensland (lat. 19° 30'S.;
long. 138° 55'E.). During this field period a wonderfully rich assemblage of
Cambrian fossils (sponges, brachiopods, molluscs, trilobites and eehinoderms)
was obtained from measured horizons throughout the whole range of the Middle
Cambrian and part of the Lower Cambrian. When described they will amplify
considerably the stratal and faunal notes given in previous parts of this
publication. A summary has been published elsewhere (Whitehouse 1940, p. 45)
of the stratal succession, with a record of a few of the trilobite horizons.

* I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Mr. Riek for his very great
assistance both during the field work and in later activities.

2

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Essentially in North-Western Queensland the sequence is of limestone.
Occasionally chert beds (some of them original, siliceous sediments, others
being later replacements of the limestones) occur as prominent bands in the
section. Around Thorntonia the sediments belong to the upper part of the
Lower Cambrian and the lower part of the Middle Cambrian. The pertinent
portion of the sequence for the present purpose is shown graphically in figure 1.

The Middle Cambrian limestones in this region are over 800 feet in
thickness. Through the first 150 feet the trilobite genus Xystridura occurs,
often in very great abundance. Immediately below are beds with RedlicMa
but with very little else — only eehinoderm ossicles, Orthotheca and Helcionella.
Actually the two trilobite genera overlap for two feet in their ranges. In the
Xystridura beds a number of new trilobite genera appear, particularly towards
the top of the stage, all of them Middle Cambrian types — for instance Pagetia
and Lyriaspis . Other rich Middle Cambrian faunas (with Nepea and Amphoton )
appear in the immediately succeeding beds. Such relationships, together with
the mesonacid affinities of RedlicMa and some as yet unpublished work upon
the agnostids, suggest that the incoming of Xystridura may best be regarded
as the beginning of the Middle Cambrian. RedlicMa , on this reading, dies out
at the beginning of that division.*

Both echinoderms now to be described have been found only in the early
part of the Xystridura zone. They have been collected on hills adjoining the
left bank of the Thornton River, one mile south of the present Thorntonia
homestead. Cymbionites appears first in the basal beds of the zone (about ten
feet above the river flats) and lasts until the initial two feet of the second
limestone (bed E of figure 1). Thus, on present evidence, it ranges through
forty feet, of strata. At its final appearance it occurs in colossal numbers. The
limestone is closely packed with complete specimens of the eehinoderm,
weathering out beautifully upon the surface. A flat-lying, slabby limestone
with specimens crowded as richly as in pi. I, fig. 1, and as well preserved,
may be traced continuously around the contour of these hills. Following it is
like walking over thickly strewn, embedded marbles. The fecundity of this
species is astonishing.

* In previous parts of this publication, when no sequence of the beds had been traced in
the field (collections having been made at sporadic localities), a zonal nomenclature was used
based solely upon the palaeontological evidence. Now, however, a continuous section has been
traced through the whole of the Middle Cambrian limestones and collections carefully have been
made. The succession of trilobites and other forms thus has been established by direct
observation so that some revision of the zonal scale is desirable. The trilobite stages of previous
nomenclature are of unequal value. Some of them need to be modified. For instance the
association of Nepea and Amphoton occurs at intervals through a very large part of the Middle
Cambrian and seems to have mainly a facies significance. There are, however, few changes to
be made. For the present, until this evidence can be presented in detail, Middle Cambrian beds
vertically as far as the horizon with Dinesus may be placed in the one zone — a Xystridura zone.

TEE CAM B1U AN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

3

Twenty-four feet above this rich band occurs the bed, five feet thick,
with Peridionites. This is packed almost as tightly with specimens as the other
(pi. I, fig. 2) and they, too, weather out in relief. Peridionites, so far as is
known, is restricted to this bed. Between the two rich horizons are other
echinodermal limestones greatly crowded with ossicles that, however, do not
stand out with naturally etched surfaces. Thus what echinodermal types occur
in them is unknown. They may be largely of normal pelmatozoans ; for definite,
conjoined, pelmatozoan ossicles occur throughout this range, from the beds with
Redlichia to the Pendionites band.

Bod .T.

Bod I (13 ft.).

Bed H.
(Possibly a
maximum
thickness of
65 ft.).

Bed G (5 ft.).

Bed F (22 ft.).

Bed E (2 ft).

Bed D
(8-20 ft.).

Bed C
(12-20 ft).

Bed B
(5-10 ft).

Bed A.

Oolites and platv limestones with incoming
of Ne pea- Am photon fauna.

Hard limestone with Xystridura, Lyriaspis, Pagetia.
Orthotheca and braohiopods (end of Xystridura).

Limestone with Xystridura , Lyriaspis, Eurost inn ( ?),
Orthotheca and braehiopods.

Barren limestone.

Limestone packed with Peridionites.

Eocystis ( i} also present.

Limestone with rich echinodermal bauds
and occasional specimens of Xystridura,
Orthotheca, H elcionclla and braehiopods.
Limestone packed with Cymhionites and
Orthotheca. Xystridura present.

Limestone and Cherts with Orthotheca.

Limestone with abundant Cymhionites,
Xystridura, Orthotheca, Ilelcionella
( Redlichia in the basal two feet only).
Limestone and Cherts with Eocystis (?),
Redlichia, Orthotheca and Helcionella.
(Top of the Redlichia zone).

Limestone with stromatoliths
and echinodermal ossicles.

Fig. 1. — The succession of beds in the Xystridura zone (basal Middle Cambrian)
on Thomtonia Station, showing the echinoderm horizons.

4

MEMOIBS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

These are the only collections that yet have been made from the beds so
that all collected specimens, including types, are lodged in the Geology Depart-
ment of the University of Queensland. Examples of both forms will, however,
be placed in the Queensland Museum, and slabs with Cymbionites are being
sent to the Australian Museum, the British Museum, the Sedgwick Museum
and the American Museum of Natural History.

STATE OF PRESERVATION.

The plates of the theca in each species are preserved as crystalline
calcite, each plate being one optically continuous crystal. There has been,
however, some late silieification, so that both outer and inner surfaces, to a
varying depth, have been silicified. This is most marked in Cymbionites
oratic'wla, the outer skin of which commonly has the familiar multiple rosettes
of beekite. In complete specimens some silicification of the articulating surfaces
has gone on, so that specimens such as that of pi. II, fig. 11 are quite common,
in wdiich outer and inner surfaces of the theca and the articulating surfaces
of the plates have been converted to silica and stand out, while the non-silicified
remainder has dissolved away.

The lower limestone (bed A in figure 1), of the Redlichia zone, often
has numerous grains of coarse, quartz sand, suggesting some current action.
In the basal limestone of the Xystridum zone (bed C) the trilobite fragments,,
occurring in enormous numbers, are broken into pieces, the shattered parts
being tightly packed in several bands. Cymbionites, in this bed, occurs more
frequently as isolated plates than as complete specimens (pi. I, fig. 3). In
the later limestone band the specimens are complete (pi. I, fig. 1), and isolated
plates are very rare. In the Peridionites band, where separate plates are prolific
(pi. I, fig. 2), complete thecae are found only occasionally. Both ecliinoderms
have very firm sutures. Turbulent conditions, breaking shells and skeletons,
seem thus to have alternated with quiet phases during the deposition of these
limestones.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.

phylum ECHINODERMATA klejn, 1734.

Sub-Phylum Haplozoa nov.*

In this new division are placed such early, unattached echinoderms that
have a skeleton composed of few plates, forming a theca about an unrestricted
calyx. Bilaterally and radially symmetrical members are known ; and since
they have differing micro-structures, and since bilaterally and radially

* (ittXoos simple, t&ov living creature.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA. 5

symmetrical stages are separate and distinct in the early ontogeny of living
echinoderms these two groups, the Cyamoidea and the Cycloidea that must have
each only a few members, are for convenience regarded as separate classes.

Class CYAMOIDEA nov.

The bilaterally symmetrical members of the group, with a small, pouch-
like or bean-shaped theca ( Kvajuog , a bean) composed of five plates. The stereom
is not formed of prismatic fibres.

Family PERIDIONITIDAE nov.

Genus PERIDIONITES nov.*

Genotype: Peridionites navicula sp. nov.

Diagnosis : Unattached echinoderms with a skeleton composed of a
reniform theca that is bilaterally symmetrical about two planes, is closed
aborally, and consists of five plates — an apical plate (dorso-eentrale), two end
plates and two medio-lateral plates, the latter being bounded by the converging
end plates.

PERIDIONITES NAVICULA sp. nov.

(PI. I, fig. 2; PI. II, figs. 1-9.)

Description : The individuals are small, pouch-
like structures, laterally compressed and sub-semi-
circular in outline. They are bilaterally symmetrical
about both the sagittal and transverse planes. There
*are five, massive, calcareous plates in the theca,
enclosing a calyx that has the maximum width and
length of the theca. The outer surfaces of the plates
are unornamented and the articulating surfaces are
smooth. The stereom is not fibrous but has radiating
and rather irregular pores.

The two end plates, at the limits of the
sagittal axis, are similar and are the largest plates
of the theca. They are rhomboidal in lateral view,
subtriangular in transverse section, and have slightly curved outer edges. On
each the ventral face has three shallow depressions, separated one from another
by two radial grooves. The largest of these (the Axial Depression) is subovate
and occupies most of the surface, continuing to the outer edge of the theca.
Towards the centre of the theca this is flanked by two similar, smaller,
subtriangular pans (the Lateral Depressions). The inner surface of the plate
is faceted about a median, channelled ridge, the two facets being the articulating
surfaces for the medio-lateral plates. The dorsal or aboral surface, where the
apical plate adjoins, is smooth and subtriangular.

The medio-lateral plates are subtriangular, with the free edges
prominently arched. Such a plate has a euneate section adjacent to the thecae^

* TTrjplStov, a small pouch.

Fig. 2. — Lateral and

entral diagrams of Peri-
ionites navicula (X 5).

6

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

where the inner face is radially grooved. Between the medio-lateral plates
and the inter-facet ridges of the end plates is the relatively deep, central portion
of the calyx, the Central Fossa.

The apical plate (or dorso-eentrale ) is a small, wedge-shaped structure
with smooth, curved surfaces. No trace has been found upon it of any place
of attachment for the theca.

There is no evidence of any tegmen.

The calyx thus is divisible longitudinally into five sections symmetrically
arranged — the anterior axial depression, the paired antero-lateral depressions,
the central fossa, the paired postero-lateral depressions and the posterior axial
depression. The symmetry is such that, from the skeleton alone, no distinction
can be made between anterior and posterior structures, the two ends being
precisely similar. The central fossa is moderately excavated for some depth
and then, towards its base where the medio-lateral plates come closely together,
becomes slot-like by the development of a narrow, aboral, tongue-shaped cavity,
the Central Cleft. The grooves on the inner surfaces of the medio-lateral plates
and the bounding grooves of the lateral depressions together form a system of
radiating channels around the main portion of the central fossa.

Variation : Thirty-six complete or almost complete thecae have been
examined and many hundred isolated plates. There is a considerable variation
in the lateral outline of the theca, as is shown by the figured specimens. Usually
the vertical axis is shorter, occasionally considerably shorter, than the sagittal,
but some forms in this are equidimensional. The majority of the specimens are
markedly compressed in the transverse plane, with a sub-fastigate outer edge.
But there are a few forms more obese and with a broadly arched edge.
Nevertheless there is no marked division into two or more definite types, so
that advisedly all are retained in the one, variable species.

In the more compressed forms the central fossa is an elongate structure,
but in the more obese forms it is broadly ovate in oral view. The number of
grooves on the inner surfaces of the medio-lateral plates is not fixed, so that
there is a slight variation in the number of radiating grooves around the central
fossa.

Dimensions : For comparison the length of the sagittal axis of each
suitable, complete specimen is stated in millimetres with the transverse and
vertical dimensions given, for each specimen, as a percentage of this. Such
dimensions for six specimens are as follows: —

Catalogue

Number.

Sagittal

Axis.

Transverse

Axis.

Vertical

Axis.

Reference
(if figures).

F. 5399

9-4

56

45

PI. II, fig. 1

5400

9*4

78

42

PI. II, fig. 2

5401

10*0

77

42

PI. II, fig. 3

5402

8*8

85

40

PI. II, fig. 4

5403

9*2

57

38

PI. II, fig. 5

5404

11*0

55

33

PI. II, fig. 7
(holotype)

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

T

Interpretation : From the foregoing observations the following conclusions
may be drawn about the body of the species :

1. The body was segmented, five segments being recognisable.

2. About the transverse plane there was a perfect symmetry in the outward form
of the segments, and there was an equally perfect symmetry of the body parts
about the sagittal plane.

3. The soft parts were seated in eight regions corresponding to the eight
depressions of the calyx, that in the central fossa being the most voluminous.

4. All openings that the species may have had (oral, anal and hydroporal) were
on the one side (ventral) of the body. The other side (dorsal) was arched.

5. The radiating channels around the central fossa indicate a set of radiating
structures, most probably muscular ligaments by which the body was attached
in the calyx.

The bilateral symmetry of the calyx, and thereby of the form of the
body, together with the arched dorsum and the ventral placing of essential
openings, are reminiscent strongly of structures in the larval form (dipleurula
stage) of present-day echinoderms. One difference only is noticeable — hydro-
pores, if present, must have been ventral in position. The comparison may be
taken much closer. Some other structures that are claimed as essential in the
Dipleurula or ancestral form of the echinoderms (see, for example, Bather 1900,.
p. 4) are:

1. A pre-oral lobe.

2. A coelom divided into paired anterior and paired posterior

portions.

3. An uncoiled intestine with possibly an enlargement to form a

stomach.

The paired lateral depressions of Pendionites indicate the presence of
anterior and posterior paired, soft structures of similar form, and suggest that
they may have been the place of lodgment of the four, paired, coelomic sacs.
Axially beyond these w r ere equal, laterally unpaired structures, seated in the
axial depressions. One of these corresponds in position with the pre-oral lobe.
The other is a posterior lobe ; and from the symmetry a post-anal lobe is
suggested, thereby implying the presence of an anus. The most bulky portions
of the body were centrally placed, and a stomach is indicated. Dorsal to this
was a narrow, elevated portion of the body seated in the central cleft. In the
echinoids, asteroids and ophiuroids the genitalia are borne in an aboral sinus,
so that a similar function may be suggested, tentatively, for this aboral pouch.
Suggestively, therefore, the structure of the body is interpreted as follows:

The animal, whose form would be of the type shown in figure 3, was
segmented into five regions and provided with both mouth and anus as well as.
with an uncoiled intestine increasing medially to form a stomach. There were
pre-oral- and post-anal lobes of equal size, seated in the axial depressions.
Paired coelomic sacs, two anterior and two posterior and all of equal size, were

s

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

present on the lateral depressions. The stomach was situated in the central
fossa, this region of the body being attached to the inner, calical surface of
the theca by a series of muscles. The hydrocoel, if present, would have been
in the central fossa. But if it were present it must have been different from
those of present day echinoderm larvae ; for it ’would have been . symmetrical
(present forms are unsyminetrical or unpaired) and the hydropore would have

Fig. 3. — Interpretation of the soft structures of Peridionites
nctvicula. Stippled area, the digestive tract. Lightly ruled area,
the coelomie sacs. Heavily ruled areas, the muscles. As., aboral
(? genital) sinus; An., anus; Or., mouth; p.o.l., pre-oral lobe;
p.a.l., post-anal lobe; St., stomach. The presence of median
coelomie sacs is questionable.

been on the ventral side. A symmetrical hydrocoel divided into two sacs is,
of course, claimed usually as a feature of the theoretical Dipleurula. But the
impossibility of there being a dorsal pore raises the question of whether in
this form a water vascular system was present. Possibly there was, in the
central fossa, a median pair of coelomie sacs that had not, at this stage, been
modified to form a hydrocoel although, more likely perhaps, there may have
been no median, coelomie sacs. Aborally was a pouch (the aboral sinus)
containing the genitalia.

Prom such premises the Cyamoidea have claims to include the ancestral,
dipleurural form of the phylum. It is doubtful whether Peridionites itself, a
form of the littoral benthos with very thick plates, is a primitive member of the
class. Somewhat simpler forms yet may be expected from the Lower Cambrian
or even older rocks. Yet from the perfection of its segmentation it possibly is
not far removed from the direct lineage of the Dipleurula.

Class CYCLOIDEA nov.

The radially symmetrical members of the group, with a small, cup-like
theca ( kvkAqs , a circle), composed of five radially disposed plates with possibly
an apical plate.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF N ORTH-EAST EMN AUSTRALIA.

9

Family CYMBIONITIDAE nov.

Genus CYMBIONITES nov.*

Genotype : Cymbiomtes craticula sp. nov.

Diagnosis : Unattached echinoderms with a skeleton typically composed
of five equal, thick, curved, wedge-like plates united laterally and apically to
form a cup-shaped theca arranged about a fluted, crater-like calyx. A
membranous theca nrobablv was present.

CYMBIONITES CRATICULA sp. nov.

(PI. I, figs. 1 and 3; pi. II, figs. 10-24 ; pi. Ill; pi. IV.)

Description : The skeleton typically is composed of five, similar, very
massive, wedge-shaped plates, the stereom of which consists of uniform fibres
arranged in spherulitic form. Each plate is convex externally, has flat, smooth,
articulating surfaces and a flat or slightly convex calical surface. In combina-
tion the plates form a theca with a smooth, uniformly rounded, external surface
varying from hemispherical to thimble-like and even barrel-like or saucer-like
in form. The theca is rigid, with the plates strongly adherent in spite of the
lack of any articulating furrows, and
sutures are not visible except on weathered
specimens. The calyx varies consider-
ably in form due to the variation in the
angle made by the calical surfaces of
the plates with the horizontal plane. In
some types it is shallow, almost saucer-
shaped. In others it is deep and crateri-
form. According to the straightness or
curvature of the calical slope the calyx
may be regularly conical or bell-shaped.

The surface of the calyx is fluted by fine,
straight channels that vary considerably in number. The plates in any
one specimen are not always equal in size. A transverse section beyond
the region of the calyx frequently reveals the presence of a small, additional
and central, pentagonal plate (fig. 6c), not shown on the surface, being
completely enveloped by the five radial plates. Other small, adventitious radial
plates are sometimes present, either extending across the thecal radius or else
limited to the central region. The calical edge is scalloped and bears a faint
circum-oral groove suggesting that a membranous integument was present
forming a tegmen.

Variation: From the specific description, from the figures, from the
measurements that are given, and from the arrangement of fibres described
below, it will be seen that, in spite of the essential simplicity of the form, this
is a very variable species. Several thousand specimens have been examined;

Fig. 4. — The general form of
Cymbionites craticula and one radial
plate (X 3).

* KVfJLpiov, a small cup.

10

MEMOIRS OF IRE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

but there seems no justification for regarding them as of more than one species..
There is no uniformity of shape, although the hemispherical, capsular form is.
most frequent, and the number of plates is not always five, as is indicated in
the following chapter. There seems to be variation also in the size attained by
the adults. A diameter of approximately 12 mm. is so common that this may
be regarded as the normal size of the fully grown form ; but quite a number of
specimens reach a diameter of 18 mm. There is such a host of still smaller
specimens that considerable latitude in the size of the adults seems likely.

Dimensions-. In this species the maximum transverse diameter is the
standard chosen and is stated in millimetres. The length of the vertical axis
and the depth of the calyx are stated as percentages of this. Such measurements
for twelve specimens are as follows :

Catalogue

Number.

Transverse

Diameter.

Vertical

Axis.

Depth of
Calyx.

Reference
(if figured).

P. 5409

14-3

97

39

PI. II, fig. 12

5410

12-6

49

8

PI. II, fig. 13

5411

11-5

104

57

PI. II, fig. 14

5412

11-0

80

36

PI. II, fig. 15

5413

11*5

104

56

PI. II, fig. 16

5414

10*4

95

52

PI. II, fig. 17

5415

8*3

127

PI. II, fig. 18

5416

8*7

82

47

PI. II, fig. 19

5417

8*6

76

35

PI. II, fig. 20

5418

8*0

107

62

PI. II, fig. 21

5419

8-0

114

80

PI. II, fig. 22

5420

10*5

67

43

PI. II, fig. 24

Interpretation: From such observations the following conclusions may
be drawn about the soft parts :

1. The body was seated in a radially symmetrical calyx that was closed aborally.

2. Such symmetry that the body parts had was pentameral but some variation from
the pentameral form occurred.

3. All essential openings of the body were ventral (oral) in position.

4. The calyx was fluted with grooves that possibly indicated the seating of muscles..

The great thickness of the plates and the close sutures render it impossible-
that there was an anal pore in the dorsal region. Thus either no anus was
present, as in some present-day larval forms, or else (as in the crinoids) it had
emerged on the oral side.

THE STRUCTURE OP THE STEREOM.

The fabric of the skeleton in Peridionites navimda is massive, non-fibrous
calcite, each plate an optical unit with self-contained cleavage, and with the
substance pierced by many, irregular, radially elongate and radially directed
pores. Presumably the pores indicate that the plates were infiltrated by
mesodermal tissue that was not sufficiently arranged in stromal form to develop
spicular secretion. No trace has been seen in microsections of concentric
arrangements that suggest growth lines.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA .

11

In contrast the stereom of Cymbiomtes craticula is formed of packed, but
intermittently impinging prismatic fibres (see pi. IV, figs. 3,4), between which
is a meshwork of calcite in optical continuity with the fibres. The fibres of
each plate are of uniform diameter (approximately 12 y.) and they unite as the
one crystal of calcite having the characteristic cleavage pattern. But there
are some significant departures, in the direction of decreased specialisation, from
the stereom structures of living species. In such later forms an ossicle micro-
scopically is a unit, the fibres being so arranged that in pattern each plate is a
discrete entity. In Cymbiomtes the prisms of one plate have a definite
relationship with those of adjoining plates; and there is a uniform, simple
grouping for the theca as a whole (see pi. II, fig. 10 and text -fig. 5).

Pig. 5 . — Cymbionites craticula. Semi-diagrammatic figure of plate II, fig. 10 (a
vertical section), to show tlie unity of the fibrous arrangement throughout the whole skeleton,
and the relationship of sutures to -the fibres. Sutures nos. 2 and 3 are concordant; no. 1 1S
slightly discordant; and no. 4 is wholly discordant. The discordant sutures do not continue
to the outer margin. Between the two branches of no. 2 is a subsidiary, internal plate,
formed by a complete, minor tuft.

12

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The fibres are arranged in two patterns — plumose, when they spread
radially and arcuately from an axis ; and tufted, when they arise at the ealieal
margin and diverge as a uniformly spreading bundle (see plates III and IV).
The fibres in a bundle slowly increase in number towards the limits of the tuft
or plume by a process of branching or insertion of new fibres. Typically there
is one plume or one tuft to a plate ; and when the fibres, spreading outwards,
reach the suture between an adjacent plate the individual prisms are matched
symmetrically by the fibres of that adjoining ossicle (pi. IV, fig. 2). In tufted
forms the fibres radially outwards become parallel to the sutures; but nearer
the calyx, where they approach at slight angles, the individual structures are
seen generally to be in apparent continuity, about this acute angle, from one
plate to the next.

In all this there is a certain unity, or rather there is an alternative pattern
according to the fibres being tufted or plumose. That is to say, there is one
distinct bundle of prisms to each plate ; and the bundle of one plate is a unit,
visually separable from the adjacent bundle, even though some individual fibres
seem symmetrically to cross the sutures. Actually, however, forms that keep
strictly to this mode are rare. Among the more noticeable departures from
type the following are significant:

1. Very occasionally (pi. Ill, fig. 3) the axis of a plume is the vertical axis of
the theca; in which mode the theca may form one great bundle and apparently
is not divided into plates by sutures.

2. Two or more tufts, or rarely two plumes, may occur within one plate (pi. Ill,

fig. 2).

3. The radiating fibres of adjacent plates may meet symmetrically but the suture

between may not strictly conform to this plane of symmetry (pi. II, fig. 10).

4. It may happen (pi. Ill, fig. 4) that a suture is aligned obliquely and discord-
antly across very straight prisms that continue their course unaffected by the
suture. In the specimen illustrated one suture only is of this type. The other
sutures of the theca are normal.

5. Well defined sutures may start at the inner wall, bounding a plume or tuft,
but they disappear before reaching the outer wall, so that a plate does not
separate (pi. IV, fig. 1).

Prom these vagaries it is obvious that there is generally a correspondence
between the formation of sutures ( and so of plates) and the natural division of
the theca into unit bundles of fibres. But since the sutures do not always follow
strictly the division planes between the bundles, and since also they are not
always complete, they and the plating are evidently subsidiary in development
to the arrangement of the fibres.

The tufted and the plumose forms denote two types of thecal growth.
In the former the increase is outwards from the calyx; and the fibres are
arranged normal to the growth lines — that is to the growing surface (see pi. II,
fig. 10). Plumose forms presumably indicate that increase took place not only
outwardly but also inwardly, in the direction of the ealieal wall. Where all

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

13

plates of the theca have plumose fibres the axes of the several plumes are at
the same distance from the calical wall. Furthermore the axes of the plumes
are relatively close to the calyx; so that increase in this direction was uniform
but less than outwards growth (text-fig. 6n).

One curious circumstance is at present difficult to explain. In spite of
the uniform pattern in any one theca the plates are individual crystals of calcite.
Even in that remarkable type, No. 4 just mentioned, where the suture cuts
obliquely across continuous fibres, a section under crossed nieols shows that
on opposite sides of the suture the calcite extinguishes differently. The deduction
from such evidence seems again to be that development of the sutures, and the
welding of the fibres of each plate into the one crystal unit were subsidiary to
the production of the fibrous form. And yet the specimen just illustrated is
one of the largest thecae ; and presumably in earlier stages of growth it had
the usual crystal relationships. If so, as it increases in size, the individual fibres,
continuous as units across the suture, divided at that plane in their crystal
affinities — the one portion growing in optical continuity with its lateral
neighbours, and the other, across the suture, having a corresponding relationship
with its adjacent fibres. It is somewhat analogous though not of course
homologous with the phenomenon of twinning in crystals.

A related feature that also as yet is unexplained is that occasionally
circumscribed patches occur within one plate that optically are foreign to it
blit are in accord with the properties of an adjacent plate.

Realising what lack of uniformity there is in the grouping of the fibres
it is not to be wondered at that the form of the theca varies to the degree that
has been recorded in the description of the species.

Two far-reaching conclusions may be drawn from a study of the micro-
structures. The first is that the fibres of a growing skeleton are aggregated
precisely in the mode of spherulitic growth. That is to say, they follow the
system of growth of a developing mass of inorganic, needle-like crystals of
constant composition in a viscous medium. The second is that this growth is
the primary cause of the symmetry of the skeleton, and that the symmetry of
body parts is evolved in response.

The factors and forms of spherulitic growth have been analysed very
clearly by Bryan (1941) ; and Bryan and Hill (1941) have shown, as a corollary,
that in at least one group of relatively simple organisms with a fibrous crystalline
skeleton, the hexaeorals, skeletal growth is in accord with these principles. From
Bryan’s studies it is shown that the radiating, prismatic crystals of a spherulite
grow in one of three modes — tufted, plumose or strictly radially — forming a
distinct pattern that varies among spherulites but is constant for the one
specimen. Bryan has pointed out, further, that a compound spherulite, growing
about a spherical surface without interference from neighbouring structures,
assumes naturally the form of a pentagonal dodecahedron superimposed upon a

14

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

spherical surface; and many of his specimens correspond, with some modifica-
tion, to this ideal form. From this it follows that the majority of sections
through such a structure will show a pentagonal arrangement of segments —
as indeed is apparent from published figures (for example Bryan 1934, pi. 8;
and 1941, pi. 3).

The typical pentagonal arrangement of tufts and plumes in the theca
of Cymbionites, even though the form is subglobular and not spherical, are, by
comparison, almost ideally grouped in spherulitic form. But in inorganic,
spherulitie growth, although the pentagonal form is typical, specimens with
fewer or more segments are common. Similar also are the skeletons of
Gymbionites . There may be five tufts or plumes in a complete transverse
section (the typical form), giving rise to five plates; there may be more than
five bundles but still only five plates; there may be as many as seven fully

Tig. 6. — Drawings made from microslides across the theca of Gymbionites craticula to
show variations in plating. A, a transverse section through the base of the calyx, with
five subequal, tufted plates. B, similar to the preceding but with the plates unequal. C, a
section beyond the calyx with a well-developed centrale but with only two sutures persisting
to the outer margin. D, a plumose form with five subequal plates and a small centrale;
the axes of the plumes, denoted by asterisks, are uniformly arranged around the main axis
(microphotographs of this slide are shown as pi. IV, figs. 2, 3 and 4). E, a tufted form
with a sixth plate. E, a vertical, tangential section through a plumose form). G, a transverse
section, beyond the calyx, of the specimen shown in pi. II, fig. 23, showing seven unequal
radials and a centrale. All sections except F are transverse sections and the magnification
of each is slightly under two diameters.

developed radial plates in the cycle, each corresponding to a bundle (fig. 6<j) ;
the cycle may start with more than five plates but in outward growth be
reduced to five by the crowding out of minor plates (pi. II, fig. 10) ; or, as a
limiting condition in the other direction, only one bundle may be present in
the theca and no subdivision into plates. Such a wide limit of variation, which
is illustrated on the accompanying plates and text figures, is more in accord
with ordinary, spherulitic growth than with a strictly biological control, which
latter influence, if dominant, would determine the symmetry and the number
of plates according to some organic constant.

And so the conclusion almost inexorably arises that the radial symmetry
of the Cycloidea is due to spherulitic growth, determined by the condition that
the skeleton is composed of uniform, acicular crystals growing in a relatively
free medium (the mesoderm) ; and that the division of the theca into plates
was occasioned by this mode of growth. As a corollary it appears that any
corresponding pentamerism of body parts is not primary but has been induced

THE C AMEBIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA . ' 15

by the symmetry imposed by the spherulitie form. However, since Peridionites
already had a longitudinal pentamerism of body parts this correspondence may
have developed very quickly and naturally by a simple torsion of body
structures.

In genesis, therefore, Peridionites and Cymbionites are diametrically
opposed. In the former acicular fibres do not occur, and the skeleton conforms
to the structures determined by the symmetry of the body. In Cymbionites,
with fibrous growth, the spherulitie form develops, becomes the control, and
the body is adaptive.

One factor may be important as a control. Both Peridionites and
Cymbionites have unusually thick plates for an echinoderm. Were spherulitie
growth to be initiated in a group with thin plates it is perhaps difficult to
conceive that the process could control the growth. That in these forms,
-apparently, it did so may be related to the relatively great mass of the skeletal
paids.

If the logical implications of spherulitie growth are taken to their limit
one peculiar coincidence emerges, depending upon Bryan’s demonstration that
the ideal form of such a spherulite is a pentagonal dodecahedron. It is
mentioned without emphasis as an interesting possibility that scarcely can be
more than interesting while only the one genus of Cycloidea is known. A
pentagonal dodecahedron lias twelve sides; and about any axis through the
mid point of a face this resolves itself into two polar faces and, between them,
two cycles each of five faces. If spherulitie growth were the control in
building the skeleton and the oral pole of the body became such an axis, the
natural form of the skeleton would be of eleven plates — a centrale, a first cycle
of five plates (the radials), and a second similiar cycle (terminals). The
twelfth plate, by need of an oral, polar opening, would not appear.

Such a skeleton, modified in the dicyclic crinoids by the presence of a
third cycle of plates, does happen to be the form assumed immediately after
metamorphosis by all classes of living eehinoderms that have an interlocking
skeleton. Thus, since the features of spherulitie growth are so closely simulated
or realised in Cymbionites, it may be that this form of the test also is a related
feature. Cycloidea accordingly may include other genera with thinner plates,
with a well developed centrale, and with a second cycle.

In the light of the finer, stereomic structures of Cymbionites two
features of echinoderm morphology deserve investigation. There are, within
the phylum, two contrasted but sporadically operating tendencies, one to
increase the number of plates in any system, and the other to reduce the
number. The former is exemplified by the remarkably variable plates around
the dorso-centrale in Uintacfinus, so clearly described by Springer (1901), and
by the more regular plates in the centre of the apical disc of Saleniidae.
Sometimes the need for this increase is functional, as for instance with the
anal plates of crinoids; but such an explanation seems inadequate for the two

16

MEMOIBS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

examples quoted. Springer (1901, p. 35) suggested that something analogous
to the variability of Uintacrinus might be expected at earlier periods
( Uintaci'mus is a Cretaceous crinoid). To casual appearances that prediction
is realised with CymMonites, in which the variation is due to the vagaries of
spherulitic growth. It is a matter worthy of some attention whether, in such
forms as Salenia and Uintacrinus , the multiplication of plates around the
aboral pole is likewise due to modifications in the grouping of the fibres of
the stereom.

In the reverse direction are such features as the formation of compound
ambulacral plates in the diademoid echinoids, the syzygy of crinoids, and the
remarkable reduction of the skeleton in Tiarechinus and its allies. Many of
these economies seem to be effected in response to functional requirements;
but how the mode of fusion operates (possibly it may be by new groupings of
stereom units) does not seem to have been investigated.

Microscopic studies on these lines might even lead to some clarity in the
vexed problem of the significance of monocyclic, dicyclic and pseudomonocyclic
forms among the crinoids.

COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY.

After passing through preliminary blastula and gastrula stages the
developing echinoderm, in all groups of the Eleutherozoa, attains a pelagic,
bilaterally symmetrical form. There are individual differences in the arrange-
ment of the ciliated bands and the arms that may arise to support them, but
the general pattern is the same. This was established long ago by Muller (1853)
who gave a series of names (Pluteus, Auricularia, Bipinnaria and Braehiolaria)
to the several variants. Later the pluteus form was found to be shared by
both echinoids and ophiuroids; and Mortensen (1898) separated the two by
the new terms Echinopluteus and Ophiopluteus. Semon, in 1888, proposed one
embracing term Dipleurula, for these generally similar bilateral larvae.

The Dipleurula, regarded as a conse-
quent ancestral type, has been interpreted
by earlier authors (e.g. Bather), and
accepted, as a form with the following
feature (fig. 7). The body was
symmetrical about the sagittal plane
and had the ventral side concave. The
mouth and anus were present on the
ventral side and probably there was an
enlargement of the intestine to form
a simple stomach. The coelom was
divided into paired vessels, the anterior
pair being connected to the dorsal sur-
face by a pore or a pair of pores, and
continued posteriorly into sacs that were modified to form a paired hydrocoel.
The posterior coelomic vessels were separated from the anterior. There was a

Fig. 7. — The hypothetical Dipleurula
(after Bather). Or., mouth; St.,
stomach; An., aims; N., nerve centre;
p.o.l., pre-oral lobe; M., Hydropores;
l.a.c., left anterior coelom; l.h., left
hydrocoel; r.h., right hydrocoel; l.p.c.,
left posterior coelom; r.p.c., right
posterior coelom.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA .

17

pre-oral lobe differentiated as a sense organ, with cilia and a nerve centre from
which two gangliated nerves ran symmetrically backwards.

The known larval types (auricularia, bipinnaria, etc.) depart from this
generalised form in several ways. Sometimes, for instance, the anterior coelom
is not paired, and never is there a perfect pairing of the hydrocoel — the left
sac is more developed and sometimes alone is present. In echinoids and
ophiuroids the long ‘‘arms” of the larvae are supported by a bilaterally
arranged skeletal framework.

The perfect symmetry of Peridionites suggests that it was closer to the
ideal than are the dipleurulan stages of present-day species. It may even be
more primitive since, as already noted, it is doubtful whether there was a
modification of the medium coelomic sacs to serve as a hydrocoel*.

From the dipleurulan stage the larvae of living species change to the
radial adult by a remarkable metamorphosis. On the way, occasionally, it is
found that the ciliated bands of the larva are rearranged from a bilateral
alignment into five separate rings. This is shown most clearly in the pupa
stage of the ontogeny of certain holothurians (see fig. 8) ; and it seems to

Fig. S. — Stages in the ontogeny of the holothurian Synapta digitata (after Semon).
A and B are in the dipleurulan stage; 0 is transitional to the pupa stage; D is an early
form of the pupa stage; and E is the free pentactula stage.

suggest, that there are five natural divisions (segments) of the body correspond-
ing to the five ciliated regions. If so the five segments of Peridionites become
even more significant. It is worthy of note that both the segments of
Peridionites and the ciliated rings of the larvae are so arranged that two are
pre-oral and three post-oral.

In the erinoids the only free larval stage that yet has been found is with
Antedon. In this the body is bilaterally symmetrical, as with the dipleurula,
and the mouth is at a ventral concavity. But five ciliated rings are present,

* It is interesting to recall that MacBride (1918) artificially has reared larvae without
a water vascular system.

B

18

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

so that probably it is at relatively a higher stage of development than typical
dipleurulan larvae. Furthermore incipient stem Ossicles occur within it. In
the late dipleurulan (brachiolaria) stage of certain asteroids a “sucking disc”
develops on the pre-oral lobe by which probably the larva could be attached.
G-reat stress has been placed upon this process by many authorities as being
homologous with the fixation of the crinoid larvae (in those forms by a stem).
But Bury (1895, p. 93) doubted if there is any homology and Mortensen (1921,
p. 239) states that the sucking disc is purely “a secondary adaptation/’

In metamorphosis the change is abrupt. The bilaterally symmetrical
form is replaced by one that is radial. The body parts rearrange themselves
around a new axis. In those forms (echinoids and ophiuroids) in which
previously there was a bilateral skeleton this skeleton is not merely modified.

Pig. 9. — Skeletal forms in ophiuroid larvae. A, the bilateral skeleton of an ophiopluteus
(dipleurula stage). B, a' phase during metamorphosis with the bilateral skeleton not wholly
resorbed and the radial skeleton beginning to form. C, the skeleton of a form in the
pentactula stage. (A and B after Mortensen; C after Chadwick.)

It is resorbed and a new skeleton conforming to the radial plan appears in its
place (fig. 9). To this first radial stage Semon (1888) gave the name
Pentactula. In the comatulid crinoids it is fixed. In all other recent forms
that have been investigated it is free.

The holothuroids of course have no continuous skeleton, but in all othei
groups of the Eleutherozoa the skeleton in the pentactula stage is similar. It
consists of eleven plates (fig. 9c) — a dorso-centrale, five radials and five
terminals. There are certain class differences in the appearance of these plates
that Sladen (1884) thought might have a phylogenetic significance. In the
echinoids, except for the dorso-centrale which is replaced by the periproct,
the initial plates are emphasised to form the genital and ocular plates and
constitute the apical disc in the corona of the fully developed adult. In certain
early asteroids, notably the genus Hudsonaster (see Schuchert, 1915), the
eleven initial plates are retained as an almost equally accentuated apical system ;
but generally in the asteroids and the ophiuroids, as the skeleton grows by the
addition of the many other plates, the initial eleven cease to be a recognisable,
circumscribed group.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA. If)

From these agreements an adult form with a skeleton corresponding with
that of the larval free pentactula should occur in early strata. Cymbionites
virtually is this. It has a cycle of five radial plates, there is a spasmodically
appearing dorso-centrale, and all plates are united into a simple, free, capsule-
like theca. A cycle of five terminals does not develop; but the spherulitic
growth of the skeleton is such that it is likely that other and closely similar
genera have arisen in which the full complement of eleven plates occurs. The
Cycloidea, represented at present solely by Cymbionites , have a claim to
represent the ancestral, free pentactula comparable with that of the Cyamoidea
to be the early dipleurula; and since in ontogeny the free pentactula is the
starting point in the development of asteroids, ophiuroids and echinoids, so in
phylogeny the Cycloidea may be regarded, I would suggest, as the immediate
common ancestor of these three classes.

In ontogeny, as already noted, the change from dipleurula to pentactula
is abrupt, the skeleton elements of the two having nothing in common. The
difference between the skeletons of Peridionites and Cymbionites is comparably
great. In the former there is no fibrous form and the skeleton is moulded to
the bilateral body. In the latter fibrous elements develop, spherulitic growth is
initiated, takes control and produces a radial, pentameral skeleton to which the
body is adapted, modified by necessity with considerable rearrangement of
parts. If Cyamoidea and Cycloidea correctly are interpreted as representing
the dipleurula and pentactula stages, then in this there is a simple explanation
of the abrupt metamorphosis in echinodenn ontogeny. All that was needed
was a change from non-fibrous to fibrous calcite as the skeletal element — or, in
other words, a more formal arrangement of the cells in the mesenchyme so that
regular, fibrous secretion was possible.

The pentactula larva of crinoids, as represented by Aniedon, is fixed
firmly by a stalk. Such an attached pentactula was called Pentactaea by
Semon (1888) who claimed that an early form of this type would be the ancestor
of all modern echinoderms, a claim that these new discoveries to a large extent
refute. But the stem in Antedon starts to develop in the previous larval
stage — the pelagic, bilateral larva with ciliated rings. The attachment of the
crinoids thus appears to date from a stage at the close of its dipleurulan history ;
and pentameral, radial growth may be considered to have developed parallel to
the Cycloidea and, presumably, in an analogous spherulitic mode.

ASPECTS OF PHYLOGENY.

The long-desired reconciliation between the ontogeny and palaeontology
of the echinoderms was not possible so long as all the earliest and supposedly
the most primitive genera were attached. An unattached, radially symmetrical
body of simple plating, such as occurs in early growth stages, was not known.
The majority of those who wrote were satisfied that, whereas some unknown,
unattached, bilaterally symmetrical echinoderm (the Dipleurula) must have

•20

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

existed, an unattached radial form was not necessary. Free radial types, so
ran the argument, must come after the fixed (“radial symmetry being, it would
appear, a consequence of fixation”- — Bather, 1900, p. 9). Sernon (1888), so far
as I can discover, seems first to have enunciated this idea which, developed by
other specialists, has come to be regarded almost as a law of echinodermal
development. Accordingly fixed forms like those of the early Palaeozoic were
taken to be the primitive types from which the unattached eehinoderms have
evolved. The presence of free, radial, larval stages was dismissed with such
specious arguments as: “changes that, in phytogeny, must have succeeded
fixation now precede it” (Bather, 1900, p. 9) ; or else it was implied that a
fixed stage had been suppressed in the ontogeny of echinoids, ophiuroids and
holothuroids by a process of accelerated development. Considerable reliance,
accordingly, was placed upon the temporarily attached stage through which
some asteroids go. This was a weak point in argument; for, as already noted,
some experienced specialists believe that this transient attachment is in no wise
homologous with the fixation of the crinoids.

It is somewhat surprising to realise that a fixed ancestry was considered
essential for any radial symmetry. The most perfect of all radial animals and
plants, the Radiolaria and the Biatoms, pass through no fixed stage. Among
the Coelenterata it is only the pelagic types, the medusae, that attain the perfect
radial form.

At its best the reasoning was illogical. Bury (1895), it should be
remembered, sounded a note of caution but was hardly heard. In an incisive
essay he justly affirmed that if all present-day eehinoderms were derived from
fixed forms then ontogeny is misleading; and the obligation still was with
palaeontologists (as indeed it has been ever since) to establish a fixed ancestry.

However the needs for this tortuous type of phylogeny are removed when
two free, fossil forms are known, almost as early as eehinoderms have been
recorded, agreeing morphologically with the dipleurula and free pentactula
stages. Not only individually are they pertinently comparable with ontogenetic
stages; but the simple, spherulitic growth of the radial form ( Cymbionites )
indicates that the attainment of radial, pentameral symmetry was independent
of fixed conditions.

One other argument, hitherto unassailable but, in the light of this new
evidence, of questionable validity, must be noted. It was, perhaps, most clearly
expressed by Bather (1900, p. 8) in the words: “By a remarkable metamorphosis,
varying in its detail but presenting some common features in the different
classes, the almost bilaterally symmetric larva is transformed into the almost
radially symmetric adult. This metamorphosis undoubtedly represents the
changes that occurred in the early history of the classes; and the extraordinary
difficxilties of interpretation are due to the enormous compression of that
history, the elimination in some cases of unnecessary stages, and the unequal

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

21

acceleration of others.” This metamorphosis is one of the most striking and
abrupt changes in the ontogeny of invertebrates, and hitherto it has not received
a satisfactory explanation. But the changes, already assessed, that took place
by the development of spherulitie growth were themselves abrupt so that there
may be now no need to postulate an “ enormous compression” or an 4 £ elimination
of unnecessary stages” in phylogeny.

Thus, if these two forms are correctly interpreted, the palaeontological
evidence and the succession in ontogeny no longer are at variance. Early fossil
forms corresponding to the essential larval stages are known and an explanation
of the abrupt change in metamorphosis is available ; so that the ontogeny of a
species may be claimed as a true epitome of the phylogeny of its group. Based
upon what is known of larval stages and is summarised in the preceding chapter
the consequences of this would be expressed as follows.

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea are derived from Cycloidea and
they, in previous sequence, came from Cyamoidea. The Crinoidea arose from
Cyamoidea at about the stage when it was evolving into the cycloids. About
Holothuroidea, that have no interlocking skeleton, no comments are possible
from the evidence of these fossils. In 1911, it should be noted, Walcott
described as holothuroids a number of new genera and species from the Middle
Cambrian of British Columbia. Some comment arose about the correctness of
the biological grouping of these forms. A. H. Clark (1912) accepted the forms:
as holothurians and published an interesting restoration of one of them, Eldonia
ludwigi. However in the same year H. L. Clark (1912) refused to accept them
as echinoderms. More recently Croneis and McCormack (1932), though
non-committal in their writings (p. 127) about the echinodermal nature of these
forms, nevertheless implied in their evolutionary diagram (p. 135) that they
were holothurians. I do not propose to enter into this controversy other than
to remark that Eldonia, as restored by A. TI. Clark, is a form that would fit
neatly the calyx of such an echinoderm as Cymbionites , so that some relation-
ship might be considered ; although just as easily, from that restoration, it could
be claimed as a coelenterate. It may be pertinent, also, to recall a suggestion
made by Bell (1891) that since the holothurians are non-ealicular and do not
have gonads arranged pentamerally they may have departed rather early
from the common stock. The other great groups of echinoderms are all extinct
and of them we have no ontogenetic knowledge ; but from other evidence they,
too, may be brought into conspectus.

The Cysfida, Blastoidea, Edrioasteroidea and Crinoidea are related by
the common bonds of firm attachment and radial symmetry. Even in such
irregularly plated genera as Aristocystis and Sinocystis the first (aboral) plates
are a regular cycle suggesting that, whatever be their subsequent history, these
forms began as radial types. It would be idle to enter into a discussion of the
interrelations of these classes. As a related group they may be regarded, from
the evidence of the erinoids, their one surviving member, as having arisen from
the developing echinodermal stock in the closing phase of the dipleurulan period.

22

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

If the class Machaeridia, established by Withers (1926), be correctly
placed in the echinoderms, as the evidence seems satisfactorily to suggest, its
closest affinities are with the Carpoidea (Jaekel, 1900), as Bather (1926 and
1929) has noted. Each group is bilaterally and not radially symmetrical, and
with each there has been some speculation whether, accordingly, it could
represent the long-sought Dipleurula*. Neither, of course, truly is a
dipleurulan type, for each is multi-plated beyond what is expected of such a
form. But they may be related to Cyamoidea, interpreting that as the
dipleurulan group. The Machaeridia, being longitudinally plated by a succes-
sion of similar structures, are suggestively more segmented than Peridicmites ;
so that conceivably they arose either from very primitive cyamoids or they are
a collateral branch from an even less specialised, segmented form with
echinodermal characters only incipient — either that or their greater segmentation
is secondarily derived.

It is customary to place the Carpoidea in the Pelmatozoa, and thereto
Bather (1929) has allotted the recently established Machaeridia, But not only
have these two groups no sign of the radial arrangement that, in some degree,
is found in ordinary pelmatozoans, but if they were attached at all their attach-
ment was different. Withers has noted that the proximal plates in the skeleton
or test of Machaeridia are slightly modified, and a hint was given that thereby
they might have been attached. But the' figures do not suggest attachment and
all specimens that were described were isolated. The carpoids have a long
“stem” that often is similar to the whole skeleton of a machaeridian, but it
tapers and, so far as I am aware, no such structure has been figured showing
one of these forms anchored to a foreign body. Maybe in many forms it was
only a tail-like feature.

In such manner these two groups differ from all other echinoderms and
were better kept distinct. Tentatively I suggest that they represent a separate
group (a sub-phylum it would have to be) for which the term HOMALOZOA
{6fia\o<i flat, )ov living creature) would be appropriate.

Graphically these ideas are embodied in the accompanying diagram.

There still is, in the vertical range of the unattached echinoderms, a hiatus
that makes perfect palaeontological accord impossible. But this is readily to be
understood when one considers the great rarity of early Palaeozoic Eleutherozoa,
the fact that for all these years Cyamoidea and Cycloidea have remained
undiscovered, and that it was only a few years ago that Ordovician echinoids

* See Walther (1886) and Haeckel (1896) for the Carpoidea and Bather (1926 and 1929)
for the Machaeridia. In passing it may be noted that Fritsch (1909, p. 797) suggested that an
Ordovician fossil from Bohemia, the Furca bohemica of Barrande, was the larval stage of a
erinoid ; but Jaekel ( fide Mortensen, 1921, p. 233) places that form as an arthropod and not
an eehinoderm.

TEE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NOR TE -EA S TERN AUSTRALIA.

were discovered in relatively well-searched Britain.* One may venture to
suppose that other and later cycloids eventually will be found, and maybe earlier
eleutherozoans, to reduce this gap in sequence. The great wealth of
echinodermal limestones in the Cambrian of Queensland itself offers some hope
of this.

Two other aspects remain that require only brief mention — the origin of
the eyamoids and the relationship to primitive Chordata. The perfect segmenta-
tion of Peridionites (and incidentally the even more numerous segments of
Machaeridia) suggests that its ancestors were well-segmented, coelomate
creatures. What they were it is not possible to say. The annelids fulfil such
requirements, but there are difficulties about an annelid ancestry (particularly
in essential differences in segmentation of the ovum in Annelida and
Echinodermata).

Unknown, Segm e n ted
* Coelomate Ancestor

Homalozoa

Pelmatozoa

\

\

\

\

^ Eleutherozoa

The primitive chordate Balanoglossus and its relatives have a larval form
(Tornaria) named by Muller and of the same type as the Dipleurula. Many
authors have thought that thereby there might be some common ancestor to
both the early chordates and the echinoderms. The discovery of Peridionites
does not bring these two groups very much closer; for Peridionites still is a
typical echinoderm in its skeletal structures and so is not a. member of a common
ancestral group.

* Myriastiches gigas, an English echinoid, was recorded as long ago as 1899 by Sollas
from a single specimen; but it does not seem? to have been recognised as Ordovician until 1934,
when Bather and Spencer described a second Ordovician species from Great Britain —
Aulechinus grayae from Girvan (Scotland).

24 MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

CONCLUSIONS.

1. Two early Middle Cambrian echinoderms are described, each of them
unattached and having a skeleton composed of very few plates with typical,
unit calcite cleavage.

2. One {Peridionites), of the new class Cyamoidea, is bilaterally
symmetrical, having a calyx of five precisely arranged plates without a fibrous
structure. There is ample evidence that the body was arranged in five segments
with perfectly paired structures.

3. In the arrangements of its parts Peridionites corresponds remarkably
well with the hypothetical Dipleurula, though in some features it may be even
more primitive than was expected of the Dipleurula. A reconstruction of the
body parts is possible and is shown in text figure 3.

4. The other (Cymbionites) , of the new class Cycloidea, is radially
symmetrical, with a theca composed of five very variably arranged plates with
sometimes small accessory plates (centrale and radials).

5. Cymbionites corresponds with the free pentactula stage in the ontogeny
of the Eleutherozoa, although the five terminal plates do not occur.

6. The skeleton of Cymbionites is formed of radial fibres arranged
according to the mode and variations of spherulitic growth. The formation of
the plates clearly is subsidiary to the spherulitic pattern ; and so it is suggested
that the form of the skeleton and the pentamerism of its parts were determined
by the almost inorganic control of typical, spherulitic increase, and that the
body adapted itself to this new mode.

7. By this change, through spherulitic growth, an explanation is offered
of the metamorphosis in echinoderm ontogeny — being due to the cells of the
mesoderm developing in such fashion that multi-spicular secretion was possible.

8. It is believed that the relatively great mass of the skeleton in these
forms favoured the spherulitic mode when fibrous secretion began. Also since
pentamerism was a consequence of this mode of growth, and since Peridionites
already had five definite segments, a torsion to adapt the two independent
pentameral developments (body and skeleton) may be the explanation of the
torsion of body parts during metamorphosis in ontogeny. Thus to the unusual
coincidence of these factors (massive skeleton and independent pentamerism of
body and skeleton), it is suggested, are due the unique features of the
metamorphosis of the echinoderms.

9. An attached stage in the phylogeny of the Eleutherozoa generally
has been postulated although without confirmation in ontogeny. The existence
of these two early forms and their correspondence, morphologically, with the
two chief larval stages, makes it unnecessary to require an attached stage in
the ancestry of the Eleutherozoa.

10. From comparative studies it is suggested that the Homalozoa (that
is, Machaeridia and Carpoidea) were derived from early Cyamoidea or from an
even more primitive group ; and that Pelmatozoa ( Cystida, Blastoidea,
Edrioasteroidea and Crinoidea) arose from Cyamoidea at about the stage of
transition to Cycloidea.

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

25

REFERENCES.

Bather, F, A., 1900. “The Echinoderma 7 7 (General and Pelmatozoa). Pp. 1-216 in
Lankester, R., “A Treatise on Zoology, part III”. London.

Bather, F. A., 1926. (Preface to Withers, T. H., 1926, q.v.).

Bather, F. A., 1929. “Echinoderma. 77 Eneycl. Brit., 14th Ed., VII, pp. 895-904.

Bather, F. A. and Spencer, W. K., 1934. ‘ ‘ A new Ordovician Echinoid from Girvan, Ayrshire 7 7 .
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10, XIII, pp. 557-558.

Bell, F. J., 1891. “On the Arrangement and Interrelations of the Classes of Eehinoderms. 7 7
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 6, VIII, pp. 206-215.

Bryan, W. H., 1934. “Some Spherulitie Growths from Queensland. 7 ' Geol. Mag., Lond.,
LXXI, pp. 167-175, pis. viii.-x.

Bryan, W. H., 1941. “Spherulites and Allied Structures, Part I.” Froc. roy. Soc. Qd,
LII, pp. 41-53, pis. iii-v.

Bryan, W. II. and Hill D., 1941. ‘ ‘ Spherulitie Crystallisation as a Mechanism of Skeletal

Growth in the Hexacorals. 7 7 Proc..roy. Soc. Qd, LII, pp. 78-91.

Bury, H., 1895. ‘ ( The Metamorphosis of Eehinoderms. 7 7 Quart. J. micr. Sci., N.S. ,
XXXVII, pp. 45-185, pis. iii-ix.

Chadwick, H. C., 1914. ' ‘ Echinoderm Larvae. 7 7 Liverpool mar. Biol. Comm. Mem. XXII

32 pp,, 9 pis.).

Clark, A. H., 1912. “Restoration of Eldonia. ,> Zool. Am. XXXIX, pp. 723-725.

Clark, H. L., 1912. “Fossil Holothurians. 7 7 Science, N.S., XXXV, pp. 274-278.

Croneis, C. and McCormack, J., 1932. “ Fossil Holothuroidea. 7 7 J. Palaeont., VI, 2,

pp. 111-148, pis. xv-xxi.

Fritsch, A., 1909. “Tiber eine Echinodermenlarve aus dem Untersilur Bohmens. 77 Zool. Anz.,
XXXIII.

Grave, C., 1903. “On the Occurrence among Eehinoderms of Larvae with Cilia arranged in
Transverse Rings, with a Suggestion as to their Significance.' 7 Biol. Bull., V.

Haeckel, E., 1896. “Die Amphorideen und Cystoideen 77 (in “Beitriige zur Morphologie
und Phylogenie der Echinodermen 77 ), Festtschr . f. Gegeiibaur, I (179 pp., 5 pis.).

MacBride, E. W., 1918. “The Artificial Production of Echinoderm Larvae with two Water
Vascular Systems and also of Larvae devoid of a Water Vascular System. 77 Proc.
roy. Soc. Lond., B, XC, pp. 323-348, pis. iv-x.

Mortensen, T., 1898. “Die Echinodermenlarven der Plankton- Exp edition nebst einer
systemtischen Revision der bisher bekannten Echinodermenlarven. 7 7 Ergeh. der
Plankton-Exped. der Rumbolt-Stiftung, II, J (120 pp., 9 pis., 1 map).

Mortensen, T., 1921. “Studies of the Development and Larval Forms of Eehinoderms. 7 7
Copenhagen (261 pp., 33 pis.).

26

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Muller, J., 1853. “Ueber den allgemeinen Plan in der Entwickelung der Echinodermen . ’ ’
Abh. Tc. ATcad. Wiss. Berlin , Phys. Kl., pp. 25-65, 8 pis.

Schuehert, C., 1915. “ Revision of Palaeozoic Stelleroidea with special reference to North

American Asteroidea. ’ ’ U.S. nat. Mus . Bull. 88 (311 pp., 38 pis.).

Semon, R., 1888. “Die Entwickelung der Synapta digitata und ihre Bedeutung fur die
Phylogenie der Ecliinodermen. ” Jena. Z. Natunv., XXII, pp. 175-309, pis. vi-xii.

S laden, W. P., 1884. “On the Homologies of the Primary Larval Plates in the test of
Branchiate Echinoderms. ’ ’ Quart. J. mier. Sci. N.S., XXIY, pp. 24-42, pi. i.

Sollas, W. J., 1899. “Fossils in the University Museum, Oxford: I. On Silurian Echinoidea
and Ophiuroidea ’ \ Quart. J. geol. Soc. Loncl., LY, pp. 692-715.

Springer, F., 1901. ‘ ‘ Umtawiivus: Its Structure and Relations. ’ ’ Mem. Earv. Mus. comp.

Zool., XXV, I (89 pp., 8 pis.).

Walcott, C. D., 1911. “Middle Cambrian Holothurians and Medusae.’ ’ Smiths, mise. Coll.,
LVTI, 3.

Walther, J., 1886. “ Untersuchungen iiber den Bau der Crinoiden mit besonderer

Beriicksichtigung der Formen aus dem Solenhofer Schiefer und dem Kelheimer
DieerasksAk. ’ ’ Palaeontogr ., XXXII.

Wliitehouse, F. W., 1940. “Studies in the Late Geological History of Queensland. 3: The
Evolution of the Barkly Tableland.” Univ. Qd Papers, Dept. Geol., N.S., II.
1, pp. 41-57.

Withers, T. H., 1926. “Catalogue of the Machaeridia ( TurrUepas and its Allies) in the
Department of Geology.” Brit. Mus. ( N.H. ) Cat. (99 pp., 8 pds.).

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

27

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

(All figures natural size.)

fig. 1. Cymbionites craticula sp. now Limestone showing the concentration of individuals.
Complete specimens are seen in ventral, lateral and dorsal views. A natural transverse
section, through the lower part of the calyx, is shown in the centre of the photograph,
with five plates of approximately equal size.

Fig. 2. Peridionites navicnla sp. nov. Limestone showing isolated plates of the species, most
of them end plates. Two plates of Eocystis (?) sp. also are to be seen.

Pig. 3. Cymbionites cratimla sp. nov. A specimen showing isolated plates, each of them
typically wedge-shaped.

PLATE II.

(All figures natural size unless otherwise stated.)

Pigs. 1-9. Peridionites navicula sp. nov. la, b, lateral and ventral views of a typical
complete specimen. 2, 3 and 4, lateral views of three specimens of a rather taller type.
5, ventral view of a more obese form. 6, a typical specimen with the apical plate
missing. 7a, b, a specimen similar to fig. 6 with the sutures of the medio-lateral plate
etched; 7b is an enlargement (X 2) of this specimen, the holotype. 8a, b, ventral view
of another specimen (8b is enlarged two diameters). 9a, b, microphotographs through a
complete specimen. 9a. (magnified 9 diameters) illustrates the general form. The black
dots indicate the outline of the Central Cleft. The irregularly porous nature of the
skeleton may be seen, the pores aligned generally in a radial fashion. Figure 9b is a
greater magnification (enlarged 30 diameters) of that portion of 9a within the four
white dots. The irregular pores of the skeleton may be noticed.

Figs. 10-24. Cymbionites craticula sp. nov. 10, an almost vertical mierosection (enlarged
13 diameters) through the calyx. The following features should be noticed (see also
text-fig. 5) :

i. The unity of the fibrous development throughout the skeleton.

ii. The grouping of the plates according to the tufts.

iii. The crowding out of a small plate near the base of the calyx by the growth of
neighbouring tufts.

iv. The discordance between the two uppermost sutures and the fibres — that on the
left discordant only towards the outer edge, that on the right continuously
discordant.

v. The cessation of the upper, right suture in outwards development.

vi. The well developed grow'th lines.

Fig. 11 is a naturally etched specimen, the silicified margins of the outer and inner w T alls,
as well as the five sutures, stand out in natural relief.

Figs 12-22 (a and b) show ventral and lateral view T s of eleven specimens, illustrating
the variation in shape. Fig. 12 is the holotype.

Fig. 23 is a ventral view' (X 2) of a form with seven radial plates and a centrale.

Fig. 24 ( X 2) is. a ventral view of a slightly etched specimen showing that the sutures
correspond sometimes with the crests and sometimes with the dips in the scalloped margin
«of the calyx.

28

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

PLATE III.

Cymbionites craticula sp. nov.

Pour microphotographs of transverse sections through plates of the theca.

Pig. 1. Section of one plate near the calical wall (the bounding sutures are at the top and
bottom left corners). The fibres occur as a simple tuft contained within the limits of
the plate. (X 25 diameters.)

Pig. 2. A. specimen in similar aspect to fig. 1, but with the fibres arranged in a double tuft.
(X 50 diameters.)

Fig. 3. A section dorsal to the calyx showing fibres arranged in one plume that forms the
whole theca. Sutures are not developed. (X 25 diameters.)

Pig. 4. A section dorsal to the calyx and midway to the outer edge, showing a suture
discordant with the fibres. Although the fibres are continuous across the suture they have
differing optical properties on either side. (X 50 diameters.)

PLATE IV.

Cymbionites craticula sp. nov.

Pour microphotographs of transverse sections through plates of the theca.

Fig. 1. A specimen with plumose growth, showing a small plate starting to develop with very
strong sutures bounding a small plume, but the sutures soon cease and the plate does not
separate. (X 25 diameters.)

Pig. 2. A section across the specimen illustrated in text fig. 7D, showing two plumes separated
by a suture. The radial, plumose growth is very well illustrated, and also the typical
symmetry of fibres across a suture. (X 50 diameters.)

Pig. 3. The centre portion of the plume of fig. 2 enlarged 230 diameters, showing the fibres
and the interstitial meshwork.

Pig. 4. Another portion of the same slide enlarged 750 diameters, in which there are transverse
and longitudinal sections of the fibres, and in whieh the relations to the interstitial
meshwork can be seen.

I am greatly indebted to Professor H. J. Wilkinson who made the microphotographs and

to Mr. E. V. Robinson who photographed the exteriors of the specimens.

The specimens illustrated in text-figures and on plates bear the following numbers in

the catalogue of the Department of Geology, the University of Queensland:

Peridionites navicvla :

Plate I, fig. 2 (5398).

Plate II, fig. 1 (5399), fig. 2 (5400), fig. 3 (5401), fig. 4 (5402), fig. 5 (5403),
fig. 6 (5405), fig. 7 (5404— holotype), fig. 8 (5406), fig. 9 (5407).

Cymbionites craticula :

Plate I, fig. 1 (5408), fig. 3 (5421).

Plate II, fig. 10 (5422), fig. 11 (5423), fig. 12 (5409— holotype), fig. 13 (5410),
fig. 14 (5411), fig. 15 (5412), fig. 16 (5413), fig. 17 (5414), fig. 18 (5415),
fig. 19 (5416), fig. 20 (5417), fig. 21 (5418), fig. 22 (5419), fig. 23 (5435),
fig. 24 (5420).

Plate III, fig. 1 (5424), fig. 2 (5425), fig. 3 (5426), fig. 4 (5427).

Plate IV, fig. 1 (5428), figs. 2, 3 and 4 (5429).

Text-fig. 6a (5430), 6b (5424), 6c (5431), 6u (5429), 6e (5433), 6f (5434),
6g (5435).

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, VOL. XII, Plate I.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. XII, Plate IT.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. XII, Plate III

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, You XII, Plate IV.

A QUEENSLAND FOSSIL AMPHIBIAN.

By H. A. Longman (Director).

(Plate V.)

With Notes by F. W. Whitehouse, Ph.D., D.Sc., on the Age of the Beds.

A small fragment of bone discovered by Mr. John Wadley in the sand-
stones on the Brisbane River, below Lowood, is of unusual interest as it
represents the first vertebrate remains to be found in these extensive deposits.
The writer has at times searched over large areas of these sandstones, hoping
for signs of vertebrate remains, but without success. It is pleasant to pay a
tribute to Mr. Wadley ’s enthusiasm, to which this discovery is due. Persistent
searching by him in the same locality, however, has failed to reveal additional
material, although further attempts will be made.

The actual spot in which the fragment was found in situ was in the bed
of the Brisbane River nearly a mile below Lowood Station and near the flood
gauge.

The fragment was embedded in a large mass of sandstone, and the smooth
surface exposed resembled portion of a rib. When this was carefully removed
from the matrix, however, the hidden contours proved significant and the
fragment was found to be portion of an amphibian jaw. The rib-like exposed
surface proved to be the oral border. The dorsal aspect of the fragment showed
characteristic sculpturing, whilst the flat lower surface contained the abraded
remains of twenty alveoli.

AUSTROPELOR WADLEYI, genus and species new.

The fragment as exposed consists of three conjoined pieces. The
maximum length is 99 mm., breadth 28 mm., and the dorso-ventral thickness
25 mm. Evidently the fragment was partly macerated before fossilisation, as
all the teeth are lost. Even the body of the fragment is somewhat abraded,
and it is most unfortunate that the alveolar cavities give no evidence of the
actual teeth.

The alveoli are small and closely set, with a maximum diameter of 4 mm.
The fragment is considered to be from the right side of the upper jaw, and
it obviously represents .only a. small section of the dental arcade.

Figure 1 of Plate V shows the lower surface of this maxillary fragment
with the somewhat obscure alveoli. Figure 2 gives a supero-lateral aspect, the
fragment being tilted to show the external or labial surface and the abraded
sculpturing of the cranial roof.

30

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The outer .surface, although abraded, shows two prominent straight
grooves. One of these is situated on the labial border and occupies most of
its area. The second, which is not so prominent, is on the upper surface
adjoining the lateral border and running parallel to it. Both these grooves are
quite shallow anteriorly, where they are merged in the plane of the less
prominent sculpturing. They apparently correspond with lateral portions of
the lyrate system of mucous or sensory canals between the orbits and narial
openings which are characteristic of many Stegocephalians ( Mastodonsaurus,
Capitosawus, Lyrocephalus, Trematosaurus, etc.). From the published
researches of A. P. Bystrow, <3*. Save-Soderbergh, F. Broili and J. Schroder and
others it is evident that considerable significance may be attached to the
structure of these lateral line canals in well-preserved crania. Although so
fragmentary, the evidence for canals in the Lowood fossil seems to be definite,
but no precise comparisons can be made between it and well-known genera.

The labial groove, which appears to have a distinctive feature, is
relatively deep and is almost V-shaped in section at its strongest development.
If placed in a reversed position, the fossil might be interpreted as a fragment
from the left maxilla, and the grooves would then be seen as becoming gradually
merged in the posterior and not the anterior plane of the surface.

On the median border of the upper surface the contours are disrupted for
two-thirds of the length where the fragment was broken off from the cranial
roof. The remaining third presents a smooth surface which apparently represents
the narial opening. The choanae may have been of the somewhat elongated type
figured by F. Broili and J. Schroder in their reconstruction of Capitosaurus
hmightoni. 1

The actual curve of the fragment suggests an arc with a radius of
twenty inches. The cranial contours of fossil amphibia, ranging from elongated
to triangular or almost circular outlines, are too variable to postulate the shape
of the head from so small a fragment. It is obvious, however, that this Lowood
fossil represents a very large species. It is suggested that a complete adult skull
would be about two feet in length.

Austropelor wadleyi is tentatively placed in the Family Capitosauridae
of the Stegocephali. Reg. No. F. 2628. Type fragment in Queensland Museum.

The bone was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Society of Queensland
on 26th June, 1940.

Previous Records. — Very few fossil amphibians have been found in
Australia.

Bothriceps australis from the Hawkesbury beds of New South Wales was
described by Huxley in 1859. 2 A second species Bothriceps major, from Airly,
N.S.W., was subsequently recorded by A. Smith Woodward. 3

1 P. Broili u. J. Schroder, 1937, Sitz. der Bayer. Ak. Wiss., Munchen, Heft 11. p. 111.

2 Huxley, 1859, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Yol. XV, p. 647.

3 A. Smith Woodward, 1909, Rec. Geol. Surv., N.S.W., Yol. VIII, pp. 317-319.

A QUEENSLAND FOSSIL AMPHIBIAN.

31

In 1886 the late Professor W. J. Stephens recorded a pectoral plate from
Cockatoo Island, which he tentatively associated with Mastodonsaurus. He
also described Platyceps wilkimoni , a “Baby Lab yrintk odant ’ 9 from the
Hawkesbury Series near Gosford. 4

The most significant labyrinthodont remains yet discovered in Australia
were secured by the late B. Dunstan, Queensland Government Geologist, from
St. Peters quarry, near Sydney, N.S.W., Wianamatta shales. This very large
specimen was sent to London. In a brief comment D. M. S. Watson notes that
this labyrinthodont 4 ‘ is, so far as can be seen from a short inspection, a typical
Cyclotosaurus which marks a definite evolutionary stage of the Stereospondyli,
always of Upper Triassic age in Europe.” 5

Age. — I am greatly indebted to Dr. F. W. Whitehouse, Hon. Palaeonto-
logist, for the following notes:—

THE AGE OF THE BONE-BEARING SANDSTONE AT LOWOOD.

By F. W. Whitehouse, Ph.D., D.Sc.

’ ‘ In south-eastern Queensland there is a very extensive develop-
ment of Mesozoic sediments that fall naturally into several series. The
nomenclature of these at present is slightly involved since there has
been a progressive subdivision of earlier-named groups sometimes
without a clear statement of what restriction a later author had
intended for the older names. A full discussion and analysis of these
things will be given by the writer in a forthcoming publication.
Meanwhile the following stratigraphical succession expresses best the
progression locally from the early Triassic or even late Permian
(Kinbombi Series) to the Aptian division of the Lower Cretaceous
(Roma Series).

Roma Series (Whitehouse 1926).

Blythesdale Series (Jack 1895).

Walloon Series (Cameron 1907).

Marburg Series (Reid 1921).

Bundamba Series (Cameron 1907).

Ipswich Series (Jack 1886).

Esk Series (Reid 1923).

Kinbombi Series (Reid 1925).

“The bone-bearing sandstone occurs in beds that have been
mapped by Mr. J. H. Reid* * as the Marburg Series— that is a little
above the middle of this sedimentary column. The latest series (the
Roma Series) alone is of marine origin and has a rich Aptian fauna.
The Blythesdale flora is rich but undescribed, probably of lowest
Cretaceous (pre- Aptian) age.

4 W. J. Stephens, 1886, Pr. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., Vol. I (2), pp. 931-940; loe. cit
pp. 1175-1192, and 1887, Vol. II (2), pp. 156-158.

B D. M. S, Watson, 1918. Eep. Brit. Ann, Ad. Sci., 1917, p. 115.

* Reid, J. H. 1921. “ Geology of the Walloon-Rosewood Coalfield.” Qd. Govt .

Mining J., XXII, p. 224.

32

MEMOIBS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

1 1 Only one species of plant (a giant Nilssonia ) is known in the
Kin bom, l)i Series which mainly is a group of andesitic boulder beds.
The Esk and Ipswich Series have wonderfully rich Triassie floras as
well as abundant insect faunas. In earlier times, by comparison with
Europe (where Triassie beds earlier than the Rhaetic are almost barren
of plants), the flora of the Ipswich Series was regarded as Rhaetic.
But now, when here in Queensland we know of rich floras almost
continuously downwards to the Permian, the basis of such a definite
age determination is open to question. However, judging from strata!
thicknesses and by comparison with the African and Argentine floral
evidence, the Esk and Ipswich Series together must continue the
succession upwards to near the top of the Triassie.

“Between these Triassie and Cretaceous groups lie the three
series, the Bundamba, Marburg and Walloon, with very few species
of plants. In an outlier of what appears to be the Bundamba Series
at Durikai is a Sagenopteris flora ( Sagenopteris rhoifolia Presl. sp.,
Otozamites feistmanteli Zigno, and Phlebopteris alethopteroides Eth.
fil.), definitely Jurassic. The described floras of the Walloon and
Marburg Series (in their restricted senses) are very meagre although,
near Bymount in the western regions, there is a very rich undescribed
flora of the Walloon. Until this and certain other floras (of the
Blythesdale Series most notably) are described a definite age pronounce-
ment would be premature. Sufficient it is to say that these three
series (Bundamba, Marburg and Walloon) are Jurassic in age and that
the Marburg Series which has this bone bed may be placed tentatively
about the middle of the period.

“It may be appropriate to record that it is in the succeeding
series (the Walloon) that the most striking evidences of vertebrate
life in our lacustrine Mesozoic beds has been obtained — the dinosaur
RJwetosaurus brownei Longman from Durham Downs north of Roma,
and the abundant dinosaur footprints in a coal mine at Lanefield.
All four non-marine series, from Bundamba to Blythesdale, cover an
enormous area in Queensland, outcropping as a continuous eastern,
marginal fringe to the Great Artesian Basin. Except for the Blythes-
dale Series they occur also in smaller basins nearer the coast. There is
considerable promise therefore of future discoveries of Jurassic and
early Cretaceous land and fresh-water vertebrates in Queensland.

“For purposes of comparison it may be well to record that the
Mesozoic sediments of the Sydney area with several described
vertebrates (the Narrabeen, Hawkesbury and Wianamatta Series) are
all Triassie and so are earlier than the bone bed at Lowood. ’ '

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vol. XII, Plate V.

Fig. I. — Austropelor wadleyi. Lower surface of jaw fragment with remains of alveoli.

Fig. 2. — Austropelor wadleyi. Supero-lateral view of jaw fragment.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS
ANOPLODACTYLUS TOGETHER WITH A NEW
SPECIES FROM QUEENSLAND.

By G. Williams, M.Sc., Queen’s University, Belfast.

(Text-figures 1-5.)

The interesting Pyenogonid, which forms the third species of
Anoplodactylus recorded from the Australian coast, was collected by Mr.
Melbourne Ward. For the opportunity of describing this specimen my thanks
are due to Professor T. Thomson Flynn, to whom I am also indebted for much
helpful criticism and for the use of his extensive literature.

The Genus Anoplodactylus (Wilson) established in 1878 now includes
39 named species and two forms which are referable to the genus but w T hich
have not received specific names. One of these, found off the south coast of
Japan, was too immature for specific diagnosis (Ohshima). The other, taken
near Ye, Burma, is stated to resemble closely A. petiolatus. Caiman hesitated
to extend the already wide distribution of A. petiolatus or to establish a new
closely-related species on the evidence of but one specimen.

Cole in 1904 established the genus Halosoma but this has not retained
its generic rank, having been transformed by Loman (1912) into a subgenus of
Anoplodactylus. Seven members of this subgenus are now known, occurring in
widely separated regions, viz. :

1. Anoplodactylus ( Halosoma ) virid -int es tin alis Cole 1904, from the

Californian coast.

2. Anoplodactylus ( Halosoma ) lappa Bohm 1879, from the coast of

Mozambique.

3. Anoplodactylus ( Halosoma ) exiguus Dolirn 1881, from the

Mediterranean Sea.

4. Anoplodactylus {Halosoma) robustus Dohrn 1881, from the

Mediterranean Sea.

5. Anoplodactylus ( Halosoma ) anarthrus Loman 1908, from the

Timor Sea.

6. Anoplodactylus ( Halosmna ) haswelli Flynn 1918, from Port

Jackson, Australia.

7. Anoplodactylus ( Halosoma ) derjugini Losina-Losinsky 1929, from

the Sea of Japan.

Of the above, numbers 2, 3 and 5 were transferred to the genus

Anoplodactylus by Loman in 1912 and number 4 by Losina-Losinsky in 1929.
In tabulating the known species of Halosoma, however, L osina- -Los insky omitted
C

34 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

75

V

7

V

CL

■J)

fi

V

7

u

CL

75

7)

J

c

>*3

J3

d

jji

t

©

ns

&+

c

p

CO

4 )

"> 3 >

3 — 5

d 3

_o _®

C_ CL
o o
c c

< <

• X

o

U)

pH

A REVISION OF TEE GENUS ANOPLODACTYLUS.

35

Flynn’s species A. hasweUi (1918). Of the remaining species, eight, including
the genotype A. lentus (Wilson 1878), have been recorded from North American
waters and two from those of South America, although one example in each
case is the widespread species A. petiolatus. Nine species are known from
Africa, but of these one is again A. petiolatus from the Algerian coast and
another A. saxatilis from Port Said, the latter species also occurring off the
Indian coast. Only three species (including the new species described below)
have been taken in Australian waters and of these one, A plumuhii’iae (von
Lendenfeld 1888) is only known from immature forms. Eight species are
recorded from the waters of India and the Malay Archipelago and one from
near Japan.

The members of the genus Anoplodaetylus appear to be mainly warm
water forms, the great majority having been taken in tropical or subtropical
regions (Fig. 1). The European species show the greatest extension into colder
latitudes and the known distribution of the most northerly species {A. petiolatus)
is particularly interesting. Stevensen (1933) has recorded A. petiolatus from
as far north as 69° and it may be that this northern extension has been made
possible by the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream Drift. It is of interest also
to note that this northerly region from which A. petiolatus has been taken
closely corresponds to the isotherm of maximum positive anomaly, where the air
temperature may be as much as 40° F. above the mean temperature for that
latitude.

List of Known Anoplodactyltjs Species and Key to theer. Distribution.

A. lentus (genotype) (Wilson) 1878

A.

A. investigatoris (Caiman) 1923

A. m

A. petiolatus (Kroyer) 1844

N.

A. cribellatus (Caiman) 1923

A. c.

A. typhlops (Sars) 1891

M.

A. species like petiolatus (Caiman) 1923

A. s.

A. pygmaeus (Hodge) 1864

L.

A. insignia (Hoek) 1881

H.

A. ( Halosoma ) robustus (Dohm) 1881

O.

A . insignis bermudensis (Cole) 1904 . .

E.

A. angulatus (Dohm) 1881

P.

A. oculatus (Carpenter) 1904

I.

A. virescens (Hodge) 1864

K.

A. ( Halosoma ) exiguus (Dohrn) 1881. .

Q.

A. stylops (Loman) 1908

A. st.

A. portus (Caiman) 1927

Y.

A. digitatus (Bohm) 1879

A. b.

A. neglecta (Hoek) 1898

W.

(redescribed by Loman 1908)

A. plumidariae (von Lendenfeld) 1883

A. pi.

A. brevicollis (Loman) 1908

A.j.

A. massiliensis (Bouvier) 1916

J.

A. versluysi (Loman) 1908

A. v.

A. maritimus (Hodgson) 1915

F.

A. ( Halosoma ) anarthrus (Loman) 1908

A. a.

A. calif ornicus (Hall) 1915

B.

A. ( Halosoma ) tuhiferus (Haswell) 1884

A. t.

A. parvus (Giltay) 1934

D.

A. gestiens (Ortmann) 1891

A. g.

A. Species (immature) (Ohshima) 1933

A. sp.

A. aculeatus (Mobius) 1902

Y.

A. ( Halosoma ) derjugini (Losina-

A. spinosus (Mobius) 1902

U.

Losinsky) 1929

A. d.

A. erectus (Cole) 1904

C.

A. ( Halosoma ) virid-intestinalis (Cole)

A. pulcher (Carpenter) 1907

A. p.

1904

G.

A. pelagicus (Flynn) 1928

T.

A. ( Halosoma ) lappa (Bohm) 1879 . .

R.

A. polignaci (Bouvier) 1914

S.

A. longicollis (Williams) 1939

A. q.

A. saxatilis (Caiman) 1923

z.

A. ( Halosoma ) haswelli (Flynn) 1918

A. h.

36

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

ANOPLODACTYLUS LONGICOLLIS sp. nov.

Locality . — ‘ ‘ Lindeman Island, Whitsunday Passage, Queensland,

Australia. Among bushy algae and hydroids. (M\ Ward).” 2 $ .

Description . — Body elongated and slender, the lateral processes separated
by about twice their diameter, last two segments practically coalesced, the suture
line being barely visible. Ocular tubercle very large, pointed and directed
forwards. Proboscis dilated in its proximal third and slightly swollen at tip.
Abdomen considerably longer than last pair of lateral processes, directed
vertically.

Pig. 2. — Anoplodactylus longicollis,
sp. n., Male. Dorsal view, legs
omitted (X 33 4).

Pig. 3. — Anoplodactylus longicollis, sp. n.,
Male. Prom the right side, legs omitted
(X 334).

Chelophores fairly slender, scape long but not equal to length of cephalic
segment owing to the length of the neck. Fingers delicate, very strongly curved
distally, with a few scattered spines.

Legs slender, second coxa not quite as long as first and third together.
Femur equal to first tibia and provided with a long terminal process ending in
a long spine. First tibia longer than second tibia, also provided with spinous

A REVISION OF THE GENUS ANOPLODACTYLUS.

37

terminal process, the latter being miuch shorter than that of the femur. Propodus
with well marked basal projection bearing one large unpaired spine followed
by one pair. Sole of propodus with a series of smaller spines extending nearly
to base of claw. Claw long and slender, auxiliaries very small. Second coxa of
last three legs with small bluntly pointed process. First leg bluntly rounded
in this region but with no distinct process. Femora of all legs with two large
cribriform gland openings, symmetrically placed on each side of middle of femur
Ovigers six jointed of the characteristic Anoplodactylus form, third joint longest,
sixth joint smallest, with a few spines but no terminal claw.

Fig. 4 . — Anoplodactylus longicollis sp. n., Male.

A. Eight Oviger (X 57J).

B. Eight Chelophore (X 66f).

C. Tarsus and Propodus of first right leg (X 62|),

Measurements, in mm.

Length of proboscis (from the side) . . . . . . . . 0-82

Greatest width of proboscis . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-29

Length of trunk . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

Length of abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-36

Length of scape of chelophore . . . . . . . . . . 0-61

Height of ocular tubercle (from dorsal base of chelophore) . . 051

Fourth right leg: —

First coxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 0'364

Second coxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0*666

Third coxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0*375

Femur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1*51

First tibia . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . 1*51

Second tibia . . . . . . . . • • - • • • 1*41

Tarsus and propodus . . . . . . . . ■ • 0*82

Length of great claw . . • ■ ■ • • • • • ■ • 0*54

(The measurements of the tarsus and propodus and of the great claw are taken from
the first leg as these regions are foreshortened in the microscopic preparation of the fourth leg.>

38

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM .

Remarks. — Anoplodactylus longicoUis is* related to A. cribellatus (Caiman
1923, p. 285) and A. oculatus (Carpenter 1905). There is a very strong
resemblance to the latter, particularly in the neck region, in the shape and size of
the ocular tubercle, and also in the form of the proboscis. The resemblance to
A. cribellatus is not so close although the widely separated lateral processes and
the fusion of the last two segments is common to both. The three species differ
from each other in the following points. The lateral processes are more widely
separated in A. longicoUis than in A. cribellatus or A. oculatus. The proportion
of .the limb joints is different in all three species. The heel of the propodus

Pig. 5 . — Anoplodactylus longicoUis, sp. n., Male. Fourth right

leg (X 32).

in A. longicoUis has only one unpaired spine whereas in the other two species
there are two. The femoral cement gland openings are very large and only two
in number in A. longicoUis while there are five in A. oculatus and fifteen in
A. cribellatus. There is no end claw to the oviger in either A. longicoUis or
A. cribellatus. Carpenter figures and describes one in the ease of A. oculatus.
I believe this to be the only case on record of an Anoplodactylus species possess-
ing such a structure. The scape of the chelophore is considerably shorter than
the cephalic segment in A. longicoUis , whilst in A. oculatus and A. cribellatus
the reverse is the ease. The genital process is distinct as a definite process in
A. oculatus , in A. longicoUis it is a pointed hump. The process at the distal end
of the femur is present in A. oculatus and A. longicoUis , although it is better
developed in the latter. A. cribellatus has no such process. Neither A. oculatus
•or A. cribellatus shows any process comparable to that found at the extremity
•of the first tibia in *4. longicoUis.

Type in Queensland Museum, Reg. No. W. 974.

A REVISION OF TEE GENUS ANOPLODACTYLUS.

39

LIST OF PAPERS REFERRED TO.

(For more complete list see Sehimkewitsch 1930 or Bouvier 1923.)

1. Bouvier, E. L., 1923. Faune de France. Pycnogonides.

2. Carpenter, G. H., 1907. Pycnogonida. Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, Zool. XII.

3. Carpenter, G. H., 1905. The Marine Fauna of the Coast of Ireland. Pycnogonida. Fish.

Ire. Scient. Invest. 1904, IV.

4. Caiman, W. T., 1923. Records of the Indian Museum, XXV, Pt. Ill, Pycnogonida of

the Indian Museum.

5. Caiman, W. T., 1927. Report on the Pycnogonida. Zool. Res. Cambridge Exp. to the

Suez Canal, 1924. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. XXII, Pt. 3.

6. Flynn, T. Thomson, 1918. On a Pycnogonid of the Genus Ealosoma. Roy Soe. Tasmania,

Pap. & Proe.

7. Flynn, T. Thomson, 1919. A re-examination of Professor Ha swell’s Types of Australian

Pycnogonida. Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania.

8. Flynn, T. Thomson, 1928. The Pycnogonida of the Marine Survey of South Africa.

Fish. Mar. Biol. Sur. S.A., Rep. No. 6.

9. Gilt ay, L., 1934. A new Pycnogonid from Bermuda. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Belg. T. 10,

No. 42.

10. Hilton, W. A., 1915. Pycnogonida from Laguna Beach. Journ. Ent. & Zool. Claremont,

California, Vol. 7, 1915, pp. 67-70 and 201-206.

11. Hodgson, T. V., 1927. Die Pycnogoniden der Deutschen Sudpolar Expedition 1901-03.

XIX, Zool. XL.

12. Lendenfeld, von, 1883. Entwicklung von Phoxichilidium plumulariae. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zoo).

vol. 38.

13. Losina-Losinsky, L., 1929. Tiber einige neue Formen der Pantopoda. Zool. Jahrb., LVII.

14. Ohshima, H., 1933. Pycnogonids taken with a Tow-net. Annot. Zool. Japan, 14.

15. Stephensen, K., 1929. Pycnogonida.. Zoology of the Faroes, pt. 50, Copenhagen.

16. Stephensen, K., 1936. Sveriges Pycnogonider. Goteborgs. Kungl. Vetenskaps- och

Vitterhets- Samhalles. Handlingar. B:IV.

17. Sehimkewitsch, W., 1929-30. Pantopodes. 1-2. Faune de l’U.R.S.S. et des Pays

Limitrophes. Leningrad.

NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE
BARNARD COLLECTION.

By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.R.E.S.

The large and valuable collection of lepidoptera made by the late Mr.
W. B. Barnard has recently been presented to the Queensland Museum by his
family. Mr. Barnard, who was a skilled, zealous, and untiring collector of this
group of insects, has added much to our knowledge by prolonged collecting in
the far north of the Cape York Peninsula, West Australia, and Tasmania, as
well as in Southern and Western Queensland. The arranging of this great
collection will be a long task, and is certain to reveal a large number of hitherto
unknown species. A first instalment of these is the subject of the present article.

The types of the species here described are in the Queensland Museum.

Fam. NOTODONTIDAE.

Phreraspis rectilinea n. sp.

rectilineus, straight-lined.

$ 9 . 54-60 mm. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with whitish hairs.
Palpi 1|; pale brown. Antennae ochreous-grey wdiitish ; pectinations in male 10,
in female without pectinations, but shortly ciliated. Abdomen brownish -
ochreous, at apex fuscous. Legs fuscous; tarsi with whitish rings. Forewings
elongate-oval, costa gently arched, apex rounded, very oblique ; fuscous with
blackish lines ; a sub-basal line with a posterior median tooth, not quite reaching
dorsum ; antemedian from \ costa to 1 dorsum, indented beneath costa, otherwise
straight; a very slender irregularly dentate median line; postmedian from
2/3 costa to 2/3 dorsum, slightly sinuate, finely dentate ; subterminal finely
dentate, strongly sinuate ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings with termen rounded ;
whitish-grey ; on dorsum suffused with brownisli-ochreous ; cilia grey, apices
whitish.

Very similar to P. polio xwtha, Turn., but the forewings are darker;
antemedian line straight, and the antennae of female not pectinate.

Queensland : Injune in November ; two specimens.

Gen. Nycteropa nov.

WKTeptoTros, dusky.

Tongue well developed. Palpi porrect or slightly ascending, much
thickened with rough scales ; terminal joint concealed. Antennae of male
bipectinate, apex simple. Thorax with a short dense posterior crest. Abdomen
without crests. Posterior tibiae with middle spurs. Forewings with 2 from
shortly before angle, 3 and 4 connate from angle, 5 from middle of cell, 6 from

NEW SPECIES OF LEPIBOPTEBA FBOM THE B ABN ABB COLLECTION. 4l

near end of areole, 7, 8, 9 stalked from areole, 10 separate from areole, 11 from
four-fifths, free. Hindwings with 2 from four-fifths, 5 from slightly above
middle, 6 and 7 long-stalked, 12 parallel to and near cell, but not closely
approximated. Apparently near Destolmm.

Nycteropa subovalis n. sp.

subovalis, somewhat oval.

S . 42 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi 2; fuscous. Antennae grey;

pectinations in male 2, extreme apex simple. Abdomen grey- whitish. Legs
fuscous sprinkled, and tarsi ringed, with whitish; posterior pair mostly whitish.
Fore wings suboval, narrow towards base, strongly dilated posteriorly, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded; grey with dark
fuscous lines and irroration; two short transverse lines from costa near base;
two curved antemedian lines at one-fourth diverging towards dorsum ; a small
round pale orbicular spot precedes the second ; a median line with a posterior
tooth above dorsum; a sinuate postmedian line at two-thirds, followed by fine
streaks on veins to termen; cilia fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings with
termen rounded ; whitish with a pale fuscous apical suffusion extending on termen
to middle ; cilia as fore wings.

S ■ 44-48 mm. Antennae simple. Abdomen brownish-fuscous ; apices of
segments ochreous- whitish. Posterior legs mostly fuscous. Forewings broader
at base, costa more strongly arched near base ; fuscous with patchy whitish
suffusion and dark fuscous markings; one or both basal lines absent; first
antemedian line well marked, indented above dorsum, second slender and some-
times obsolete, preceded or interrupted by a small circular pale orbicular spot;
postmedian slender or partly obsolete preceded by a pale oval reniform spot;
basal, midcostal, and mid-dorsal areas suffused with whitish ; a slender dentate
whitish subterminal line sometimes more strongly marked, preceding a fuscous
terminal band crossed by dark fuscous streaks on veins. Hindwings and cilia
fuscous.

Athough sexual diversity is unusual in this group, there is no reasonable
doubt that these are one species.

Queensland; Injune in March and April; one male and three females.
One of the latter is the type.

Hall aba subviridis n. sp.

subviridis, partly green.

S . 56 mm. Head and thorax fuscous sparsely sprinkled with ochreous-
whitish. Palpi 3|; second joint long, broad, densely scaled, expanded beneath
towards apex; second joint short, cylindrical, obtuse; fuscous, second joint
whitish-ochreous beneath except apex. Antennae ochreous-grey-whitish ; pectina-
tions in male 6, fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous, apices of segments whitish-
ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous ; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings suboblong,

42

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

costa moderately arched, apex rounded-rectangular, termen rounded, scarcely
oblique ; fuscous rather sparsely and very unevenly sprinkled with green scales,
which are more numerous towards base ; orbicular median, consisting of a small
white dark-centred ring; reniform slightly beyond, more faintly outlined,
tranversely compressed, with an acute costal angle, incomplete dorsally; costal
edge above orbicular whitish, with a small patch of green irroration beneath;
several obscure whitish spots on dorsum and apical fourth of costa; a series of
minute whitish dots in a line angled inwards from apex to tornus; a terminal
series of similar dots extending into cilia ; cilia between dots fuscous. Hindwings
with termen rounded ; pale fuscous ; towards base ochreous-whitish ; cilia as
fore wings but whitish on dorsum.

In spite of its green scales this species is very obscure and certainly
cryptic.

North Queensland : Kuranda in April.

Fam. LARENTIADAE.

POECILASTHENA ISCHNOPHRICA 11. Sp.

layyo^piKOS } narrowly rippled.

9. 21-24 mm. Head pale grey ; face and palpi fuscous-brown. Antennae,
thorax, and abdomen pale grey. Legs whitish ; anterior pair fuscous or grey.
Forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen moderately
oblique; whitish-grey with numerous fine rippled transverse lines of slightly
darker grey; in posterior half of wing these are usually marked by fuscous points
where they cross veins; a fuscous discal dot before middle; cilia whitish-grey.
Hindwings with termen rounded ; as forewings.

On a casual inspection this might be mistaken for Cidaria microeyma or
even for one of the Sterrhidae. It is interesting as the only indigenous species
of the genus recorded from West Australia. The only other species known from
that State is the widespread P. pulchraria.

West Australia: Busselton in February; Denmark in March and April;
ten specimens.

Tephroclystia aphanes n. sp.

a(j>avr)$, obscure.

9 . 17-18 mm. Head grey. Palpi one and a half ; grey. Antennae grey.
Thorax and abdomen fuscous. Legs grey-whitish ; anterior pair fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate-triangular, costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen rounded,
oblique; fuscous-grey with some darker scales; a series of costal strigulae
terminating in a fuscous dot at three-fourths followed by another at seven-
eighths ; from these proceed two whitish lines ending before and on tornus, the
first irregularly waved, the second dentate ; a dark fuscous median discal dot and

NEW SPECIES OF LEP1D0PTERA FliOM THE BARNARD COLLECTION. 43

another above tornus; a fuscous terminal line; cilia grey-whitish with pale
fuscous bars. Hindwings with termen gently rounded; colour and cilia as
forewings ; several short fuscous lines from dorsum.

Apart from its neuration this may be distinguished from similarly obscure
species of Chloroclystis by its discal dots.

Queensland : Toowoomba in February ; three specimens.

Xanthorhoe emmelopis n. sp.

^fJLfxeXoiTUSy harmonious.

3. 28 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous. Antennae fuscous;
pectinations in male 12. Abdomen grey; apices of segments fuscous. Legs
fuscous; posterior pair grey. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, apex
round-pointed, termen slightly rounded, oblique; whitish with many rippled
lines and suffusion fuscous; a small dark basal patch containing two whitish
transverse lines; beyond this a narrow whitish fascia bisected by a fuscous line;
median band broad on costa, narrower on dorsum, anterior edge from one-third
costa to one-third dorsum, slightly curved outwards, posterior edge from three-
fourths costa, slightly dentate, transverse to middle, where it forms an acute
tooth, thence inwards to two-thirds dorsum; this band contains three rippled
transverse lines and a median dot ; there follows a narrow whitish fascia bisected
by a slender fuscous line ; a fine dentate whitish subterrainal line followed by
interneural fuscous streaks; a terminal series of triangular blackish dots; cilia
fuscous with obscure whitish bars. Hindwings with termen scarcely rounded,
dentate; whitish with very fine fuscous strigulae on dorsum; a faint fuscous
subterminal line and a stronger terminal line; cilia whitish with an obscure
fuscous median line.

West Australia; Denmark in April; one specimen.

Fam. STERRHIDAE.

Eois TRISSOMITA n. Sp.

rpioaofJUTOs, with three threads.

$ . 13-14 mm. Head brownish ; fillet whitish ; face and palpi fuscous.
Thorax and abdomen brownish. Legs pale brownish. Fore wings narrowly
elongate, costa straight almost to apex, apex pointed, termen slightly rounded,
oblique; pale brownish with fuscous markings; an ill defined spot on costa at
one-third; another at two-thirds giving rise to a sinuate line ending on mid-
dorsum ; a similar but less defined line shortly beyond and parallel ; a third
fainter parallel subterminal line; cilia pale brownish with median fuscous line.
Hindwings with termen rounded; as forewings but lines antemedian, postmedian,
and subterminal.

The forewings are much narrower than is usual in this genus, the wing-
shape resembling that of a Gymnoscelis. It is unfortunate that we do not know
the structural characters of the male.

Queensland : Injune in August and October ; three specimens.

44

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

SCOPULA LOXOGRAPHA n. sp.

Ao£oypatf>os , obliquely marked.

S 9 . 24-28 mm. Head and palpi dark fuscous. Antennae in male grey,
in female fuscous; ciliations in male 1. Thorax and abdomen whitish sprinkled
with grey. Legs grey ; posterior pair grey-whitish ; posterior tibiae in male
smooth, slightly swollen, not quite as long as femora, without spurs, tarsi slightly
longer than tibiae ; posterior tibiae in female with two pairs of spurs. Forewings
elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen nearly straight,
oblique; whitish sparsely sprinkled with grey; a thick dark fuscous line from
one-third dorsum to apex, nearly straight, costal edge rather suffused, terminal
edge sharply defined ; a slender fuscous line from mid-dorsum, roughly parallel,
to termen beneath apex, followed by two suffused grey lines ; a fuscous terminal
line; cilia whitish. Hindwings with termen rounded; colour as forewings; a
straight dark fuscous transverse median line ; a slender parallel fuscous line from
two-thirds dorsum to apex, followed by two grey lines; terminal line and cilia
as forewings. In many examples the wings are more grey and have no blackish
lines, all being slender and slightly waved.

Queensland; Injune in August, September, October, and April (W. B.
Barnard) ; a fine series. Cunnamulla in February (N. Geary) one female of the
grey form with the lines less strongly marked. This species is exceptional in the
genus in having a double areole. In other respects it appears to be a typical
8 copula.

Anisodes rhodobapta n. sp.

poSofianros, rosy-tinged.

$ 9 . 25-28 mm. Head ochreous- whitish ; upper part of face fuscous-
crimson. Palpi in male 2, in female two and a half,, terminal joint in male one
and a half, in female two-thirds; fuscous-crimson, beneath whitish. Antennae
whitish; pectinations in male 10, apical fourth simple. Thorax pale, ochreous-
grey. Abdomen pale ochreous-grey with a few fuscous scales, sides rosy-tinged.
Legs oehreous-whitish ; anterior and middle pairs rosy-tinged. Forewings
triangular, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly rounded,
slightly oblique; oehreous-whitish rather densely sprinkled with grey and
fuscous-crimson scales ; five or six fuscous dots in basal area ; discal dot faintly
indicated; postmedian indicated by a faint grey shade, sometimes with a few
fuscous points; subterminal by a series of fuscous dots on veins; cilia grey-
whitish. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded; as fore wings, but with a
white discal dot outlined with fuscous.

North Queensland: Cape York in October and November; three specimens,

Axisodes lechriostropha n. sp.

Aeyp loott po(f)os t obliquely banded.

S 9 . 36-38 mm. Head grey-whitish ; upper part of face grey. Palpi in
male one and a quarter, in female 2, terminal joint in male one-third, in female
two-thirds; whitish. Antennae grey- whitish ; pectinations in male 12, apical

NEW SPECIES OF LEV I DOPTERA FROM THE BARE AMD COLLECTION. 45

third simple. Thorax and abdomen grey-whitish with a few scattered dark
fuscous scales. Legs ochreous- whitish ; anterior pair dull rosy-purple
anteriorly ; posterior femora of male with a dense fuscous-purple crest of scales
on apex of dorsum; posterior tibiae of male without middle spurs. Pore wings
triangular, costa straight almost to apex, apex round-pointed, termen rounded,
slightly crenulate, slightly oblique; grey- whitish with a few' dark fuscous scales
and a minute discal dot ; a broadly suffused pale grey line from two-fifths
dorsum towards apex, but near end curved to three-fourths costa; a series of
blackish dots on veins in a similarly suffused subterminal line, that on vein 5
■displaced inwards; a terminal series of blackish dots on veins; cilia whitish.
Hindwings with termen rounded, slightly crenulate; as forewings, but wuth a
faint sub-basal line and second line median.

North Queensland : Cape York in October and June ; three specimens.

PlSORACA STICTA n. Sp.

■ otlktos , speckled.

$ 9 . 26-27 mm. Head grey -whitish ; upper part of face fuscous. Palpi
in male one and a half, in female 2, terminal joint in male one-half, in female
two-thirds; fuscous, beneath whitish. Antennae grey-whitish; pectinations in
male 8, terminal fourth simple. Thorax and abdomen grey-whitish. Legs
whitish ; anterior pair crimson-grey. Forewings triangular, costa straight, apex
round-pointed, termen slightly rounded, oblique; grey-whitish rather densely
sprinkled with grey ; sometimes a few grey dots in basal area ; discal dot faint
or absent; postmedian line ill defined, sinuate, subterminal faint, irregularly
dentate with a few' darker dots; a terminal series of dots between veins; cilia
whitish. Hindw-ings with termen strongly rounded ; as forewings.

North Queensland: Cape York in October and May; three specimens.

Pam. G-EOMETRIDAE.

Idiochroa rufifrons n. sp.

rufifrons , with reddish face.

9 . 22-30 mm. Head green on crown ; fillet white ; face and palpi dark
red. Antennae white; pectinations in female 4, apical sixth simple. Thorax
green. Abdomen grey; dorsum of first two segments green; median whitish
dots on third, fourth, and fifth segments. Legs whitish; anterior coxae and
femora reddish; anterior tibiae and tarsi grey. Forewings triangular, costa
moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen nearly straight, oblique; rather
dark green ; sometimes a pale subterminal line, slightly dentate, obsolete
towards costa, with an anterior tooth above dorsum ; cilia grey. Hindwings with
termen slightly rounded, tomus prominent, colour and cilia as forewings;
subterminal line indistinct.

Queensland: Injune in November, February, and April; five specimens.

46

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Chlorocoma CYCLOSEMA 11 . sp.

KVK\oar]fMO$ , with a circular mark.

$ . 20 mm. Head greyish-brown ; fillet and antennae white. Palpi not
extending beyond face ; whitish. Thorax green. Abdomen whitish ; dorsum
green towards base. Legs pale pink; posterior pair whitish. Forewings
triangular, costa straight almost to apex, apex pointed, termen slightly rounded,
slightly oblique ; green ; a greyish-brown streak from base of costa to apex,
separated except at base and apex from costal edge by a white streak;,
antemedian line obsolete ; a faint dentate whitish postmedian line ; cilia whitish.
Hindwings with termen rounded, tornus prominent; as forewings but with a
rather large greyish-brown circular diseal spot. Allied to C. melocrossa Meyr.,
but much smaller and distinguished by the discal spot of the hindwings.

New South Wales: Brunswick Heads in January; one specimen.

GrELASMA SELENOSEMA n. sp.
oeArjvoarjfJiOS, with lunate markings.

$ $ . 28-30 mm. Head green; fillet white; face reddish-orange. Palpi in
male 1 and a half, terminal joint very short, in female 2 and a half, terminal joint
as long as second ; pale ochreous. Antennae white towards base, green towards
apex; pectinations in male 4, green, apical two-fifths simple. Thorax green.
Abdomen green on dorsum ; beneath white. Legs whitish ; anterior pair ochreous-
tinged with green coxae ; posterior tibiae in male dilated, with hair-tuft, ; all spurs
present but short. Fore wings triangular, costa straight to two-thirds, thence
gently arched, apex pointed, termen almost straight, slightly oblique ; green •
costal edge in male ochreous from near base to middle, in female ochreous to
beyond middle, thence whitish to apex ; lines slender, whitish, composed of small
lunules or half-loops; antemedian from one-fourth costa to two-fifths dorsum;
consisting of three lunules convex posteriorly; postmedian from three-fourths
costa to two-thirds dorsum, somewhat outwardly curved, lunules numerous and
smaller, convex anteriorly, their junctions dentate posteriorly; termen edged
very narrowly with fuscous; cilia whitish. Hindwings angled on vein 4,
straight above and beneath; as forewings but without antemedian line.

North Queensland: Cape York in October and November; five specimens.

Gen. Ecnomopklebia nov.

iKVO[XO(f>Xe^LOs , unusually veined.

5 . Face smooth. Tongue well developed. Palpi moderately long,
smooth, slender, obliquely ascending, projecting slightly beyond face. Antennae
in male simple, minutely ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Under-
surface of thorax and femora smooth. Posterior tibiae of male shorter and
more slender than middle pair; tibiae without middle spurs, terminal spurs
short. Fore wings with 2 from two-thirds, 3 and 4 separate, 5 from above
middle, 6 from upper angle, connate with 7, 8, 9, 10, which are stalked, 7

NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTEEA FROM THE BARNARD COLLECTION . 47

separating before 10, 11 from near end of cell, anastomosing strongly with. 10.
Hindwings with cell short (less than one-third), discoeellulars strongly oblique,
2 from near angle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 well developed, arising one-fourth of the
distance between 6 and 4, 6 and 7 stalked, 12 anastomosing with cell from near
base to near apex, thence strongly diverging.

An anomalous genius. In the hindwing 5 is typically Geometrid, but for
the long anastomosis of 12 with the cell, which is, so far as I know, unique in
this family.

Ecnomophlebla argyrospila n. sp.
apyvpoGmXos , silver-spotted.

$. 28. mm. Head pale brown; fillet white; face ochreous except on
margins. Palpi one and a quarter; pale ochreous. Antennae white. Thorax
greenish-yellow, anteriorly pale brown. Abdomen greenish-yellow. Legs
whitish-ochreous. Forewings triangular, costa moderately arched, apex round-
pointed, termen rounded, oblique; pale greenish-yellow with numerous silvery
spots outlined with pale brown; these appear to be irregularly dispersed and
some are confluent, they are most dense in median area, where a double series
form a band beyond middle, towards termen they are rather larger and more
irregular in outline ; a terminal series of brown dots between veins; cilia whitish.
Hindwings with short projecting teeth on veins 3 and 6 ; colour and markings
as forewings.

North Queensland: Cape York in November; one specimen.

Terpna pammiges n. sp.

Trafjijjuyrjs } all-blended.

$ . 30 mm. Head green with some fuscous scales on vertex ; lower edge
of face whitish, edged above by a dark fuscous line. Palpi 1 and a quarter;
fuscous, base of second and apex of terminal joint whitish. Antennae dark
fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous; patagia partly green. Abdomen dark fuscous
with some pinkish scales; beneath ochreous-whitish. Legs dark fuscous with
ochreous-whitish rings. Middle femora pinkish sprinkled with dark fuscous;
posterior pair ochreous-whitish with a few fuscous scales. Forewings broadly
triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen slightly rounded,
scarcely oblique, crenulate ; dark fuscous mixed with green, whitish, and
pinkish ; pinkish scales limited to veins in basal and central areas and as
strigulae on basal part of costa; costal edge mostly fuscous with whitish dots
beyond middle ; base of wing mostly green towards costa and fuscous towards
dorsum; markings fuscous; antemedian line obscure, rather broad, suffused,
interrupted, outwardly curved from one-fifth costa to one-third dorsum; discal
spot obscurely indicated by a fine transversely oval ring; postmedian from
two-thirds costa to two-thirds dorsum, outwardly curved to below middle, thence
strongly sinuate, otherwise as antemedian ; a very faint whitish dentate
subterminal line broadly edged anteriorly with fuscous ; short intermural streaks

48

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

running to termen ; cilia whitish mixed with fuscous. Hindwings with termen
strongly rounded, crenulate ; as forewings with less fuscous and more pinkish and
whitish suffusion ; no antemedian line nor diseal spot. Underside ochreous-
whitish with fuscous markings and strigulae; pinkish scales only on veins;
discal spot in forewings rounded in hindwings reduced to a very fine linear
mark; both wings with a broad interrupted subterminal band not reaching
tornus.

Queensland: Injune in April; one specimen.

Fam. NOCTUIDAE.

Subfam. Aoronyctinae.

Gen. Macroprora nov.

I JLaKpoTTpcopos , with long prow.

Face with strong smooth rounded-conical projection. Tongue present.
Palpi long, porrect. Antennae in male very minutely ciliated. Thorax with
strong posterior crest. Abdomen with a series of dorsal crests. Hindwings with
5 obsolescent from slightly below middle. Allied to Euplexia.

Macroprora chiOnobola n. sp.

ytoco/SoAo?, snow- beaten.

$ 2 . 30-34 mm. Head snow-white ; two blackish dots between antennae
and three on face below middle. Palpi 2£; blackish, base and apex white.
Antennae fuscous. Thorax with large rounded posterior crest; blackish mixed
with white. Abdomen with dorsal crests on first four segments, that on third
large; fuscous sprinkled with whitish, crests dark fuscous. Legs blackish with
white rings. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex pointed,
termen slightly rounded, slightly oblique ; fuscous with snow-white and blackish
markings ; an oblique sub-basal series of partly confluent white dots ; a blackish
streak on fold giving off short filaments above and beneath ; a series of short
oblique blackish streaks separated by white dots on costa ; orbicular and reniform
slenderly outlined with whitish and blackish, in centre grey ; an interrupted
white subterminal line almost confluent with an irregular series of white
terminal dots; cilia white with fuscous bars. Hindwings with termen rounded,
slightly wavy ; ochreous-grey- whitish ; a subterminal line and terminal band
fuscous: cilia as forewings.

Queensland : Injune in November and February ; four specimens.

Namangan a polymita n. sp.
ttoAv/jutos, with many threads.

2 . 30-32 mm. Head and thorax whitish mixed with fuscous, appearing
grey. Palpi ; whitish mixed with fuscous. Antennae grey. Abdomen
whitish-grey; tuft grey. Legs whitish mixed with fuscous; anterior and middle
tibiae dark fuscous with whitish rings. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa

NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE BARNARD COLLECTION. 41)

straight, apex rectangular, termen slightly rounded, slightly oblique; whitish
with fuscous irroration, appearing grey; markings dark fuscous; many fine
longitudinal streaks; one from base to postmedian line; six or seven running
into termen, the second from costa arising in disc at 3/5 and cutting through
postmedian line, the third from this line, the others shorter; an oblique streak
from ^ costa prolonged towards antemedian line ; antemedian outwardly oblique
from mid costa, curved in disc and indented above dorsum, on which it ends at
3/5; cilia fuscous with fine whitish bars. Hindwings with termen sinuate;
whitish suffused with grey posteriorly; cilia white with sub-basal grey line.

Queensland : In june in November, December, and March ; four specimens.

Gen. Stonychota nov.

crrovvYOTOS , clawed.

Face with a sharp vertical corneous ridge truncate at apex and slightly
produced at angles. Tongue present. Palpi rather long, porrect. Thorax
with strong posterior crest. Abdomen with a small basal dorsal crest. Anterior
tibiae with a strong anterior terminal claw. Neuration normal.

Well characterised by the frontal projection and tibial claw. Not near
any Australian genus.

Stonychota angustula n. sp.

angustulus, rather narrow.

2. 26-28 mm. Head and thorax fuscous sprinkled with white; tegulae
mostly white. Palpi 2 ; grey. Antennae grey. Abdomen pale grey. Legs
fuscous with some whitish scales ; posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings
narrowly triangular, costa almost straight, apex pointed, termen rounded,
slightly sinuate, oblique ; fuscous unevenly sprinkled with white, darker towards
costa ; a broad median basal area and another smaller on tornus white ; a dark
dorsal area reaching beyond fold; sometimes a brown pretomal spot; veins
partly outlined with fuscous; a fuscous terminal line; cilia fuscous sprinkled
with white. Hindwings with termen rounded and sinuate ; grey ; cilia pale grey,
apices whitish.

Queensland ; Injune in January, February, and March ; four specimens.

Subfam. Erastrianae.

Corgatha ochrobapta n. sp.

d>Xpofia77TOS , pale-suffused.

$ . 19-20 mm. Head white. Palpi ; reddish-browm. Antennae grey ;
ciliations in male 2. Thorax wliitish-grey. Abdomen reddish-brown; two basal
segments whitish-grey. Legs ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa

D

50

MEMOIBS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM .

straight almost to apex, apex pointed, termen sinuate, oblique ; whitish-grey ;
costa narrowly reddish ; a fuscous diseal dot ; a broad reddish dorsal blotch from
1/3 to termen, traversed by pale postmedian and terminal lines ; a small reddish
terminal patch beneath apex and above middle; cilia whitish-ochreous with
reddish bars. Hindwings w T ith termen rounded; reddish with whitish suffusion
at base and in middle ; a pale postmedian line ; cilia reddish, bases whitish-
ochreous.

Queensland : Injune in November and April ; two specimens.

Subfam. Ophiderinae.

Crysiprora oxymetopa n. sp.

o^v/JberwTros, with sharp-pointed forehead.

$ . 32-36 mm. Face with a long conical projection covered with scales,
ending in a sharp corneous spike. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with white,
appearing grey. Palpi nearly 2, ascending; fuscous mixed with white.
Antennae grey; in male bipectinate to 7/8, pectinations 2. Abdomen grey.
Legs fuscous sprinkled and tarsi annulated with white. Forewings narrowly
triangular, costa straight nearly to apex, apex rounded, termen rounded, oblique,
crenulate; fuscous sprinkled with white, appearing grey; markings blackish:
antemedian from ^ costa very obliquely outwards, angled at* 1/3, thence dentate to
1/3 dorsum; postmedian outwardly oblique from 3/5 costa, bent twice to form
a large quadrangular projection, thence dentate to f dorsum, above dorsum
edged with white posteriorly; an oblique line from midcosta joins this above
middle ; longitudinal streaks in disc more or less developed ; cilia white with
fuscous bars. Hindwings with termen rounded and slightly crenulate ; grey ;
paler towards base ; cilia white .

Queensland : Injune in January, February, and March ; four specimens.

Fain. LASIOCAMPIDAE.

Eremonoma porphyrica n. sp.

7Top<f>vpiKos , purple.

S . 34 mm. Head grey. Palpi 1 ; grey, towmrds base whitish. Antennae
grey; pectinations in male 8. Thorax grey with a suffused central purple-
reddish spot. Abdomen purple-reddish. Legs grey. Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa straight to f, apex pointed, termen straight, oblique; pale
grey ; cilia pale grey. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded ; purple-
reddish; cilia purple-reddish.

NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTEEA FROM THE BARNARD COLLECT W A . ol

2 . 38-42 mm. Uniformly grey. The forewings are darker and their
apices more pointed than in E. holopolia.

Queensland: Injune in February, April, and May; four specimens
received from Mr. W. B. Barnard.

Eremonoma plinthica n. sp.

7tA(,v8lkos, brick-red.

$ . 25-28 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish-grey. Palpi 1 ;
pale grey. Antennae grey ; eiliations in male 5. Forewings elongate-triangular,
costa straight, apex pointed, termen rounded, oblique ; whitish-grey very thinly
sprinkled with fuscous-purple ; cilia whitish-grey. Hindwings with termen
strongly rounded ; brick-red ; cilia brick-red.

2 . 30 mm. Uniform grey sparsely sprinkled with fuscous. Fore wings
with apices more rounded.

West Australia: Carnarvon in June (M. Carnaby); four specimens
received from Mr. W. B. Barnard. Type in Queensland Museum.

POiRELA EUTHYERGES n. sp.

€V0vepyr]$> accurately wrought.

$ . 40 mm. 2 . 52 mm. Head and thorax fuscous finely sprinkled with
whitish. Palpi 1; fuscous. Antennae fuscous; pectinations in male 10, in
female 1, brownish-ochreous. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous sprinkled with
whitish. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa straight to three-fourths, thence
arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, slightly oblique ; fuscous sprinkled with
whitish ; markings blackish ; a slightly waved transverse line from one-fifth costa
to one-third dorsum; a circular discal spot before middle, white outlined with
blackish ; a line from two-thirds costa to two-thirds dorsum, where it approaches
first line, obtusely angled above middle, thence incurved; a fine dentate
subterminal line partly edged anteriorly with whitish; cilia white with fuscous
bars in male, in female fuscous. Hindwings with termen strongly rounded;
grey ; a darker suffused median line ; a narrow whitish terminal fascia suffused
anteriorly, sharply edged and dentate posteriorly ; a suffused subterminal
fuscous line ; cilia as forewings.

Nearest P. notabilis Wlk., which may be distinguished by the uniformly
whitish hindwings.

Queensland: Injune in March (W. B. Barnard); two specimens. New
South Wales: Murrurundi in October (Dr. B. L. Middleton). Type in
Queensland Museum.

52 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM .

Fam. LIMACODIDAE.

Ecnomoctena sciobaphes n. sp.

aKLO^a(f>rj $ . shaded.

8 24, 9 . 30 mm. Head and thorax fuscous with some whitish scales ;
face brownish. Palpi in male 1, in female 14, fuscous mixed with whitish.
Antennae in male unipectinate to 3/5, pale brownish; in female fuscous, simple.
Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous sprinkled and tarsi annulated with whitish.
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa straight to near apex, apex rounded,
termen slightly rounded, slightly oblique ; fuscous suffused with whitish, appear-
ing grey ; a narrow transverse median discal spot outlined with fuscous ; a dark
fuscous postmedian line from 2/3 costa, transverse to middle, there angled
inwards beneath discal spot and sinuate to mid-dorsum; a finely dentate fuscous
subterminal line; a fuscous terminal line; cilia fuscous mixed with whitish.
Hindwings with termen strongly rounded ; brownish-grey ; cilia as forewings.

Queensland : In June in November and February ; two specimens. The
type is a female.

NEW ICHTHYOLOGICAL RECORDS.

By Tom C. Marshall.

The Queensland Museum is fortunate in having a public who are aware
of the need of securing specimens of unusual interest and who respond readily
to calls for material from certain localities. Space does not permit me to
mention our numerous donors of specimens, but foremost among our many
honorary collectors are Mr. George Coates of Townsville, Alderman W. R.
Howard of Wynnum and Fisheries Inspector W. Hiddens (late of Brisbane and
now of Townsville). No less than one hundred and fifty-one specimens of fishes
were collected and presented by Mr. George Coates for the year ending
December, 1940. Many of these were new records or rare material and form the
basis of these notes. Our thanks are due to these “friends of the Museum" for
their unstinting help and interest in their State Museum and its collections.

Family CLUPEIDAE.

Clupea (Harengula) koningsbergeri M. Web. & de Beau.

Clupea ( Harengula ) koningsbergeri Max Weber and L. F. de Beaufort. Akad.
Verliand. Amsterdam 17, No. 3, 1912, p. 14.

Clupea ( Harengula ) koningsbergeri M. Weber and de Beaufort. Fishes Indo-Austr.
Arch. 2, 1913, p. 72.

Harengula maceullocM Whitley. Bee. Aust. Mus. 18, 1931, p. 143, fig. 2. Type locality
Port Headland, North-Western Australia.

Eight specimens, from West Molle Island, Cape Cleveland and Low Isles,
the largest measuring 165 mm. in total length. New record for Queensland.

Clupea (Harengula) atricauda Gthr.

Clupea atricauda Gunther. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 7, 1868, p. 426.

Three examples in the collection, the largest 115 mm. in total length.
Labelled “Queensland Coast. ” Collected by K. Broadbent. New record for
Australia.

Family ARIIDAE.

Tachysurus proximus (Ogilby).

Arius proximus Ogilby. Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 23, 1898, p. 280.

Tachysurus ( Pararim ) proximus Whitley. Aust. Zool. 9, 194.0, p. 409, fig. 16.

Two specimens presented by G. Coates. One from Cape Pallarenda,
N. Qld., is 14 inches in total length. The other is from the Bohle River, near
Townsville, and is 15 inches in total length. The latter was carrying 14
juveniles in its mouth when captured, disgorging them when laid on the beach.
They each measured 70 mm. in total length. (No. 7142). New record for
Queensland.

54

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Family OPHICHTHYIDAE.

Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Rich.).

Ophimrus cancrivorus Richardson. Zool. Yoj. Erebus and Terror, Fish. 1848, p. 97,
pi. 50, figs. 6-9.

Two specimens, 12 inches in total length, from Bowen, Nth. Qld.
Presented by the late E. H. Rainford. (No. 4407). New record for Queensland.

Malvoliophis pznguis (Gthr.) .

Ophichthys pinguis Gunther. In Brencliley, Cruise Curacoa, 1873, p. 430, pi. 35.

Ten specimens from various localities in South Queensland, the most
northerly being Yeppoon. The largest, which measures 16^ inches in total
length, was presented by Mr. E. Baird, who captured it at Caloundra. (No.
4864). New record for Queensland.

Family SYNODONTIDAE.

Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Guimard).

Saurus gracilis Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. Uranie, Physic. Zool. 1824, p. 224.

In the old collection of the museum is a specimen of 225 mm. in total
length, from Moreton Bay. (No. 427). New record for Queensland.

Family SYNGNATHIDAE.

Syngnathus Tigris Castelnau.

Syngnathus tigris Castelnau. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 3, 1879, p. 397.

Several in the collection, all from Moreton Bay, the largest measuring
inches in total length. New record for Queensland.

Family BELONIDAE.

Tylosurijs leiurus (Blkr.).

Belone leiurus Bleeker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, 1, 1850, p. 94.

Four specimens captured off Townsville and presented by G. Coates.
The largest, from Cape Cleveland, measures 32 inches in total length, (No.
5981). New record for Australia.

Family MELANOTAENIIDAE.

Amneris rubrostriata (Ramsay & Ogilby).

N enuitocentris rubrostriatus Ramsay and Ogilby. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) 1, 1886,
p. 14. Strickland River, Papua.

Twenty examples of this handsome species were forwarded to the
Museum from Townsville by Mr. G. Coates, who obtained them in the
Leichhardt Creek, near Townsville. The largest measures 5£ inches in total
length. Five were received alive and placed in the Museum’s aquarium on
11th November, 1940, where, with the exception of one, they are still thriving.
New record for Australia.

NEW ICHTHYOLOGICAL RECORDS.

55

Family POLYNEMIDAE.

POLYNEMUS HEPTADACTYLUS CuV. & Val.

Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 3, 1829, p. 390.

Mr. W. R. Howard ' presented two specimens which were caught at
St Helena, Moreton Bay, the larger one measuring 11^ inches in total length
(Nos. 4719-20). A third example was received from G. Coates. Locality Cape
Cleveland, North Queensland. (No. 5639). New record for Australia.

Family SPHYRAENIDAE.

Sphyraena jello, Cuv. & Val.

Sphyraena jello Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 3, 1829, p. 349.

A twenty-four inch specimen from Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay.
Presented by Mr. W. R. Howard (No. 5126). Two others from Cape. Cleveland,
near Townsville, were collected by G. Coates. They measure 19 inches and
144 inches in total length. (Nos. 5977, 6129). New record for Australia.

Family ITOLOCENTRIDAE.

Holocentrum cornutum Blkr.

Holocentrmn cornut win Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, 5, 1853, p. 240.

I obtained three examples of this handsome species on the coral reefs
off Guracoa Island, Palm Group, North Queensland. The largest was 6| inches
in total length. New record for Australia. (Nos. 6441, 5861-2).

Holocentrum diadem a Lace.

Holocentrus diadema, Lacepede. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 5, 1803, p. 372, 374 ( fide Weber
and de Beaufort).

Two specimens are in the collection. They are labelled “Old Collection. "
Locality: — “ Coast of Queensland.” They measure 4| and 5| inches. New
record for Australia.

Myriprihtis murdjan (Forskal).

Sciaena murdjan Forskal. Descript. Animal. 1775, p. 48.

A 64 inch specimen was collected by me off Curacoa Island, North
Queensland (No. 5868). A second example was obtained on Keeper Reef,
North Queensland, by G. Coates (No. 6987), length 2\ inches. New record for
Australia .

Family SERRANIDAE.

Subfamily Epinephelinae.

Epinephelus fario ( Thumb .).

Perea fario Tkunberg, Kon. Vet. Acad. Nya. Handl. 14, 1793, p. 296, pi. 9.

One example, 14 inches in total length, from Lodestone Reef, N.Q., was
-collected by G. Coates. (No. 5539). New record for Australia.

56

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Cephalopholis rogaa (Forsk.).

Red-flushed Rock Cod.

Perea rogaa Forskal. Descript. Animal. 1775, p. 38.

A fine, large specimen of this fish was received from G. Coates, who
captured it on Wheeler Reef, North Queensland. Total length 19 inches. The
colours, when received in ice at Brisbane, were :• — Blackish-brown, very little
paler below; a scarlet-red flush showing through between the scales from back
to belly ; beneath the maxillary, the mouth-parts, in the throat and beneath the
gill-covers bright scarlet; the blackish spinous dorsal tipped with dark scarlet;
other fins and caudal blackish. (No. 7063). New record for Australia.

Family PRI AC ANTH1D AE .

PRIACANTHUS TAYENUS Rich.

Priacanthm tayenus Richardson. Rep. Ichth. China, Rep. 15th meeting Brit. Assoc.
(1845) 1S46, p. 237.

Two specimens measuring 10 and 11 inches in total length, have D. X/12;
distinct rich dark brown spots in ventrals. Caudals crescentic, with the lobes
much produced. They are from Magnetic Island, North Queensland, presented
by G. Coates. (Nos. 6617, 6769). New record for Australia.

Family APOGONIDAE.

Apogon rufpellii Gthr.

Apogon ruppellii Gunther. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1, 1859, p. 236.

Three specimens are in the old collection of the Museum, labelled 44 Cape
York.’’ Three others were collected by me at Prince of Wales Island, Cape
York. They measure 3|- inches each in total length. (Nos. 6540-2). New record
for Queensland.

Family CARANGIDAE.

Subfamily Caranginae.

Caranx (Caranx) melampygus Cuv. & Yal.

Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. 9, 1833, p. 116.

Caranx melampygus McCulloch. Mem. Qld. Mus. 8, 1924, p. 70, pi. 11, fig. 2. Port
Moresby, Papua.

Two specimens from Magnetic Island, North Queensland, the larger one
12f inches in total length, collected by G. Coates (Nos. 6654, 7007). A third
one is from Noosa, South Queensland, presented by L. Kesteven (No. 6955).
These three examples agree well with McCulloch’s description and plate but
I am . only able to find seven dorsal spines, preceded by a strong procumbent
one in all three specimens. New record for Australia.

Caranx (Selar) mate Cuv. & Yal.

Caranx mate Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 9, 1833, p. 54.

Caranx mate Weber and de Beaufort. Fishes Indo-Aust. Arch. 6, 1931, p. 207.

Three specimens, one from the Barnard Group, collected by the late
l)r. W. E. J. Paradice, (No. 4084), the other two from Magnetic Island, North
Queensland. Lengths 11 inches. Collected by G. Coates. (Nos. 7060-1). Their

NEW ICHTHYOLOGICAL RECORDS.

57

colour on arrival in ice at Brisbane was : — Beautiful light gTeenish-blue
iridescence above ; dark-bluish on head ; sides and below silvery- white ; eight
or nine very obscure broad grey transverse bars on body; dorsals tinged
yellowish; pectorals almost hyaline; ventrals and anal white; caudal canary-
yellow; a dense black blotch on the scapula. McCulloch 1 recorded this species
from Broome, Northwestern Australia, under the name of C. affinis . New
record for Queensland.

Subfamily ChOrineminae.

Chorinemus tolooparah (R-upp.).

Lidhia tolooparah Ruppell. Atl. Fische Rot. Meer 1828, p. 91.

Seven examples are in the collection. They are from various localities
on the Queensland coast, from Moreton Bay to the Gulf of Carpentaria. The
largest is 8§ inches in total length and is from Cape Cleveland, Nth. Qld.
Collected by G. Coates. New record for Australia.

Subfamily Seriglinae.

Seriola nigrofasciata (Rupp.).

Nomeus nigrofasoiatm Ruppell. Atl. Reise N. Afrika 1826-1831, p. 82 (fide Fowler).

Two examples, one being from Moreton Bay; total length 12 inches,
collected by J. D. Ogilby; the other from Cape Cleveland, North Queensland;
total length 15| inches. Collected by G. Coates. (Nos. 3072, 6035). New record
for Australia.

Seriola dumerili (Risso).

Caranx dumerili Risso. Ichthyol. Nice. 1810, p. 175.

A large specimen, 33 inches in total length, was caught off Mooloolaba,
South Queensland, and presented by Mr. F. Z. Eager. (No. 6709). A new
record for Australia.

Family LUTJANIDAE.

Subfamily Lut.janinae.

Paracaesio pedleyi McCull. & Waite.

Paracaesio pedleyi McCulloch and Waite. Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Aust. 40, 1916, p. 440,

pi. 42.

Several specimens are in the collection from localities in South Queens-
land, from Moreton Bay to Mooloolaba. The largest measures 15 inches. New
record for Queensland.

Caesio digramma Blkr.

Caesio digramma Bleeker. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 2, 1865, p. 180.

Mr. G. Coates collected a specimen 9 inches in total length, in the
Whitsunday Passage. (No. 6254). New record for Australia.

LuT JANUS JANTHJNUROPTERUS (Blkr.).

Mesoprion janthinuropterus Bleeker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie. 3, 1852, p. 751.

Three specimens from the reefs adjacent to Townsville were collected by
G. Coates. The largest, which measured 13 inches in total length, is from
Cordelia Rocks. (Nos. 6564, 6655, 5287). New record for Queensland.

^McCulloch. Biol. Res. f ‘ Endeavour ’ ’ 3, pt. 3, 1915, p. 130.

58

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Subfamily Nemipterinae.

ScOLOPSIS BILINEATUS (Bloch).

AntMas bilineatus Bloch. Ausland. Fisehe. 7, 1793, p. 3.

Several examples of this handsome species were collected by me at
Curacoa Island, Palm Group, North Queensland, the largest measuring 7£-
inches (Nos. 5892-4). Others are in the collection, one from Murray Island.
Torres Strait, and others from the reefs off Townsville, collected by G. Coates.
Life colours of my specimens were: — Olive-green above, mostly over head to
about 3rd dorsal spine; snout golden-brown ; beneath soft dorsal light blue;
sides of body very pale green; belly white, tinged pale green; a broad white
stripe, bordered on each edge with a narrow red line, runs from the mouth
backwards and upwards to the second dorsal ray; spinous dorsal to 9tli spine
light cadmium (except at the bases of the last 5 spines) followed by a black-red
blotch on the terminal half of the last spine and first 3 rays; last 6 rays and
membranes clear white, which colour runs forward beneath the black-red blotch
and the yellow spinous dorsal to the base of the 4th dorsal spine; pectorals
hyaline, tinged yellow; ventrals white, the anterior edge pale orange; anal
with the 3 spines and the first 2 rays black, the next membrane white, edged
red; rest of fin hyaline; a golden-brown saddle, tinged red, over the caudal
peduncle ; caudal pale reddish-brown. Eye with pupil black and with an orange
patch anteriorly and posteriorly, rest green and silver. New record for
Australia.

SCOLOPSIS CANCELLATUS CuV. & Val.

Scolopsides cancellatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Hat. Poissons, 5, 1830, p. 351.

I collected three specimens of this species at Palm Islands, North
Queensland, and Yorke Island, Torres Strait, the largest being 6^ inches in total
length. New record for Australia.

Subfamily Pomadasynae.

Plectorhynchus celebicus Blkr.

Plectorhynchus celebicus Bleeker. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 4, (1872) 1873, p. 285.

Mr. G. Coates collected two at Magnetic Island, North Queensland. They
measure 13 and 13£ inches in total length. There is also an old mounted
specimen, 7f inches in total length from “ Queensland Coast’ ’ in the collection.
(Nos. 6288, 6768). New record for Australia.

Plectorhynchus punctatissimus (Playfair).

Diagramma pvmctatissinmm Playfair. Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 851, pi. 40.

A specimen collected at Rib Reef by G. Coates agrees very well with
Playfair’s description and plate. Total length 224 inches. (No. 6822). New
record for Australia.

Plectorhynchus goldmanni (Blkr.).

Diagramma goldmanni Bleeker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie. 4, 1853, p. 602.

One specimen, 24^ inches in total length. Collected by G. Coates at Cape
Cleveland, North Queensland. (No. 6749). New record for Australia.

NEW ICHTHYOLOGICAL RECORDS.

59

Plectorhynchus schotaf Forsk.

Sciaena abu-mgaterin schotaf Forskal. Descr. Animal. 1775, p. 51.

Duigramma griseum Day. Fishes of India, 1878-88, p. 81, pi. 21, fig. 2.

Plectorhynchus sohotaf Fowler. Bull. 100, TT.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 11, 1931, p. 255.

A specimen 8§ inches in total length agrees well with Fay’s figure and
Fowler’s description. It is from Prince of Wales Island, Torres Strait;
collected T. C. Marshall (No. 6496). It has 89 scales above the lateral line
between its origin and hypural joint and 19 above the lateral line and the base
of the fourth dorsal spine. Colour in formalin uniform slaty-brown, with
ventral, anal and caudal fins darker; lips and throat pinkish-white. When fresh
the colour was somewhat similar, there being no trace of any spots or bands.

Fowler has included P. reticulatus McCulloch 1 in the synonomy of this
species. It is not impossible that with further specimens they may prove to
be the same species but on account of the much smaller scales and uniform
coloration and other minor differences I prefer to keep them, provisionally,
apart.

POMADASYS ARGYREUS (CuV. & Val.).

Pristipoma argyreum Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 9, 1833, p. 485.

One specimen, 8 inches in total length, from off Bowen, North
Queensland. (No. 3180). New record for Australia.

Subfamily Lethrininae.

LeTHBINUS VARIEGATUS CllV. & Val.

Lethrinus variegatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 6, 1830, p. 287.

Two specimens were forwarded by G. Coates. They are from Lodestone
Reef and John Brewer Reef, Nth. Qld., and measure 11 inches in total length.
(Nos. 5416, 6764). New record for Australia.

Lethrinus mahsena (Forsk.).

Yellow-tailed Emperor.

Sciaena mahsena Forskal. Descr. Animal, 1775, p. 52.

Six examples of this common northern species are in the collection. The
largest, which measures 17 inches in total length, was collected on Hopkinson
Reef, off Cape Cleveland by G. Coates. (No. 6026). Mr. G. Roberts of Palm
Island notes: — ‘ 4 This fish attains to at least 20 inches and is commonly found
along the edges of all the reefs in the Palm Island Group.” Commonly called
“Snapper.”

Lethrinus ornatus Cuv. & Val.

Lethrinus ornatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, 6, 1830, p. 310.

Lethrinus ornatus De Vis. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 9, 1884, p. 458.

Lethrinus ornatus Weber and de B<eaufort. Fish Indo-Austr. Arch. 7, 1936, p. 447.

Lethrinus devisianv\s Whitley. Bee. Austr. Mus. 17, 1929, p. 122 (on De Vis).

A specimen from Keeper Reef, Nth. Qld., presented by G. Coates,
measures 13 inches in total length (No. 5423). The type of De Vis’ L. ornatus
is apparently lost, but his description suggests that Weber & de Beaufort are
correct in placing that species in the synonymy of the above.

1 McCulloch. Biol. Bes. Endeavour, 4, pt. 4, 1916, p. 185, pi. 53 ( nee Gunther).

60

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Family PEMPHERIDAE.

Pempheris klunzingeri McCullocli.

Pempheris Munsingeri McCulloch. Zool. Res. Endeavour, 1, pt. 1, Dee. 1911, p. 47
(on Klunzinger).

A perfect specimen of this apparently rare fish was taken from the
stomach of an Epinephelns which was caught off Salamander Rocks, Nth. Qld.
It measures 5^ inches in total length. Presented by G. Coates. (No. 6307).
New record for Queensland.

Family SCIAENIDAE.

Pseudosciaena diacaxthus (Lace.).

Lutjanus diacanthus LacepMe. Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4, 1802, pp. 195, 240.

A fine specimen 16 inches in total length was caught off the Townsville
Beach and presented by G. Coates (No. 7085). Apparently the species is
common in North Queensland waters for Mr. Coates states:— “No. 7085 is, as
far as I can see, one of the common jew-fish caught locally. I have caught them
up to fifty pounds in weight and have seen one nearly one hundred pounds.
Have seen as many as forty (7 to 30 lbs.) caught in one night by three men
on hand-lines.” New record for Australia.

Sciaena dussumieri (Cuv. & Yal.).

Umbriua dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. 9, 1833, p. 481.

Eight specimens of this small species are in the collection, five having
been collected in the vicinity of Townsville by G. Coates; one from Yeppoon,
collected by me, and two from “Queensland Coast,” collected by Capt. Hoult.
The largest example of the series is 9^ inches in total length. New record for
Australia.

Family MULLIDAE.

Upeneus signatus Gtlir.

Upeneus signatus Gunther. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (a) 20, 1867, p. 59.

Upeneus signatus Tosh. Parliam. Rept. Marine Dept. Qld. 1902-3 (1903), p. 3, pi. 3,.
fig. 2. (Southport, Sth. Qld.)

Pseudupeneus signatus McCulloch. Check-list of Pish Rec. from Aust., Mem. Aust.
Mus. 5, 1929-30, p. 223.

Several specimens from Moreton Bay and Caloundra, South Queensland.
The largest is 12 inches in total length, and is from Moreton Bay. Collected by
Mir. C. O’Connell. (No. 4146).

Apparently Tosh first noted the species from Queensland, but his record
was overlooked in the check-list by McCulloch.

Parupeneus spilurus (Blkr.).

Upeneus spilurus Blceker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie. 6, 1854, p. 395.

One specimen, 10 inches in total length, taken at Magnetic Island, Nth-
Qld., by G. Coates. (No. 6947). New record for Queensland.

XEW ICHTHYOLOGICAL EECOSDS.

61

Family KYPHOSIDAE.

Kyphosus vaigeensis (Quoy & Gaimard).

Pimelepterus vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. TIranie, Zool. 1824, p. 396, pi. 62,

fig. 4.

Two examples were obtained by G. Coates, one at Upstart Bay, Nth. Qld,
and the other at Magnetic Island, Nth. Qld. Total lengths 11 inches and
"9 inches respectively. (Nos. 6696, 6813). New record for Australia.

Family CHAETODONTIDAE.

HoLACANTHUS ( Ch A ETODONTOPLUS ) PERSONIPER McCull.

Holacmtlms personifer McCulloch. Rec. West. Aust. Mas. 1, pt. 3, 1914, p. 221, pi. 31.

Cliaetodontoplus conspicdllatus Ogilby. Mem. Qld. Mus. 3, 1915, p. 114 (nec Waite).

Five specimens in the collection, from South Queensland and Moreton
Bay, the largest being 104 inches in total length. (No. 4538).

Although my specimens vary somewhat in colour from C. personifer
they agree much better with that species than with C. conspiciUatus. 1 One
specimen shows variation from the others in that it lacks the yellow spots on
the face, otherwise they are alike. In all five the caudal was clear canary
yellow-, sharply defined on the caudal peduncle from the jet-black body. In
life the head is violet-purple with bright yellow spots, and the edges of the
soft dorsal and anal are narrowly edged with violet. In all five the caudal is
truncate and the pectorals are shorter than the ventrals. New- record for
Queensland.

Family THUNNIDAE.

Gym nosard a nuda Gthr.

“Scaleless Tunny.”

Pelamys nuda Gunther. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 2, 1860, p. 368.

Gymnosarda miha Kishinouye. Jour. Coll. Agric, Tokyo, 8, No. 3, 1923, p. 426,
pi. 22, fig. 37.

A specimen forwarded from Townsville is evidently this supposedly rare
species and agrees very well with Kishinouye ? s external description and his
plate, except that in the Townsville specimen the pectoral is 5*6 and the head
3*86 in the total length, which is 32 inches from tip of snout to end of median
caudal ray. The colour has evidently been dark bluish above, greyish-white
on the belly, with the fins blackish or greyish and the tips of the dorsal and
anal whitish ; the seven dorsal finlets were evidently blue in life and the seven
anal ones, now creamy-fawn, were probably yellow'’. (No. 6583). Caught by
Mr. IT. Miller.

I am unable to find any reference to the species since Kishinouye noted
it in 1923, stating that it is “known from the tropical regions of Indo-Pacifie
waters.” Fowler does not mention the species in his “Fishes of Oceania” nor
does Day in his “Fishes of India.”

1 Waite. Aust. Mus. Mem. 4, “ Thetis Exp. ,J 1, Fishes, 1899, p. 87, pi. 15.

62

MEMOIRS OF TEE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The species is common in North Queensland as evinced by the remarks
of Mr. Miller, a fisherman familiar with our other allied species. In discussing
the Yellow-fin and this species with Mr. G-. Coates, he stated that the Scaleless
Tunny (<?. nuda) “is much more plentiful and the largest fish was 50 lbs., but
averaged much smaller/ 5 He has “seen quite good shoals 55 and “has caught

a large number all told. Several times caught a dozen or so Are great

fighters and so far have all been caught on outer reefs . . . selling quality same
as Yellow-fin 55 ( Neothunnus macropterus) . Mr. Hole, another fisherman who
fishes the Mackerel, (S. commersoni) from Gladstone to Townsville, states
“Scaleless Tunny are fairly plentiful and the largest fish caught was 90
pounds. Mostly caught on outer reefs. 55 New record for Australia.

Acanthocybium solandri (Cuv. & Val.).

Wahoo.

Cybium solamdri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. 8, 1831, p. 192.

The presence of this species on our coast has only been made known
since the advent of the big game fishing clubs. They have proved from many
captures that it is a fairly common fish in South Queensland waters, but
apparently becoming rare in the north. A head is in the collection, taken
from a thirty-five pound example caught off John Brewer Reef near Townsville
by G. Coates. (No. 6075).

Family SIGANIDAE.

Siganus spinus (Linn.).

Sparus spinus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, Vol. 1, 1758, p. 281 ( fide Fowler).

Three specimens from the reefs off Townsville, collected by G. Coates.
Total lengths, 5, 6^ and 6^ inches.- (Nos. 6308-9, 6023). New record for
Australia.

Siganus punctatus (Schneider).

AmpimcantJms punctatus Schneider. Syst. Ichth. Bloch. 180,1. p. 210.

Siganus capricornmsis Whitley. Austr. Zool. 4, pt. 4, 1926, p. 231, pi. 33.

Several specimens in the collection. They range from the Capricorns
to Cape York, the largest being two collected on Keeper Reef, off Townsville,
by G. Coates. Total lengths 17 and 18 inches. (Nos. 6783-4). The species is
most variable in colour, ranging from a ground colour of dark brown with
lighter brOwn spots to clear blue, blue-green or green and spotted with light
or dark yellow all over head, body and dorsal and anal spines and rays;
pectorals and anal without spots. .

Family TEUTHIDAE.

Teutiiis triostegus (Linm).

Chaetodon triostegus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 274, ed. 12, 1766, p. 463.

Acanthurus hinmdo Bennett. Fishes of Ceylon, 1828, pi. 11.

Teuthis trou-ghtoni Whitley. Ree. Austr. Mus. 16, 1928, p. 233, pi. 16, fig. 1.

Six specimens of this distinctively marked species are in the collection.
One (6f inches in total length) from Moreton Bay, the others from the reefs
off Townsville. Presented by G. Coates. (Nos. 6017-8; 6299-6302). The largest
of these measures 7 inches. I can see no reason for considering T. tr ought mi

NEW ICHTHYOLOGICAL RECORDS.

63

to be distinct from T. triostegus. Whitley bases his species on the difference
in colour, for he states “Near Teuthis triostegus (Linn.), but that species has
no subhorizontal dark stripe separating the darker ground colour from the
cream ventral area.” Of Acauthurus hirundo Bennett he says “Bennett’s
figure of Acanthiirus hirundo shows faint indications of the dividing stripes,
but differs in the disposition of the body stripes.” This is surely “splitting
hairs,” as a glance at Bennett’s plate will show. The dark sub-horizontal
stripe of which he speaks is in varying stages of clearness in my specimens and
in one it is practically absent.

Bennett’s figure differs from my specimens in that the second stripe,
which extends from the pectoral origin to the first dorsal spine, is curved
forward. This is obviously due to the artist’s faulty drawing, which shows! the
first dorsal spine too far in advance of the pectoral origin.

Prionurus microlepidotus Lace.

Prionurus microlepidotus Lacepede. Ann. Mus. d’hist. Nat. 4, 1804, p. 205 (vernac.)
and 211 ( fide McCulloch).

Two specimens in the collection, one 6| inches, the other 9 inches in
total length. Both are from Moreton Bay, the latter presented by Alderman
W. R. Howard. (No. 4882). New record for Queensland.

Naso lituratus (Forster).

Harpurus lituratus Forster. Deserip. Anim. ed. Licht. (1844) p. 218 ( fide Herre).

Naso lituratus Herre. Phil. Jour. S'ci. 34, 1927, No. 4, p. 464, pi. 16, fig. 1.

One specimen, 10 inches in total length, from, Raine Island, Torres Strait,
presented by Dr. J. R. Tosh in 1914, has been identified as this speciesi. New
record for Australia. (No. 1719).

Family S YNAPTURID AE .

Synaptura setifer Paradice.

Synaptura setifer Paradice. Mem. Qld. Mus. 9, 1, Apl. 28, 1927, p. 101., fig. 3. Port
Darwin, N. Terr.

Four specimens from Cape Cleveland, near Townsville, North Queens-
land. Collected by G. Coates. The total lengths are from 4-J to 6^ inches.
(Nos. 6120-3; 6192; 6887). New record for Queensland.

Family POMACENTRIDAE.

POMACENTRUS VlOLESCENS (Blkr.).

Pristotis violescens Bleeker. Jour. Ind. Arch., 2, 1848, p. 637.

Thirty-five specimens from West Molle Island, Whitsunday Passage,
North Queensland, the largest 2 inches in total length, and another ten specimens
from Esk Island, Palm Group, North Queensland, the largest being 2 inches.
The life colours were : — General colour brownish-black, grey on belly ; posterior
half of soft dorsal, anal and entire caudal fin cadmium-yellow ; caudal produced
on both lobes to a black attenuated ray; spines and rays of the fins black, the
membranes lighter ; pupil of eye surrounded by a wide red ring. They showed
little or no variation. New record for Australia.

64

MEMOIES OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Family LABRIDAE.

Halichoeres melanurus (Blki\).

Julis ( Halichoeres ) melanurus Bleeker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, 2, 1851, p. 251
(fide Fowler).

I collected one example of this species at Yorke Island, Torres Strait.
It measures 2^ inches in total length. (No. 6382). New record for Australia.

Halichoeres hoevenii Blkr.

Julis ( Halichoeres ) hoevenii Bleeker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, 2, 1851, p. 250
(fide Fowler).

Six specimens from Yorke Island, Torres Strait, collected T. C. Marshall,
each 2 \ inches in total length. (No. 6377). New record for Australia.

Labrichthys cyanotaenia Blkr.

Tube-lip.

Labrichthys oymiotaenia Bleeker. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, 6, 1854, p. 331.
Labrichthys cyanotaenia Herre. Fishes of Crane Pacific Exp. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
U.S.A. 21, pub. 353, 1936, p. 304.

One example from Palm Island, North Queensland, collected T. C.
Marshall. Total length, 4 § inches. Two others from the reefs off Townsville,
collected by 0. Coates. Total length, 4 and 4£ inches. New record for Australia.

Herre mentions in his description the curious lips of this labrid,
remarking on the fact that that feature has never been adequately noticed by
any who have mentioned the species. It is clearly seen in all my specimens.

A. H. Tuckeb, Government Printer, Brisbane.

*7

CONTENTS.

The Cambrian Faunas of North-Eastern Austria, Part 4
A Queensland Fossil Amphibian

A Revision of the Genus Anoplcdaotylus with a new species
New Species of Lepidoptera from the Barnard Collection
New Iehthyological Records . . , .

F. W. ^hitehouse, Ph.D., D.Sc. . .

H. A. Longman

G. Williams, M.Sc. . .

A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.R.E.S.
Tom C. Marshall

PAQH,

1-28

29-32

33-39

40-52

53-64