Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum.

VOL. IX, PART IL.

Issued June 16th, 1928.

EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR, HEBER A. LONGMAN, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.

i)

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY FOR
QUEENSLAND, THE HON. WM. McCORMACK.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. IX, Parr II. 127

THE CULT GF WAIET IN THE MURRAY
ISLANDS, -TORRES STRAITS.

By Acs C.-HAppON, SOD. *F_ RS.

I HAVE given in vol. vi, pp. 277-280 of the ‘‘Reports of the Cambridge
Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits,’?’ Cambridge, 1908, all the infor-
mation then available about Waiet of Waier, the smallest of the three Murray
Islands. Through the kindness of Mr. Heber A. Longman, Director of the
Queensland Museum, Brisbane, I have received a most interesting description of
the hitherto unrecorded cult of Waiet (accompanied by sketches of the effigy),
written expressly for me in response to a request by the Director by Mr.
A. O. C. Davies, formerly the schoolmaster on Mer and now in charge of a
State school at Kalbar, S. E. Queensland. Mr. Davies collected the very
fragmentary remains of Waiet and presented them to the Queensland Museum.

I have transcribed, with minor unimportant omissions and modifications,
the aeeount sent to me by Mr. Davies, and have clearly indicated my own remarks.

Waiet lived at Mabuiag with his wife Weiba and their only daughter
Gainau. Every day he went to the waterhole on the chance of meeting women
or girls who came to draw water. On meeting some he would probably select
one and have intercourse with her; if he was in a contrary mood he might order
his attendant zogo-le or tanu-leb to cut off the girl’s head.

One day, feeling indisposed, he did not go for his walk, but the zogo-le
and tami-leb went as usual. On the way they met Weiba and Gainau and, being
determined to emulate Waiet, seized and had intercourse with them and, moved
by jealousy, cut off their heads.

On hearing the news, Waiet decided to take his drum and leave Mabuiag, |
and, erying and beating his drum, went to Nagai. The island of Nagai was not
satisfactory, as his drum did not sound well, so he departed and came to Oidol.
His drum did not sound well here, so he went to Mer. Like Malu, he went
round the island and stopped at Kapeub on the other side, but as there was no
-suitable harbour it was ‘“‘no good sitting down.”’

,

128 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Hearing that. Malu was in possession of Mer, he took a canoe and went.
across to Dauar. He landed at Giz, but the land was straight and did not
appeal to him, so he went to Ouzes, at the sandspit called Teg. This was ‘‘no
good,’’ so he went across to Wailer and, skirting the northern coast, came to
the harbour on the eastern side called Nay (this is pronounced slightly differently
from Nee, drinking water) [we write this word ni and the bay Ne]. At the
head of the harbour is a nice beach of sand and pulverised pumice-stone, behind
which a cliff rises to about 150 feet in height. This he climbed, and sitting down
on a ledge of rock began to beat his drum. The sound echoed from the
semicirele of cliffs, and pleased with the place he determined to settle there.

He again beat his drum, but more loudly than before, and began to sing.
Two women, Dumieb [these are the av kosker ‘*old women,’’ Reports, vi, p. 279,.
pl. v, fig. 2], down at the point, heard him and began to danee. Waiet then took
some yellow sprouting coconut palm leaves and put them round his head
| Reports, iv, p. 35] and beat his drum still louder and sang. The two women
approached him and he sat down on some coconuts (because of this the turtle-
shell effigy of Waiet was placed in a sitting posture on some coconuts). When
the women came up to him he had connection with them and said that he would
abide there as it suited him. He micturated from the top of the cliff, which
aceounts for the large lagoon and the abundanee of fish in it.

The eult of Waiet thus took its rise, it being the emblem of fertility of
mankind, the coconuts denoting abundanee of fruit and the lagoon of fish an
abundant supply of fish for food.

[The Nagai of Mr. Davies is Nagi, Oidol is probably Widul, but if so.
the order of Waiet’s journey has been inverted. I also was informed that the
arrival of Waiet at Mer was subsequent to that of Malu.

I obtained three versions of the story of Wailat, as he is called by the
Western Islanders. In the Tutu version (Reports, v, p. 48) Naga and Waiat
(who acted as ‘‘crew’’ for Naga) went from the Katau River (Binaturi)
(148 deg. E. long.) to Yaru (Daru) where they performed a death-danee,
markai, and taught it to two Tutu visitors. Naga went to Augar [Uga] and
showed the people there how to ‘‘make markaz,’’ and later settled at Tutu. In
the Nagir tale (v, p. 49), Naga was a resident at Nagir who instructed. the men
how to make masks in the form of animals, wrut krar, and taught them the
sones and dances and everything relating to the kwod, and how to ‘‘make
taiat,’’ or funeral ceremonies. Wailat of Mabuiag came to Nagir to learn how
to beat the drum, and Naga taught him. Then Waiat stole a famous mask. The
Mabuiag story (v, p. 49) is much longer: There was a woman named Kuda who
had two boys; they, Waiat (or Naga or Izalu) and some other people, lived on
Widul, a small island off Mabuiag (I have an additional note that Kuda taught
everybody how to make an earth-oven, amar). Kuda dressed her boys up and
taught them to dance. Waiat used to play by himself, hauling up and letting
down a goa rattle (v, p. 50). [This performance resembles an incident in the

THE CULT OF WAIET—HADDON., 129

uruba ceremony of Kiwai deseribed by Riley (1925, p. 236). The uruba is a
kind of memorial service for the dead and a farewell to the spirits of the dead
who were returning to their home in the west.] Once Waiat went to the Fly
River and thence to Mer. Waiat persuaded the woman to put the boys under:
his care that he might instruct them in dancing. He heard a drum sounding,
and in order to find out about it went first to Badu; he was sent on to Moa and
thence to Nagir. Arriving at Nagir he went to the kwod and saw some
theriomorphie dance masks; he went behind the waus (v, pl. xix, fig. 2) and
saw a debu (king-fish) mask. He then went to the village and persuaded the
men to show him everything, and he commandeered the debu mask and took it
to Gumu on Mabuiag. One evening Waiat sent the women to get some water,
but Goinau his wife, and their daughter Wiba, refused to go. Waiat had
previously sent some men to fetch the mask from Gumu to Widul, and evidently
Goinau and Wiba saw what the men were doing. The women came back with the
water, and Goinau and Wiba then went to get water. Waiat said to all the
men, ‘‘If any man meets any woman in the bush he must kill her, for by-and-by
the women will talk in the house about what we have been doing.’’ The men
went along the road that the two women had taken and met them. The men.
said Waiat had told them to kill anyone they met and they would have to kill
them, so they cut off their heads. On their return Waiat was informed of what
had happened, and then felt very differently about the matter. In the middle
of the night he killed his ‘‘mate,’’ Manari, and the two brothers. Next morning
before sunrise, as her sons were not dancing as was their wont, Kuda came to
Waiat’s house and asked the men to wake up her sons, but they found them dead
under their mats. Kuda upbraided Waiat, who swore at her. Then her folk
came; some hauled Waiat this way and some hauled him that way, and they
broke his hmbs, and eut off his arms at the elbows and his legs at the knees; and
Waiat eried, ‘‘Please leave me alone; I am a big place, I am like the sun and
the moon. Every place knows me. Leave me alone. U, u, u, u.’’ They gouged
out his eyes, cut off his ears, plucked out his whiskers, tore out his lower jaw,
and he moaned ‘‘U, u, u, u,’’ till he died. They took off all his black skin and
rolled him about like a cask till the raw meat alone was left and he looked like
a white man. It is not at present possible to co-ordinate all these various stories. |

Pasi told Mr. Davies that he was the only white man who had seen
Waiet; his seeing the remains and collecting them caused considerable consterna-
tion, and for three nights he was apprehensive of his own safety, Barsa coming
along at daylight to see if he were still alive.

The effigy of Waiet was in a recess of a ledge of the cliff of Waier about
150 feet above sea-level. Below this was another ledge with a number of recesses
containing numerous clam-shells, which had been used for cooking purposes,
and the marks of fires were still visible in several of the recesses. There were:

130 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

also some small clam-shells painted with red earth, and a number of the shells
which are used by the natives for scraping coconuts; these were also painted red
and were held in the mouth during the ceremony.

As no. ceremonies had taken place since the coming of the missionaries,
the effigy had fallen into disrepair, owing to the decay of the coconut-string
fastenings. .

The effigy represented the head and trunk of a man, and was about 4 feet
high. It had no legs and squatted on a heap of coconuts, and was made of pieces
of turtle-shell neatly sewn together with coconut line. A wangar stake passed
through the effigy and held it upright, and another stick at right angles to it
supported the outstretched arms. The face was made from a large piece of
turtle-shell with a border of finely carved chevrons.. There was a dari of tern
feathers which had been dipped in a mixture of blood and red earth. The mass
of hair contained remains of organic tissue. Around the forehead was a string
of rib-bones painted with blood and red earth. Pasi said that they were those
of a white boy, but he would not say why he was killed. Around the neck hung
a string of human rib-bones, also painted red, and above this a crescentric pearl-
shell, maz. Around the waist was a string of arm and leg bones, and below this a
groin-shell ebnoa [eb eneop or ebeneaup|. A string of white cowry shells (the
large sacred ones) [bubuam, Amphiperas ovum| was suspended from each
shoulder and hung down in front to the waist; while down the back hung two
strings of small white cowry shells painted red and joined together in the middle
by a jawbone, apparently that of a young person; this was the only jawbone
attached to the effigy, and in this it differed totally from the Malu mask. Both
arms were extended level with the shoulders, with the palms upwards. On the
left forearm was a carved turtle-shell bracer or arm-guard, kadik, and under the
left upper arm was hung a gabagaba (stone-headed elub) with a triangular stone
head, but the handle had rotted. Under the right arm was a basket, which
also had rotted. In front of the effigy were several clam-shells.

[Mr. J. Bruce, formerly living in Mer, had a model made of Waiet which
he presented to the Cambridge Museum. It is described and figured in the
Reports (vi, p. 277, pl. xxii, fig. 6), but it bears no resemblance to Mr. Davies’
deseription and sketch, so it must be regarded as worthless. Mr. Bruce said
that round the brow of the original was a headband to which were fastened the
ribs of men and women, eud lera bir lid, ‘‘dead men’s ribs.’’ In the model there
is a necklet of three wooden pendants in front and one behind; these represent
the pieces of bamboo and bones of dead people of the original; these rattled
with a peculiar noise wherever he went. Mr. Bruce also presented to the
Museum a model of the sal or sale (railings of the platform of a eanoe) which
formed the shrine of Waiet (1.¢. pl. xxi, fig. 1).]

The Waiet ceremonial took place annually and lasted for: eight days.
No women or children were allowed to be present, and any woman who was
caught trying to look at Waiet was immediately killed, or, if the ceremony. was
to take place in the near future, she would be kept to form one of the sacrifices.

THE CULT OF WAIET—HADDON. 131

At the time of the ceremonial all the families concerned went over to
Dauar, where they camped. The men then formed a procession, and with the
novices, captives, and a supply of food crossed over. to Waier; the evening was
spent in making preparations. The three zogo-le and the three tami-leb had
come over previously, and, while the tam-leb cleared away any vegetable growth
about the two ledges and gathered fresh coconuts for Waiet to sit down on,
the zogo-le repaired any part of Waiet that needed attention. The tami-leb were
also responsible for cleaning the clam-shells, bringing coconut oil and turtle
grease for the anointing of Waiet, and preparing the vine rope used for hauling
the captives up the cliff. .

The next. day the zogo-le took Waiet out of his recess and set him on
the coconuts. Two zogo-le took up their position on either side of Waiet, and
the tanu-leb sat on the ledge below, and at the command of the chief zogo-le
began to beat their drums, then the chief zogo-le danced. Everyone held in his
mouth a red-painted shell, and instead of singing said, ‘‘Ha-ha, Ha-ha.’’ The
men below formed a grand procession; all who held office of any description
came first with the regalia, then followed the novices, next the captives, and
the last year’s initiates formed the rear.

When the procession was over, the captives were placed under a guard.
Then followed the presentation of peace offerings, and next the novices were
brought forward to the foot of the cliff and were duly initiated. (Pasi would
not tell Mr. Davies what took place, but.denied that circumeision was a part
of the ritual.) The young men were next taught the appropriate dances and
songs.

The new initiates were taken to the place where the fire was to be made,
then brought back, and hot coals from the sacred fire burning in front of Waiet —
were lowered down the cliff in a clam-shell by a vine. Each initiate was given
some of the sacred fire, which he placed in a coconut shell, and then they were
marched back to the cooking place, where they solemnly lighted the big fire to be
used for cooking. It was their duty to see that this fire was kept ready for use,
and also to get a supply of fuel. The captives were then divided into five -
groups, one for each day. They included prisoners exchanged for others from
Erub or from New Guinea so as to avoid eating more relatives than they could
help, men who had done wrong, and women who had been caught trying to look
at Waiet.

The chief zogo-le ordered a tattoo of the drums, and then cried out,
‘‘Prepare the sacrifice!’’ The day’s quota of captives was brought to the foot
of the cliff and the zogo-le ordered that he (or they) should be cleansed. <A
captive was taken down to the water, scrubbed with pumice stone, and washed
in the sea. Then he was taken to the foot of the cliff, fastened to the vine rope,
and hauled up the cliff. The zogo-le marked off with lime on the body of the
captive the portion each desired, and the tami-leb did the same. (The part most
relished was the susw, breast of men, and the muscle of the arm; the susu of

132 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

women; but no particular part of children. By the way Pasi deseribed it, he
must be been very fond of it, having previously said that ‘‘man-meat tastes
much sweeter than pig-meat.’’)

The chief zego-le then described the cult of Waiet, and explained that it
was essentially to promote human fertility, and in order that the concluding
ceremony should be effective Waiet demanded a sacrifice first. As it was not
seemly for the god to go to them, they must come to him and exhibit themselves
for his inspection. (Pasi did not say whether Waiet ever rejected a sacrifice. )

The tami-leb then laid the bound captive in front of Waiet, the chief
zogo-le took a bamboo knife, cut off the sexual organs, and placed them on Waiet’s
extended palm; a small clam-shell caught a certain amount of the escaping
blood. The chief zogo-le killed the victim by striking him on the head with
Waiet’s stone-headed club. The marked portions of flesh were cut off, and the
remains were lowered down the cliff and taken to the fire to be cooked.

If there were two or three eaptives in that day’s quota, the sexual organs
of the previous victim were taken from Waict’s hand and placed in the basket
under his arm, and after the last victim had been killed the organs were placed
on top of Waiet’s head. When all the victims had been disposed of, Waiet was
replaced in his recess in the cliff, and the zogo-le and tami-leb cooked their
portions on the lower ledge. The other men laid coconut and banana leaves on
the ground, on which the portions were served out.

The Oour [awa is primarily a term for mother’s brother, but is given to
all men of the mother’s village of the same generation as the mother. Pasi
belonged to Giar pit, the westerly point of Dauar, and his mother, Wam, belonged
to an important family at Er; she had two brothers, Charlie and Maiwas, who
died unmarried. There were close relations between Er and Dauar] or uncle
of Pasi, carried a feather of a gawet, a big black and white bird ¢spoonbill) in
each hand. The men beat the drums but did not sing, while the man with the
feathers danced round the fire and, having chosen the portion he preferred,
sat down in front of it. The other men, according to their age, seated them-
selves before the portion each fancied, the initiates, of course, coming last.

After the feast the time was devoted to special dances. In one dance
the men held, in a throwing position, three-pronged spears made of hard wood
from the Cape York peninsula. Another dance was performed with a dugong
bone hung from the neck. In another, something was tied round the head, and
the tongue painted red with mair (this is a yellow ochre that comes from New
Guinea and, when roasted, turns red) ; the man danced with his tongue protrud-
ing, and the men sitting ‘in lines held their hands palms outwards, up level with
their shoulders, and kept time with drums, saying ‘‘Ha-ha, Hoo-hoo!’’ In
another dance a man wore a turtle-shell mask of a ‘“‘barracouta,’’ the open mouth
of the fish being in front and the tail behind. [This may be in reference to
the mask taken by Waiet from Nagir, which I was told represented a king-fish,

THE CULT OF WAIET—-HADDON. 133

Cybium commerson, the gagai or debu of the Western Islanders, and the geigi
of the Miriam; cf. Reports, v, fig. 7, p. 54.] One dance, which belonged to
Sagare (Tom Sergeant’s father), was performed with beautifully carved
bamboos on the fingers; the hands were held up, palms outwards and level with
shoulders; the song, according to Pasi, was about a mother ealling for her lost
son. The songs and dances belonged to particular families, and could be
performed only by members of the respective families. The office of the zogo-le
and tami-leb, and Oour [?| was hereditary in the male line. It was usual for
the eldest son, who would take that office, to have his wife chosen for him, so
that the family should be kept very select. Pasi tells how his wife was chosen
for him by his two uncles, as his father had died when he was about twelve
vears old.

After dancing the men went to rest in crevices in the rocks, as no houses
or buildings were allowed to be erected; even now there are no houses on
Waier.

The foregoing incidents occurred on each day of the ceremonies, and on
the eighth day a farewell dance was performed before Waiet, who was then
finally restored to his recess. The zogo-le and tami-leb descended the cliff and
supervised the covering of the fire with sand. It was believed that, if anyone
desecrated the beach of Ne by bringing a canoe there, Waiet would cause this
fire to burn the canoe. A man did once bring a canoe there, and it was burnt-—
probably by his accidentally dropping a live coal when he got out of the eanoe.

The procession then reformed, led by the zogo-le, tami-leb, and Oour, and
to the solemn beating of the drums the men responded ‘‘Ha-ha, Ha-ha,’’
as they marched round the island and crossed over to Dauar.

The women meanwhile had prepared a big feast for the concluding
ecoremony; fish, turtle, yams, sweet potatoes, coconuts, bananas, &c., were all
ready and were placed on leaves on the ground so as to form an oval, at which
the zogo-le sat at one end and the tami-leb at the other. The number of females
present always exceeded that of the males, and included every female over
the age of about twelve belonging to the Waiet fraternity, none being permitted
to. be absent.

By the time the feast was finished it was getting late in the afternoon,
and the chief zogo-le stood up and explained to all present the significance of
the cult of Waiet and its importance in maintaining the fertility of mankind,
and how by means of the remaining part of the ceremony all the barren married
women would have the opportunity of becoming productive.

The chief zogo-le then chose for himself the most favoured girl, the other
zogo-le and the tami-leb in their order, followed by the Oowr, selected their
partners. Then at the signal of the chief zogo-le the men, with the exception of
the initiates, rose up and seized any woman or girl they could, after which the
initiates were allowed their choice of what was left. This license was permitted

134° MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

for that one night only, and at sunrise next day all went to their own families,
and.any excess afterwards was punishable with death.

[The foregoing account of the cult of Waiet by Mr. Davies presents some
features that are of great interest and were previously unknown to occur in
Torres Straits. The more important are that it was a ceremony to ensure human
fertility, and that cannibalism and promiscuity were an integral part of it.

A parallel may be drawn between the cult of Waiet and the big Nogo ‘at
Melpmes in the Newun district of Malekula (A. B. Deacon, MS.), the object
of which was ‘‘to make men’’; it ended with a rite of promiscuity, and was
associated with a culture-hero named Ambat; but there is no need to go so far
afield. ;
The Moguru of Kiwai is described by Landtman (The Kiwai Papuans
of British New Guinea, 1927, p. 350) as the Life-giving ceremony and as being
the most secret, sacred, and awe-inspiring ceremony of the Kiwai people. The
maure moguru is particularly connected with the fertility of the sago-palms,
and also serves to add to the strength and vitality of the people; promiscuity
is indulged in, and it ends with the death of the old couples who conducted the
rites. It is not stated how they die, nor is there any hint of cannibalism. But
there does not appear to be any direct connection between the cult of Waiet and
the moguru.

With regard to cannibalism, W. N. Beaver (Man, xiv, 1914, No. 74), in
‘‘Some notes on the eating of human flesh in the Western Division of Papua,’’
says that ‘‘a long experience of almost every district of British Papua makes
me incline to the view that, while ritual or ceremonial does In many instances
form the prime reason for cannibalism, in by far the greater number of cases
human flesh is eaten because it is a food and is liked.’’ He adds: ‘‘Even at a
village like Parama, at the mouth of the Fly, a native of the tribe told me that
in his grandfather’s time men were eaten. J am inclined to think that among
the Kiwai-speaking tribes the same practice was not unknown. . . . From
the western bank of the Fly eastwards it seems that in the case of a male the
penis, and in the case of a female the vulva, were always cut out. These portions
were used for various purposes.’’

Very little is known about the natives living between Mawata and the
Netherlands boundary, but P. Wirz (Die Marindanim von Hollandisch-Sud-Neu-
Guinea, Bd. ii, Teil 111, Hamburg, 1925) says that the Marind (who are known
as Tugeri in British territory) state that three of their important cults came
from the eastern area beyond the beundary. These are the Mayo, Rapa, and
Sosom; the latter is a bull-roarer cult in which a monster is supposed to swallow
novices. The Mayo is a typical annual initiation ceremony with instruction of
the novices of both sexes in everyday occupations; finally admission to sexual
life is celebrated by an orgy, in which it appears that cannibalism was also a.

THE CULT OF WAIET.—HADDON. 135

feature; the coconut is the cult object. The Rapa is a fire cult (and probably
also a pig cult) of the fire-cassowary group with sexual excesses and cannibalism.
Cannibalism and promiscuity also occur in the Jmo cult and in the Hzam eult in
the interior.

The traditional origin of the Waiet cult from the western part of British
New Guinea is thus substantiated, as it is in agreement with analogous cults
of that region. The only difficulties are—(1) that no indication was given to
me in Mabuiag of the sinister aspects of the cult, but this was doubtless from
prudential motives, and the same occurred in Mer, for though, as described to
me, the cult there was essentially of an erotic character, the cannibalistic phase
was hidden from all investigators, till Mr. Davies had the good fortune to
discover it; (2) in Mabuiag, Waiat was said to be the head or chief of the
tai or markat, the death-danees that were held on Pulu, a sacred islet off
Mabuiag, and during these the people ‘‘thought about what Waiat did,’’ and
all the women were frightened, I could not discover why. (Reports, v, p. 252.)
There was a wooden effigy representing the mutilated, legless Waiat in a house
on Widul, which only the old men might see; whenever they built a new house
for Waiat some of the men dressed up as zarar markai and danced; this dance
was also performed at Widul and Gumu three days after the ordinary tai
ceremony. |

Waiet is stated to have introduced to the Dauar and Waier people various
keber, funeral ceremonies, so these people claim to be the giz ged, ‘‘original
places’? of the keber. The Dauar and Waier people in turn instructed certain
groups. of people on Mer; for example, Waiet taught the Dauar people the
zera markay keber; they gave it to the people of Sebeg (Komet le) and Er
‘(Geaurem Je) on Mer, and in course of time ceased to practise it themselves ; so,
when a Dauar or Waier man died, the Er people received a fire-signal and went
over in their canoes to perform the zera markat keber. According to another
account, Waiet gave it to the Komet le, but the Geaurem /e, whose headquarters
were at Er on the south-east side of Mer, brought it independently from
Mabuiag. (Reports, vi, p. 128.) The zera markai keber was performed while a
corpse was yet uhburied (Reports, vi, p. 133), and it is acknowledged to be
the same as the zarar markai of Mabuiag (v, p. 253; iv, fig. 249, p. 289); the
drummers sang, not in the Miriam language, but corrupted words of the Western
language.

In my final volume of the Reports, I shall again refer to this cult, and
possibly may then‘be able to clear up some points which are at present obscure. |

136 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

THE. VENOM APPARATUS OF THE STONE
FISH (Synanceja horrida).

By J. V. Dunic, M.B,, Director, and Gwen JonEs, Histologist,
Brisbane and District Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Brisbane.

(Text-figures 1-8.)

A CONSIDERABLE amount of work has been done on the secretory activity
of the skin-glands of fishes. Most of the work, however, is morphological and
deseriptive, and remarkably little observation has been made of the function
of these glands, and still less of the effect of their secretion.

Of all the works consulted, that of Reed is in its way the most complete.
He has made a very careful study of the histology and development of the
dermal glands of a large number of species of fishes reputed to be poisonous.
He provides also a very complete bibliography, and his paper is a masterly
summary of the subject. To this paper a good deal of reference will further
be made.

Citterio? gives an excellent morphological study of Ameirurus catus, and
the authors of this paper in general confirm his histological findings.

Muir Evans* traverses the literature dealing with the defensive spines ©
of fishes, and gives some observations on the nature of the venom apparatus
of Trygon pastinaca, Acanthius vulgaris (spiny dog-fish), Cestracion philippi
(Port Jackson shark), and Chimera monstrosa. He says, ‘‘In this country very
little original work has been done on the subject of defensive spines of fish.’’
He notes that down to the time of Cuvier little evidence existed that fish secreted
a poison. The naturalists up to that time believed that the lesions produced by
fish-spines were traumatic rather than toxic. Alman (1841) then ‘‘described a
gland at the root of the spine of the lesser Weever. His discoveries were
widened and confirmed by Byerley, Gunther, Bottard, and others’’ (Evans).

Bottard* (1889) described the poison apparatus of Synancera (sic), but
as his paper is inaccessible we have no means of knowing whether he actually
confirmed by experiment his assumption that the dorsal spines he deseribed
secreted a poison.

Gunther in his book devotes a few lines to Synanceja, and accurately
figures the poison gland of the dorsal spines, though later Starr Jordan makes
the mistake of surmising that the poison gland of this species is to be found at
the base of the spine. .

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM.—DUHIG. — 137

The following paper is a preliminary study dealing with the osteology,
myology, and histology of the venom apparatus of the dorsal spines, along with
some observations on the toxicology of their secretion. Abundant evidence is
brought to show that the sacs lying along these spines do secrete a substance
which is highly toxie to laboratory animals.

Stimulated by Reed’s work, a histological study was also made of certain
skin organs likely to be incriminated as venom producers. Histological study
was made of certain portions of the skin, the results of which are similar to
those obtained by Reed, but this part of the work is far from complete from the
toxicological aspect, and it is hoped to supplement it at a later date. | We have
since shown that the secretion of the broad tubercles differs from that of the
dorsal spine sacs. |

The reason for this is that (i) it is difficult to obtain living material, (ii)
it is more difficult still to obtain sufficient skin secretion under laboratory
conditions to produce experimental effects, though it will be shown that there
is a probability that this difficulty is more apparent than real.

The present study deals, therefore, primarily with the sacs of the dorsal
‘spines of Synanceja horrida, and for the first time certain physiological and
serological findings are produced in support of the view that these saes secrete
a poison. The purely descriptive parts of this paper were worked up from two
specimens supplied by Mr. H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum,
and the toxicology from a specimen supplied by Dr. F. G. Power, by courtesy
of the master of the s.s. ‘* Bombala.”’

Description.—Macrosecopic :—The measurements of the four specimens
’ examined are :—

Reference. Length. Head. | Tail. Height.
SS Sete ae) Pin eee So et
cm, em. |) om. cm.
OE GIT oie ee ie ee tae te 8 5 9
Geek PRES IE a oes ees ying ee es coe ee | 8
Bi he a ee eat Ee ee ee to aan | 85
Bag iss) a ee ke ee hae et Se ec es | g

B.L.F/II showed certain marked variations from other specimens
examined. See Appendix.

In all specimens the dorsal fin consists of 14 spines, 13 of which can
project beyond the enveloping skin, and one, that between the tail and the next
spine eranially, is completely enveloped by skin, and apparently unable to
exert any defensive function.

138 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Thirteen spines therefore, though normally well covered with skin, can

readily be exposed along a short portion of their length. Reed remarks (loc.
cit.) : “In the Seorpenide and others the spines are naked in the distal portion
and are so related to the gland and surrounding integument that there is formed
a mobile sheath, which easily slips away from the apex of the spine.
‘Thus the spine is not only free and inflicts a wound without injury to itself or
surrounding tissues, but is freely supplied with venom. Such an apparatus is
probably to be construed as none other than a defensive device.’’ This is exactly
the opposite to the condition common to the catfish, in which the spines are so
completely covered with integument ‘‘that when inflicting a wound it is neces:
sary for the spine to first puncture the skin which covers. it.’’

The skin of the stone fish, though covering the spines, has no attachment
to them above 0-5 em. from the tip. From a point 0-5 em. from the tip of the
spine to within about one quarter of the length of the spine from the articulation
with the interneurals, the skin is attached to the spine. The attachment of the
skin is very firm and fibrous, lying in shallow grooves on either side of the spine
until just above the articulation with the interneurals, where the attachment is
complete all round the spine.

On dissection we found a muscle in the superficial fascia, fibres of which
ended dorsally along the spines at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of
the spine. This muscle was traced to an origin on the occipital region of the skull
where it 1s 3 em. broad in average specimens. From there it extends along the
dorsum, keeping the same width until oh either side it reaches a point opposite
the 12th spine, where it spreads out fanwise to be inserted into the dense fascia
about the base of the anal fin.

This muscle is evidently for the purpose of retracting the skin over the
spines—‘‘a panniculus spine.’’ It has no connection with the intrinsic muscles
of the vertebral column, since its fibres run at right angles to them.

Dissected from their skin attachments, we find that the spines are loosely
articulated with the interneurals.

In specimen Q.M.I/1193, we found the spines to measure as follows.
(measured from tip to articular surface) :—

: lees 2 pas eg 2S es Woe £. VI. VERE oT Xe oe A IE AA KTV

Centimetres 225 2262. Sa St 28 2-8 CAS, leo | Os eae, > aie SIR > Sa oe 3

With the exception of the first, all the spines are of the same form—at the
articular end fairly expanded into lateral condyles and tapering to a fine point
at the distal end. Between the condyles the bone is perforated for the purpose
of articulating with a ring on the interneurals. Along the lateral aspects of the
spines are shallow grooves continuing almost to the tip. The first spine has
greatly extended condyles which end laterally in a rather sharp point. (Fig. I,
KE, Ist spine; F, 2nd spine.)

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM.—DUHIG. 139

The spines articulate with the interneurals by a semicircle of bone on the
dorsal aspect of the interneural passing through the perforation of the spine
between the condyles. (Fig. I, A, lateral aspect; B, cranial aspect; D, dorsal
aspect. ) | ) | | :

The first and second interneurals are fused, all others are separate. Each
interneural is roughly rectangular or rhomboidal in shape, and along the lateral
aspect of each is a median ridge. (Fig. I, C and A.)

Litta DB. Garton.

Text-figure 1.—I1st and 2nd dorsal spines of Synanceja horrida and their artieulation with
interneurals,

Along the interneurals laterally run two muscles, one cranial and one
caudal, to the median lateral ridge. The lateral muscle cranial to the ridge arises
on the ventral and cranial aspect of the condyle of the spine, while that caudal
to the median ridge arises from the dorsal and caudal aspect of the lateral
condyle. Both muscles are inserted into the edges of the interneural and the
median ridge. <A diagram of the musculature is shown in Fig. I]. The muscle
placed cranially elevates the spine, that caudally depresses it; named for
convenience ‘‘Levator spyne’’ and ‘* Depressor spine’’ respectively.

Careful dissection of the soft tissues about the spine will reveal two sacs,
one on either side of the spines, brownish in colour in preserved, pearly white
in fresh specimens. (See Figs. IT and III.) These sacs vary a little in size
but well developed they measure, both together, about 0-5 em. across, each being
about 1 em. long, extending down the lateral grooves of the spine from within
about 0-5 em. to 0-7 em. of the tip to 1-5 em. to 1-7 em. down the spine. <A duct,
very tiny but visible through a hand lens, runs from the saes along the lateral
grooves towards the tip of the spines where it is lost to view.

*

140 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The spines do not always bear uniformly well-developed saes. In all three
specimens examined the sacs in a few instances were reduced to mere vestiges.
In specimen Q.M.1/2217 the sacs of the 2nd spine were vestigial; there were no.

Text-figure 2.—Diagram of
levator and depressor muscles
of spine.

Text-figure 3.—Poison sac of
Synanceja horrida.

Text-figure 4—Diagram of
histology of ‘Broad tubercle.’ ”

sacs on the 4th, but those of all other spines were well developed. [Specimen
B.L/F.1II had no saes at all—see Appendix.| The microscopic structure of
the sacs has been studied in serial sections and will be deseribed later.

OTHER SKIN GLANDS LIKELY TO BE INCRIMINATED AS
VENOM SECRETORS.

TUBERCLES.—Synanceja horrida is covered with well-developed tubercles
of two kinds—(a) broad and relatively flat, (b) narrow and high (nipple-like).

(a) The broad tubercles oceupy principally that portion of the skin
situated along the cranial half of the dorsal fin and between it and the oper-
eulum. They secrete a mobile milky fluid which we have not yet had an
opportunity to examine critically. An account of this fluid will be given in

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM.—DUHIG. 141

another paper. [This has since been done.| But the nature of the exudate, its
microscopic appearance, and the histological structure of the tubercles lead us
to believe that this fluid is toxic. The tubercles consist of a sac opening on the
surface by a fine pore more deeply pigmented than the surrounding skin. The

histological structure of these broad tubercles is very simple and is shown in
Fig. IV.

Text-figure 5.

Various aspects of ‘‘sense organ.’’

It consists of aggregations of small, almost perfectly cireular cells con-
taining one, sometimes two nuclei, in a matrix of dense fibrous (collagenous)
tissue. The cell columns lie just outside the lining membrane of the sacs, and

Text-figure 6.—Section of skin
over sense organ.

Text-figure 7.—Section of
slime-gland, Text-figure 8.—Section of skin.

in the saes themselves may be seen small clumps of similar cells, the nuclei of
which stain very deeply, while the cytoplasm stains feebly and is almost trans-
parent. These tubercles are true glands; they are contractile and during life

142 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

project. with considerable force the fluid referred to. After death of the fish
pressure on the tubercles produces a similar effect.

(6) Narrow Hien Tusercues.—These are arranged in a row along the
side of the fish, being definitely connected with each other along their whole
length of the row and are associated with the ‘‘sense organs’’ of the skin, which
underlie them. The form of the ‘‘sense organ’’ is shown in Fig. V, and the
histological structure of the overlying tubercle in Fig. VI. The ‘‘sense organ’
is tubular along its whole length, but it does not seem to have any directly
defensive or offensive function.

Skin GLANps.—Casual study of these glands reveals a histological strueture
shown in Fig, VII. They are particularly abundant over the whole skin, and
in structure are similar to the slime glands described and figured by Reed (loc.
ctt.), At the end distal from the surface the cells are large and ovoid, containing
either one very large multilobar nucleus or two or more nuclei, which in general
- stain deeply. Nearer the surface these cells tend to become spherical with a
compact rounded nucleus. The lining cells of the duet are flattened and
elongated.

As has been noted, these glands are noticeably numerous, which goes
perhaps to explain the extraordinarily abundant secretion of slime over the
whole fish noticed in all the live or recently dead specimens examined. In every
case we found the fish completely covered by a slime so dense that the fish
rather resembled a rock completely overgrown by marine flora, and so firmly
adherent that heavy hosing was needed to remove it.

Incidentally after removal of this coating of slime the colour of the fish
was shown to be rather beautiful—dappled grey and brown in general, with
patches of deep violet about the pores of the tubercles over the dorsum, and
rich saffron ventrally and especially under the opercular fins. Why the fish
conceals this pretty natural appearance in exchange for its slimy coat of dirty
_ blackish green is hard to explain. Reed postulates a nerve stimulus as the cause
of this secretion. }

Serial sections of the poison gland show the histological structure to be
as follows :—

he wall of the gland which is continuous with the stroma consists of
tough non-cellular fibrous tissue. In this stroma are numerous alveoli consisting
of 3 or 4 lobules, circular in cross-section. The lobules consist of a dense mass of
rounded or ovoid cells with a round small central nucleus. The cells are about
10 to 15 » in diameter, and appear to stain very faintly except during periods
of secretory activity. Even then the nucleus stains weakly with hematoxylin
though the eytoplasm is distinctly eosinophilic. Some sections showed secretion
lying in open spaces in the stroma near the spine. This consists of very small
cells, about the size of a human red blood e¢ell, which stain very deeply—both

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM—DUEZIG. 143

nucleus and cytoplasm. In shape the typical cell is either fusiform or flattened
and oblong with one or two central nuclei. The basement membrane of the
alveoli is simple and consists of stroma modified as to density and direction of
fibrils. It apparently contains no pigment.

Elsewhere in general and about the spines in particular the skin has the
structure shown in Fig, VIII.

A detailed histological study of the skin glands is reserved for another
paper. It is thus evident that the secretion of the skin glands is of two kinds—
(a) milky white and miscroscopically cellular, (b) slimy and non-cellular.

TOXICOLOGY OF THE VENOM OF SYNANCEJA HORRIDA.

The results reported are purely qualitative for the reason that, as has been
noted before, material for study is scanty, and the strictest economy has neces-
sarily, therefore, had to be practised. These results, however, cannot fail to
be convineing, and as more material comes to hand we propose to make our
findings strictly quantitative. From Specimen B.L.F/I we obtained something
under 2 ¢.c. of venom in a pure state. From our work we gather that it is not
necessary to deal with live specimens. To do so indeed is rather a disadvantage,
sinee handling of the fish irritates it and causes it to discharge its secretion so
freely that it cannot be recovered uncontaminated. It appears to us, after
considerable experience, to be so difficult to collect completely uncontaminated
secretion from all the spines of a fish in the living state, and in the light of
our findings in any case so unnecessary, that we now allow to die all live
specimens sent to us, and are willing to receive fish of the species dead for
24 or even 48 hours, preserved in sea-water or on ice. In recently dead speci-
mens we make a quick dissection of the spines, stripping away the skin and
fascia so as to expose only the spines and poison sacs. All the spines are
divided below the sacs with scissors and placed in a small, wide-mouthed test
tube. The sacs are then opened earefully and the whole emulsified by mechanical

shaking in distilled water. The spines and sac membranes are removed and the_
‘ . " . . ‘s -
whole evaporated. The dried residue is then emulsified in normal saline

solution. Whether there is any loss in toxicity of the venom as a result
of this procedure we are not able to say, but the material thus prepared with
which we worked produced qualitative experimental effects to our complete
satisfaction.

Microscopically the emulsion is eellular—eontaining small, highly refractile,
rounded cells with a small central nucleus—in appearance similar to those found
in the seeretion of the large broad tubercles of the skin. We do not, however,
suggest that the secretions are chemically or physiologically identical.

From the original sample of venom studied, we obtained results which are
only as yet roughly quantitative. But qualitatively we believe them to be
sufficiently striking for record.

K

‘144 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The original sample from one fish was so emulsified in normal saline solu-
tion as to give a dilution of 1 in 10. This diluted venom was used on laboratory
animals as follows :—

GUINEA-PIG I.—0-1 ¢.e. of the venom emulsion was injected beneath the skin
of the abdomen in the right side posteriorly. No exact reecrd of the results was
kept except to note that at first the animal was more active than usual, but later
became very quiet, refused food, and completely lost the use of both hind limbs.
This effect lasted right through the possible period of observation—about 6 hours.
Satisfied that the gland secretion had a definite physiological effect, as a pre-
liminary to further work we decided to store the venom on ice, since we wanted
to know whether the toxic effect was a stable function or suffered change in
keeping. In a busy laboratory this is a matter of some importance.

A week later the venom emulsion was brought to original volume and
tested as follows :-—

GuINEA-PIG IL received 0-2 ¢.c. subcutaneously, and GuINEA-PIG I, 0-2 ¢.c.
to serve as a control. Beyond a slight increase of activity the control animal
showed no response over the period of observation. It had possibly acquired
an active immunity. The effects on Guinea-pig II were noted :—

Immediate effect—Increased activity.

5 minutes—Slight intermittent convulsive shuddering. (Note: This effect
is frequently observed in this laboratory in animals which have had to endure
relatively prolonged handling. )

10 minutes—Continuous marked convulsive shuddering followed by spas-
modie contraction of the diaphragm involving stoppage of respiration at every
third or fourth respiratory effort. There is spasm of the hind limbs.

15 minutes—In forward movement animal can use only fore limbs
properly—i.e., it walks with the fore limbs and by a jumping effort draws both
hind limbs together towards the body. The hind limbs appear to be paresed.

The respiration rate is decreased.

The animal performs the act of chewing and swallowing continuously.
Refuses food and crouches in a corner of its cage.

20 minutes —The hind feet are splayed and spread over a wider base than
normal and are extended posteriorly.

25 minutes—The intervals between respiratory spasms seem longer. The
animal moved once spontaneously in 5 minutes.

40 minutes—There is complete paralysis of both hind limbs. On attempt-
ing to rise the animal rolls over on its side. It brushes its nose with its fore
paws. Respirations are slow and shallow, abdominal respiratory movement
being just perceptible. The hind legs are extended and spastic.

_ 50 minutes—The fore limbs, especially the right, are paralysed, and both
hind limbs markedly so.

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM—DUHIG. 145

The animal is completely unable to rise.

The respiratory excursion is deeper, but slow and still very shallow,
respiration being mainly thoracic. The animal lies so that the fore limbs are
extended flat along the ground, while the hind part of the animal is twisted so
that the hip rests on the ground in the position assumed at the last attempt to

rise and walk. The eyes are glazed and staring. The animal does not blink
(? abolished corneal reflex).

70 minutes—Animal slightly recovered ; attempts to walk.

80 minutes—Another paralytic spasm, involving chiefly right hind leg
and then both hind legs.

2 hours—Slight general improvement.
44 howrs—Unable to use right hind limb.
64 howrs—Condition the same.

84 hours—Paralyses of limbs passed off.

Next day.

12 hours after last observation—Animal shows slight but fairly continuous

convulsive shuddering; is inactive and refuses food. Survived. Venom stored
on ice.

One week later—Guinea-pig III. reecived 0-2 ¢.c. subcutaneously. Guinea-
pig I. received 0-2 ¢.e. subeutaneously (control).

Guinea-prg I, Guinea-pig ITI. This was normally a
nervous animal.
15 minutes—Abnormally active 1 pitts
30 minutes—Active, feeding i
Very quiet, crouching. Slight con-
vulsive shudder. Right hind limb
drags on walking, though the
animal can use the lmb for
seratehing. Though a nervous
animal, requires strong stimulus
before it will move.

35 minutes—Active, normal Marked transient paresis of both hind
limbs, especially of the right.
Brushes imaginary object from
its nose. Corneal reflex -L.
- Respirations slow and shallow.

45 minutes-—Normal Respirations very shallow. Corneal
reflex sluggish.

146 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

60 minutes—Normal ; Hind feet splayed. Spastic paraly-
sis of both hind limbs. Corneal
reflex sluggish.

70 minutes—Normal Marked paralysis of both hind limbs.

90 minutes—Convulsive shudder- 0-2 ce. venom injected. Marked
ing, still active but rolled over paralysis of diaphragm. Simple
on hips onee reflex reaction time delayed.

13 hours—Sluggish, slight inter- As before. Respiratory movement
mittent convulsive shuddering, almost imperceptible.

diaphragm retracted at every
third inspiration.

2 hours—Rather sluggish but quite Animal anesthetised. See below.
active when stimulated

21 hours—Fully recovered, feeding.

Two hours after the start of this experiment, Guinea-pig III. was
anesthetised with open ether while its hind limbs were still in a state of what
appeared to us to be one of maximum paralysis for the amount of venom used.
The flexor muscles of the leg and the sciatic nerve were quickly exposed, and
subjected to a very weak faradic current in an attempt to determine whether
the venom acted on the end plates of the motor nerves. From our observations
recorded above (necessarily incomplete) we surmised that the action of the
venom was, similar to that of cobra venom [Cushny®], neurotoxic not myotoxie.
Both muscle and nerve, however, gave a response.

The experiment is, however, by no means conclusive, for two reasons:
(1) The instrument used was that commonly employed for testing degenerated
muscle response in humans. Since the strongest current supplied was just
sufficient and all the others insufficient to elicit a response by human muscle,
the instrument was tentatively tried on our animals. Possibly even then the
current was too strong to elicit differences in response in guinea-pig muscle.
(2) The dose of venom was too small to produce effects which could be distin-
guished from normal responses of nerve or muscle by the apparatus at our
disposal.

Both of these factors probably operate, and we are investigating further
on these lines, since our experiments leave no room for doubt that the venom
is definitely neurotoxic or myotoxic.

We should like to remark here upon the marked abnormal activity of
our animals immediately after receiving venom. We interpret this to signify
the presence of pain in the animal. We have been careful to exclude any other
stimulus which might produce this result, and conclude by analogous observa-
tions on other animals that this increased activity is probably due to actual
local pain at the site of inoculation.

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM—DUHIG. 147

Hamoroxic ACTION OF THE VENOM.

This experiment was only roughly quantitative since our supply of
venom was very small. In the first instance we desired to establish only that
the venom was hemotoxic or not. The following series was set up, and the results
are recorded in the table below :—

The venom was thoroughly emulsified by shaking in the original dilution
of approximately one part of venom to nine parts of 0-85 per cent. saline
solution—(Venom A).-

This was allowed to settle and the supernatant pipetted off—(Venom B).

A and B were then mixed with a 3 per cent. suspension of guinea-pig red
blood cells, thrice washed.

At the same time the protective action of serum was tentatively
investigated.

‘The results are set out in the table below :—

i e
Venom c.c. Cells 3% c.c. Serum c.c. Saline. Hemolysis.

A901 0.1 Nil To 0.3 c.e. er

BO0.1 0.1 Nil To 0.3 €.c. 4 hn

AO] 0.1 Heated “ ze

: 0.04

ASO oe Heated Nil trace
0.1

AO. 0.1 Unheated s,
0.1

Control—
A Nil 0.1 Nil To 0.3 c.c. we

Incubated at 37 deg. C. for 1} hours, and then at R.T.° for 15 hours.

+++ = Complete hemolysis. +-+-+ = 75-per cent. hemolysis. ++ 250 per cent.
hemolysis. -+ = 25 per cent. hemolysis. — = 0 per cent. hemolysis.

It seems also as if the inhibitory substance in normal unheated serum
is thermolabile. This aspect of the question, however, requires a lot more
investigation. [We have since investigated this problem, and our results will
later appear in another place. |

SUMMARY.
1. The myology and anatomy of- the dorsal fin spines of Synanceja
horrida are described.

2. The histology of the poison sacs of the dorsal spines and of certain ~
skin glands is defined,

148 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

3. The sacs of the dorsal fin spines are shown to secrete a venomous
substance, on the following grounds :—
(a) The substanee within the sacs exerts a toxic action on the
voluntary and involuntary muscles of laboratory animals.
Whether this action is neurotoxic or myotoxie has not been
definitely determined. It is probably neurotoxic.
(b) This substance has a lytic action on the red blood cells of guinea-
pigs.
4. The lytie substance of Synanceja venom can penetrate red cells
independently of the aid of fresh serum.

5. Fresh unheated serum probably inhibits the action wholly or partly
of the venom.
6. The inhibitory substance in the serum is probably thermolabile.

7. Recovery from the gross effects of the venom conveys some degree
of active immunity. :
APPENDIX.
In the course of this research we have found the distribution and size
of the poison sacs of Synanceja horrida to be variable, as noted in the paper.

Specimen B.L./F.IL had no poison saes at all. In addition, this fish
showed a complete absence of the fourth dorsal spine, the skin of the third
posteriorly and that of the fifth anteriorly being continuous with the skin of
the dorsum generally, and having no direct connection one with the other.

In a fifth specimen just received in this laboratory from Sandgate, the
sacs on the first five spines, counting from the cranium, were purely vestigial.
They increased in size and venom content up to about the tenth, and from that
to the thirteenth were below average size.

“Clinical Notes on a Case of Poisoning by Stone Fish Venom.

Supplied by M. J. GALLAGHER, M.B., Ch.M., Mackay.

‘On the evening of 22/2/25 Mr. E.M.B. stood on a ‘stone fish’ in the
Pioneer River, Mackay. The spine of the ‘stone fish’ entered the sole of his foot
midway between the ball of the great toe and that of the little toe. Instantly
the pain in the foot was intense, the patient felt nauseous, and upon hopping
about two paces to the bank he eollapsed and fainted. He recovered sufficiently
to drag himself to his house, 100 yards away, when he again fainted. His wife
and some friends put him on his bed, where he fainted once more. Upon
recovering he was given brandy and his foot was put into a bucket of hot —
water. His pain was only slightly eased, and as he still felt cold and sick his
friends prevailed on him to consult a doctor. About three hours after receiving

SYNANCEJA HORRIDA VENOM.—DUHIG. 149

his injury he was brought into my surgery. He looked pale and ill—cold ,
perspiration about his brow and around his lips; temperature 96-4 deg. F.,
pulse 110,

‘“The sole of his foot was swollen in the region of the wound. It was
opened up and swabbed with pure carbolic acid and methylated spirit. There
was no discolouration of the tissues around the wound. The patient elected to
go home, and his friends carried him out to a motor-car, where he fainted. Upon
coming round he still desired to go home, where he arrived in due course.
Forty-four hours later I saw him at his home and he said he was suffering
agony. His foot was enormously swollen and his leg up to the knee was
intensely swollen, red, shining, and tender. (Temperature 102-4 deg. F., pulse
108, respirations 26.) He was taken immediately to hospital, where hot baths
alternated with ichthyol foments to his leg for forty-eight hours; then under
general anesthesia multiple incisions were made in the cellulitis of his foot and
leg. The whole of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the foot and leg, in its
whole circumference as far as the knee, formed but the outer wall of a bag
of pus, the inner wall being formed by the deep fascia covering the muscles and
bones.

‘‘He improved progressively every day both in his general condition and
leg condition, and all went merry as a marriage bell until 10.30 a.m. on 7/3/25
(fourteen days after injury), when, without warning, he felt as though a boa-
constrictor had suddenly thrown its coils around his waist and was squeezing
the breath out of him. The pain was most intense—his words were ‘frightfully
unbearable’—and appeared to be in the epigastrium, as though all his viscera
had been tied in a knot and the knot gradually tightened.

‘‘He had increasing difficulty in breathing, until finally he felt his
breathing stop completely and he lost consciousness. Just before losing conscious-
ness he had pressed his bell, and when the nurse arrived she found him
unconscious, cyanosed, saturated with perspiration, and gasping for breath.

‘* Artificial respiration soon restored him to consciousness, and with
sreat difficulty he was able to whisper—‘Can’t breathe—terrible pain in
stomach.’

‘‘Mustard plaster to epigastrium, H.I. morphine gr. 4, atropine gr. 1/150,
tetanus antitoxin 6000 units intrathecally, 15000 units subcutaneously.

‘‘No further spasm occurred, but stiffness and soreness around epigastric
region lasted for about four days after attacks, and during a period of eighteen
months from time of seizure. He had four periods during which he felt a
tightness in the epigastrium and had slight difficulty in breathing. He has been
free from these attacks for the last six months (up to February 1928).

‘On 28/3/25 skin-grafted a large denuded area which had sloughed out
over the instep.

150 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

‘“The patient was totally incapacitated for over four months. He is now
(February 1928) quite well, and has only slight limitation of extension of his
ankle, but it is insufficient to cause him any real disability.’’

|Norr.—Dr. Gallagher’s vivid narrative would have been a striking ©
confirmation of our findings had he not raised the question of the respiratory
failure being due to tetanus. So keen an observer as Dr. Gallagher shows
himself to be would not have failed to observe spasm of other muscle groups,
which I think would undoubtedly have occurred as a result of tetanus toxin.
Also, I do not think tetanic symptoms would have subsided so rapidly even after
such large doses of antitoxin. Diaphragmatic spasm alone is a constant symptom
of poisoning by animal venoms, though it is undoubtedly difficult to explain
the obviously late development of this effect in this case. In our laboratory
animals it is one of the earliest effects, but it passes off relatively quickly, as our
experiments show. |

On the whole, however, I am inclined to attribute this striking effect
to the Synanceja venom. Though Dr. Gallagher’s observations tend to confirm
our findings and those of other workers on snake venoms, and though that
fact affords us some little satisfaction, we cannot but regret the terrible and
unfortunate fact which preceded that confirmation. |

LITERATURE CITED.
. Reed (1924).—Zeitschr. fiir Morphologie und Anthropologie, Stuttgart, bd. xxiv, 2.
. Citterio (1925) —Atti della Soc. Ital, di Sci. Nat. in Milano, lxiv, 1.
. Evans (1923).—Phil. Trans. Roy. Socy., B. 391.
. Bottard (1889).—Contribution 4 1’Hygiéne Navale. Paris: Doin.
- Cushny (1916).—Phil. Trans. Roy. Socy., B. 348.

o ek. ww WD eH

NOTES ON THE DINGO.—LONGMAN. : 151

NOTES ON THE DINGO, THE INDIAN WILD
DOG, AND A PAPUAN DOG.

By HEBER A. Lonoman, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. (DIRECTOR).

THrouGH the kindly suggestion of His Excellency Sir John Goodwin, a
specimen of the Indian wild red dog (skin and skull), obtained from the
Nigiri Hills, was recently forwarded for the Queensland Museum collections
by the Hon. Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society. It is of interest
to record that, when the skin was placed with other flat skins of the Dingo,
several local naturalists who are very familiar with the Australian dog unhesi-
tatingly assumed that it was a local specimen. In view of the resemblance of
this particular skin to our material, other comparisons were made, although it
. was realised that the cranial and dental characters associated with the genus
Cuon have been usually interpreted as denying close relationship with other
dogs.

When briefly reviewing this question, A. A. Dunbar Brander, in his
interesting account of the Indian Wild Dogs, says that ‘‘there is probably
no animal, even the wolf included, which more nearly resembles the tame
dog in his characters and habits, and it is no exaggeration to say, that in the
event of the tame dog making to the jungle we could expect its conduct to be
in most respects similar to that of the wild animal.’”?

This is not the place to review in detail the several names that have
been given to the wide-ranging Indian wild dogs, usually placed in the genus
Cyon, or more correctly, Cuon. Two species were recognised by Mivart in his
‘*Notes on the Genus Cyon,’’ in 1890,” and also by W. L. Sclater in his Catalogue
in 1891.2 The North-Asiatie species, C. alpinus of Pallas (1831), does not
concern us. The second species, variously recorded as primevus, sumatrensis,
dukhunensis, rutilans, and javanicus, if considered in the wide sense, should be
known as Cuon javanicus Desmarest (1820) ,* as that name has precedence.* |

Although Hodgson originally described his promevus in 1833° as Canis,
he subsequently established the genus Cuon for these Indian dogs because of
the deficiency in the mandible of the third molar.° Lydekker,’ however, still
included these dogs in Canis in 1900.

11923. A. A. Dunbar Brander, ‘‘ Wild Animals in Central India.’’

21890. St. George Mivart, P.Z.S., p. 88.

31891. W. L. Sclater, Catal. Mamm. Ind. Mus., Pt 2, p. 260.

41820. Desmarest, ectiens. p. 193.

51833. Hodgson, P.Z.8., p. 111.

61838. Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 152.

71900. Lydekker, ‘‘Great and Small Game of India,’’ &., p, 344.

*The Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society refers to the
specimen sent as Cuon dukhunensis, and kindly gives the following references to articles in
their Journal:—‘‘Notes on Wild Dogs,’’ vii, No. 4; ‘‘The Indian Wild Dog,’’ x, No. 3;
‘A Wild Dog’s Earth,’’ xiii, No. 3; ‘‘Wild Dog Hunting,’’ xvi, No. 4; ‘‘Wild Dog in
Burma,’’ xxviii, No. 1; ‘‘In the Haunts of the Indian Wild Dog,’’ xxix, No. 2.

152 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

E. D. Cope considered that Hodgson’s genus Cuon was identical with
Speothus,® a genus established by Lund in 1839 for an extinet species found
in caves in Brazil, which Huxley placed as congeneric with Ictecyon. Huxley
considered Cuon as a sub-genus of Cams.°

- In his paper on ‘‘Some South American Canid,’’ Einar Lonnberg points
out that m, is missing on both sides in an example of Pseudalopex lycoides and
refers to the variability of this unit, ‘‘which is always small and more or less
useless as it sits so far back that it has no antagonist to work against.’’"*° This
tooth is also missing on both sides in a mandible of a grey wolf in our collection,
but it, or the alveolus, is invariably present in our series of fourteen mandibles
of Dingoes. There is no evidence of wear in this tooth, however, in our specimens
of Dingoes or domestic dogs, and Lénnberg’s remarks appear to be significant.
There are records of its rare occurrence in specimens of Cuon itself (Huxley,
loc. cit., p. 274), and possibly studies of juvenile mandibles would demonstrate
that the germ of this minor member of the molar series is not completely lost in
Cuon. Thus it seems somewhat arbitrary to eliminate remote progenitors of the
Indian wild dog from the lineal ancestry of the Dingo on the sole basis of this
variable distinction. The several fossil species of Cuon described, however, show
that this deficiency in the molar series is not confined to modern species. The
variability of the dental series in the Canidex is also illustrated by the studies
by Windle and Humphreys of accessory molars," and Mivart (loc. cit.) records
a skull of Cuon in which there was no trace of the second upper molar.

- Most of the literature regarding the Dingo and its antiquity in Australia
has been traversed by the late R. Etheridge, jr.,1° and by Professor F. Wood

Jones.*4 1
In his papers the latter writer gives an excellent account of the Dingo,

and reviews the theories advanced by previous writers. He considers it to be
not of specific rank, but a sub-species of Canis familiaris. As long ago as 1880,
Huxley (loc. cit.) pointed out that ‘‘there is nothing peculiar about the
Australian Dog.’’

Following the researches of G. S. Miller, G. M. Allen, and others, it
seems fairly certain that all domestic dogs have descended from a wolf-like
ancestor. Wood Jones points out that the Dingo may be separated from other
breeds of domestic dogs by its relatively larger teeth, being more wolf-like in this
respect.

81879. E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., p. 185.
?-18802- T.-H. Huxley, PASE -p: 278.
101919. Kinar Lénnberg, Arkiv for Zoologi, bd. 12, No. 13.

. 111890. Windle & Humphreys, P.Z.8., p. 29.
121916. R. Etheridge, jr.. Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S.W., Eth. Ser., No. 2.
131921. F. Wood Jones, Tr. Roy. Soc. South Aus., xlv, pp. 254-263,
141925. F. Wood Jones, The Mammals of South Aus., pt. ii.

NOTES ON THE DINGO-—LONGMAN. 153

Utilising his data and supplementing his figures with our own measure-
ments, it may be stated that in the Dingo the antero-posterior length of the
carnassial is more than 10 per cent. of the basal length of the skull. In domestic
breeds the length of the specialised tooth is usually distinctly less than 10 per
cent. of the basal length of the skull, and this ratio is very rarely exceeded.
Owing to the contracted contours of the bull-dog’s head, however, exceptions will
be found in Windle and Humphreys’ table of measurements for this and some
other breeds.*®

- In our specimen of the Indian dog the basi-condylar length of the skull
is 181, and the length of the carnassial is 21-5. The carnassial is thus relatively
longer in the Indian Dog than in the Dingo, and it is distinctly greater than the
combined lengths of the following two molars. In the Dingo the length of the
carnassial is about equal to that of the two molars. The first upper molar
of the Dingo is relatively broader than that of the Indian Dog. In the absence
of a well-marked cingulum on the upper molars Cuon agrees with the true dogs
and wolves and is unlike the Jackal and Fox. As noted by Mivart (1890, p. 88),
the cranium in Cuon is but little elevated in the interorbital region, when seen in
profile, being very distinct from the Dingo, which, owing to the development
of large frontal sinuses, has a pronounced downward curve to the nasals. There
is little evidence in the Indian Dog of the outward bend of the lower dental
series at the junction of the premolars and molars, which is characteristic of the
Dingo and most dogs and wolves, but which is not found in the Coyote and
Jackal.

As was pointed out by Forsyth Major (P.Z.8., 1900, p. 833), the talon of
the lower carnassial.in Cuon is unicuspid, whereas in Canis ‘‘it is composed in
the main of a strong outer and a lesser inner tuberele.’’ This distinction has
been useful in the study of fossil species.

The ‘skull of a Dingo used by Mivart (loc. cit.) for comparison with
C. javanicus was longer than that of the Indian species, but his comparative
measurements show that Cwon is relatively broader.

It will be thus seen that the cranial distinctions between Cuon javanicus
and the Dingo are considerable, apart from the characteristic deficiency in
the lower molar series.

In both the Dingo and Indian. Dog the characteristic colouring of the
body is a uniform reddish brown, and the presence of an occasional white tip
to the tail is common to each. Both dogs have erect ears and a bushy tail, and
neither can bark. Adult specimens of each are practically untameable, although
the Dingo is now more feral than in the early days of the aborigines, whose
‘‘oins’’ occasionally suckled the pups.

15 1890. Windle and Humphreys, P.Z.S., p. 18.

154 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Sir John Goodwin informs me that the Indian wild dogs are characteristi-
cally silent when hunting, but when surprised by man in the jungle they will
yap repeatedly as they retire. When in retreat they disdain to take cover.

As is well known, the Dingoes are silent hunters. Their dismal howl,
which is a- common note in the wilder parts of the Australian bush, is
characteristically nocturnal, and is evidently a social habit. Occasionally they
are heard yelping in secluded places in the daytime. Usually the Dingo does not
yelp when surprised by man, but Mr. H. G. Barnard tells me that when a
bitch has pups she will move some distanee away and yelp at a disturber. There
are usually five pups in the litter. An excellent photograph of a Dingo pup by
C. Barrett appears in the Australian Museum Magazine, vol. iii, No. 6, 1928.

The Dingo is notorious as a destroyer of sheep, and frequently kills calves
and poultry. Probably he is of some value at times in keeping down rabbits,
but he is the ‘‘Ishmael’’ of the bush and every man’s hand is against him.*

Wood Jones records that the general colour may vary from black to
almost white. Black and tan examples are occasionally noted, and it is evident
that these variations in colour have existed from early days.

In this connection I must find space for an interesting note regarding
a black Dingo pup, from the diary of Major Lockyer on his visit to Stradbroke
Island in 1828, which is reprinted by George Watkins in his ‘‘Notes on the
Aboriginals of Stradbroke and Moreton Islands’’:—‘‘The attachment of these
people to their dogs is worthy of notice. I was very anxious to get one of the
wild native breed of black colour, a very handsome puppy, which one of the men
had in his arms. I offered him a small axe for it; his companions urged him to
take it, and he was about to do so, when he looked at the dog and the animal
licked his face, which settled the business. He shook his head and determined
to keep him.’’ |

Possibly new data on the ancestry of the Dingo may be gained from
studies of serological isoagglutination, the method having been used for
phylogenetic studies of sheep by Kaezkowski, noted in a paper read before the
Royal Society of Edinburgh.”

Papuan Doags.—There are two skins and two skeletons of Papuan dogs
in the Queensland Museum. The first (No. 3751) was deseribed by C. W.
De Vis in 1910.18 A skin (No. 3223) was received from His Excellency Sir -
Hubert Murray in 1918, and subsequently a skeleton (No. 4083), belonging to
another dog, was received from the same source. These specimens all came

161891. George Watkins, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., vili, pt. 2, p. 42.

171927. B. Kaczkowski, reported in ‘‘Nature,’’ 3rd December, p. 825.

181910. C. W. De Vis, Ann. Qld. Mus. No. 10, p. 19.

* Payments of 15s. bonus per scalp are now made through Dingo Boards in Queensland,
and it is estimated that the yearly average of payments is over 50,000. In 1926, 52,249
scalps were paid for, but this includes a few foxes.

NOTES ON THE DINGO.—LONGMAN. 155

from the Mount Seratchley district in the northern division of Papua, or

British New Guinea. As they were originally obtained from the natives, some
doubt was expressed by Papuan officials as to whether they were really feral.
The general colour of the first skin was ‘‘black and white, the black dominant;
the white portions are a long irregular patch on the nape, another covering the
chin, throat, and breast, and contracting to a point on the abdomen; the paws,
left tarsus, and tip of tail are white also; the inguinal region tawny white.’’
The general colour of the second skin corresponds with Ridgway’s
‘‘russet,’’ interspersed with darker hairs, especially on the tail, the limbs being

lighter.

The basi-condylar length of the cranium of 3751 is 146 mm., and the
antero-posterior length of the upper carnassial is 16. For No. 4083 the
corresponding dimensions are 149 and 15-5. The upper earnassial is about
equal to the combined lengths of the two molars, and this proportion is usually
found in the Dingo and some other dogs. The breadth of the palate between
the canines is relatively greater in the Papuan specimens than in the Dingo.

These Papuan specimens are a small breed of true dogs, possibly not
truly. feral or autochthonous, with no obvious distinctive features, and
apparently not very closely related to the Dingo. But it is of interest to note
that this race agrees with the Dingo, the Indian wild dog, and the wolf in the
relatively large proportion of the upper carnassial, which is more than 10
per cent. of the basi-condylar length of the skull. This proportion appears to be
a useful distinction in the ratios found in adult crania of dogs.

In very old and exceptionally large Dingoes, owing to the growth of the
skull, the length of the carnassial may be somewhat less than 10 per cent., but
with ordinary adult skulls there is probably an indication of a domestic strain
if the carnassial length does not attain this ratio. Unfortunately, I have no
measurements of the well-known “‘heelers,’’ the valuable cattle-dogs, which were
originally the result of a cross between the Dingo and the merle. Some authori-
ties consider that there is a strain of the Dingo in the kelpie, the well-known
Australian sheep-dog, and this matter has been concisely reviewed by R. L.
Kaleski.”®

Measurements.

Basi-condylar Upper Carnassial

Length. Length.
Indian Dog, J.4709 .. st sie 181 3 21-5
Papuan Dog, J.3751 .. - os 146 = 16
Papuan. Dog, J.4083 .. a a 149 ae 15-5
Gray Wolf (Qld. Mus.) i Ki 236 aa 25
C. lupus lupus (Miller) ‘ 56 255 Ay 27
Dingo (average of ten, Qld. Mus. ) <4 181 =, 20
Domestic Dog (Miller) 2° es a 230 oa 21-6
Great Dane (Winge) .. oe e% 259 “a 22
St. Bernard (Wood Jones) .. Fi 248 i: 20
Trish Setter (Qld. Mus.) eA ee 203 ia 20
Prize Collie (Qld. Mus.) a - 210 re 20

191926. Encyclopedia of Australia, Angus and Robertson, ii, p. 452.
201912. G. 8. Miller, Cat. Mam. West, Eur. Brit. Mus., p. 313.

156 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

It will be noted that the Indian and Papuan dogs agree with the Dingo
and the wolf in the relatively lengthy carnassial. In the measurements of
nine erania of ‘‘Cyon,’’ recorded by Huxley (loc. cit., 1890, p. 275) the
carnassials are well over 10 per cent. of the total length.

_ In his article on ‘‘The Native Dog of Western Polynesia,’ B. G. Mahony
states that among the small true native dogs the two predominating colours are
‘“‘reddish-tawny or glossy-black.’’?*

In his useful study of ‘‘ Dogs of the American Aborigines,’’ which contains
a valuable bibliography, Glover M. Allen” considers that ‘‘the wild progenitor
of the dog was a small wolf of a species distinct from the large wolves of
cireumboreal distribution. It is natural to look to Asia for this unknown
ancestry. .’ In a paper which the writer has not been able to study,
Jentink suggests the wild dog of Java as a representative of the original stock
whence the domestic dog sprang.”*

Wood Jones notes that the wild dogs of South-eastern Asia would be the
most probable migrant in a ‘‘walk overland’’ colonisation of Australia, but
eliminates them from the ancestry of domestic and feral true dogs bccause
of the distinct dentition. The same author makes out a very strong case for his
view: that the Dingo did not come by a land bridge, but was brought by early
aboriginal man in his pioneer voyagings.

R. Etheridge has summarised (loc. cit.) the evidence for fossil remains
of the Dingo and its occurrence in eaves and alluvial deposits. It is interesting
to note, however, that among the thousands of dental fragments of marsupials
in this Museum from alluvial deposits on the Darling Downs no fossil teeth
of the dog have yet been traced.

As long ago as 1837 W. Ogilby stated his belief that the importation of

the dingo was ‘‘in all probability contemporary with the primitive settlement
of the natives.’ ’?4

Although Charles Darwin made no special study of the Dingo, it is
of interest to recall his words:—‘‘In Australia the Dingo is both domesticated
and wild; though this animal may have been introduced aboriginally by man,
vet it must be considered as almost an endemic form, for its remains have been
found in a similar state of preservation and associated with extinet mammals,
so that its introduction must have been ancient.’’?°

In his work ‘on ‘‘ Australasia,’’ vol. i, p. 65, A. R. Wallace refers to the
Dingo ‘‘as probably not truly indigenous.’’ He adds: “‘It is, in fact, difficult

211915. B. G. Mahony, Journ. Poly. Soc., xxiv; p. 69.

221920. G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., Ixiii, No. 9.

231897. F. A. Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. 18.

241837. W. Ogilby, Trans. Linnean Soc., vol. 18, p. 121.

25 1890. C. Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. i, p. 26.

NOTES ON THE DINGOU.—LONGMAN. 157

to understand how such an animal could, without assistance, have arrived in
the country except by means which would have equally admitted the entrance
of many other animals. It differs little from the wild or half-wild dogs of
India and other countries, and this is an indication that it is, geologically
speaking, a recent immigrant; and there is no improbability in the supposition
that the entranee of man into the country dates as far back as the cave deposits
in which its bones have been found.”’

The voluminous literature of New Zealand dogs is summarised by G. M.
Thompson, who says, ‘‘Most of the histories of the migrations of the Maori
refer to the fact of their bringing dogs with them. . . .’”%

From the evidence of such relies as the Talgai and Cohuna skulls, it is
obvious that man has a lengthy history in Australia. It is very improbable that
the ancestors of the Dingo succeeded in reaching Australia before man.

The story of primitive man’s first advance through. the islands of the
Pacific, if fully known, would be one of the most fascinating chapters in the
history of humanity. Doubtless the earlier pioneers found adventure in crossing
a narrow: strait in frail canoes or clumsy rafts, and gradually these ‘‘men of
the dawn’’ found their way farther south and east. This pioneering was almost
certainly associated with the dog, at first only tameable as a puppy, the old
Canis ferus gradually evolving into Canis familiaris, though lapsing oceasionally
into primitive wild ways. Ultimately man and his dogs reached Papua,
Australia, and New Zealand.

In a previous paper’ the writer has touched the origin of our marsupials,
which also, in a far earlier period, traversed the northern land masses which later
pecame an archipelago. But, compared with these, man and his dogs are but
recent migrants.

Man and the Dingo in Australia have undergone a somewhat parallel
eourse of evolution. Primitive man was isolated in Australia for a sufficiently
long time to develop into a distinct race—a race almost as distinctive as that
of the Negro, the Mongol, or the Caucasian. The Neanderthaloid characters
frequently scen in the erania of Australian aborigines suggest that the first
migrants were an offshoot of the widely spread Neanderthal species. The Dingo,
eo-voyager with man, has also been sufficiently long in the land to develop into
a distinctive race, but the relatively large size of its teeth and its feral habits
present evidenze of its descent from wolf-like ancestors in Asia.

26 1922, G. M. Thomson, ‘‘The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand,’”

p. 64.
271924, H. A. Longman, The Zoogeography of Marsupials, Mem, Qld. Mus., viii, pp. 1-15,

158 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

A LARGE JAW OF PALLIMNARCHUS
FOLLENS.

By HEBER A. Lonoman, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. (DrrREcTOoR).
Plate XVIII.

_ In January last the writer received a massive fragment of a crocodilian
jaw from Macalister, Darling Downs, which was found by Mr. W. A. Ross, and
forwarded through Mr. Thomas Jack, of Dalby. This was received with a small
fragment of a maxilla (palatal portion), belonging either to Huryzygoma* or to
Nototheritum, and both specimens were discovered in the bed of the Condamine
River, ‘‘evidently having been washed out of a bed of blue elay,”?

The fragment consists of the anterior moiety of the right mandible, wie Is
380 mm. in maximum length. The dentary is incomplete, but thirteen teeth
are represented either by alveoli or incomplete remains.

The massive proportions, especially in the symphyseal region, the large
size of the first tooth and the enormous size of the fourth tooth, and the irregular
lateral contours of the dentary are outstanding features of the fossil.

Although its measurements are in excess. of all specimens of

- Pallimnarchus pollens? previously received, this jaw from Macalister has been

placed with that species because it agrees generally with the proportions of the
type material, and also with the skull from Lansdowne Station, described by
the writer in 1925.3

With the exception of the fifth tooth, which has been protected by the
raised border of the fourth, the crowns of all the teeth are missing. The first
tooth, which is broken off at the alveolar border, is 30 mm. in diameter. (The
presence of an unusually large first lower tooth had been postulated by the size
of the recesses in fragments of premaxille previously collected.) The alveolus
of the fourth tooth is no less than 37 mm. in diameter, and the border is raised
considerably above the level of the other teeth. The tenth and eleventh teeth
are also enlarged, the diameters being approximately 25 mm.

This mandible is prominently festooned, heavily and ruggedly sculptured,
and deeply pitted, much more so than in aged examples of Crocodilus porosus.
Judging from the recessed surface, the splenial reached a point opposite the
seventh tooth.

11921. Longman, Mem. Qld. Mus., vol. vii, pt. 2.

21885. De Vis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., vol. ii, pt. 2.
31925. Longman, Mem. Qld. Mus., vol. viii, pt. 2, pp. 103-108.

Se deta ie

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. IX, Prate XVIII,

Figures 1 and 4.—Pallimnarchus pollens, mandibular fragment from Macalister, 380 mm, in
length.

Migures 2 and 3.—Crocodilus poresus, shown for comparison.

Face page 158,

PALLIMNARCHUS POLLENS.—LONGMAN,. 159

The length of the symphysis is 130 mm., and its thickness attains no less
than 68 mm. The symphysis ends at a point parallel with the centre of the
sixth tooth, whereas De Vis in his deseription of the ‘‘young lower jaw’’ of

his type material notes that ‘it attains the level of the posterior third of the
fifth alveolus.”’

In juvenile specimens of Crocodilus porosus I find that the symphysis
ends parallel with the anterior borders of the fifth tooth; in the adult, however,
it ends parallel with the posterior border of the same tooth. The symphysis thus
becomes more extensive with age in comparison with the tooth-row, but the
change is not a very marked one.

In Crocodilus johnson the symphysis extends to a parallel between
the sixth and seventh teeth, and in Crocodilus natham’ it is barely parallel with
the posterior border of the fourth tooth.

The specimen probably represents an aged male, and its total length may
have exceeded 20 feet. In his study of the American Alligator, A. M. Reese
quotes references to the effect that the males acquire a greater size and are
heavier in the head than the females.®

Judging from an incomplete frontal found with De Vis’s original
material, which also came from the Condamine, the lateral portions of the
posterior border are oblique as in Crocodilus, and the fronto-parictal suture does
not enter the supra-temporal fenestra. C. C. Mook, in his useful studies of
Crocodiles,’ notes that in Schmidt’s genus Osteoblepharon the frontal reaches
the fenestra.

Although this massive mandibular fragment does not possess diagnostic
characters of generic value, it emphasises the distinctiveness of De Vis’s species.

When describing the cranium from Lansdowne Station I made com-
parisons between Pallimnarchus pollens and.a number of other fossil species, and
these need not be repeated here. It is quite evident, however, that the chief
affinities of Pallimnarchus are with Crocodiles rather than with the Alligators.

41925. Longman, Mem. Qld. Mus., vol. viii, pp. 95-102.

51924, Longman, Mem. Qld. Mus., vol. viii, p. 23.

61915, A. M. Reese, ‘‘The Alligator and Its Allies,’’? Putnams, p. 16.
71921. ©. C. Mook, Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xliv, art. xiii.

160 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

DISCOVERY : OF JUVENILE LUNG-FISHES,
WITH NOTES ON EPICERATODUS.

By HEBER A. LONGMAN, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. (DIRECTOR).
Plate XTX,

Introduction.—It is gratifying to be able to report the discovery of
juvenile Ceratodus in the Enoggera Reservoir, near Brisbane. With the excep-
tion of specimens which had been bred from ova in artificial conditions,
in which the maximum period of survival was two years (Bancroft, 1918, -
p. 92),* no juvenile Queensland Lung-fishes had previously been seen.

During the process of clearing the reservoir of the prolifie ‘‘water
hyacinth’’ (Kichhornia speciosa), matted masses of this weed were pulled on
to the bank near ‘‘the bywash’”’ on 29th February, 1928, and on 2nd March,
and seven young Ceratodus were found hiding in this material. These were
transferred to cans and brought to the Queensland Museum, where they were
placed in one of our large aquaria. The actual maximum lengths in millimetres
of the. specimens were as follows :—

Reg. No. I. 4436, 150; I. 4437, 146; I. 4438, 110; I. 4441, 148; I. 4442,
150; I. 4443, 145: I. 4444, 96.

It will be seen that, at the time of transference to the aquarium, the
juvenile Ceratodus ranged from 96 to 150 mm. in maximum length.

It is my pleasant duty to express keen appreciation of the work done
by officers of the Metropolitan Water Board in carefully preserving this material.
The President, Mr. E. J. T. Manchester, and also Mr. C. G. Ede, have taken a
special interest in this matter.

In view of the great interest attached to these remarkable fishes, it has
been considered advisable to give a short account of these specimens and also
of the adults in our aquaria, together with a concise historical résumé of the —
work done on Ceratodus, with some references to the voluminous literature of
the subject.

Transportation.—In his ‘‘Report on Preservation of Ceratodus,’’ given
to the Royal Society of Queensland in September, 1896, D. O’Connor gave
interesting information regarding the transference of sixty-nine live specimens

* References are given at the end of paper.

NOTES ON EPICHRATODUS.--LONGMAN. 161

to new habitats in 1895 and 1896. In the first place 109 specimens were caught
in the Mary River, near Miva, and its tributary Munna Creek. Of the sixty-
nine suitable for transport, eight were put in the North Pine River, five in a
lagoon near the Albert River, eight in a dam at Cressbrook communicating with-
the Brisbane River, eighteen in the Enoggera Reservoir, twenty-one in the
Condamine at Warwick, sixteen in the Upper Coomera, two in the Botanic
Gardens pond, and one was used for public exhibition. All of the specimens.
were large fish, ranging from ‘‘thirty-three to forty-five inches in length and
were from nine to fourteen Ib. in weight.’’ These Ceratodus were successfully
transported in boxes containing river weed which was kept moist. O’Connor
notes (1910, p. 384) that the fish were so flexible that one of them was able to.
reverse its position in its narrow compartment.

Transportation Overseas—In 1898 O’Connor successfully transported
four large Ceratodus from the Mary River to London and Paris. Two of these
were placed in the Zoological Gardens, London, in June of that year, and one
of these died in 1915. The other lived until 31st December, 1927, nearly twenty
years later (“‘Field,’’ London, 21st January, 1918). These two fishes were
the subject of Bashford Dean’s interesting articles (1906 and 1912), which
added much to our knowledge of Ceratodus.

Absence of Juvenile Specimens.—In 1893 Thomas Illidge, in a paper on
Ceratodus, stated that he had been on the Burnett for six years and had
never seen nor heard of a lLung-fish less than 4 lb. in weight. Mr.
Thomas Welsby (1905, p. 180) quotes from information given by Mr. Illidge
to ‘‘The Courier’’ that the smallest specimen caught was fifteen inches long.
In 1911 T. L. Bancroft pointed out that ‘‘no one seemed ever to have caught
a small -Ceratodus,’’ and that even the Aborigines “‘‘were unable to find the
little fellows’’ (p. 251). Bancroft considered that the Lung-fishes were nearing
extinction, and that in an ordinary season no newly hatched fishes succeed in
escaping from their numerous enemies. Later (1924) he suggested that a
biclogical laboratory should be established in the Blue Lake on Stradbroke
Island where young Ceratodus could be reared in a protected hatchery. He
also suggested that by mating Burnett River with Mary River specimens a more
robust progeny might be secured (1924, p. 19).

The smallest specimen handled by D. O’Connor was twenty-six inches,
but he notes (1910, p. 384) that a Ceratodus about fourteen inches in length was.
taken from mud in a dry season on the Burnett River, according to Mr. H. H.
Wilson, of Coranga Station.

The smallest specimen in the Queensland Museum is I. 2528, 321 mm. in
maximum length, obtained from the Burnett River in November, 1915,
presented by Mr. H. Wilson. Another specimen, 367 mm., found during a heavy
flood in Quay street, Bundaberg, in 1912, was presented by the late Dr. T. H.
May. This was recorded by J. Douglas Ogilby in 1912. A specimen 400 mm..

Aa ST Sats oe

162 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

in length was exhibited by Dr. T. Harvey Johnston before the Royal Society
of Queensland (1915, p. 58). This was sent from Eidsvold by Dr. T. L.
Bancroft.

In September, 1918, the writer exhibited before our Royal Society a
specimen 495 mm. long, which was caught in the Coomera by Messrs. Whalley
Bros., and presented to the Queensland Museum through Mr. A. A. Gilmour,
manager of the State Fisheries. This relatively small specimen must have been
bred in the Coomera from the large ones introduced by O’Connor in August,
1895.

Aceording to D. O’Connor (quoted by T. Welsby, p. 184) there was
evidence that a new generation of Ceratodus had been bred in the a
but no specimen was forthcoming.

In December, 1913, we received a large specimen (1.1629) from the
Caboolture River.

Notes on Juvenile Specimens.—As was to be expected from the descrip-
tions and illustrations of tiny Ceratodus bred from ova, these juvenile Lung-
fishes closely resemble adults in contours and proportions. The vertical height
of the posterior part of the body is considerably greater than that of the head
or middle portion. These young specimens are variegated above in comparison
with the uniform colour of adults. The ground eolour is ‘‘ochraceous buff’’
(Ridgway), but this is mostly submerged in the clove-brown mottling closely
distributed over the body. On the tip of the snout and on the tail the
ochraceous buff colour is more prominent owing to the sparseness of the mottling.
These darker spots are irregular in size and distribution. The paired fins. are
also mottled, but this is only noticeable in very clear water. . :

No accurate measurements could be made on the living speciniens, but _
it is obvious that the posterior limbs are relatively smaller than in adults.
As was shown by Semon, the anterior pair are well developed before the others
appear. On the upper surface of the head there are numerous tiny perforations.
These were noted by Gunther (1871, p. 514), and also may be seen in Semon’s
beautiful illustrations (1893, Plate VIII). The eyes are small and inconspicuous.
In colour they are blue-grey, with a thin yellowish ring around the dark centre.
The lower surface of the body is purplish grey.

These juvenile Lung-fishes lie on the bottom in the darker parts of the
aquarium. They may be barely distinguishable, as they are often partly buried
in sand and covered with débris. They prefer to lie in small hollows or half-
hidden among the roots and stems of Vallisneria. It requires a keen eye to
detect them in these conditions, and they are barely recognisable as fishes.

Aquatic Breathing—When quiescent they breathe through their gills
about fifteen times a minute, but when disturbed this may be increased to at
least sixty-eight times. Apparently they breathe more through the mouth than
with the nostrils, for the lower jaw is perceptibly opened with each inhalation.

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NOTES ON EPICERATODUS._-LONGMAN. 163

Use of Lung—rThe lung is very rarely used in normal conditions in the
clear water of the aquarium in daytime. When disturbed, however, they have
been seen to rise to the surface and take in air, the subsequent escape of which
has been shown by bubbles, but this is most exceptional. Bancroft (1913, p. 2)
noted that his tiny specimens, bred from ova, ‘‘never come to the top to breathe
air,??

Food.—When a live worm is placed in the aquarium the young Ceratodus
will sometimes become aware of it in a few minutes and will move from their
hiding-places near by. They will gradually approach the worm, moving forward
slowly by short jerks, mainly as the result of quick propelling strokes with the
pectorals. Should another Lung-fish appear after the worm is actually seized,
the first one will sometimes scurry away with it. Apparently they cannot easily
bite their food, and they will endeavour to swallow a whole worm, which may
be several times disgorged before finally devoured. In this stage the tiny dental
plates have little eutting power, and even in the preserved specimen 367 mm.
in length the ‘‘teeth’’ are barely raised above the surrounding tissues. Doubtless —
these plates have considerable crushing powers. Illidge reports that adult
Ceratodus use the vomerine teeth for gnawing the bark of trees growing in the
water (1894, p.41). In addition to worms the young Ceratodus feed on shredded
pieces of raw beef, a small quantity of which is given to them once a week.

On dull days towards evening and at night they are far more active.
At night they may be seen right at the top of the tank, and they appeared to
be feeding on algal growths on the water-weeds. Occasionally a young Ceratodus
will tilt itself almost upon its head in order to swallow some bit of vegetable
débris.

These small Lung-fish are quite defenceless when chased by other fishes,
apart from their speed. At first it was necessary to place them temporarily m
an aquarium with four ‘‘climbing perch’’ (Anabas), but. after two days it was
found that the perch were chasing the Ceratodus and nibbling at their fins.
Immediately the tank was emptied and the perch were put elsewhere. Consider-
able difficulty was found in locating all the Ceratodus.

These juvenile specimens combine extreme sluggishness and torpidity
with a capacity for quick movement when necessary. When disturbed they
will dart from end to end of the aquarium with remarkable rapidity, the large
caudal fin being used with great effect.

Their eyesight appears to be very poor, and they will sometimes swim
swiftly against the wall or a stone. They made no movement when a bright
light was flashed on the glass within an inch of them. Unlike most fishes they
appear to be insuseeptible to vibrations.

Aquarium.—The juvenile Ceratodus are living in a capacious aquarium
which is over 8 feet in length and about 2 feet wide. This contains about
20 inches of water above several inches of sand. Numerous plants of Vallisneria
and Hydrilla are present. Four adults are in an adjoining aquarium of similar
proportions.

164 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Dévelopment from Ova.—tThe ova of Ceratodus were discovered by W. H.
‘Caldwell in September, 1884. After much difficulty, ‘‘as the enemies of the
Ceratodus were very numerous,’’ he succeeded in rearing Lung-fishes from
ova, and one was taken alive to Sydney and exhibited at the December meeting
of the Royal Society of New South Wales (Caldwell, 1885, p. 120). He noted
the enormous amount of gelatinous matter surrounding the egg and the
resemblance between the development of the Ceratodus and that of amphibians.

In 1893 Thomas Illidge noted the immobility of the newly hatched fish
and their helplessness (p. 43). He gives quite a detailed account of the early
changes in the ova after deposition. He reared and preserved specimens showing
various stages of growth from one to sixty-seven days, and a series of these
was preserved and placed in the Maryborough School of Arts. Later he reared
twelve specimens to six or eight months, but having to take these from Gayndah
to Gladstone they perished through want of suitable water. Mr. Thomas Welsby
(1905, p. 180) reprints some of Illidge’s information as given to the ‘‘ Brisbane
Courier’’ in July, 1902. Mr. Welsby subsequently visited Maryborough, and
a coneise description of the young Lung-fish preserved there appears in his
book (p. 187-190).

Richard Semon arrived in Queensland from Jena in 1891, and as a
result of collecting through two seasons on the Burnett he secured a valuable
range of material. After many difficulties Semon ultimately obtained a fine
series of young Ceratcdus representing all stages up to ten weeks. Some of
this material was secured by letting the ova develop in ‘‘breeding-chests,’’
protected by fine net of wire gauze, which were anchored in the river. His
fine monograph on the development of Ceratodus, with its profuse and beautiful
illustrations, was published in Jena in 1893. In his popular work (1899) Semon
points out that the eggs of Ceratodus are extremely frail and tender, and that
there was no possibility of a natural transportation by water-birds or aquatic
animals to another river. Without special attention the eggs placed in vessels
died off rapidly. Semon recorded (p. 201) that some of his tiny fish, bred from
ova, died as the result of ‘‘an ample dinner of meat’’ given by a misguided
enthusiast.

Thomas L. Bancroft in 1913 (pp. 1-3) reeorded a method of hatching
Ceratodus ova by isolating individual eggs in bottles. Later (1918, pp. 91-94)
he succeeded in rearing specimens for longer periods, one of which survived
to two years of age, and ‘‘it had hardly reached the length of 5 inches.’’ In
1915 some of Dr. Baneroft’s material was exhibited before the Royal Society
of Queensland by Dr. T. Harvey Johnston.

It is clearly demonstrated that there is no larval metamorphosis in our
Lung-fishes. No cutaneous gills or cement organs are present in the early stages,
as in the African Protopterus or the South American Lepidosiren, in which the
lung is double (Dipneumones). .

NOTES ON EPICERATODUS.—LONGMAN. 165

Adult Specomens—Four living Ceratodus are at present in an aquarium
here. One of these was received from Dr. Bancroft, Eidsvold, Burnett River,
in May 1924, and was then approximately 2 feet in length. Three others were
received from Dr. Bancroft in May 1926, and these ranged from 2 feet 74 inches
and 2 feet 84 inches, to 3 feet 44 inches. These specimens have never deposited
ova, and they have never exhibited the ‘‘deep orange-red’’ colour on the ventral
surface noted by Schmeltz (1876, p. 138), which may be associated with the
breeding season. The general colour of the body, apart from the ventral surface,
is clove-brown with a greenish tinge, and this colour extends to the paired fins
and the whole of the tail. The ventral surface of the body. varies from whitish
to pale yellow. At one time Dr. Bancroft considered that the males were yellow
and the females pinkish, but he now doubts whether there are distinctive colours
for the sexes. Our specimens all have a narrow white margin to the paired
fins, and this feature was also noted by Bashford Dean. There is also a narrow
whitish margin on the seales surrounding the eye.

The largest preserved specimen in the Queensland Museum is 41 inches.
It is frequently stated that these Lung-fish grow to at least 6 feet, and there
is a newspaper report of one obtained many years ago by Mr. H. Geisler, of
Gayndah, which was 6 feet 7 inches, and weighed 82 lb. Baldwin Spencer
(1892, p. 24) quotes 87 lb. as a record.

It is very evident that these adult specimens grow very slowly, and it
has been suggested that a specimen which attained 6 feet would be about
100: years olds, ~*~.

Breathing.—There are serious discrepancies in the accounts of lung-
breathing, so much so that it seems probable that some fish may use their lung
much more frequently than others. Bashford Dean (1912, p. 611) notes a
maximum of ‘‘over seventy minutes without either fish coming to the surface,’’
in the London Zoological Gardens. Although he states that these fish came
from the Burnett River (1906, p. 169) it is definitely known that they came
from the Mary River. In 1906 he reported that lung-breathing took place at
irrecular intervals, from forty to sixty minutes. Semon saw his Burnett River
specimens ‘‘appear at the surface every thirty or forty minutes’’ (1899, p. 92),
and this is endorsed by Baldwin Spencer (1927, p. 250). Baneroft, however,
points out that lung-breathing is very rare, and that one may watch for a whole
afternoon without seeing it. There may be some variation between the Burnett
and the Mary River specimens in this respect.

The adult Ceratodus from the Burnett in the large aquarium in the
(Jueensland Museum, which were presented by Dr. T. L. Baneroft, have been
rigidly watched on several occasions by relays of observers, and it may be
definitely stated that all four specimens may remain beneath the surface from
9 am. to 5 p.m. The plate-glass front gives the maximum opportunity for
observation, and it is obvious from years of experience here that in the hours
of daytime the Ceratodus very rarely rise to the surface. As exhibits of lung-
fishes they are in this respect most disappointing, especially in view of statements

166 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

in several text-books. It must be recorded, however, that they are living in
perfectly clear water, with a sandy bottom. At feeding times or when
mechanically disturbed they will frequently rise to the surface to breathe. At
night, when they are much more active, they use the ling occasionally, but
no maximum period can be given. In the daytime, except when feeding, they
normally lie motionless on the bottom, and the greater part of their lives is
passed in this condition. These observations confirm the remarks of several
writers who consider that the lung is an auxiliary organ, which is chiefly used
when the water is muddy or foul. Semon (1899, p. 93) quotes the experience
of Mr. W. B. Maltby, of Gayndah, who found Ceratodus in excellent condition
in a shallow waterhole in which mullet, perch, or other fish had died.

The slight noise, ‘‘spouting,’? made by the Ceratodus when emitting air
at the surface has frequently been noted. This usually resembles a blast from
a small bellows, and is chiefly noticeable in the silence of night. Possibly giant
specimens may be responsible for the louder noise noted by Illidge and Semon.

Aquatic Breathing —Ceratodus can obviously breathe through the nostrils
when the mouth is closed, but they usually breathe directly through the mouth,
and the movement of the lower jaw may be clearly seen. In 1876 Huxley
pointed out that in Ceratodus, as in Lepidosiren, ‘‘the anterior nasal apertures
were truly outside of the mouth, whereas Gunther had previously stated that
these were “‘within the eavity of the mouth.’’ On this minor anatomical point
Huxley was right, as usual, for the external nasal opening may be seen from
below when the mouth is closed. The aquatic breathing of adults is very
variable, as noted by Bashford Dean (1912). This doubtless depends partly
on temperature, but also on the activity or otherwise of the specimens. In
the same aquarium at the same time our counts varied—26, 31, and 35 per
minute for three specimens. When clearing the gills of extraneous matter, after
feeding on corn, for instanee, they frequently make two or three breathing
movements in quick succession. When watched closely it is seen that the mouth
is sightly opened with each inhalation. When the fish are mechanically disturbed
aquatic breathing is much accelerated. Bashford Dean’s excellent account of
the rhythmic movements in breathing leaves little for other observers to add.
When quiescent in water at a temperature of 65 deg. F. he noted breathing
‘‘about twelve times a minute.’’

In May 1926, three specimens were sent from Eidsvold to the Queensland
Museum in wooden boxes filled with water-weeds. These were out of the water
at least twenty-one hours, although water was poured over the weeds several
times en route. When placed in the aquarium it was noted that the aquatic
breathing was very rapid at first, being fifty times to the minute.

Food.—Baldwin Spencer (1892, p. 84) stated that the alimentary canals
of Ceratodus examined by him in Scptember were ‘‘filled with the fruit of
the gum-tree Eucalyptus tereticornis which overhangs the river bank.’’? This
material was unerushed. W. Macleay had previously reported that the flowers.

NOTES ON EPICERATODUS.—-LONGMAN. 167

of Eucalyptus were eaten (1884, p. 211). Thomas Illidge (1894) notes that
Ceratodus will take snails, worms, and moss, and that a shrimp forms the best
bait for eatching them on a line. Semon (1899) caught his Ceratodus with
baits of meat or molluses. He suggests that they eat water plants because of
the shellfish and other little animals harboured by vegetable growth. O’Connor
fed his specimens ‘‘mainly on prawns.”’

The adult specimens in the Queensland Museum feed readily on small
pieces of raw beef. They will also devour water-weeds, lettuce, and apples, being
evidently fond of the latter. Apples cut into small pieces were found useful,
as the water was not easily fouled by decaying remnants. Following a suggestion
from Dr. T. L. Bancroft, corn (maize) was put into the aquarium and this was
relished. To our surprise, small fragments of crushed eorn were oceasionally
expelled through the gill openings. Sweet potatoes, cut into small pieces, are
also eaten, and food which was not taken in the daytime was usually finished
at night. :

Apparently the Ceratodus obtain their food more by smell than by sight,
’ and in this connection it is interesting to note the unusual development of the
olfactory lobes of the brain, recorded by Huxley (1876) and by several
subsequent writers.

E. Ray Lankester quotes an interesting account by Dr. Bohls of the
natural history of Lepidosiren (1894, pp. 11-12). The South American Lung-
fish cannot be taken on a line, and it feeds chiefly on a large marsh-snail,
although vegetable matter is also taken.

Habits—tThe first description of the habits of Ceratodus in eaptivity
was given by E. P. Ramsay (1876), when living specimens were received at the
Australian Museum from Maryborough. Ramsay’s coneise statement showed
that Ceratodus was a sluggish fish which could not pregress out of the water,
which mainly used its tail when swimming, and which fed on worms, snails,
and water-weeds. .

C. Lumholtz (1889, p. 385) made the grotesque statement that at night
Ceratodus “‘goes ashore, where it eats grass and leaves, while in the daytime it
may be seen sunning itself on logs lying out of the water.”’

Baldwin Spencer (1892, p. 82) wrote, ‘‘The Ceratodus always stays in
the deep pools.’’ He pointed out that, unlike its ally Protopterus, it made no
eocoon of mud during a season of drought, and the lung was useful as a
‘‘subsidiary organ of respiration.’’ Unless surrounded with damp moss or
weeds it only lived for eight or ten hours when taken out of the water.

Semon noted that the fish ‘‘avoids the river heads’’ and is ‘‘easily
affected by sea water’’ (1899, p. 90). He describes it as ‘‘an uncommonly dull,
slow, and lazy fish,’? and he compares its behaviour with that of a newt.

Illidge (1894, p. 41) writes, ‘‘ After capture it is really the quietest fish
I have ever seen.’’ He notes the ‘‘fine oily substance’’ covering the seales, and
the greenish-brown appearance of the back and a slaty colour on the belly in
life. ;

168 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

In his two articles (1906 and 1912) on the Ceratodus in the Zoological
Gardens in London, Bashford Dean gives a full and interesting account, with
excellent sketches of its contours in various positions. He states that ‘‘its
general behaviour suggests that of an amphibian, e.g. Necturus,’’ and_ his
subsequent remarks regarding its movements and feeding habits confirm this
likeness to amphibians. He notes that the eyesight is poor and that the fish is
“largely nocturnal in habits.’’

The best concise account of Ceratodus is that given by Sir Baldwin
Spencer in “‘The Encyclopedia of Australia’ (1927, pp. 248-250), but the
statement regarding the use of the lung, following Semon, requires qualification,
as shown elsewhere.

An excellent coloured plate of Ceratodus is given in ‘‘ Fishes of Australia,’
by T. C. Roughley (1916, p. 192).

In 1916 T. Harvey Johnston listed three endoparasites from Burnett
River specimens.

Ceratodus Totally Protected.—D. O’Connor stated (1898, p. 493) that -
in the early days the Ceratodus was used as food by settlers and miners, being
mostly killed by dynamite. It is of interest to point out that the Ceratodus
is now totally protected under ‘‘The Fish and Oyster Act of 1914.’’

Nomenclature—In 1870 Krefft described the Queensland Lung-fish as —
a Ceratodus, having shrewdly recognised that the dental plates of this ‘‘ gigantic
amphibian,’’ as he ealled it, were similar to the fossil forms described by
Agassiz under that name. The specific name forstert was given ‘‘in honour of
its discoverer, the Hon. William Forster.’’ A. Smith Woodward in 1890, when
deseribing Gosfordia from the Hawkesbury series, pointed out that the Queens-
land fish would probably need a new name owing to its generic distinetion from
fossil species.

It is now generally recognised that the present-day Queensland Lung-fish
and also the dental plates found in relatively recent deposits are generically
distinet from those included in the genus Ceratodus, founded by Agassiz in 1838
for Triassic and Jurassic species. Owing to the introduction of the name
‘*Neoceratodus’’ by Castlenau in 1876 for a fish, said to have come from the
Fitzroy River, which he named ‘‘Neoceratodus blanchardi,’’ some confusion has
existed as to the generic name of our species. The status of Castlenau’s fish
is in doubt, and some of his work was so unreliable that little confidence can
be placed in it. It may be mentioned that he established ‘‘Ompax spatuloides’’—
which Jordan suggests (1819, p. 399) may be based on Epiceratodus—on the
sketch of a fish which had previously been eaten.’ Macleay (1882, p. 348) doubted
the finding of this fish. In Comptes Rendus, vol. 82, 1876, p. 1034, a communieca-
tion from Castlenau was read in which he distinetly expresses the opinion that
his Fitzroy fish ‘‘Neoceratodus’’ was generically distinct from the Burnett
River Ceratodus. Unfortunately the original description of the genus (Journ.
Zoologie, v, p. 132) is not available here, but according to the Zool. Record
(1876, Pisces, p. 7) a second reference denotes that Castlenau considered his

NOTES ON EPICERATODUS.—LONGMAN. 169

fish to be a juvenile Ceratodus (loc. cit., p. 8348). Although listed as ‘‘ Neocera-
todus’’ by many ichthyologists, we have followed Baldwin Spencer and later
writers on fossil remains in using Teller’s genus Epiceratodus, established in
1891 for the recent Lung-fishes. Baldwin Spencer emphatically remarks (1925,
p. 249) that Castlenau’s “‘description of its teeth alone proves conclusively
that it [Neoceratodus] is quite distinct from the Ceratodus of the Burnett and
Mary Rivers, ’’

““Ceratodus miolepis.’’—In 1871 Gunther considered that remarkable
differences existed between the Mary River and Burnett River Lung-fishes,
and he named the former Ceratodus miolepis. He then considered that
C. forstert was distinguished by the presence of only sighteen series of scales
around the body, whereas twenty-one were found in miolepis (p. 516). In his
‘‘Challenger’’ report in 1880, however, Gunther found considerable variation
with a far larger series of specimens (p. 32). A. B. Meyer in 1875 considered
that the two species should be united, owing to the variation in Gunther’s
supposed diagnostic character.

Mr. Tom Marshall and I have examined numerous specimens of Ceratodus
from the Burnett River, and much variation was found. There may be six
series of scales above the lateral lines, and a total of twenty may be counted
around the middle part of the body. It seems obvious that Gunther’s species
cannot stand on this character. Intensive study, however, may show that the
Ceratodus from the Burnett watershed may be distinct in certain characters
from those of the Mary River and tributaries. Possibly the discrepancies noted
in accounts of the habits of these Lung-fishes may be due to physiological
-differences in specimens from the two distinct habitats. With the exception
of the juvenile specimens, which are the progeny of those transported by
D. O’Connor from the Mary River in 1895, practically all of our material is
from the Burnett River (some of the specimens in the ‘‘old collection’’ are
without data), and no adequate comparison can be made at present.

In their list of Queensland Fishes, McCulloch and Whitley (1925, p. 131)
recognise but one species, and they note.that Macleay’s extension of the range
of the Lung-fish to the Dawson River was incorrect.

Common Name.—Krefft, Semon, Baldwin Spencer, and Thomas Illidge
refer to the Lung-fish as the ‘‘ Burnett Salmon”’ of settlers. Although Krefft
heard that the ‘‘Salmon’’ was ‘‘excellent eating,’’ it seems that this name was
given on account of the colour and not the palatability of its flesh, for Ceratodus
are by no means appreciated by connoisseurs. The alternative name Barramundi

(‘‘Baramoonda’’ or ‘‘Baramoondi,’’ Krefft) is more correctly apphed to
Scleropages leichhardti of the Fitzroy and Dawson, although this name is now
commonly used by fishermen for the ‘‘Palmer,’’ Lates calcarifer. Semon states
(1899, p. 18) that the natives on the Burnett called Ceratodus ‘‘ Djellah,’’ whilst
O’Connor gives the aboriginal name ‘‘Teebine’’ (1898, p. 493) for the Mary.
Theebine—the modern rendering—is the name of a township on the Mary River,
and in October, 1922, the name ‘‘Ceratodus’’ was given to a railway station

170 MEMOIRS CF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

and settlement on the Burnett. The authorities have thus given prominence
to both the native and the original scientific names of the Lung-fish. As a
matter of fact the term ‘‘Ceratodus’’ is now widely used in Queensland as the
common name of the Lung-fish, and so the old generic name, now replaced by
Epiceratodus, is still in vogue.

Fossil Ceratodus.—Apparently the Dipnoi attained their greatest develop-
ment in Devonian times. The genus Ceratodus first appeared in the Permian,
according to E. D. Cope. Examples have been found in Europe, India, Africa,
and America. The restricted genus Epiceratodus is recorded from the Upper
Cretaceous by E. Il. White (1926, p. 677). The genus Gosfordia, which may
represent an allied form from the Lower Hawkesbury Beds (Triassic), Gosford,
N.S. W., was described by A. Smith Woodward in 1890, The following references
to fossils found in Australia may be useful :—

Gerard Krefft gave the name Ceratodus palmeri to a dental plate from
alluvial deposits on the Darling Downs, which he considered larger than that
of C. forstert (1874, p. 293).

In 1884 De Vis wrote a short paper on several dental plates of Ceratodus
which had been found on the Darling Downs. These included the type of
Krefft’s Ceratodus palmert (p. 42), which had been submitted to Mr. Krefft.
De Vis considered that this material was not specifically distinct from the
existing Queensland species. Subsequently a dental plate of Ceratodus was
obtained ‘‘at a depth of about 70 ft. from a well sunk in the Eight-mile Plains
near Brisbane’’ (Jack and Etheridge, 1892, p. 647).

From the Lower Jurassic cliffs of Cape Patterson, Victoria, A. Smith
Woodward described Ceratodus avus from a lower tooth with four denticles.
(1906, pp. 1-3). F. Chapman (1912, p. 234) subsequently associated a seale
from Jurassic sandstone at Kirrak, 8. Gippsland, with this species.

In 1921 W. 8. Dun exhibited before the Royal Society of N.S.W., ‘‘ Teeth
of a Ceratodus from late Tertiary deposits at Wentworth’’ (1922, p. liv).
Baldwin Spencer notes teeth from the dry bed of a lake near Wileannia (1927,
p. 248).

Frederick Chapman described Ceratodus wollastona from the Upper
Cretaceous of Walgett, N.S.W., from a lower tooth with four dentiecles. He
instituted the sub-genus Metaceratodus for this material (1914, p. 25).

In 1925 KE. I. White described two new fossil species of Hpiceratodus
(eyrensis and gregory?) from the Lake Hyre district of South Australia. These
were first noted by Professor J. W. Gregory (1906, p. 81), who also added a note
on the geology of Lake Eyre to Mr. White’s deseriptions (1925, pp. 144-145).

Epiceratodus pattinsone from the Opal Beds, White Cliffs, N.S.W.,
Upper Cretaceous, was described by E. I. White in 1926, and this is stated to
be the earliest recorded specimen of the genus, as restricted (1926, p. 677).

4

NOTES ON EPICERATODUS,.—LONGMAN. Det

Stromer and Peyer (1917, p. 76) have noted several characters by which
tne teeth of Epiceratodus may be distinguished from those of Ceratodus. The
later forms have an increased number of radiating ridges, six being present
in Epiceratodus forstert. Although the edges of these ridges, or combs, are
not erenulated as in many fossil Dipnoi, Semon has shown that in the embryo

there are distinct small conical teeth which become fused in development (Figure
210b, Goodrich, 1909, p. 242).

One splenial dental plate in our collection from an adult E'piceratodus is
exceptional in having but five ridges.

Two of our fossil dental plates from the Darling Downs are far larger
than any obtained from present-day fish. The maximum length across the
ridges in the fossil plates attains 57 mm., whereas in a Lung-fish 44 inches in
length from the Burnett River the maximum for the dental plate is only 37 mm.
Probably Epiceratodus palmeri will prove to be a good species, and it evidently
attained a large size. Both the large dental plates mentioned are from the lower
jaw. Miall’s study of the dental plates of Ceratodus polymorphus illustrates
the variability of some of the fossil species (1878).

D. M.S. Watson and E. L. Gill consider that the genus Sagenodus of the

Lower and Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian is essentially ancestral to
Ceratodus (1923, p. 215).

Anatomical Work.—In Huxley’s words the Dipnoi ‘‘are nearly transi-
tional forms between the Pisces and the Amphibia,’’ and it is not surprising
that, as one of the three living representatives of the Dipnoi, Epiceratodus
forstert has been the subject for extensive research by numerous specialists.
No adequate tabulation can appropriately be given here of the voluminous
researches, but some references in addition to those already given are noted,
mainly for the use of local students.

Gunther’s monograph in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society appeared in 1871, and Huxley’s paper (P.Z.S.) in 1876. Some of
Semon’s work has already been mentioned. :

In consonance with the development of an occasionally functioning lung
the heart and blood-vessels of Ceratodus have been modified from the ordinary
fish type. Baldwin Spencer’s finely illustrated paper on ‘‘The Blood Vessels’’
appeared in the Macleay Memorial Volume (1893). <A figure of the heart is
given by E. 8. Goodrich (1909, p. 250).

The leaf-like fins of Ceratodus with their skeletal supports form an
archipterygium, and special work on these structures has been done by Gunther,
Huxley, Semon, Gegenbaur, Balfour, and Haswell,

Writing of the brain, E. S. Goodrich (1909, p. 245) says that ‘‘few organs
in the Dipnoi so clearly show the isolation of this sub-class from other fish.’’
Recently additional work on the brain of Ceratodus has been done by Nils
Holmgren and C, F. van der Horst (1925).

Many references to special research on the Dipnoi are given in E. S.
Goodrich’s valuable text-book on Vertebrata Craniata (1909), which itself
contains many figures illustrating the anatomy of Epiceratodus.

17% MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

LITERATURE CITED.
1911.—Eaneroft, T. L.. A Weak Point in the Life-history of Neoceratodus forsteri. Pr. Roy..
Soe. Qld., vol. xxiii, pp. 251-256.
1913.—Baneroft, T. L. An Easy Method of Hatching Ceratodus Ova. Pr. Roy. Soc. Qld.,.
ety, pp. 1-3.
1918.—Baneroft, T. L. Further Notes on Life-history of Ceratodus. Pr. Roy. Soe. Qld.,.
xxx, pp. 91-94:
1924.—Baneroft, T. L. Suggestion for a Biological Laboratory on Stradbroke Island for the-
Protection of Ceratodus. Pr. Roy. Soc. Qld., xxxvi, pp. 19-20.
1885.—Caldwell, W. H. Development of the Monotremes and Ceratodus. Jr. & Proc. Roy.

Soc. N.S.W., xviii, p. 119.
1887.—Caldwell, W. H. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe., vol. 178, p. 465.

1876.—Castlenau, F. de. Neoceratodus. Journ, Zool. (Gervais), v, pp. 129-136, id. loc. cit.,.
p. 343. (Zool. Rec., 1876; Pisces, p. 7.)

1876.—Castlenau, F. de. Comptes Rendus, vol. 82, p. 1034 (Note on Ceratodus communicated.
by Gervais), 24th April.

1879.—Castlenau, F. de. Ompax. Pr. Linn. Soe. N.8.W.; vol. 3, p. 164.

1912.—Chapman, F. Jurassic Sandstone with Ceratodus. Ree. Geol. Surv. Vict., iii, pt. 2, pp.
234-235, pl. xxxix.

1914.—Chapman, F. Ceratodus from the Cretaceous of N.S.W. Proce. Roy. Soc. Vict., 27
(n.s.), pp. 25-27, pl. v.

1884.—Cope, E. D. Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc., p. 28 (Ceratodus favosus; Permian, Texas).

1906.—Dean, Bashford. Notes on Living Specimens of the Australian Lung-fish
P.Z.8., pp. 168-178, pl. ix.

1912.—Dean, Bashford. Additional Notes . . . P.Z.S8., pp. 607-612.

1922.—Dunn, W. 8. Jr. Pr. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., lv, p. liv.

1909.—Goodrich, E. 8. Treatise Zoology. Pt. ix, Vertebrata Craniata.

1906.—Gregory, J. W. The Dead Heart of Australia, p. 81.

1871.—Gunther, A. Description of Ceratodus. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe., vol. 161, pp. 511-571,.
plates 30-42.

1880.—Gunther, A. Challenger. Zool., vol. i, p. 32 (Report on Shore Fishes).

1883.—Haswell, W. A. On the Structure of the Paired Fins of Ceratodus. Pr. Linn, Soe:
NSW. Vu, pp. 2th pl. i.

1925.—Holmgren, N., and Horst, C. F. van der. Contributions to the Morphology of the
3rain of Ceratodus. Acta Zoologica, bd. vi, pp. 59-165.

1876.—Huxley, T. H. On Ceratodus forsteri. (Con. to Morph.), P.Z.8., pp. 24-59.

1894.—Illidge, Thomas. On Ceratodus forsteri. Proc. Roy. Soe. Qld., vol. x, pp. 40-44.

1892.— Jack, R. L., and Etheridge, R. Geology and Paleontology, Queensland, p. 646.

1915.— Johnston, Harvey T, and Bancroft, T. L. Exhibit of Ceratodus. Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld.,,
vol. xxvii, pp. 58-59.

1916.—Johnston, Harvey T. Proc. Roy. Soe. Qld., xxviii, p. 62 (Endoparasites listed).

1919.—Jordan, Starr D. The Genera of Fishes. Pt. iii, Stanford University.

1870.—Krefft, G. Description of a gigantic Amphibian allied to the Genus Lepidosiren, from:
the Wide Bay district, Queensland. P.Z.8., pp. 221-224.

1874.—Krefft, G. Ceratodus palmeri. Nature, ix, p- 293.

1894.—Lankester, Ray E. Lepidosiren and Protopterus. Trans, Zool. Soc., 1894, xiv, pp. 11-12.

1918,—Longman, H. A. Pr. Roy. Soc. Qlid., vol. xxx, p. xi.

NOTES ON EPICERATODUS.—_LONGMAN. 173

1889.—Lumholtz, C. Among Cannibals. London.

1882.—Macleay, W. ‘(Ompax. Pr. Linn. Soe. N .8.W., vi, p. 348.

1884.— Macleay, W. Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., viii, p. 211.

1875.—Meyer, A. B. Ceratodus forsteri and miolepis. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (4), xv, p. 368.

1878.—Miall, L. C. Ceratodus polymorphus, &c. Monograph Paleontographical Society,
London.

- 1925.—MeCulloch, A. R., and Whitley, G. P. List of the Fishes recorded from Queensland

Waters. Mem. Qld. Mus., vol. viii.

1897.—O’Connor, D. Report on Preservation of Ceratodus. Proc. Roy. Soc. Qld., xii, pp.
101-102.

1898.—O’Connor, D. P.Z.S., p. 493.

1898.—O’Connor, D. Qld. Agric. Journ. iii, pp. 173 and 238 (Note on transit to England
of four live Ceratodus from the Mary River).

1910.—O’Connor, D. Notes on the Ceratodus. Aus. Assn. Adv. Sci., xii, pp. 383-384.

1912.—Ogilby, Douglas J. Mem. Qld. Mus., i, p. 65.

1876.—Ramsay, E. P. P.Z.S8., p. 698.

1916.—Roughley, T. C. Fishes of Australia. Technological Museum, Sydney.

1876.—Schmeltz, J. D. E. Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. viii, p. 138.

1893.—Semon, Richard. Ceratodus forsteri. Zoolog. Forschungsreisen, i, Jena, pp. 1-50, pl.
a-Vill.

/1899.—Semon, Richard, In the Australian Bush. Eng, Edit. London,

1892.—Spencer, Baldwin W. A Trip to Queensland in Search of Ceratodus. Vict. Nat., vol.
ix, pp. 16-32.

1892.—Spencer, Baldwin W. Note on the Habits of Ceratodus forsteri. Proc. Roy. Soe. Vict.,
vol, iv, n.s., pp. 81-84.

1893.—Spencer, Baldwin W. The Macleay Memorial Volume, pp. 1-34, pl. i-v.

1927.—Spencer, Baldwin W. Ceratodus. The Australian Encyclopedia, Angus and
Robertson, Sydney, vol. i, pp. 248-250, pl. xii. (Third edition.)

1917.—Stromer, E., and Peyer, B. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Gesell., xix, pp. 1-80 (Hpiceratodus).

1891.—Teller, F. Epiceratodus. Abh. Geol. Reichsanstalt, Wien, xv, heft 3, p. 37.

1923.—Watson, D. M. S., and Gill, E. L. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., xxxv, pp. 163-216.

1905.—Welsby, Thomas. Schnappering and Fishing. Brisbane, pp. 175-190.

1925.—White, FE. J. Fossil Epiceratodus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) vol. 16, pp. 139-146, pl.
vi and vii.

1926.—White, E. I. Epiceratodus in Upper Cretaceous of N.S.W, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist.
(9) vol. 17, pp. 677-682.

1890.—Woodward, Smith A. Mem. Geol. Sury. N.S.W., Pal. No. 4, p. 5,

1891.—Woodward, Smith A. Catal. Fossil Fishes. Brit. Mus., pt. ii.

1906.—Woodward, Smith A. Ceratodus from Lower Jurassic, Viet. Ann Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7) 18, pp. 1-3, pl. i.

174 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF AUSTRALIAN
TINGITOIDEA (HEMIPTERA).

By Henry Hacker, F.E.S.

(Plates XX—X XIII.)

Tue following contribution is based on the study of a collection belonging
to the South Australian Museum, and the writer here tenders his thanks to
that institution for the loan of this material. Most of the specimens were
collected by Arthur M. Lea, who has discovered some remarkable new species,
several of which he found in ant-nests. Inquilinous habits among Tingitid
bugs have not, I believe, been previously recorded, and further examinations
of ant colonies should greatly increase our knowledge of these interesting
insects. With the exception of one species, all the holotypes have been
returned to the South Australian Museum. Where the material is sufficient,
paratypes have been deposited in the Queensland Museum.

SuBFAMILY CANTACADERIN AE.
CANTACADER A. et 8.

The four species mentioned here do not strictly conform to the characters
of the genus, as given by Champion and Distant. They possess but three well-
developed pronotal carine; the abbreviated but sharply defined outer ones,
usually present in species of other countries, are either absent or represented
by hardly distinguishable scar-like marks. In C. armatus a small scale-like
scutellum is present, and C. leat has a moderately large triangular one; the
length of rostrum varies considerably in the different species. In their elongate
heads, head spines, and general facies, however, they resemble typical members
of the genus, so are included here.

Cantacader cordatus (Hacker).
Phatnoma cordata Hacker. Mem. Queensl. Mus. IX., p. 19, 1927.

There is a short and obscure keel on each side of the pronotum, close
to the lateral margin, which I had previously overlooked.

Cantacader armatus n. sp.
(Plate XX, Figure 1.)

Head armed dorsally with four stout acutely pointed spines which are
slightly divergent and upwardly curved; antennze long and slender, segment I
moderately stout and cylindrical, about twice as long as the second; III very
long and slender; IV, fusiform, about as long as the first and second

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA— HACKER. 175

conjoined ; buccal lamina elongate, meeting beyond the front of the head; the
rostrum reaches to the posterior cox. Pronotum rather coarsely punctured,
tricarinate, the carine strongly raised, uniareolate;- the lateral carinze are
narrowly interrupted towards the front, and then converge, forming the sides
of a narrow somewhat depressed hood, which covers the base of the head
between the eyes; pronotum narrow anteriorly, widening towards the base;
the sides dilated, cellular, and armed with seven or eight acute spines directed
outwardly ; the spine at the anterior angle, and another about one-third from
the base, are much larger than the others; behind the latter spine the margin
is more widely dilated. Elytra sub-cordate, rather deeply emarginate posteriorly ;
lateral margins strongly raised and slightly compressed; a raised longitudinal
lme with four transverse branches on the outer side; on the inner side the
branches join another raised line along the suture, dividing the discoidal area
into three closed cells; areolze of moderate and even size; legs slender.

General colour brownish ochraceous; a narrow interrupted transverse
fascia on the elytra before the middle, the tips of the outer transverse veins
on the elytra, and spots on the lateral margin, dark fuscous; scattered
reticulations on the elytra, brown; antennal segment IV, blackish; legs brown

with a paler annulation near the apex of the femora; eyes ruby. Length
4-5 mm., breadth 2:25 mm.

Holotype——Murray Bridge, South Australia (A. M. Lea). No. 16877.
Paratypes— Same data. In the Queensland Museum. He. 3268.

Cantacader dentatus n. sp.
(Plate XX, Figure 2.)

Head and spines similar to those of C. armatus; antennal segments I
and II also similar, the other segments are missing; the rostrum extends
slightly beyond the posterior coxe. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, and the sides
are less dilated than in the previous species; the lateral margins are slightly
sinuate and armed with about six short dark spines on each side. Elytra
very broad, widely rounded anteriorly and laterally, angularly rounded and
emarginate posteriorly: costal area broad, with five rows of moderate-sized
areole ; it is strongly raised and the anterior half, is recurved (rolled).

Colour brownish ochraceous, with a few small darker spots on the
elytra ; a transverse irregular fascia on the costal area before the middle, a spot
at the apex of the elytra on the inner side, and the pronotal spines, blackish ;
legs and underside brown; each abdominal segment has an obscure transverse
darker band. Length 3-5 mm., breadth 2 mm.

Holotype.—Burnie, Tasmania (A. M. Lea). No. 16878. (Unique.)

The rolled-up sides of the elytra and the row of small spines on each

side of the pronotum readily separate this form from the other described
species.

M

176 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Cantacader leai n. sp.
(Plate XX, Figure 3.)

Head very elongate, armed above with four blunt tuberculate spines:
arranged in two pairs; antenniferous tubercles spine-like, well developed ;
buccule not projecting prominently in front of the head, separated anteriorly
exposing the rostrum; from side view the head is rounded in front; the
rostrum extends to the fifth abdominal segment; antennze moderately long ;
segment I very thin at the point of attachment, then stout, a little longer
and stouter than IL; JII very thin at the point of attachment, suddenly
becomes stout, and gradually tapers towards the apex; IV sub-fusiform,
stouter towards the apex which is pointed, thinly pilose; eyes prominent.
Pronotum transversely depressed in the centre, rising towards the margins,
reticulated except centrally, with small areole; the anterior margin is
concavely curved and slightly raised; the lateral margins are without spines,
their anterior and posterior angles rounded; the base is slightly obtuse; the
median carina is sharply defined; the interal carine are less strongly powclapen
and rather widely interrupted before the middle; scutellum distinct, triangular,
smooth. LElytra broad-ovate, closely covered ah minute even areole; the
discoidal area is divided by a strong longitudinal vein, and several weak
transverse veins; the costal area is wide, five to six rows areolate, raised
towards the outer margin; the elytra are slightly separated along the suture,
coming together and touching near the apex. Legs slender.

General colour pale luteous, immaculate ; head, and the pronotal disc
transversely, ferruginous brown; femora brown ; tibiz, tarsi, and the antenne,
lighter brown; rostrum, and the ventral surface, yellowish brown; eyes ruby.
Length 3 mm., breadth 1:5 mm.

Holotype.—Hobart, Tasmania (A. M. Lea), labelled ‘‘ Inquiline.” No. 16879.

Paratypes—Dunorban, Tasmania (A. M. Lea). Together with two-
nymphs, and the host ant,' Amblyopone austra/is Erich.

Bright, Victoria (H. W. Davey). From an ant-nest. He 3269.

- Phatnoma pacifica Kirk.
(Plate XX, Figure 4.)
Habitat—Cairns District, N. Queensland (A. M. Lea).

This is the first record from Australia for P. pacifica Kirk, which was.
described by Kirkaldy? from specimens obtained at Viti Levu, Fiji. It has
not previously been figured. :

1The two ants mentioned in this paper were determined by J. Clark.
2 Proc. Linnean Soc. N.S.W., xxxiil, p. 363, 1908.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA.—HACKER. pais

Phatnoma tindalei n. sp.
(Plate XXI, Figure 5.)

Head moderately long, armed with four blunt semi-erect spines, two:
medially and two anteriorly; antenniferous tubercles convexly produced into
a curved spine; antennze moderately long, segment I stouter and one and a
half times longer than IL; III slender, stoutest near the base; iV fusiform
and thinly pilose, about as long as I and II conjoined; the buccule project
prominently in front of the head; the rostrum reaches to the first abdominal
segment; eyes prominent. Pronotum rather coarsely punctured, depressed on
the disc, tricarinate, the lateral carina narrowly interrupted before the middle ;
the anterior margin is close to the base of eyes, truncated, and slightly raised ;
lateral margins slightly sinuate, anterior and posterior angles acute. Elytra
strongly convex; the lateral margins in front continue in a line with the
sides of pronotum, convexly curved, widest in the middle, and rounded
posteriorly ; longitudinal and transverse veins in discoidal area strongly raised,
enclosing a large hexagonal area in the middle; several branches extend from
the longitudinal vein to the costal membrane, which is biseriate areolate.

Colour brownish ochraceous; 1 smooth transverse fascia through the
depressed pronotal disc, and antennal segment IV, black; irregular mottling,
chiefly on discoidal and sutural areas, and a spot on the costal membrane near
the middle fuscous; the carine are lighter in colour, and those on the elytra
have a distinct reddish tint; head ferruginous, spines pale; antenne and legs.
ochraceous, the femora slightly darker. Length 2-25 mm., breadth 1-25 mm.

Holotype-—Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia (N. B. Tindale). In
moss and lichens. No. 1688¢.

Paratypes.—My ponga, South Australia (A. H. Elston). Mount Lofty
(R. J. Burton). In moss, Belgrave, Victoria (Ff. E. Wilson). He. 3270.
In its narrower costal area and unarmed pronotum this species differs.

considerably from P. pacifica Kirk, and has a much closer resemblance to the

South African species P. wthops Dist. and P. testacea Dist.

Supra MILY TINGITINAD.
Oncophysa vesiculata Stal.

Habitat.—Victoria (A. M. Lea). Donnybrook, Western Australia (A. M.
Lea).

According to Horvath, the brown forms from Lamington Plateau,
Queensland, are typical of this species. There are two further forms, whether

they be varieties or races, which may be readily separated according to the:

large series before me by the following characters :—

8 Arkiv for Zoologi, band 17a, p. 2, 1925.

178 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Oncophysa vesiculata var nigra n. var.
(Plate XXI, Figure 6.)

Entirely black, including the head spines, buccule, antennz, and legs.
In a bright light the median carina and the eyes appear slightly reddish.
Length 4:75 mm., breadth 1-375 mm.

Holotype —Mount Arthur, Tasmania (F. M. Littler). No. 16881.

Paratypes—Hobart and Burnie, Tasmania (A. M. Lea). Millgrove,
Victoria (F. E. Wilson). He. 3276.

From the published localities, it would appear that the typical form
occurs from South Queensland throughout New South Wales; the typical form
and var. nigra both occur, in Victoria; while in Tasmania var. nigra only is
present.

Oncophysa vesiculata var gracilis n. var.

(Plate XXI, Figure 7.)

Slightly smaller than the typical form; length 4 mm., breadth | mm.;
the reticulations are finer and less strongly raised, the vesicles are smoother
and shining.

General colour fulvescent; head and eyes ferruginous; collum and
pronotal carine flavous; reticulations on the pronotal vesicles and _ elytra,
orange rufous; legs, body beneath, and antennal segments I, ILI, III,
fulvescent ; segment IV, black.

Holotype—Cape Jarvis, South Australia (H. M. Hale). No. 16882.

Paratypes.—Same data, and Adelaide, South Australia (N. B. Tindale).
He. 3277. ;

Oncophysa rufescens n. sp.
(Plate XXI, Figure 8.)

Head with two spines basally at sides, and three minute spines, one in
the middle, and two close together near the base of the antenne; antennze
moderately long, segment I stout and cylindrical; II slightly shorter and
thinner than the first; III long and slender; IV clavate and thinly pilose.
Pronotum tricarinate, the carine paralleled on the posterior angle; anteriorly
the lateral carine are covered by the large reflexed paranota, which extend
to the median carina, and are swollen into a large vesicle on each side. Elytra
longer than the abdomen, reticulate; costal membrane narrow, uniseriate ;
costal area biseriate; the areolze are all of even size, and do not become
larger on the sutural area posteriorly.

General colour reddish biown; reticulations on the pronotal vesicles
and the elytra, distinctly reddish; elytra paler basally, a pale suffusion at the
apex of the discoidal areas, and the buccule, ochraceous brown; pronotal

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA.—HACKER. 179

carine light rufous; head ferruginous; antennal segments I and II ferruginous

brown; segment III, and the tibizw, testaceous; segment IV except narrowly
at the base, black. Length 3 mm., breadth 1 mm.

Holotype-—Port Noarlunga, South Australia (N. B. Tindale). No. 16883.

Paratypes—Same data, and Adelaide (N. B. Tindale). Sea _ beach.
He. 3272.

Readily distinguished from O. vesiculata Stal and its varieties, by the
shorter and slightly stouter build, and reddish colour, paler at the base of the
elytra, and at the apex of the discoidal areas.

Hypsipyrgias telamonides Kirk.
Habitat—Cairns District, North Queensland (A. M. Lea).

The examination of a series of this species from different localities
shows some variation in the shape of the pronotal vesicle. In the Brisbane
forms, when viewed from the side, the anterior border rises almost perpen-
dicularly to the top of the vesicle. In those from Cairns, the anterior border
is strongly curved forward near the top, as figured by Kirkaldy; but among
this series are others resembling the southern forms.

Diplocysta bilobata Horv.

Habitat —Swan River, Western Australia (A. M. Lea). One specimen in
a rather mutilated condition.

Diplocysta globuliformis n. sp.
(Plate XXII, Figures 9, 19.)

Head armed with five slender porrect spines; two basally at sides,
subparallel; one medial, and two close together in front, converging and
touching; antennal segment II slightly shorter and thinner than the first,
both very short; III filiform, three and a half times longer than the fourth ;
IV fusiform and longer than the first and second conjoined; buccule rather
prominent, from side view sharply rounded in front; the rostrum reaches to
the intermediate coxae. Pronotum anteriorly truncated, the disc entirely filled
with a large and highly elevated dome-like vesicle; seen from above it is
circular and somewhat shining, and is composed of large, mostly hexagonal
reticulations ; viewed from the side it rises in nearly a straight line from the
anterior margin; the posterior outline is more convexly rounded; lateral
margins widely rounded, with a row of large transverse areole; tricarimate on
the posterior angle, the carine sub-parallel and uniareolate; the median carina
is interrupted by the pronotal vesicle; the lateral carine continue round its
base on each side. Elytra broad, laterally rounded, widest at the middle, and
widely rounded posteriorly; costal area biareolate, angulated at apex of
discoidal area; costal membrane biareolate, the areole uneven in size and
shape, the outer row larger than the inner.

Head, and the body beneath, black; pronotal vesicle, paranota and
carine, yellowish brown; posterior angle of the pronotum, discoidal and

180 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

sutural areas posteriorly, fuscous; costal membrane white opaque, with light-
brown reticulations at the base and past the middle; the central reticulations
and a spot at the apex, fuscous; legs and antenne brownish testaceous.
Length 2-875 mm., breadth 1:25 mm.

Holotype—Thursday Island (A. M. Lea and C. T. McNamara). No.

16884,
Paratype.-—Cairns District (A. M. Lea). He. 3271.

This species differs from D. bilobata Horv. in the shape of the pronotal
vesicle and in the costal membrane being irregularly biseriate.

Cysteochila brunnea n. sp.
(Plate XXIII, Figure 13.)

Oblong, moderately elongate.

Head armed with two spines basally at the sides, adpressed and slightly
convergent ; two small spines close together converging and touching, between
the base of the antennz, and a small central semi-erect spine ; antennal segment
I short and stout; II slightly shorter and narrower; the other segments
missing; buccule rather prominent in front, from the side view, angularly
rounded; the rostrum reaches to the intermediate coxae. Pronotum very
strongly convex; the anterior margin is close to the eyes, slightly sinuated
and somewhat raised; hood very small, sharply keeled above and _ slightly
projecting : the dise is covered by the large reflexed paranata which meet along
the middle, covering the median carina; the areole on the paranota are large
and deeply impressed ; tricarinate, the lateral carinz paralleled on the posterior
angle, gradually converge towards the disc; the median carina continues in
front of the paranota, to the anterior margin. Elytra closely reticulated, the
areole deeply impressed and smaller than those on the paranota; the lateral
margins are almost straight, slightly widened at the middle, which is the same
width as the pronotum; discoidal area large, outer margin almost straight ;
the costal area and costal membrane are very narrow, the former biareolate,
the latter uniareolate, with the areole in the posterior half slightly larger and
hyaline. Legs moderately long and _ stout.

Colour uniformly fuscous, opaque, excepting a paler central area near
the apex of the sutural area; the reticulations on the pronotum are lighter
than the membrane beneath: head spines, part of the median carina. second
antennal segment, and legs, fulvescent; head and eyes, blackish; body beneath,
first antennal segment, and the buccule, ferruginous. Length 3-25 mm.,
breadth 1 mm. |

Holotype.—Cairns District (A. M. Lea). Unique. No. 16885.

Cysteochila (Parada) teeniophora Horv.

Habitat.—Upper Williams River, N. 8. Wales (Lea and Wilson). Mt.
‘Tambourine Q., and Cairns District Q. (A. M. Lea).

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA.—HACKER. 181

Froggattia olivina Horv.

Habitat—Launceston, Tasmania (F. M. Littler). Hobart, Tasmania
(A. M. Lea). Windsor; National Park, N. S. Wales (A. M. Lea).

Monanthia amit n2 Horv.
Habitat —Cairns District (A. M. Lea).

Callithrincus serratus Horv.
Habitat—Cairns District (A. M. Lea). One example.

GYMNOTINGIS n. gen.

Head armed with five slender spines; two basally at the sides, diverging
and projecting beyond the eyes, one median, straight and semi-erect, and two
in front converging and touching, reaching to the second antennal segment ;
antenne slender; segment I cylindrical, half as long again and stouter than
the second; III filiform, and slightly curved; IV clavate, about as long as
‘the first and second conjoined ; buccule closed in front, sides of rostral sulcus
sub-parailel ; the rostrum reaches to the posterior coxe. Pronotum moderately
convex, finely and closely punctate, tricarinate; the lateral carine are more
highly raised than the median, biareolate on the disc, and with a rounded
projection at their posterior end; the median carina has a rectangular keel-like
projection on the disc, and a less prominent rounded projection at the posterior
end; the anterior border is strongly sinuate; hood moderate, rather narrow,
and sharply keeled above; viewed laterally the anterior border extends over
the base of the head, then obliquely truncated, and pointed at the highest
part; the paranota are foliaceous, triareolate, roundly laminately produced
anteriorly ; before the middle they are reflexed and closely adpressed to the
pronotum, then suddenly laminately produced and convexly curved posteriorly ;
viewed from above, the paranota look as though a large U-shaped piece had
been cut out on each side. LElytra ovate, constricted behind the discoidal
area; the outer boundary of the discoidal area is raised in the middle and at
the apex; the lateral margin is multisinuate and microscopically spinose
serrulate ; costal membrane rather wide, biareolate, the areole large and
irregular ; costal area declivous, biareolate, the areole moderate; the discoidal
area has four to five irregular rows, the areola somewhat larger in the centre ;
sutural area wide, with areole about the same size as the discoidal area.
Antenne and legs moderately long and slender. Wings nearly as long as the
elytra.

Type.—G. serrulata n. sp.

In the structure of the paranota and the pronotal carinz, this genus is
very distinct. The paranota in Acysta interrupta Champ. bear a remote
resemblance, but in that species they are obliterated in the middle, whereas
in this genus they are entire, but the central part is bent back close to the
pronotum. Among Australian genera it is perhaps nearest to Callithrincus
Horvath.

182 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Gymnotingis serrulata n. sp.
(Plate XXIII, Figure 14.)

Glabrous ; pale brownish ochraceous ; paranota and the costal membrane,
yellowish, sub-hyaline, with pale-brown reticulations ; eyes, and antennal segment
IV excepting the extreme base, black; mesosternum, coxe, and the abdomen
beneath, brown; a small spot on the raised part of the discoidal outer border,
fuscous ; legs and buccule, pale ochraceous; structural characters as in the:
generic diagnosis. Length 3-125 mm., breadth 1-375 mm.

Holotype.—Cairns District (A. M. Lea). Unique. No. 16886.

MYRMECOTINGIS n. gen.

Head transverse, with five long slender spines; antenne widely separated
at the base, moderately long, and clothed with setose hairs; bucculze closed in
front, viewed laterally subrectangular in front, short, rather broad, and fringed
with short hairs; the rostrum reaches to the intermediate coxe; eyes
prominent. Pronotum moderately convex, clothed with fine pile; tricarinate,
the carine raised, uniareolate, and furnished with a row of erect spines; hood
longer than wide, with rather large areole, longitudinally carinate above, and
projecting obliquely over the head; paranota short, strongly produced in the
middle, with large areole; the outer margin is armed with slender spines ;
posterior angle short and apically rounded; the metasternal orifice is not
visible. lytra longer than the abdomen, thinly clothed with fine hair ;
broadest at the middle, straight and narrowing behind, and rather acutely
rounded apically ; the lateral margins are fringed with a row of slender sp'nes ;
discoidal area very large, bounded by a row of erect spines; costal membrane
slightly narrower at the base, hyaline, with a single row of large tetragonal
areole ; wings not visible. Legs moderately long and slender, thinly clothed
with setose hairs.

Tipe.—M. lear n. sp.

The above characters, especially the presence of both hair and_ spines,
the finger-like hood, and the long discoidal area, separate this form from any
genus known to me. The lateral marginal spines of the paranota and elytra,
also those on the carine, appear under a high magnification to be hollow and
jomted, the part beyond the joint being bristle-like and sharply pointed.

Myrmecotingis leai n. sp.
(Plate XXIII, Figure 15.)

Head with two long slender spines basally at the sides, directed outwards.
beyond the eyes; one submedial and two in front; the latter three are porrect,
and the anterior pair extend parallel between the antenne, to beyond the first
segment ; antennze thinly covered with spinose hairs; segment I thin at the
base, then stout and cylindrical; II less stout, and about half the length of
the first; III filiform, about three times as long as the fourth; IV _ sub-
clavate, as long as the first and second conjoined. Pronotal hood with large
reticulations bearing scattered hairs, longer than wide, and somewhat truncated.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA.\ HACKER. 183

at the top; paranota hyaline, with two rows of large areole. Elytra sub-
pyriform ; the discoidal area extends three-quarters the length of the elytra,
the sides slightly convexly curved, with four rows of moderate-sized areole ;
costal area declivous, triseriate ; the areolze on the discoidal, costal, and sutural
areas are about the same size.

General colour brownish buff; head, pronotum, and elytra, brown;
reticulations, carine, and spines testaceous ; membrane of hood, and :the fine pile
on pronotum, whitish; antennal segments I, II, and IV, femora, and the body
beneath, brown; tibie, and antennal segment III, testaceous; eyes ruby.
Length 2-5 mm., breadth 1-25 mm.

Holotype —Swan River, Western Australia (A. M. Lea). Unique. WNo.
16887. Labelled ‘‘ Inguiline”’ and originally mounted with specimens of the
Dolichoderine ant Iridomyrmex conifer Forel.

Tingis spinicollis Horv.
Habitat :—Cairns District (A. M. Lea).

Paracopium australicus (Stal).
Habitat :—Cairns District, Q. (A. M. Lea). Melville Island (W. D. Dodd).
Moa Island, Torres Strait (C. T. McNamara). Sydney, N. 8. Wales (A. M. Lea).
All these belong to the darker (almost black) form. 7

Stephanitis queenslandensis Hacker.
Habitat—Cairns District ; Magnetic Island, Queensland (A. M. Lea).

NEOPACHYCYSTA n. gen.

Head transverse, armed with five spines; antenne long, rather slender,
contiguous at the base; buccule not prominent, closed in front; rostal sulcus
closed behind. Pronotum broad, finely punctured, tricarinate, with foliaceous
sub-parallel carine:; hood moderate, rather narrow and highly elevated,
extending over the base of head, truncated in front; from side view, convexly
curved above; paranota very broad, shell-shaped, widely dilated, and elevated
slightly higher than the hood, inflated and reflexed; the incurved margins and
also the pronotal carine are fringed with fine pilose hairs; the posterior angle
is reticulated and somewhat obtusely rounded apically ; metasternal orifices
distinct. Elytra broadly ampliated from the base, narrowing beyond the
middle, extending far beyond the abdomen; costal membrane wide, with three
rows of large areole, the outer margin near the base is slightly raised ; costal
area declivous, with two rows of small areola; discoidal area large, occupying
half the jength of the elytra, with six to seven rows of small areole at the
widest part; the carine dividing the elytral areas are strongly raised; sutural
area large, the areole basally on the inner side are small, increasing in size
apically, the outer row are tetragonal. Wings much longer than the abdomen.

Type.—N. subopaca n. sp.

184 - MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

This genus seems closely related to Pachycysta Champ., but the antennz
are not widely separated at the base; the pronotal carine do not converge in
the middle; the paranota are elevated as high as the hood, which does not
extend far enough to cover part of the lateral carine. The oblong smooth
convex prominence mentioned by Champion, in front of the head, is not
present.

Neopachycysta subopaca n. sp.
(Plate XXII, Figures 11, 12.)

Head armed with five slender spmes, two basally at sides, one median
-and two anteriorly, which converge at the base of the antenne; antennal
segment I cylindrical, stouter and half as long again as the second; III
slender, three times as long as the fourth segment, which is pilose and longer
than the first and second conjoined; the rostrum reaches to. the intermediate
cox. Pronotal carine strongly raised, uniseriate, the areole large and
_ transverse; hood and paranota reticulated,.the areole about the same size,
those at the base of the hood are slightly smaller. Elytra pyriform; the
reticulations are small on the discoidal and costal areas, larger on the costal
membrane and the sutural area apically.

Hood paranota and pronotal carine, creamy white, sub-opaque, the
reticulations varying from pale ochraceous to brown; disc of the pronotum
and a spot on the median carina behind the disc, fuscous; the elytra are pale
ochraceous with dark markings as follows:—A broad transverse fascia on the
costal membrane before the middle, which is broken up into spots in the
discoidal area; another fascia near the apex distinct on the costal membrane,
becoming obsolete in the middle; a round suffusion at the apex, fuscous; costal
membrane whitish opaque, excepting a few outer areole which are hyaline ;
the head, first and second, base of the third, and the fourth antennal segments,
the body beneath, ferruginous ; third antennal segment, and the legs, fulvescent.
Eyes ruby. Length 3-5 mm., breadth 1:75 mm.

Holotype —Maleny, Queensland, January (H. Hacker). He. 3273.

Paratypes—Mount Tambourine, Queensland (A. M. Lea). No. 16888.

Compseuta tropica n. sp.
(Text-figure 1.)

2. Head unarmed, smooth, with a central longitudinal sulcus extending from
the base to near the insertion of the antenne : antennal segments I and II of equal
length, the second somewhat thinner than the first; II] slightly curved, and
stouter at apex; IV basally thinner than III, stouter and pilose towards
middle, as long as the first and second segments conjoined. Pronotum coarsely
punctured, tricarinate, the median carina obsolete on the posterior angle ;
strongly constricted in front, the anterior margin truncate and touching the
base of eyes; disc moderately convex; lateral margins narrowly carinate.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA.—HACKER. 185

EHlytra ovate, broadest at the middle; discoidal area large, the outer margin
strongly sinuate; the costal area is biareolate at the base and apex of the
discoidal area, uniareolate in the middle; the costal membrane has a single
row of large sub-quadrate areole, becoming wider, with a few double cells,
beyond the middle.

[

Text-figure 1. [Photo., H. Hacker.

Head, body beneath, fourth antennal segment except basally, a levigate
transverse fascia at the base of collum, and a narrow lateral border to
pronotum, black; collum, carine, and the disc of the pronotum ochraceous,
the punctures on the disc are darker; the elytra where they cover the
abdomen appear blackish; sutural area centrally, tarsi, and reticulations on
costal area and membrane about the middle, fuscous ; costal membrane basally
and on the posterior half, hyaline with light-brown reticulations; antenne
and legs testaceous. Length 3-5 mm., breadth 1-625 mm.

¢. Differs in colour as follows:—Third antennal segment black, light
brown at each extremity; collum and pronotum black, the carina and anterior
margin narrowly light brown.

186 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Holotype and Allotype——Cairns District, North Queensland (A. M. Lea).
No. 16889. |

Paratypes—Same data. He. 3274.

The study of this species, which agrees well with the generic diagnosis,
shows that the two species ampliatus and secundus, which were previously
placed in Compseuta,t do not belong to that genus. They differ in possessing
a pronotal vesicle, and slender antennal segment IV. Their delicate lacy
appearance is quite different from the stout semi-opaque insect described above.
In general appearance they resemble Gargaphia, but their rostral groove is not
interrupted by a transverse carina. Their affinities seem to be nearer Celchossa
as amplified by Champion, but in all probability a new genus will be required
for these forms.

SUBFAMILY SERENTHIIN.
Epimixia alitophrosyne Kirk.

Habitat—Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia (N. B. Tindale). Sydney,
N. 8. Wales (A. M. Lea).

Epimixia vittata Horv.

Habitat—Launceston, Tasmania (Ff. M. Littler). Hobart, Tasmania
(A. M. Lea). Liverpool, National Park, Mittagong, Sydney, N. 8. Wales (A. M.
Lea). Cairns District, Bluff, Queensland (A. M. Lea). Adelaide, South Australia
(R. J. Burton and N. B. Tindale).

Although ranging from Tasmania to North Queensland, and variable in
size and colour, I believe all the above series to be the same species. In many
the antennze and legs are black, and the Cairns series are rather smaller, with
a darker pronotal disc.

Nethersia maculosa Horv.
Habitat—Ooldea, South Australia; Longreach, Queensland (A. M. Lea).

The series before me corresponds well with all the characters given in
Horvath’s description. The fresher specimens have short hairs on the pronotum
and elytra, also erect setose hairs on the femora and tibize; in a few specimens,
however, they are nearly obliterated. As these characters were not mentioned
in the description, it is possible that the type was in an abraded condition.

Nethersia setosus (Hacker).

Ischnotingis setosus Hacker, Mem. Queensl. Mus. ix, p. 23, 1927, pl. vi-
fig. 3.

#Mem. Queensl. Mus. ix., pt. 1, p. 26, 27 (1927).

AUSTRALIAN TINGITOIDEA—HACKER. 187

Famity PIESMATIDA.

Meateella interioris n. sp.
(Plate XXIII, Figure 16.)

Head wide; eyes prominent and coarsely granulated; antenne set in
a large concavity between the juge and antenniferous tubercles; segment I
greatly swollen, very small at the base; II slightly swollen, about equal in
length to the first; III slender, not quite as long as the first and second
conjoined; IV swollen towards the apex, fusiform, slightly longer than the
third. Pronotum broad, transversely swollen behind the middle, coarsely
punctate ; paranota cellular, moderately wide, angular in front, narrowing and
disappearing behind. LElytra ovate, a little longer than the abdomen, closely
covered with small uniform areole; sides gently rounded; the carine weakly
developed, but distinct; legs rather short and stout.

Head pale reddish brown; pronotum pale ochraceous with a brownish
suffusion on each side towards the base; anteapical fove reddish; scutellum
reddish black; clavus pale ochraceous; elytra whitish with a brown trans verse
fascia covering the posterior half of the discoidal areas; lateral margins with
a row of small brown spots; antenne, legs, and the body beneath, brownish
ochraceous; rostrum fuscous. Length 2:5 mm., width 1:125 mm.

Holotype.—Parachila, Flinders Range (E. L. Savage). No. 16890.

Paratypes—Oldea; Tarcoola, South Australia (A. M. Lea). South
Australia (Feuerheerdt). He. 3275. ;

Similar in shape to M. splendida Drake but differently coloured. The
markings in this species are variable. In some examples, the elytral fascia is
well defined at the sides, becoming obsolete towards the centre; in others the
fascia is paler, and the whitish ground colour dotted with minute brown specks
and reticulations.

a aceiegiede Lok catia

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188

Fig.
Fig.

Figs.
Figs.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All the figures are enlarged sixteen diameters.

PLATE XX.
1.--Cantacader armatus n. sp.
2.—Cantacader dentatus n. sp.
3.—Cantacader leai n. sp.

4.—Phatnoma pacifica Kirk.

PLATE XXT.
5.—Phatnoma tindalet n. sp.
6.—Oncophysa vesiculata var. nigra n. var.
7.—Oncophysa vesiculata var. gracilis n. var. .

8.—Oncophysa rufescens n. sp.

' PLATE XXTI,
9, 19.—Diplocysta globuliformis n. sp.

11, 12.—Neopachycysta subopaca n.g et sp.

PLATE XXIII.
13.—Cysteochila brunnea n. sp.
14.—Gymnotingis serrulata n.g. et sp.
15.—Myrmecotingis leat n.g. et sp.

16.—Meateella interioris n. sp.

Owing to Figure 16 being strongly lt from the front to show details of head and antennex,
the posterior part appears darker than it is; the elytra beyond the transverse fascia are really as

light in colour as they are kasally.

i

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. IX, PLATE XX.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITIDA,
Photos., H. Hacker. Face page 188.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. IX, Puate XXII.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITIDA.
Photos., H. Hacker. Face page 188,

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. IX, Puate XXII.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITIDA,
Photos., H. Hacker. Face page 138.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. TX, Puate XXIII.

AUSTRALIAN TINGITIDA.
Photos., H, Hacker. Face page ISS.

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES—MARSHALL. 189

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES, No. 3.

By T. C. MARSHALL.
(Plate XXIV.)

Family GALAXITD/i.

Galaxias attenuatus (Jenyns).
1842. Mesites attenuatus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, vol. iv, Fish, p. 121, pl. 22, fig. 5.
1905. Galaxias attenuatus, Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 368, pl. 12, fig. 1, pl. 13, fig. 2.

Mr. R. W. Pearce presented two live specimens of this fish to the
Museum. They were taken by him in a small freshwater pool at the Eight-
mile Plains, Brisbane. One specimen (which died shortly afterwards) measured
97 mm. in total length. The other, which is of about the same length, is
still alive in the Museum aquarium. Mr. W. Willes, of Russell Island, Moreton
Bay, forwarded another cxample (97 mm.), taken by him from a pumping
plant in his freshwater dam on Russell Island. Since receiving the above
specimens, I have been informed that various members of the . Queensland
Aquarium Society have met with this species on several occasions, both on the
islands of Moreton Bay and also on the mainland. (Qld. Mus. Nos. J. 4380,
I. 4382.) .

: Family ANGUILLIDAL.

Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner.
1867. Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss., Wien., lv, 1, p. 15, figs. a & b.
On the 11th February last, Mr. Jack Campbell presented an elver of this
species to the Museum. It was collected in a hand-net, together with several
Melanoteenia nigrans, in a small stream near Aspley, Brisbane. The interesting

feature of this specimen is its smallness, being only 54 mm. in total length
and 5 mm. in depth of body. (Qld. Mus. No. J. 4454.)

Family LATILIDA®.
Branchiostegus! sp.

1815. Branchiostegus, Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, Palermo.
1830. Latilus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poiss., vol. v., p. 368.
1902. Latilus, Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1902, vol. 24, p. 488.

1As noted by Jordan & Evermann (The Genera of Fishes, 1917, p. 90), Rafinesque’s
genus Branchiostegus, published in 1815 as a substitute for Coryphenoides, Lacépéde 1802
(not of Gunner, 1761), has precedence over Latilus of Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830.

190 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

A specimen 455 mm. in total length was caught 40 miles off Noosa
Heads, South Queensland, by Mr. Laurie Rhodes, who kindly presented it to
the Museum. (Qld. Mus. No. f. 4389.) On examination this proved to be a
species of Branchiostegus, a genus not’ hitherto recorded from Australian
waters.

This specimen does not agree with the descriptions of “ Latilus ” published
in literature available here. Unfortunately, I am unable to consult Kishinouye’s
paper on the Japanese species, containing the description of his “‘ Z. auratus.” 2
_In the circumstances I am compelled to content myself with recording the
specimen generically for Australia.

Family CARANGID.

Elagatis |ipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard).
(Plate XXIV, Figure 1.)
1824. Seriola bipinnulata Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., vol. i, p. 363, pl. 61, fig.

3 (Keeling Islands).
1896. Elagatis bipinnulatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47 U. 8. Nat. Mus. (1), p- 906.

1907. Hlagatis bipinnulatus Stead, Add. Fish Faun. N. 8. Wales.

A fine example, measuring 980 mm. in total length, was captured at
Flat Rock, South Queensland, and presented by Mr. F. Leach. (Qld. Mus.
No. J. 4378.)

This is the second record of this species from Australian waters, and a
new record for Queensland. The first specimen was collected off Port Jackson,
New South Wales, in 1907.°

Family LOBOTIDA.

Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch).
1790. Holocentrus surinamensis Bloch, Aust. Fische, vol. iv., p. 98, pl. 243..
1876. Lobotes surinamensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., vol. viii, p. 12, pl. 311, fig. 4 (as L.

erate C. & V.).
1881. Lobotes auctorum Gunther, var. somnolentus C. & V. Macleay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. §.

Wales, vol. 5, p. 375.

A well-marked fish mea:uring 355 mm. in total length was caught off
Luggage Point, Moreton Bay, and presented by Inspector W. Hiddens. (Q.M.
No. JI. 4391.)

Family CORIDA.

Coris aygula Lacépéde. |

1802. Coris aygula Lacépéde, iii, p. 96, pl. 4, fig. 1.
1878. Coris aygula Day. Fishes of India, p. 408, pl. Ixxxviii., fig. 5.
1915. Coris aygula Ogilby. Commerc. Fishes and Fisheries of Qid., p. 33. (An Egsay.) :

* Kishinouye, Zool. Mag., xix, Feb. 15, 1907, p. 59.
3 Stead, Add. Fish. Faun. N. 8S. Wales, 1907, p. 17, pl. 5.

LCHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES—MARSHALL. 191

In December last a large head of what is apparently Coris aygula was
received from Bowen, North Queensland, through the kindness of Mr. E. H.
Rainford.

This head has the very prominent bump on the nape, similar to an
“Old Man Snapper.” Its colour is now “terre verte,’ but when first received
was dark blue. It is finely vermiculated over all its surface (with the exception
of the lips) with short, wavy, bluish white crescentic lines and spots.

There does not appear to be a posterior canine present.

Ogilby* described the life colours of this variable Labrid from a series
of five specimens from Lord Howe Island, measuring from two and one-third
inches to twenty-eight inches in length.

Assuming the length of the head to be somewhere in the proportion of
three and three-quarters or four in the total length, our specimen must have
belonged to a fish forty-five to forty-eight inches in length, surely a record
for the species. ;

Coris picta (Bloch & Schneider).
(Plate XXIV, Figure 2.)
1801. Labrus pictus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 251, pl. 55.
1903. Coris picta Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vol. 5, 1903, p. 26, pl. 5, fig. i.

Two well-marked specimens of this handsome “ Comb-fish,” 223 mm.
and 265 mm. respectively, were recently presented to the Museum by Mr.
Cecil Anderson and Inspector W. Hiddens, of the State Fisheries Department.
The former was taken at Point Lookout, Stradbroke Island, and the latter
specimen off Cape Moreton, South Queensland (Qld. Mus. Nos. /. 4433, I.
4451),

Thalassoma lunaris (Linnzus).
1758. Labrus lunaris Linneus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed. 1758, p. 283.
1862. Julis lunaris Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. i, 1862, p. 90, pl. 33, 5.
1893. Thalassoma lunare Kent. ‘‘The Great Barrier Reef,” p. 296, pl. xvi, fig. 13.

A beautiful example of this somewhat rare Labrid, caught by Mr. 8.
Leach off Cape Moreton, South Queensland, was forwarded to the Museum
by my friend Inspector W. Hiddens, of the State Fish Supply. It measured
300 mm. long (caudal lobes included). (Q. M. No. I. 4430.)

The only other previous records for Queensland of this beautiful species
are Saville-Kent’s® specimen from Rocky Island, Cape Flattery, and three old
specimens in our collection registered from Moreton Bay.

I take the opportunity here of thanking Inspector W. Hiddens for his

many donaticns of fishes, almost all of which have proved to be rare or little-
known species.

4Mem. Aust. Mus., No. 2, 1889, p. 68.
5 The Great Barrier Reef, by W. Saville-Kent, 1893, p. 296, pl. xvi, fig. 13.
N

Salat aneeete adic Gileumad, sfsicatiercia tice einen ght ns salraier aad ceed: edamame ea daa Ran ae

192 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Owing to the absence of a good description of the appearance in life of
thi; fish, end also its many apparent variations, I shall here describe the
colours of our specimen, taken a short interval after death. The colours are
those of Ridgway’s “Nomenclature of Cclors.”

33

General body colour “terre verte,” strongest in a vertical band about
one inch in width, aes from a point below the first six dorsal spines to

midway between the ventral and anal fins, where it widens and is lost in the

surrounding body colours posteriorly. Against the salmon colour of the belly
it is somewhat sharply defined. Each scale, observed separately, ‘is “ parrot
green,’ edged with “apple green,’”’ and with a narrow, vertical, central bar of
pale rose madder.

The head is “sdturn red” marked with a series of green bands. The
“saturn red” is strongest on the nape, gradually softening towards the ventral
surface and fading into salmon on the belly. The first or superior band, which
is “apple green” in colour, extends from the premaxilla to a point a little
over halfway to the first dorsal spine. It is much wider than the succeeding
bands, being at its greatest width equal to the diameter of the eye. The
second band, which is joined anteriorly to the first slightly before the eye,
runs partly through and across the top of the ocular region and is lost in the
surrounding colour midway between the operculum and the dorsal surface.
The third, a short: postorbital band, commences on the posterior edge of the
orbit and extends along the upper edge of the operculum. The fourth,
comimencing at the gape of the mouth, extends upwards and across the lower
edge of the eye, thence downwards to the posterior border of the operculum,
and on a line horizontally with the base of the pectoral. The fifth and sixth
are joined :nteriorly at a point slightly below the gape and terminate on the
edge of the sub-operculum. The lateral bands are all sub-equal in width and
are in colour “ Paris green’”’ with flushes of “ beryl green.” :

ee

The inferior band commences as a diamond-shaped “‘ campanula_ blue ”’
patch on the throat, which narrows and changes to “ Paris green” as it
extends, fairly well defined, down to the isthmus. It continues to the base
of the ventrals, though faintly.

The eye is “ Paris green,’ with the black pupil surrounded by a narrow
gold ring. A horizontal “ Paris green” band, swollen at its anterior extremity,
extends between the pectorals and ventrals, and is in length as long as the

latter.
The dorsal and anal fins are “saturn red” along their basal portion,

slightly crenulated and sharply defined from the neighbouring colour by a
very narrow, dusky black line. Outer portion of the dorsal and anal fin “ Paris
green’’ with shades of “apple green.” A very small black smear appears
between the second and third dorsal spines.

Caudal with a large “lemon yellow” spot, fading outwards to ‘ Paris
green’ anteriorly and creamy white pesteriorly. This spot is bordered on

UM, Vou. IX, Phare XXIYy.

QUEENSLAND MUSE

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ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES.—MARSHALL. 193

both dorsal and ventral surfaces by a bar of “saturn red,’ which in its turn
is bo:dered by a narrow “beryl g een” edge, both of which terminate at the
extreme tip of the caudal lobes.

The pectorals are “lemon yellow” and the posterior margin is sharply
demarcated with a beautiful broad “hyacinth blue” border; antero-superiorly,
there is a small black axillary spot. (Qld. Mus. Reg. No. I. 4430.)

Ophthalmolepis lineolatus (Cuv. & Val.).

1839. Julis lineolatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poissons, xiii, p. 436.
1865. Ophthalmolepis lineolatus Kner. Novara Zool., vol. i, Fische, p. 258, pl. i, fig. i.

Through the kindness of Mr. George Hissted, a specimen of this beautiful
Labrid was presented to the Museum. It was captured off Caloundra, South
Queensland, and measured 258 mm. in total length. Although common in New
South Wales, this species appears to be rare in Queensland, the above example
being a new record for our State. (Qld. Mus. No. JI. 4376.)

Family LIMNICHTHYIDA:.

Schizochirus insolens Waite.
1904. Schizochirus insolens Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vol. v, pt. 4, p. 242, pl. 26, fig. 3.

Three specimens of this rare species, of which previously only two were
known,® were forwarded to the Museum by one of our old and _ esteemed
honorary collectors, Mr. James Palmer, of Cowan Cowan, Moreton Island,
Moreton Bay. They measure 46, 51, and 57 mm. respectively, and were taken
by him at Cowan Cowan. This makes another new record to be added‘ to the
list of Queensland Fishes.

6 Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vol. v, pt. 4, p. 242, pl. 26, fig. 3.

94 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND ‘MUSEUM.

BIRDS AND DROUGHT IN CENTRAL-
WESTERN QUEENSLAND.

By F. L. BERNEY.

Tun disastrous drought that has gripped Western-Central and Western-
Northern Queensland during the past few years must have very seriously affected
local bird life, not alone by actual deaths, but also by the absence of increase of
broods. To emus the result has been tragic, and they have been totally exter-
minated on many holdings. Previously one would be certain of seeing them
in the course of any day’s ride on Barearolle. On occasions I have had as
many as seventeen or eighteen grown birds im sight at onee, and each winter,
if there was sufficient rain, two or three broods would be reared. To-day not a
solitary individual survives here. The fencing of the country, especially the
tall dog-netting fenees—for they could get over the ordinary six-wire fence—
has spelt ruination to these interesting birds, for as paddocks went dry the
stock would be moved elsewhere but the emus remained to perish. Much as
this was deplored, there was no help for it, but I am glad to say that none
perished of thirst on this place.

From the middle of February 1925 to the latter part of June 1926, a
matter of nearly seventeen months, I saw absolutely no evidence of any bird
nesting. Even the Corvide, birds that one would think would rather revel in
hard times with so many dead animals about, were not nesting, but that is
perhaps to their credit, indicating that they require not carrion but a variety
of inseets on which to rear their nestlings.

As the result of two inches of rain in May 1926, the period from 25th
June that year to July 1927 showed a slight improvement, but still very few
birds have nested, very few indeed. As a matter of fact my records extend
to seven species only, perhaps a dozen nests all told, and in four of these that
I was able to keep under observation the owners had restricted. themselves to
very small broods, as follows :—

Galah, Kakatoe roseicapilla (average clutch four to five eggs), two eggs
only; Yellow-throated Miner, Myzantha flavigula (clutch three to five eggs),
two eggs only; Yellow Weebill, Smicrornis flavescens (clutch two to three eggs),
one egg only; Black-backed Magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen (clutch three to five),
two eggs only. The remaining birds noted nesting were Crested Pigeon,
Ocyphaps lophotes; Yellow-tailed Tit, Acanthiza chrysorrhoa, and one of the |
Artama.

BIRDS *AND DROUGHT IN CENTRAL-WESTERN QUEENSLAND.—BERNEY. 195

During the period from July 1927 to date, 21st February, 1928, drought
conditions have continued and very few birds have nested. Perhaps the most
striking evidence of the dryness of the season is the fact that I have not,
during that period, seen a single instance of nesting among such very hardy
and common birds as Galahs, K. roseicapilla, Black-backed Magpies, G. tibicen,
and Crested Pigeon, O. lophotes.

It is impossible to overlook the first-named when nesting, for the
uneeasing wheezing crying of the young birds fills the air from daylight to
dark and is very trying. As it is I have not heard a sound from a youngster this
spring or summer. A pair of Galahs that always have made use of a hollow
bloodwood tree right against the homestead buildings for nesting purposes have
nested once only during the past three seasons. They have been about all the
time, and once in anticipation of rain relined the nest with green eucalypt
leaves, but the rain failing they did no more. I am satisfied that it is the same
pair that have occupied this tree for very many years.

I believe some of these nesting sites in old hollow trees have, like ancestral
homes in the old country, been in the possession of the same family of Galahs
for many generations, perhaps hundreds of years; when one of the pair died
the other found a mate from among unattached birds, but the old home would
never be deserted.

During the past three years our total rainfall has been 174 inches, when

we should have had, according to the average of nearly forty years, about
4 feet. Under the circumstances, insects, particularly caterpillars and grass-
hoppers, have been very scarce, and the same applies to seeds and berries.

The crop of fruit on small berry-bearers such as Carissa lanceolata and
the Mistletoes (Loranthzi) has been a failure for a couple of seasons, many
bunches of the latter having died. 3

196 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM. :

THE FLOCK PIGEON: HISTRIOPHAPS
HIST RIONICA.

By F. L. BERNEY.

Among ornithologists the fate of this pigeon has been a matter of concern
_ for some years. As long ago as 1916 I was asked what had become of it. During
the war years I was unable to give the matter any attention, but since the end
of 1919 I have been always on the watch for it, and also seeking information
from others.

The species is poorly represented in Australian collections, public or
private, for in all our National State Museums I do not think there are a
dozen skins.

My personal experience of the Flock Pigeon in Queensland is as follows :—
In 1886 a series of dry years broke up on the Bareoo with rain in May, after
which there was a wonderful crop of herbage, crowfoot, and wild carrot, such
an abundance as had not been known since the country had been occupied by
white settlers. Flock Pigeons, of which up to then I had seen nothing, came in
thousands to Northampton Downs, and later nested everywhere on the open
country, their two eggs being placed without any constructed nest under the
shelter of tussocks of grass or herbage. They showed no inclination to congre-
gate in this matter; their nests were thoroughly scattered, but, owing to the
great number of individuals in the district, sitting birds kept bustling out with |
a rattle of wings from their nest-sites every few yards as one rode across country.
They remained long enough for their youngsters to get strong on the wing and
then left the neighbourhood entirely. I have no recorded dates, but I think
they nested during July and August, and had all cleared out by the end of
October. In subsequent years I saw but very little of them there, and then
at irregular times. It was not till 1898 that I kept careful data of their coming
and going, and in January that year I noted eight or ten together on Cameron
Downs, on the Landsborough, having not previously come across them for some
years. It was two years before I saw them again, and then it was February and
near Richmond on the Flinders, N.Q., where during the early part of 1900
I flushed a few small lots, a couple of hundred being the most I found together.
After March that year they disappeared till August 1901, when I saw them in
flocks, which in my diary I have described as ‘‘immense,’’ on Manfred Downs
farther down the Flinders, but in nothing like the numbers I had experienced
on the Bareoo in 1886.

Subsequently they disappeared again for eighteen months till January
1903, and from that date to September 1908 I have records of them every year
on the Flinders below Richmond, but always they were in small numbers. 1906
was the best of these years; I found ten nests with eggs and five others were
reported to me. They left the neighbourhood in September and October, none
being seen after the middle of November.

THE FLOCK PIGEON.—BERNEY. 197

In February 1907 two or three small lots showed up but left again
almost at once. There were a few through the winter of 1908, but only a few,
and they left during October. In 1909 none were recorded, but during February
1910 a few pairs nested with us and I found three nests with eggs. 1911 and
1912 were absolutely blank, and on the 14th September 1913 I flushed a single
bird at Sylvania, 20 miles west of Hughenden, and this, so far as my own
personal experience goes, is my last record. Judging by my notes they appear
to have avoided Central-Western Queensland entirely during the months of
December and January, and were seen only once or twice in November and
February. Discussing the matter with a bushman friend, Mr. Chas. Wray, of
Stonehenge, Queensland, with a longer Western record than mine, he said he
remembered these pigeons in 1886 at Bimerah on the Thomson, and in similar
great numbers in 1882 further west on the Georgina, but whereas in 1886 they
were in thousands, in 1882 they were in tens of thousands.

Dr. MacGillivray, of Broken Hill, who has had personal experience of
these pigeons in the far North years ago, but now fears that their days are
numbers :—Gould in 1839, Sturt in 1844, Leichhardt in 1847, H. K. Bennett
Darling in the early ‘sixties’ and used to describe flocks that rose from the
grass on the river country as being over 2 miles in length. They are unknown
throughout this country now.’’ Such a flock as this may seem incredible to any
but those who have seen this pigeon in uncountable thousands.

1901 appears to be the last date on which Flock Pigeons were seen in
great numbers; Mr. Tom Carter then reported them in ‘‘countless myriads’’ in
Western Australia, and this coincides with my own experience. Previous to that
vear there were fairly constant records of the birds appearing in immense
numbers :—Gould in 1839, Sturt in 1844, Leichhardt in 1847, H. K. Bennett
in 1864, W. L. Thornton in 1866, Price Fletcher in 1878, Chas. Wray in 1882,
myself in 1886, and the Calvert Expedition in 1898. These records are from
localities as far apart as west of Western Australia, North Queensland, and south-
west of New South Wales.

I have searched ‘‘The Emu’’ for any recent mention of the species, and
the only reference therein is one by the late Mr. Dudley Le Souef, who records
that he saw a few in 1919 coming in to water near Prairie, 27 miles east of
Hughenden.

In reply to my inquiries Messrs. H. A. Barnard and Lawson Whitlock
very kindly gave me their experiences of the Flock Pigeon. Mr. Whitlock wrote
that in 1908 on the de Grey, W.A., about 20 miles from its mouth, he shot one
as it came in alone to water; one or two more came to drink during the day but
were not interfered with. Mr. Barnard writes that in February 1915, when
about 25 miles west of Brunette Downs in the Territory, he flushed three
separate pigeons some miles apart; again in May of the same year at Boroloola
on the MeArthur a small flock of five were seen, and in June the same year
a further small flock of eighteen were noted halfway between Anthony Lagoon
and Brunette. Both writers mention that they never met with the species before
-or sinee. ;

198 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

I had great hopes that these two ornithologists would be able to give
evidence that the Flock Pigeon might still be found in some numbers “‘ farther
out,’ and such meagre information was disappointing.

Mr. J. Sutton has been good enough to look up and copy out for me
what entries there are referring to this bird in the ‘‘South Australian
Ornithologist.’? They are all sent in by Mr. L. Reese, of Minnie Downs Station,
in the north-east corner of South Australia, and are as follows:—15th March,
1924—‘' Flock Pigeons occasionally come, the largest flock was about eight
birds.’’ October 1926—‘‘T noticed three small flocks, 7, 5, and 3.’’ February
1927—** At Lake Goyder, on Coongy Station, I saw about thirty Flock Pigeons.’’
Later, in July, he noted with regret that the pigeons had all gone.

After 1901 the number of the Flock Pigeon fell in a manner that is
nothing less than tragic. It would be quite possible for a small bird frequenting
forest or scrub to avoid observation for some time, but a conspicuous pigeon
such as this, hving on open country and drinking always at the barest and most
exposed watering-places it can find, could hardly be overlooked.

Stocking the country with cattle and sheep must have interfered with
such a ground dweller, but it should have been little more than inconvenience
to a vigorous bird of this sort, strong on the wing, for just beyond the tide
mark of occupancy by whites there must be hundreds, many hundreds of miles
of country suitable for Flock Pigeons. The few, the comparatively few, that
have been shot for the pot have, I feel convinced, had nothing to do with their
extinction. Then, too, with the advance of civilisation has come the disappear-
ance of the aboriginals, who must collectively have destroyed far more than the
whites, for, besides those they killed when the birds came to water, every egg
and squab that could be found, we may be sure, was eaten by the natives.

The disappearance of this pigeon is not a parallel case with the Passenger
Pigeon of America, for the latter had the fatal habit of nesting in immense,
densely inhabited colonies, at times as many as a hundred nests, we read, being
in one tree. To these rookeries gathered every predatory bird and carnivorous
animal from miles and miles around; the settlers, too, with their families from
far and near joined the animals, and while the nesting season lasted ruthlessly
destroyed much more than they made use of.

The Flock Pigeon, making no conspicuous nest, seattered about on open
_ downs, never had to face carnage such as this. To anyone familiar with these
birds a few years back in their thousands, their disappearance is a sad mystery,
one of those seemingly wanton acts of Nature for which there appears no
sufficient reason. | ;

Keulemans in Mathew’s work gives a good plate of this pigeon, but he
shows the birds—a pair—as sitting on branches, low ones it is true, but this I
think is incorrect; I never saw them settle on anything but the ground. Their
colouration, to which seems to be specially added the exceptionally long sandy-
brown upper tail coverts to cover the otherwise rather conspicuous grey black
and white tail feathers, must be a wonderful protection to them against either:

THE FLOCK PIGEON.—BERNEY. 199

diurnal or nocturnal birds of prey and animals. At night they always, so far as
I can see by their tracks (very slight depressions in the loose soil with a deposit
of excreta alongside), roost on the barest patches of ground.

Winter and spring would appear to be their nesting season in West-
Central Queensland; in 1886 they nested in great numbers during July and
August; in 1904 I have one record only, and that mid-September; in 1906 I saw
nests with eggs in every month between April and September, inclusive; in
1908 I have again only one record of eggs, and that was in August, but in 1910
I have three nests with eges during first half of February.

The Director of the Perth Museum, in reply to my inquiry, writes that the
Flock Pigeon is to be found in Western Australia, but seems to be limited to
the Kimberley district in the extreme north. :

I was closing these notés in a pessimistic vein when two letters were
kindly forwarded by Mr. J. M. Devaney, who contributes ‘‘Nature Notes’’ to
the ‘‘North Queensland Register.’’ Both are written about the same date—
February 1928—and from practically the same district—the Flinders River
basin, N.Q. I know the part well and the birds thereto belonging, and although
I think neither of the writers would claim to be ornithologists, still I am quite
satisfied that they are correct in their identification of the species when they
both report seeing the Flock Pigeon about in fiocks up to four or five hundred
at the time of writing. This makes matters rather more hopeful, but flocks of
the size mentioned are a lone way short of the many thousands in which they
used to be seen. ’

A well-known bird observer, Mr. D. W. Gaukrodger, writes in Mr. J.
O’Neil Brenan’s ‘‘Nature Notes’? in the Brisbane ‘‘Daily Mail’’ (31st
March, 1928) that he hears from authentie sources that the Flock Pigeon ‘‘is
back again at its old haunts on the Bareoo and Warrego watersheds, and it
is reported from Mount Inniskillen, in the Tambo district, as having at last
reappeared and nesting freely. Also I have reports from Duneira, near Blackall,

and Burenda, in the Augathella district, of their reappearance.’’

Still later (2nd April), Mr. D. Macartney, Longreach, informs me that
the Flock Pigeon are ‘‘in big numbers between here and Arrillalah.
Perhaps they have been driven in by the severe drought in the centre of
Australia.’

This information is gratifying, but there is no escape from the fact,
however, that there has been a woeful decrease among these birds in the last
five-and-twenty years. But as to whether this decrease will continue it is
impossible to say, for we have no idea of the cause. Considering the way this
bird moves about and the immense flocks in which it gathers, it is Inconceivable
that great numbers ean be anywhere in hiding, so to speak, in Australia.

North records that this handsome pigeon has bred in eaptivity, and it
is to be hoped that further attempts will be made in this direction.

200 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

ADDITIONS TO THE CRETACEOUS AMMONITE
FAUNA OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA.

PART 2 (DESMOCERATIDAE).*

By F. W. WHITEHOUSE, Ph.D.,.M.Sc.,_F.G.S.

(Lecturer in Geology, University of Queensland ; Palzontologist to the Geological
Survey of Queensland; Hon. Palzontologist to the Queensland Museum.)

(Plates XXV-XXVI.)
Family DESMOCERATIDA: Zittel.

In the Cretaceous beds of Eastern Australia this family is known only
from the Tambo Series of Upper Albian age. Desmoceras itself may be present
in these beds. Two other genera of world-wide distribution (Puzosia and
Beudanticeras) are known, while two new genera (Boliteceras and Cophinoceras)
are now described from this area.

The investigation of these forms is rendered rather difficult by the>
approximation of Beudanticeras ingente to Desmoceras on the one hand and to
Puzosia longmani on the other.

This raises the question whether the Australian desmoceratids as a group
may not represent an offshoot from Desmoceras distinct from the European
lineage.

Genus DESMOCERAS Zittel (emend Grossouvre).
DESMOCERAS (?) SP.

(Plate XXVI, figures 1 a, 6.)

The present figured specimen may represent an unusually compressed
species of Desmoceras. It is, however, possible that this form may be merely
the young stage of Beudanticeras ingente which, as mentioned below, closely
approaches Desmoceras in inflation and shell type. Until the earlier stages of
that species are known with certainty it is inadvisable to attach any definite
specific name to this form.

Locality —Hughenden (M.M. Coll.).

* The earlier papers in this series have appeared in the Memoirs of the Queensland
Musuem, vol. viii, pt. 3 (1926) and vol. ix, pt. 1 (1927).

CRETACEOUS AMMONITE FAUNA, E. AUSTRALIA—_WHITEHOUSE. 201

Genus PUZOSIA Bayle.
PUZOSIA LONGMANI Whitehouse.
1926 Puzosia longmant Whitehouse (13), p. 218, pl. 37, fig. 5; pl. 39, fig. 1.

No further specimens of this form have been found.

Genus BEUDANTICERAS Hitzel.

The Eastern Australian species included in this genus form an interesting
suite. B. mitchelli and B. flindersi are normal forms within the genus. The
other two species (B. sutherlandi and B. ingente) while apparently related to
B. mitchelli are rather unusual, 6. sutherland: being remarkably involute and
B. ingente unusually inflated.

BEUDANTICERAS MITCHELLI (Etheridge).
(Plate XXV, figure 2.)
1872 Ammonites beudanti var. mitchelli Etheridge (1) p. 345, pl. 23, fig. 1.

Remarks.—In a previous paper (13, p. 219) the writer followed
R. Etheridge Jr. in regarding Ammonites beudanti var. mitchelli Etheridge as
a synonym of Ammonites flindersi McCoy. At that time McCoy’s type specimen
had not been figured and the holotype of neither specimen had been examined
by the writer. Since then both specimens have been seen, and it now appears
that they represent two distinct. species. It is necessary, therefore, to retain
Etheridge’s specific name.

B. mitchelli differs from B. flinderst in the sides being less convergent
and the umbilicus more gradate, while the septal suture of the species has
more wide-stemmed saddles than those of B. flindersi. Among foreign species
it appears to be most like B. spherotum (Seeley) (see 12, p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 1),
though it is rather less involute.. B. spherotum also has periodic swellings,
hardly to be called costz, similar to those which occur on B. mitchelli.

The original of Plate 23, fig. 1 in Etheridge’s paper (1) is now chosen as
lectotype. The other figured specimen has not been traced.

Dimensions.—Lectotype: 128. 49. 27. 27.
Locality Hughenden. (Q.M. Coll., lectotype).

BEUDANTICERAS FLINDERSI (McCoy).
(Plate XXV, figure 3.)

1865 Ammonites flinderst McCoy (8), p. 51.

1865 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (9), p. 334.

1867 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (10), p. 196.

1868 Ammonites flindersi McCoy (11), p. 42. ,

1892 Haploceras flindersi Etheridge Jr. (6), p. 494, pl. 30, figs. 1-3.
1902 Haploceras flindersi Etheridge Jr. (4), p. 31.

1926 Beudanticeras flindersi Whitehouse (13), p. 219.

202 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

Opportunity is taken now to figure McCoy’s holotype, of which hitherto
no figure has been published.

With the exception of specimens originally described by Etheridge as
Ammonites beudanti var. mitchelli, all the figured specimens from Eastern
Australia described as Ammonites (or Haploceras) flinderst belong to this species.
It is distinguished from the closely related B. mitchelli by the more convergent
sides and by the saddles of the septal suture having narrower stems. Its
relations have been fully discussed in an earlier paper in this series.

The South Australian fragment referred by Etheridge to Haploceras.
daintreet (3, p. 44, pl. 7, fig. 1) may be a portion of the body chamber
belonging to this species, but the specimen is too indefinite for determination.
It does not belong to Parahoplitoides, as the writer had considered in an
earlier paper (13, p. 206). :

Dimensions :—Holotype: 150. 46. 25(+). 26.
88. 48. 27. 28.

BEUDANTICERAS SUTHERLANDI (Etheridge).
(Plate XXV, figure 4.)
1872 Ammonites sutherlandi Etheridge (1), p. 345, pl. 21, fig. 4,

1892 Ammonites (Haploceras) sutherlandi Etheridge Jr. (6), p. 496, pl. 29, fig. 4.
1926 Beudanticeras (?) sutherlandi Whitehouse (13), p. 222. -

This species, of which the holotype is now refigured, is an abnormal
form of Beudanticeras in being so involute. It is, however, of the same group
as B. mitchelli.

This form appears to be rare in the Tambo Series. The holotype is. the
only large specimen which definitely can be.referred to this species, although
several small forms in various collections examined by the writer may represent
B. sutherlandi.

Dimensions.—Holotype: 70. 53. 23. 21.

Locality —Marathon (Q.M. Coll., holotype).

BEUDANTICERAS INGENTE sp. nov.
(Plate XXYV, figure 1.)

Description Coiling oligogyral, subangustumbilicate. Whorls moderately
inflated, sides slightly convergent, venter arched. Gradumbilicate. Test smooth,
with periodic constrictions. Septal suture complex with deeply incised saddles
and lobes, the first lateral lobe being rather unsymmetrically trifid.

Remarks.—The species is remarkable for its inflation, the nearest form in
that respect being, apparently, the Indian B. stoliczkai (Kossmat) (7, p. 119,
pl. 18, fig. 6), which is similar also in lateral view. B. ingente, in proportions,

CRETACEOUS AMMONITE FAUNA, FE. AUSTRALIA—W HITEHOUSE. 2038

is approaching the type of shell shown by the more involute species of Puzosia
such as P. communis Spath (12, p. 47, pl. 2, fig. 3). This suggests that Puzosia
longmani, occurring also in the Tambo Series of paencuee possibly may be a
form related to the present species. .

The shell has not quite the extreme inflation of Desmoceras. The species
is thus, morphologically, somewhere on the border line between the genera
Desmoceras, Puzosia, and Beudanticeras. From its general resemblance to
B. mitchelli it is here regarded as belonging most appropriately to Beudanticeras,
representing a species of that genus with a homeomorphic resemblance to forms
in the two other genera mentioned.

Dimensions.—Holotype: 133. 49. 32. 23.
Locality Beaconsfield (G.S8.Q. Coll.).

Genus BOLITECERAS nov.}
Genotype : Ammonites daintreet Etheridge.
Definition.—Involute, sub-discoidal shells with peripheral costz and faint
periodic constrictions. - Septal suture with rather wide-stemmed saddles and
regularly trifid first lateral lobe.

Remarks.—The genus is proposed for the group of Ammonites daintreei
which, on a previous occasion (p. 221), the writer had included provisionally in
Beudanticeras, although stating that probably it was distinct from that genus.
The recognition that Ammonites daintreet is not an isolated species with these
features now emphasises the need for the group to receive separate generic
recognition.

Boliteceras, as mentioned before (13, p. 221), is very similar to the
Aptian Uhligella and, like it, develops puzosid ornament. The young stage
(at least up to a diameter of 25 mm.), as shown on the holotype of B. daintreei,
is more inflated than in the adult stage, has only striz developed on the test,
and has a rather sub-circular whorl section. This suggests that Boliteceras
may have developed more or less directly from Desmoceras.

The genus is distinguished from Beudanticeras mainly by the ornament of
the test.
Age.—Upper Albian.

BOLITECERAS DAINTREE! (Etheridge).
(Plate XXVI, figure 2.)
1872 Ammonites daintreei Etheridge (1), p. 346, pl. 24 (in part).
1892 Haploceras daintreei Etheridge Jr. (6), p. 495, pl. 29, figs. 1-3 (in part).
1901 Haploceras daintreei Etheridge Jr. (2), p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 3.
1902 Haploceras daintreei Etheridge Jr. (4), p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 1.
1926 Beudanticeras (?) daintreet, Whitehouse (13), p. 221.

1BwAiTys, a mushroom.

204 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM.

The re-examination by the writer of the material originally described by
Etheridge senior has brought to light a peculiar problem in regard to the
holotype of this species. Three specimens were figured by Etheridge—a small
specimen and two large forms—but no specimen was selected as the holotype.
One of the large forms was figured accurately in apertural view; but the
accompanying figure (1, pl. 24, top figure) in lateral view appears to have been
drawn partly from the preceding specimen and partly from a more inflated
form now separated as the holotype of B. perlatum. Since the form figured in
apertural view (1, pl. 24, left lower figure) agrees with the interpretation of
Ammonites daintreer by all later writers, that specimen (which is now refigured)
is here selected as the lectotype.

Nothing further need be added to the remarks on a previous occasion.
(13, p. 221) about the specific features of B. daintreet.

The dimensions of the lectotype are :—

Ge eee) ee ae
oT 46. 80. 32.

BOLITECERAS PERLATUM sp. nov.
(Plate XXVI, figure 3.)

1872 Ammonites daintreei Etheridge (1), p. 346, pl. 24 (in part).
1892 Haploceras daintreet Etheridge (6), p. 495, pl. 29, figs. 1-3 (in part)..

Description.—Coiling oligogyral, subangustumbilicate. Whorls inflated with
slightly convergent sides and broadly arched venter. Gradumbilicate. Test
with peripheral costae and a few intermittent constrictions. Septal suture
similar to B. daintreet.

Remarks.—This species may be distinguished from B. daintreet by its less
convergent sides and its more broadly arched venter.

One of the specimens which apparently was used by Etheridge in drawing
his composite figure of Ammonites daintreet is selected and figured as_ the
holotype of this species. Probably the smallest form figured by Etheridge
(1, pl. 24, fig. 2) also represents this species, but the specimen’ seems to have
been mislaid. :

Dimensions.—Holotype : 130. 45. 32. 30.

Locality—Hughenden (Q.M. Coll—Holotype and other specimens).

Genus COPHINOCERAS nov.?
Genotype : Cophinoceras ogilviet sp. nov..
Definition.—Involute inflated shells with ovate whorl section, arched
venter and narrow umbilicus. Test ornamented with about eight rectiradiate
cost between which are minor coste.

* kopivos, a basket.

CRETACEOUS AMMONITE FAUNA, E. AUSTRALIA—WHITEHOUSE. 205

Remarks—The genus bears considerable resemblance to such later
desmoceratids as Austeniceras and Parapuzosia. The costz are very like those
of the group of Beudanticeras which includes B. dupinianum (d’Orb.), B. parandieri
(d’Orb.), and B. subparandieri Spath, from which group it has probably developed.
Indeed it might be thought advisable to include those three species in Cophinoceras ;
but, from the degree of inflation and the rather more curved cost, they are
here regarded as being more appropriately left in Beudanticeras.

Only the one species yet is known.

Age.—Upper Albian.

COPHINOCERAS OGILVIEI sp. nov.
(Plate XXVI, figures 4 a, b.)

Description —Coiling oligogyral, angustumbilicate. Inflated; sides con-
vergent, venter arched, whorl-section ovate. Test thick,- with about eight
rectiradiate costz, each pair of such major coste being separated by eight to
twelve minor coste. Septal suture very imperfectly known.

Remarks.—Two specimens are known, the larger of which is taken as
the holotype. The prominent straight ribs, divided into a few major coste
separated. by minor coste, render it distinct from any other desmoceratid
described from Eastern Australia.

Dimensions.—Holotype: 183. 53. 338. 15.

OM Cello 9s. 66.537. 46 1F2).

Locality and Horizon—Bynoe River, North Queensland (Q.M. Coll.,
holotype). Mouth of Bynoe River (Q.M. Coll.). The specimens are associated.
with other Tambo Series (Upper Albian) species. But since they were found
both in the extreme north of the Cretaceous outcrop of the Artesian basin and
nearer its presumed Cretaceous connection with the open sea, it may be that
this species represents an horizon rather higher then any met with in the main
area of the basin. However, in the large collection of specimens examined by
the writer from the Point Charles bed (substudert zone), which represents an
Albian horizon slightly later than the Tambo Series, no specimen of a
Cophinoceras has been seen.

3 The species is named im honour of Mr. C. Ogilvie, B.E., in recognition of his
important work in the Cretaceous areas of Western Queensland.

b

SLiidaiei ia aiaieel

JOR TARE TUR TAER RAE =f cae

Se

ay

206 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
REFERENCES.
1. Etheridge, R., 1872. Description of Palsxozoic and Mesozoic Fossils of Queensland
(Q.J.G.8., vol. xxviii). - i.
2. Etheridge, R. Jr., 1901. Additional Notes on the Paleontology of Queensland, pt. 2,
(Geol. Surv. Q’land, Bull. No. 13). a
3. Etheridge, R. Jr., 1902. The Cretaceous Mollusca of South Australia (Mem. Roy. Soc,
South Aust, vol. 1, pt. 1).
4. Etheridge, R. Jr., 1902, A Monograph of the Cretaceous Invertebrate Fauna of New
South Wales (Mem. Geol. Surv. N. 8. Wales, Pal. No. 11).
5. Etheridge, R. Jr., 1905. Cretaceous Fossils from Dalhousie Springs (Parl. Paper South
Aust., No. 71).
6. Jack and Etheridge, 1892. The Geology and Paleontology of Queensland and New
Guinea (Brisbane and London).
7. Kossmat, F., 1897. Untersuchungen iiber die siidindische Kreide-formation (Beit. z. Pal.
u Geol. Ost-Ung. u. d. Orients Bd. xi).
8. McCoy, F., 1865. On the Discovery of Cretaceous Fossils in Australia (Trans. Roy.
Soe. Victoria, vol. vii).
9. : McCoy, F., 1865. . Notes on the Cretaceous Deposits of Australia (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 3, vol. xvi).
10. McCoy, F., 1867. On the Discovery of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus in Australia.
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xix).
1l. McCoy, F., 1868. On the Discovery of Hnaliosaurus and other Cretaceous Fossils in
Australia (Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. viii).
12, Spath, L. F., 1923. A Monograph of the Ammonoidea of the Gault (Pal. Soe. London).
is? - Whitehouse, ES Wi 1926. - The Cretaceous Ammonoidea of Eastern Australia (Mem.
Q’land Mus., vol. viii).
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate XXYV.
Fig. 1.—Beudanticeras ingente sp. nov. Holotype (x 0-5). From Beaconsfield (G.8.Q. Coll.).
Fig. 2.—Beudanticeras mitchelli (Etheridge). Lectotype (x 0-5). From Marathon (Q.M. Coll.).
Fig. 3.—Beudanticeras flindersi (McCoy). Holotype (x 0-5). From Base of Walker's Tableland,
near Hughenden (N.M. Coll.).
Fig. 4.—Beudanticeras sutherlandi (Etheridge). Holotype (nat. size), From Marathon (Q.M.
Coll.).
Plate XXVI.
Fig. 1 (a), (b)—Desmoceras (?) sp. (nat. size). Specimen from Hughenden. (MM.. Coll.).
Fig. 2.—Boliteceras daintreei (Etheridge). Holotype (x 0-5). From Hughenden (Q.M. Coll.).
Fig. 3.—Boliteceras perlatum sp. nov. Holotype (x 0:5), From Hughenden (Q.M Coll.).
Fig. 4.—Cophinoceras ogilviei gen. et sp. nov. Holotype (x 0-5). From Bynoe River (Q.M.

Coll.).

A. J. CUMMING, Government Printer, Brisbane.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. IX, PLaTE XXV.

A, N. Falk: Photo. Face page 206.

MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, Vou. TX, PLATE XXVI,

Face page 206.

A, N. Falk: Photo.

CONTENTS.

The Cult of Waiet in the Murray Islands, Torres Straits ~

The Venom Apparatus of the Stone Fish (Synanceja horrida) —
(Text-figures I-8)

Notes on the Dingo, The Indian Wild Dog, and Papuan Dog —
A Large Jaw of Pallimnarchus pollens—Plate XVIII - -

Discovery of Juvenile Lung-fishes, with Notes on Hpiceratodus—
Plate XIX

New Species and Records of Australian Tingitoidea (Hemiptera)
—Plates XX-XXITI

Ichthyological Notes, ‘No. 3—Plate XXIV — - - —
Birds and Drought in Central-Western Queensland ~ -
The Flock Pigeon: Histriophaps histrionica - - - =
Additions to the Cretaceous Ammonite Fauna of Eastern

Australia. Part 2: (Desmoceratide)—Plates XXV-—
XXXVI, and Text-figures

A. C. Haddon, 8c.D., F.R.S. - -

J. V. Duhig, M.B., and Gwen Jones —

Heber A. Longman, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.

Heber A. Longman, F.L.S., C.M.Z.5. -

Heber A. Longman, F.L.§., C.M.Z.8.

Henry Hacker, F.E.8. - rs i

T. C. Marshall = - - ~
F. L. Berney - - af
F. L. Berney _ = = =

F. W. Whitehouse, Ph.D., M.B8c.,
F.G.S. J

PAGE.

127-135

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196-199

200-206