124	'1 he J\ ineteentti L'entury (itiij -1914)
the first half of the century.^771 Tucker criticizes the common
view of Caldwell's army reforms as fundamental and successful,
and pursues the matter to a later date.^772 A few new things
have been said about local government. Mather shows that at
a time when England in effect knew nothing of modern police
methods public order was in the main maintained, despite the
prevalence of misery and active discontent.^773 Lambert looks
at the relations between centre and extremities,^774 Hart at the
first moves to introduce a genuine police force in the towns,^775
and Dunbabin at the organizations which finally ended the
rule of the JPs.^776
(e)   FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Nineteenth-century diplomatic history has for long been one
of the truly established disciplines in the English historical
canon, but even here new stirrings - the asking of new
questions and exploitation of different materials - have been
noticeable. Two brief studies touch on the vexed question of
parliament's interference: Cromwell shows that this was much
smaller than is usually supposed, and Lambert, reviewing the
reprint of an old and influential book, shows that traditional
views rest on fundamental misunderstandings concerning the
^771 Roger Prouty, The Transformation of the Board of Trade, 1830 -1855.
L: Heinemann: 1957. Pp. viii, 123. Rev: EcHR^2 10, 493f. - Lucy
Brown, The Board of Trade and the Free Trade Movement, 1830-1842.
O: Clarendon: 1958. Pp. 245. Rev: EHR 75, 3$if.
^771 Albert V. Tucker, 'Army and society in England, 1870 - 1900: a
reassessment of the Cardwell reforms', JBS 2 (1962), 110-41; *The
issue of army reform in the unionist government, 1903 - 1905',
#7 9 (^I966)> 90-100.
^778 F. C. Mather, Public Order in the Age of the Chartists. Manchester
UP: 1959. Pp. ix, 260. Rev: EHR 76, iSgf.; EcHR* 13, i28f.
^774	Royston Lambert, 'Central and local relations in mid-Victorian
England; the local government act office, 1858-1871', VS 6
(1962-3), 121-50.
^775	Jennifer Hart, 'Reform of the borough police,  1835-1856*,
£##70(1955), 413-27.
^776	J. P. D. Dunbabin, *The politics of the establishment of county
councils', HJ 6 (1963), 226-52; 'Expectations of the new county
councils and their realization*, ibid. 8 (1965), 353-79.