204	Scotland
nineteenth century. (His scepticism in the face of certain
shibboleths on this subject has caused Smout (n. 1250) most
trouble, though many Scotsmen are well aware, however
reluctant they are to admit it, that since about 1860 even
England has been ahead of Scotland in schools and univer-
sities.) Pride has, quite rightly, led to some good work. Per-
haps Craig a little exaggerates the democratic and popular
elements in Scotland's eighteenth-century literature, but
essentially he is right:1281 after all, this was the element which
Sir Walter Scott added to the literature of Europe. Law drily
discusses the intellectual excellences of Edinburgh in an age
when the university, at any rate, enjoyed a justly high Euro-
pean reputation.1282 That the new demands of the nineteenth
century - more general education, but also more new special-
isms - did not at once overwhelm these ancient universities
emerges from Davie's loving account.1283 Saunders tackles an
allied theme with the weapons of the sociologist; though
the result strikes one as a trifle abstract, it is nevertheless very
useful to have these problems of education linked with a back-
ground of social themes such as urban expansion or the better
provision of welfare.1284 Some of the problems of a newly
industrialized society appear in Wright's reminder that chart-
ism had its far northern branch.1285 Mechie finds the church
anxious to do something about these miseries.1286 Macmillan,
on the other hand, shows that the real solution as often as
not lay outside Scotland, whether it was found in going else-
1881 David M. Craig, Scottish Literature and the Scottish People, 2680-
1830. L: Chatto & Windus: 1961. Pp. 340. Rev: EHR 78, 383!!
1288 A. Law, Education in Edinburgh in the Eighteenth Century. L: U of
London P: 1965. Pp. 239.
lisa q^ £4 Davie, The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and her universities in
the nineteenth century. Edinburgh UP: 1961, Pp. xx, 352.
1284 Lawrence J. Saunders, Scottish Democracy, 1815 -1840: the social and
intellectual background. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd: 1950. Pp. 4^.
Rev: EHR, 66, 42ifF.
»w L. C. Wright, Scottish Chartism. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd: 1953.
Pp. vii, 242. Rev: EHR 69, 170^
118* Stewart Mechie, The Church and Scottish Social Development, 1780 -
0. L: OUP: 1960. Pp. xi, 181. Rev: EHR 77, 389^