1640 - i66o 59

studying the revolution in the capital, sho\vs the stages by
which the conservative and royalist pre-war regime was over-
thrown by a revolutionary party.344 It remains to discover just
how or why a confrontation occurred which even in November
1640 was out of the question; the one attempt at answering this
question, made by Zagorin (n. 31i), seems to me to assume too
much coherence in Pym's party and policy, and not to recog-
nize sufficiently that the bulk of the people involved were in a
very real sense surprised by war.

We have two analyses of the Long Parliament. Brunton and
Pennington have cnamierizedj the members elected in 1640; in
the process they have found only one significant difference
between those who later joined parliament or king, namely
that the latter were on average younger.345 Keeler presents
biographies of all who sat in that parliament during the first
two years, describes elections, and offers no conclusions.346
The parliament's inner history, and especially the crucial
problem of Pym's tactics, form the substance of six careful
articles from one hand.347 Pearl takes a closer look at those
parliamentarians who hoped to end the war.348 Trevor-Roper
gains useful insights into political ideas and methods from

814 Valerie Pearl, London and the Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution. L:
OUP: 1961. Pp. xi, 364. Rev: EHR 77, 773(1; HJ 5, gsff.

*45 D. Brunton and Donald H. Pennington, Members of the Long Par-
liament. L: Allen & Unwin; 1954. Pp. xxi, 256. Rev: EHR 71, 652.

**6 Mary Freer Keeler, The Long Parliament, 1640 -1641: a biographical
study of its members. Philadelphia: American Philos. Society: 1954.
Pp. ix, 410. Rev: EHR 70, 286ff.

847 Lotte Glow, 'Pym and Parliament: the methods of moderation*,
JMH 36 (1964), 373-97; 'The Committee of safety', EHR 80
(1965), 289-313; *The committee men in the Long Parliament,
August 1642 - December 1643', HJ 8 (1965), 1-15; 'Political
affiliations in the House of Commons after Pym's death*, BIHR
38 (1965), 48-70; 'Manipulation of committees in the Long Par-
liament', JBS 5 (1966), 31-52; [under married name, Mulligan]
'Peace negotiations, politics, and the Committee of Both King-
doms, 1644-1646*, HJ 12 (1969), 3-22.

*48 Valerie Pearl, 'Oliver St John and the "middle group" in the
Long Parliament, August 1642 - May 1644*, EHR 8r (1966),
490-519,