Welfare 165

main body of doctors back to Henry VIII is told by Clark in a
book which concentrates on the institutional and personal
story, but has little to contribute to the history of ideas or of
science.1032 \Vhile we are on the subject of professions} we may
draw attention to Reader's study of the first century of true
professionalism, though he still has to confine himself to the
old groups - the Church, medicine and the law.1033 Another
profession, only allowed the title in the twentieth century
but active since the sixteenth, is loyally described by
Thompson.1034

Welfare includes toleration: Henriques shows how long it
took, after official encouragement, for this to become gener-
ally effective.1035 It took even longer to include the Jews,
partly because they themselves feared that emancipation might
mean disappearance.1036 Another sort of welfare again was
created by the Elizabethan statute of artificers, partly designed
to protect apprentices but mainly shaped to support an im-
possible ambition to freeze the social structure. Davies's in-
vestigation of the law in operation proves that in the main it
was either ignored or insufficiently enforced.1037 Dyos's look
at the operations which made London into its present sprawl
ought to be the first step in a really large and varied attack on
this dark subject.1038

loss George N. Clark, A History of the Royal College of Physicians of

London, 2 vols. O: Clarendon: 1964/6. Pp. xxiii, 800. Rev:

History of Science 5, 87ff.
loss William J. Reader, Professional Men: the riss of the professional

classes in nineteenth-century England. L: Weidenfeld: 1966. Pp. vii,

248. Rev: EHR 83, 208.
103* pw ft£ L^ Thompson, Chartered Surveyors: the growth of a profession.

L: Routledge: 1968. Pp. xvi, 400. Rev: EeHR* 22, 122.
1985 Ursula Henriques, Religious Toleration in England, ij&f -1833. L:

Routledge: 1961* Pp. vii, 294. Rev: EHR 79, i88f.
1638 Ursula Henriques, 'The Jewish emancipation controversy in

nineteenth-century Britain', PP 40 (1968), 126-46*
IBS? Margaret G. Davies, The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship,

7565-1642. G (Mass.): Harvard UP: 1956. Pp. Ix, 319, Rev:

EHRi*y 170.
i«s JL J. Dyos, "The speculative builders and developers of Victorian

London*, VS n (1967-8), 641-90.