AGRICULTURE

289

of the output is exported to America.   In 1880 the total
output was 180 cases, in 1913 it had risen to 1700 eases.
Stock-raising,^1 though not strictly agricultural, cannot
be separated from tilling the land. Large areas in all
parts of the country are suitable only for grazing. The
mountainsides support large flocks of goats, the level
stretches in the interior produce sheep and the marshy
grass-growing valleys are utilized for the rearing of
cattle. Further inland in the south camels and horses
are raised in large numbers, the former for domestic use,
the latter to a considerable extent for export, although
now placed under an embargo. Owing to the lack of
proper means of transportation, meat products are con-
sumed almost wholly in the country. Flocks of sheep
and goats are driven long distances from the grazing
^1 There are very few cattle in Turkey now as compared with 1913.
Among the causes of the depleted numbers are the past and present
requisitions for military purposes, some cattle disease, and greatly
diminished reproduction. TaMng these factors into consideration and
subtracting the territories of Mesopotamia, Palestine, Syria and Arabia,
the Minister of Agriculture estimates a postwar decrease of over 40 per
cent in the number of farm animals.
A live-stock census for the years 1913 and 1919 disclose the following
approximate situation (useful only for suggesting future possibilities
in Asia Minor):

Kind of Animal | Number | | Number
Buffaloes | 1913 30Q,GG€ | | 1919
Oxen | 2,397,348 | | 378,000
Bulls | 175,085 | |
Cows | 2,501,000 | | 3,740 000
Calves | 1,158,494 | |
Horses    ••    ••   .................. | 506,750 | |
Ponies   	 - | 204,400 | | 630,000
Draft and burden horses .......... | 339,430 | |
Mules | 144,600 | | 85000
Donkeys   ........................ | 1,373,700 | | 825,000
Sheep    . . | 13,347,750' | \ |
Lambs | 5,373,800 | } | 11,200,000
Groats | 14,424,180] | |
Angoras | 2,039,000 | | 2,065,000
Camels | 314,000 | | 95000
Migfl^llaTi^iis - t, -, 	 -- t.h-,.,-, | 30,000 | | 18,000
(Eliot €L Hears, Commerce Reports, April 6, 1920.)