Royal _

Botanic

Gardens

Melbourne

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS MELBOURNE
NATIONAL HERBARIUM OE VICTORIA

Muelleria publishes research papers on Southern Hemisphere plant,
algal and fungal systematics, particularly relating to Australia and the
Australian states of Victoria and Tasmania, and to the collections of the
National Herbarium of Victoria. Acceptable submissions include: taxo-
nomic revisions; phylogenetic and biogeographical studies; short
papers describing new taxa. documenting nationally significant new
records, or resolving nomenclatural matters; historical analyses rele-
vant to systematics; any other research contributing to our knowledge
of plant, algal or fungal diversity.

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Editor James Grimes

Assistant Editor Teresa Lebel

Editorial Advisory Committee Marco Duretto

Tom May
Jim Ross
Neville Walsh

Volume 15
Autumn/Winter 2001

© 2001

ISSN 0077-1813

MUELLERIA

CONTENTS

Volume 15, 2001 Page

Contributed Papers

Semidelitschia nanostellata (Fungi: Dothideales: Sporormiaceae):

A new species from Australia.

— Ann Bell and Daniel P. Mahoney 3

Two new endemic Australian genera in the tribe Brongniartieae (Fabaceae)
to accommodate two species formerly included in Templetonia R.Br.

— J.H. Ross 7

Notes on the Philotheca myoporoides complex (Rutaceae) in Victoria.

— Andrew C. Rozefelds 15

The Tasmanian species of Philotheca (Rutaceae)

— Andrew C. Rozefelds 19

A new species of Oreobolus, O. tholicarpus (Cyperaceae), endemic to Tasmania

— Dennis I. Morris 27

The identity of Bossiaea strigillosa Benth. (Fabaceae: Tribe Bossiaeeae)

— J.H. Ross 31

A revision of Centipeda (Asteraceae)

— N.G. Walsh 33

Cypsela morphology and a reassessment of the record of Omalolheca supina
(Asteraceae) from Tasmania

— Andrew C. Rozefelds 65

Lepidiiim ginninderrense (Brassicaceae), a new species from the
Australian Capital Territory

— N.H. Scarlett 69

Resolution of the Thelymitra canaliculata R.Br. (Orchidaceae) complex
in southern Australia

— Jeffrey A. Jeanes 75

Errata 9 1

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Muelleria 15:3 (2001)

Semidelitschia nanostellata (Fungi: Dothideales: Sporormiaceae): A New Species
From Australia

Aim Bell and Daniel P. Mahoney

Mole End, 45 Gurney Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Email: 74473.1 1 45 (®
compuserve.com or AskUs@xtra.co.nz

Abstract

A new species Semidelitschia nanostellata is described from Red-necked Wallaby (Macropus rufo-
griseus) dung collected in southwest Tasmania. The most distinctive character of this species is the
presence of small star-like appendages at the base of the asci which firmly secure the asci to cells
at the base of the centrum.

Introduction

The new species of coprophilous Ascomycete belongs to the genus Semidelitschia. It was
obtained from Red-necked Wallaby {Macropus mfogriseus) dung collected from the
eastern shore of Bathurst Harbour, southwest Tasmania.

Materials and Methods

The dried dung was first thoroughly soaked in sterile distilled water and then incubated
on moist filter paper in a glass (lidded) container (Bell 1999). Most observations of the
fungus were made in water mounts in order to study its features in their natural state. In
addition, samples were mounted in Congo red (a 1 % aqueous solution) or lactophenol cot-
ton blue (20 g phenol, 20 g lactic acid, 40 g glycerol, 0.05 g cotton blue, 20 g water). A
number of semi-permanent slides were made using Shear’s mounting medium (see Bell
1999 for recipe). The ascospore size range was determined by measuring 50 ascospores
from the fresh material. A small portion of dung containing perithecia of the fungus was
air dried for incorporation at The National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL).

Germination of ascospores was attempted. Mature ascospores were spread across the
surface of corn meal agar (CMA) either immediately or following surface sterilization of
mature perithecia in a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide for 25-30 min. In another
attempt the same 3% hydrogen peroxide treatment was followed by perithecial transfer
to a drop of 10% buffered (pH 6.8) pancreatin and incubation at 37° C for 3 h (see
Lundqvist et al. 1999). This technique attempts to simulate conditions in an animal’s gut
which are thought to trigger spore germination. Hydrogen peroxide treated ascospores
were also spread on to GMA containing 7g/L sodium acetate or were transferred to ster-
ile water and heated at 60° C for 30 min before spreading them over CMA lacking sodi-
um acetate. All attempts to germinate ascospores have failed.

Taxonomy

Semidelitschia nanostellata Bell & Mahoney, sp. nov.

Perithecia aggregare, venters subterranea, globosa vel ovata, glabra, semicoreacea,
nigra, 1 mm in diametro. Collumni emersum, 1 mm, inferior nigro, hirsutum, superior
hyalinus. Paraphyses filiformi-ventricosae, crassae. Asci cylindraceus, bitunicatis, 8-
spori, inferior stellifera. Sporae biseratae vel uniseratae, eseptata, ellipsoidea vel subde-
pressa, atro-brunneae, 34^2(-46) x 19-22 pm. Tota spora tunica gelatinoso crassus in
aqua inflatum.

Type: Australia, 10 m S of Bathurst Creek, E shore of Bathurst Harbour, Port Davey,

4

A. Bell and D.P. Mahoney

Figure 1. Semidelitschia nanostellata. A. Diagrammatic representation of perithecia on
the dung. B. Habit of pcrithecium with cluster of released ascospores at the
ostiole. C. Detail ot perithecial neck hairs. D. Mature ascospores showing
gelatinous sheaths, germination slits and nuclei. H Star-shaped structures at
the base of the asci (large arrow denotes stained material). F. Diagrammatic
representation of dehisced ascus. (J. Mature ascus and paraphyses (note these
are drawn to different scales).

Semidelitschia nanostellata

5

SW Tasmania, lat. 43°2r46" long. 146°13'30"; substrate: dung of Red-necked Wallaby
{Macropus nifogriseiis), collected 12 April 1998, Janet Fenton (holotype MEL 2070230).

Characteristics on dung: Perithecia aggregated but not confluent, venters submerged
beneath the dung surface (Fig. lA & B). Venters spheroidal or somewhat ovoid, black,
approximately 1 mm in diameter, smooth, somewhat coriaceous in texture, composed of
angular pseudoparenchyma (=textura angularis). Necks often attached at an angle to the
venters, approximately 1 mm long, emergent from the dung surface, lower portions black
and minutely hairy with a distinctly hyaline pubescent tip. Neck hairs are approximately
20 pm in length, one or more cells long and brown for the most part with pale tips (Fig.
1C). Ripe discharged ascospores often congregated at ostiole (Fig. IB). Paraphyses
densely packed around asci, consisting of variously sized elongate cells which are indent-
ed at their septa. Some lateral connections observed between contiguous chains of cells
(Fig. IG). Asci bitunicate, cylindric, abruptly contracted below into a short stipe, approx-
imately 300 X 45 pm in their non-dehiscent state, rapidly elongating in water mounts
(Fig. IF & G). Dehiscence of the outer ascus wall is by subapical rupture (Ainsworth &
Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 1995, Fig. IL). Inner ascus wall endowed with a thick-
ened but otherwise apparently undifferentiated tip (Fig. IG). The most distinctive feature
of the ascus is the star-shaped structure (usually two) at the base of each ascus. These
attach the asci firmly to the cells lining the centrum (Fig. IE & F). As a consequence of
these tiny structures, the asci are extremely resistant to separation from the basal cells.
Each star-shaped structure is approximately 5 pm in diameter and composed of several
blunt little arms radiating from a central disc. Staining with cotton blue reveals two
densely staining areas of cytoplasm associated with each stellate structure, indicating a
firm living connection with the cell beneath each ascus (Fig. IE, large arrow).
Asco.spores 8 per ascus. initially biseriate but becoming uniseriate in water mounts due to
elongation of the asci, dark brown to black at maturity, smooth, ellipsoidal, equilateral or
slightly inequilateral, 34-42(-46) x 19-22 pm with a straight or slightly sinuate germi-
nation slit extending along one side of the long axis of each ascospore. Each ascospore
surrounded by a gelatinous sheath (Fig. ID & G). Within the asci the compressed
ascospore sheaths give a cellular appearance to the asci (Fig. IG).

Etymology: nano = ‘dwarf’, stellata = ‘star’, referring to the structures at the base of
the asci in this species.

Discussion

The genus Semidelitschia was erected by Cain and Luck-Alien ( 1969) on the basis of sin-
gle-celled dark ascospores bearing germination slits. It differs from the genus Delitschia
Auersw. which has dark two-celled ascospores. In their description of S. agasmatica,
Cain and Luck-Alien make no mention of any unusual structures at the bases of the asci
and. unfortunately, the accompanying drawing illustrates what appears to be an ascus bro-
ken off above its base. Ascospores of S. agasmatica are (52-)54-76 x (28-)34^0 pm and
are significantly larger than those of the species described here. Cain and Luck- Allen list
nine herbarium samples of 5. agasmatica from cow, sheep and horse dung collected from
temperate locations in North America.

The only other species described for this genus is S. tetraspora (Mirza & Khan 1979).
Its description is brief. The authors were uncertain as to the bitunicate nature of the asci
and make no reference to the bases of the asci. They give the ascospore measurements for
S. tetraspora as 18-22 x 9-12 pm, and list one sample from goat dung collected in
Pakistan. Neither S. agasmatica nor S. tetraspora have been grown in culture.

Semidelitschia is a genus rarely recorded by mycologists. Indeed this is the first time
we have observed the genus after some 30-1- years of studying dung fungi. We do not
know if the stellate ascus bases are peculiar to our new species or whether they were

6

A. Bell and D.P. Mahoney

simply overlooked in the other two described species. We do know, however, that these
ascus bases are also shared by a number of species in the genus Sporormiella (research
in progress). Another characteristic in common with various species of Sporormiella is
the hyaline upper portion of the perithecial neck (Fig. IB). However, species of
Sporormiella have multicelled ascospores .

Observations made here support Cain and Luck-Alien’s placement of Semidelitsehia
in the Sporormiaceae.

Acknowledgements

This fungus was found during the course of research into the coprophilous Ascomycetes
of Australia funded by the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). The authors
gratefully acknowledge ABRS support and the efforts of Jane Fenton who collected the
dung of the Red-necked Wallaby. Special thanks are also extended to Tom May at the
Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne who coordinated dung collection, and to Pat Grey
who collated the samples and forwarded them to New Zealand.

References

Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 8''' edition. ( 1995), by Hawksworth P.M., Kirk P.M.,
Sutton B.C. & Pegler D.N. Published by CAB International, 616 pp.

Bell A. (1999). Podospora petrogale (Fungi: Sordariales; Lasiosphaeriaceae). a new species from
Australia. Mitelleria 12 . 235-240.

Cain R.F. & Luck-Alien E.R. ( 1969). Semidelitsehia. a new genus of the Sporormiaceae. Mycologia
61 , 580-585.

Lundqvist N.. Mahoney D.P. Bell A. & Lorenzo L.E. (1999). Podospora anstrohemisphaerica, a
new heterothallic ascomycete from dung. Mycologia 91 . 405-415.

Mirza J.H. & Khan S.M. (1979). Studies on coprophilous Ascomycetes of Pakistan III:
Semidelitsehia tetruspora sp. nov. Pakistan J. Hot. 11 , 99-101.

Muelleria 15:7 (2001)

Two New Endemic Australian Genera in the Tribe Brongniartieae (Fabaceae) to
Accommodate Two Species Formerly Included in Templetonia R. Br.

,/ H Ross

National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra 3141, Victoria

Abstract

Chemical and molecular data confirm the anomalous position within Templetonia R. Br. of T. bilo-
ha (Benth.) Polhill and T. incana J.H. Ross. Two new genera, Cristonia and Thinicola, are
described to accommodate Templetonia biloba and Templetonia incana respectively, and the rele-
vant new combinations are made.

Introduction

Although the circumscription of a number of genera await clarification, our understand-
ing of the phylogenetic relationships at various taxonomic levels within the tribes
Mirhelieae, Bossiaeeae and the Australian genera of the Brongnktrtieae has advanced
considerably in recent decades (Lee, 1973; Polhill 1976, 1981; Arroyo, 1981; Crisp &
Weston 1987, 1995; Polhill, 1994; Chappill, 1995; Doyle, 1995; Crisp et al., in press).

Polhill (1976, 1981), on the basis of differences in anther and seed characters, divid-
ed the genera in the Bossiaeeae into two groups which he termed the Templetonia group
(Hovea R. Br., Lamprolobium Benth., Plagiocarpus Benth. and Templetonia R. Br.) and
the Bossiaea group (Aenictophyton A.T. Lee, Bossiaea Vent., Goodia Salisb.,
Muelleranthus Hutch., Platylobium Sm. and Ptychosema Benth.). The Templetonia group
was characterised by having alternately basifixed and dorsifixed anthers with narrow
inconspicuous connectives, seeds with an aril in the form of a collar or cap, often with a
lip, straight radicles, and a tendency to accumulate quinolizidine alkaloids. In contrast, in
the Bossiaea group the anthers are uniform in size, all dorsifixed, with perceptible brown
connectives, seeds generally with hooded cap-like arils, intlexed radicles, and a tenden-
cy to accumulate canavanine. Arroyo (1981) and Polhill (1981) commented upon the
close resemblance of some elements of the Bossiaeeae to the Mirbelieae on the one hand,
and to the Brongniartieae on the other, and each suggested that the similarities may
reflect a phylogenetic relationship.

The study of Crisp and Weston (1987) revealed clearly that the Bossiaeeae as previ-
ously circumscribed is polyphyletic. In order to remedy this situation, the Templetonia
group of genera was transferred from the Bossiaeeae to the Brongniartieae with which it
was found to share six strong synapomorphies. The more narrowly defined Bossiaeeae
formed a monophyletic sister group to the Mirbelieae. However, although not strongly
supported, there is some evidence from molecular data (Crisp et al.. in press) that the
Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae are not monophyletic sister taxa, and that the Bossiaeeae is
nested within the Mirbelieae. The Bossiaeeae lineage has the same embryo-sac type
(Polygonum-type with giant antipodals) as the Daviesia group of the Mirbelieae.
Contrary to previous assumptions, the Brongniartieae is not clo.sely allied to the
Bossiaeeae or to the Mirbelieae.

In addition to modifying the circumscription of the Bossiaeeae and Brongniartieae.
Crisp and Weston (1987) highlighted (i) the anomalous position within Templetonia of T.
biloba (Benth,) Polhill and T. incana J.H. Ross, (ii) the fact that the two species are not
closely related to each other, (iii) are more closely related to Lamprolobium.
Plagiocarpus and Hovea than they are to Templetonia. (iv) and the need for further work
to establish the phylogenetic status of these two species (see Fig. 1). As a con.sequence,

8

J.H. Ross

Harpalyce

' Brongniartia

Templetonia most
T. egeiia group
Lamprolohiiim
Plagiocarpus

Templetonia [Thinicola] incana

Templetonia [Cristoniaj hiloba
Hovea

Figure 1. A portion of a cladogram taken from Crisp and Weston (1987) showing rela-
tionships between Thinicola incana, Cristonia'hiloha, and other exemplars of
the Brongniartieae.

an endeavour was made to assemble additional collections and data relating to these two
anomalous species of Templetonia, specifically chemical and molecular data, to try and
establish their phylogenetic position. This paper summarises this work.

Results

ALKALOID DATA

Surveys of the alkaloids in T. hiloba (Greinwald et a!., 1995b) and T. incana (Greinwald
et al.. 1996a) revealed that both T. hiloba and T. incana lack the ormosanine-type alka-
loids that are typical constituents of the other species of Templetonia analysed, a finding
that supports the removal of these species from Templetonia. Templetonia hiloba was
found to accumulate mainly a-pyridone alkaloids and tetrahydrocytisine derivatives with
a fully saturated ring A. The co-occurrence of these compounds characterised T. hiloba
and it was concluded that tetrahydrocytisine and Wmethyltetrahydrocytisine could be
regarded as marker alkaloids for T. hiloba because they represent quite rare constituents
(Greinwald et al.. 1995b). In contrast to T. hiloba. quinolizidine alkaloids were absent
from all Bossiaea species studied where tyramine was found as major component of sev-
eral species (Greinwald et al., 1995b). This is significant because T. hiloba was described
initially as a species of Bossiaea before being transferred to Templetonia by Polhill
(1976).

Templetonia incana was found to accumulate mainly a-pyridone alkaloids, together
with smaller amounts of bicyclic quinolizidine alkaloids and the bipiperidyl alkaloid
ammodendrine. Templetonia incana lacks the tetrahydrocytisine derivatives with a fully
saturated ring A, that are typical constituents of T. hiloba. The differences in the chemi-
cal profiles of T. hiloba and T. Incana reinforce the conclusion reached by Crisp &
Weston ( 1987) that the two species are not sister species.

In terms of suggesting the possible affinities of T. incana and T. hiloba. the alkaloid
data are incomplete and. in part, inconclusive, but nevertheless provide some pointers.
The data suggest that T. incana and T. hiloba are more closely related to Plagiocarpus
and Lamprolohiiim than they are to the other species of Templetonia or to Hovea
(Greinwald et aL. 1995a). Among the Australian members of the Brongniartieae, ormosa-
nine-type alkaloids have been reported only in Hovea and Templetonia (excluding T.
incana and T. hiloba).

Available data indicate that T. incana. T. hiloba and Plagiocarpus have a similar

Endemic Brongniartieae

9

combination of quinolizidine alkaloids. Both T. incana and Plagiocarpus accumulate
bicyclic quinolizidine alkaloids and mainly a-pyridone bases, and the presence of
hydroxysparteines in T. incana and Plagiocarpus suggests a relationship between the taxa
(Greinwald el ai, 1995a). The discovery of several hydroxysparteines in T. incana was
significant because these compounds are absent from T. biloba and Lainprolobiiim
(Greinwald el al., 1996a). Although Plagiocarpus and Lamprolobium both accumulate
bicyclic quinolizidine alkaloids and a-pyridones, Lamprolobium has the ability to pro-
duce the rather rare alkaloid lamprolobine and accumulates lower amounts of sparteine
derivatives than Plagiocarpus.

The alkaloid pattern of T. biloba also exhibits a combination of bicyclic quinolizidine
alkaloids and a-pyridones, but differs from that of Plagiocarpus by the absence of
hydroxysparteine and by the presence of terahydrocytisine derivatives, therefore suggest-
ing a more distant relationship to Plagiocarpus than is evident for T. incana. The pres-
ence of tetrahydrocytisine and its derivatives in T. biloba contrasts with the alkaloid pro-
file oi Lamprolobium (Greinwald et al., 1995b).

To sum up, the akaloid data suggest that T. incana and T. biloba are not closely allied,
and that their affinities are with Plagiocarpus and Lamprolobium rather than with
Templetonia or Hovea. It was postulated (Greinwald et al., 1996b), that the detection of
lamprolobine in the leaves of Brongniartia soiisae Dorado might reflect a relationship
between Brongniartia and Lamprolobium as this alakaloid is known from very few
sources. Arroyo (1976) drew attention to certain similarities between Lamprolobium and
section Brasilianae of Harpalyce, but the alkaloid data provide no insight. The alkaloid
profiles of Brongniartia and Harpalyce. showed significant qualitative differences
(Greinwald et al, 1996b). A more comprehensive analysis of the alkaloid data in the
Brongniartieae is given in Grimes et al. (in preparation).

MOLECULAR DATA

Nuclear DNA from the 5S ribosomal DNA gene and spacer region and the first internal
transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) of the 45S ribosomal DNA cistron of 23 taxa were
sequenced (Thompson, 1999; Thompson et al., in press). On the basis of the ITS-1 rDNA
sequence data, and using Bossiaea cinerea and Platyiobium formosum as outgroups, the
members of the Brongniartieae form a strongly supported clade (Fig. 2). Within the
Brongniartieae. Harpalyce is basal and sister to a strongly supported clade containing the
remainder of the ingroup taxa. Within this clade of ingroup taxa, Brongniartia and
Plagiocarpus form a clade, and B. flava and P. a.xillaris are sister taxa. Lamprolobium
grandiflorum, Templetonia incana and T. biloba form a clade and there was moderate
jackknife support for the pairing of L. grandiflorum and T. incana.

Harpalyce

Brongniartia

Plagiocarpus

Templetonia

Hovea

Templetonia [Cristonia] biloba

Templetonia [Thinicola] incana

Lamprolobium

Figure 2. A portion of a cladogram taken from Thompson ( 1 999) showing relationships
between Thinicola incana, Cristonia biloba, and other exemplars of the
Brongniartieae.

10

J.H. Ross

Deleting Bossiaea and Pkitylobium from the data set and changing the outgroup to
Harpalyce brasUiami resulted in a tree that differed in only a few ways from the previ-
ous one. The clade comprising Bwngniartiaflava. B. pringlei and Plagiocarpus axillaris,
although unresolved, was more strongly supported, but the clade of the previous tree
comprising Lamprolobiiau grandiflonim, Tempietonia incarui and T. biloba is collapsed
and forms part of a polychotomy with the remaining ingroup taxa. Bnmgniartia appears
to be more closely related to some of the Australian members of the Brongniartieat than
it is to Harpalyce, the other American member of the tribe.

To sum up, the molecular data suggest that Harpalyce occupies an isolated position
in the tribe, that Bnmgniartia and Plagiocarpus form a clade, and that Lampwiobiiim,
Tempietonia incana and T. biloba form a clade.

Discussion

The molecular and alkaloid data relating to T. incana and T. biloba are apparently con-
tradictory. The alkaloid data suggest that the affinities of T. incana are with Plagiocarpus
and that T. biloba, although not as closely allied as T. incana, also has affinities with
Plagiocarpus rather than with Lamprolobium or the remaining species of Tempietonia.
On the other hand, the molecular data indicate that the affinity of T. incana and T. biloba
IS with Uimprolobium nVnct than with Plagiocarpus or the remaining Tempietonia
species, and that the affinities of Plagiocarpus are with Bnmgniartia.

The American genus Harpalyce is morphologically well circumscribed, has several
unique character states, no evident close extant relative in the tribe, and its affinities are
not clear. Molecular data suggest that Bnmgniartia, the only other American genus until
now included in the tribe Brongniartieae, is more closely related to the Australian mem-
bers of the tribe than it is to Harpalyce. However, it is evident (Hu et ai, 2000) that the
neotropical genera Poecilantlie and Cyclolobiiim. previously considered part of the
MiUettieae, should be included in the Brongniartieae. Although the molecular data asso-
ciated Bnmgniartia with Plagiocarpus. morphologically the genera are very dissimilar. In
Bnmgniartia the calyx is more or less bilabiate, the vexillar stamen-filament is free, the
flowers are large, and mostly in the orange-red-purple-violet range of the colour spectrum,
the pods are oblong to obovate-oblong and compressed, and the leaves are imparipinnate-
ly compmind. \n Plagiocarpus. on the other hand, the calyx is not bilabiate, the vexillar
stamen-filament is not tree, the flowers are small and yellow, the pods are obliquely ellip-
soid and turgid, and the leaves are mostly digitately trifoliolate.

Molecular data supported the sister relationship Lamprolobium with T. incana, and
associated T. biloba more closely with Lamprolobium than with Plagiocarpus.
Lamprolobium. a ditypic genus, is confined in distribution to north-eastern Queensland,
and T. incana to the sandy desert regions of Western Australia. Morphologically
Lamprolobium and T. incana are dissimilar. Lamprolobium is distinguished readily by the
calyx which is circumscissile basally, a unique character state in the tribe Bongniartieae.
the flowers are small and yellowish, and the leaves are imparipinnately compound. In
contrast, T. incana has large essentially red flowers that are adapted to bird pollination,
and simple leaves.

All of the available evidence supports the exclusion from Tempietonia of T. incana
and T. biloba. The decision to do so is adopted here. The result of this decision to exclude
biloba and T incana from Tempietonia is that the two species have to be accommo-
dated elsewhere, either within an existing genus or genera or in a new genus or in new
genera. Although the affinities of T. biloba and T. incana remain unclear, it appears most
likely that they form part of a clade with the genus Lamprolobium. It could be argued per-
haps that the two species should be accommodated within the ditypic Lamprolobium.
However, this is not considered an appropriate option as neither species possesses a basal-
ly ciicumscissile calyx, the character state that is unique to Lamprolobium. Little is to be

Endemic Brongniartieae

11

gained by transferring two species that were anomalous within Templetonia to
Lamprolobium where likewise they will be anomalous. Templetonia hiloba and T. incana
are not closely related to each other and consequently each is transferred to a new mono-
typic genus. The necessary changes are effected below.

Taxonomy

Cristonia J.H. Ross, genus now, a speciebus omnibus Templetoniae foliis simplicibus
apice bilobo manifeste plerumque, lobis calycis superis connatis in limbum truncatum
productis, bracteolis linearibus herbaceis; a Plagiocarpo foliis simplicibus corollis flavis
et purpureo-fuscis, leguminibus oblongis; a Lamprolobio foliis simplicibus, corollis flavis
et purpureo-fuscis, calycibus non basaliter circumscissis; a Thinicola foliis apice bilobo
manifeste, corollis flavis et purpureo-fuscis, lobis calycibus superis connatis in limbum
truncatum productis, stipulis magnis oblique ovatis orbiculatis vel obovato-oblongis per-
sistentibus foliaceis destitis differt.

Typical species: C. biloha

Cristonia differs from all species of Templetonia in having simple leaves that are usually
distinctly bilobed apically, the 2 upper calyx-lobes united into a truncate limb, and linear
herbaceous bracteoles; from Plagiocarpus in having simple leaves, large yellow and pur-
plish-brown corollas, and oblong pods; from Lamprolobium in having simple leaves, yel-
low and purplish-brown corollas, and calyces that are not basally circumscissile; and
from Thinicola in having leaves that are usually distinctly bilobed apically, the standard
petal pale yellow internally with a broad purplish-brown zone around the throat, and the
2 upper calyx-lobes united into a truncate limb. Furthermore, the vegetative parts,
pedicels and external surface of the calyces in C. biloba lack the dense spreading silvery
hairs that are so conspicuous in Thinicola, and C. hiloba lacks the large obliquely ovate,
orbicular or obovate-oblong persistent foliaceous stipules of Thinicola incana.

Cristonia biloba (Benth.) J. H. Ross, comb. now. Bossiaea hiloba Benth. in Endl. et al.,
Enum. PI. Nov. Holl. 36 (1837). Templetonia hiloba (Benth.) Polhill, Bot. Syst. 1: 309
( 1 976); Ross, Muelleria 5: 6-8, figs. 3 & 4 ( 1 982). Type: Western Australia, King Georges
Sound, Hiigel (hoiotype W).

Bossiaea biloba var. stenophylla Meisn. in Lehm., PI. Preiss. 1: 85 (1844). Type:
Western Australia, Swan River, J. Drummond 264 (isotypes MEL, W).

Cristonia hiloba occurs in Western Australia along the coastal plain and in the Darling
Range from the vicinity of Perth northwards to Shark Bay. Although relatively wide-
spread, plants are seldom common and, when not in flower, are easily overlooked.

The hairs on the exterior of the calyx in C. biloha are often dark brown, a feature
shared with many species of Hovea. The two upper united calyx-lobes in Lamprolobium
are reminiscent of those in C. biloba.

The name Cristonia is a contraction and acknowledges the contribution of Michael D.
Crisp and Peter H. Weston whose joint studies have advanced significantly our under-
standing of the tribes Mirbelieae, Bossiaeeae and Brongniartieae. The bilobed leaf apices
of C. biloba symbolise this joint contribution.

Thinicola J.ff. Ross, genus now., a speciebus omnibus Templetoniae partibus vegetativis
pedicellis pagina externa calycis pilis densis effusis argenteis vestitis, stipulis magnis
oblique ovatis orbiculatis vel obovato-oblongis persistentibus foliaceis, floribus magnis
pendulis rubris admonum (T. retusa similtudine sed forma differt), bracteolis linearfbus
herbaceis; a Plagiocarpo et Lamprolobio foliis simplicibus, stipulis magnis persistentibus.

12

J.H. Ross

tloribus niagnis rubris admonum; a Cristonia partibus vegetativis pedicellis pagina exter-
na calycis pilis densis effusis argenteis vestitis, foliis non apice bilobis, stipulis inagnis
persistentibns, floribus magnis rubris admonum differt.

Typical species: T. incana

Thinicola differs from all species of Templetonia in having the vegetative parts, pedicels
and the external surface of the calyces clothed with dense spreading silvery hairs, large
obliquely ovate, orbicular or obovate-oblong persistent foliaceous stipules, large, pendu-
lous and essentially red flowers (also in T. relitsa but the shape of the corolla differs), dis-
tinctive auricles at the apex of the standard claw, and linear herbaceous bracteoles; from
Plagiocarpus and Lamprolohium in having simple leaves, large persistent stipules, and
large essentially red flowers; and from Cristonia in having the vegetative parts, pedicels
and external surface of the calyces clothed with dense spreading silvery hairs, leaves not
bilobed apically, large persistent stipules, and large essentially red flowers. Unlike
Lamprolohium. Thinicola does not have basally circumscissile calyces.

Thinicola incana (J.H. Ross) J.H. Ross, comb. nor. Templetonia incana J.H. Ross.
Muelleria 4: 247-249. fig. 1 (1980). Type'. Western Australia, red sand dune 19 miles
ENE of Jupiter Well, 28.vii.1967, A. 5. George 9065, (holotype PERTH; isotypes AD,
CANB. K. MEL, PERTH).

Thinicola incana r>ccurs on the crest of dunes in the Gibson, Great and Little Sandy
Deserts in Western Australia. Sometimes grows in association with Crotalaria cimning-
hamii with which it is easily mistaken from a distance on account of the superficially sim-
ilar foliage.

When first described, mature pods and seeds were unknown. This deficiency has been
remedied. Pods oblong, 2. 4-3. 2 cm long, 1 .2-1.5 cm wide, valves yellowish-brown when
mature, inconspicuously transversely venose, shiny, glabrous, fiattened, apically apicu-
late. dehiscent. Seeds elliptic to ovate or occasionally almost rounded. 5. 3-6. 6 mm long,
3— 4.4(-5.7) mm wide, 3^.2 mm thick, straw- to chestnut-brown, the small hilum sur-
rounded by a cap-like aril.

The name Thinicola is derived from the Latin 'thininm' meaning "dune’, and 'cola'
meaning "dweller', and refers to the prefeired habitat of T. incana on the crests of sand dunes.

Key to the Australian genera of the Brongniartieae

1. Leaves all or mostly 3-5(-7)-foliolate; leaflets elliptic- to obovate-oblong. oblong,
obovate, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, never linear-terete or filiform 2

1 . Leaves simple, unifoliolate. reduced to scales or imparipinnate but then leaflets linear-

terete to filiform 3

2. Leaves imparipinnately compound, usually 3-5(-7)-foliolate. but distal leaves often

unifoliolate; calyx circumscissile basally; pods oblong iMinprolohium

2. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate; calyx not circumscissile basally; pods obliquely

ellipsoid Plagiocarpus

3. Leaves simple, unifoliolate. reduced to scales or imparipinnately compound and the

leaflets linear-terete to filiform; bracteoles ovate, papery Templetonia

3. Leaves simple; bracteoles linear to ovate but not papery 4

4. Corolla (except for markings in throat of standard) blue, purple or mauve, rarely

white; pods not or scarcely longer than broad; aril 3 or more times as long as
broad Hove a

4. Corolla yellow with purplish-brown markings or essentially red; pods oblong, much
longer than broad; aril nearly circular to elliptic 5

Endemic Brongniarlieae

13

5. Subshrub to 0.5 m high; branchlets sparingly to densely clothed with villous hairs;
leaves linear to linear-cuneate or cuneate-oblong, typically bilobed apically; stipules
absent; corolla yellow with purplish-brown markings; 2 upper calyx-lobes fused into

a truncate limb Cristonia

5. Shrub to 3 m high; branchlets and leaves densely clothed with spreading silvery hairs;
leaves elliptic, ovate or elliptic-oblong, rounded, obtuse to slightly emarginate and
apiculate apically; stipules large, conspicuous; corolla essentially red but often
partially pale cream or yellow; 2 upper calyx-lobes larger than the lower 3 but not
fused into a truncate limb Thinicola

Acknowledgements

I am most grateful to Helen Aston for making a number of invaluable collections during
her trips along the Canning Stock Route and, in particular, for the lengths to which she
went to find mature seed buried in the dunes, to Margaret Corrick for also collecting
excellent material, to Neville Walsh for correcting the Latin diagnoses, to Ian Thompson
for several valuable discussions, and to Mike Crisp for making available a copy of his
manuscript on the molecular phylogeny of the genistoid tribes prior to its publication.

References

Arroyo, M.T.K. (1981). Tribe 24. Brongniartieae (Benth.) Hutch. In 'Advances in Legume
Systematics’, Part 1 (R.M. Polhill & P.H. Raven, eds), pp. 387-390. Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, England.

Chappill, J.A. (1995). Cladistic analysis of the Leguminosae: The development of an explicit
hypothesis. In ‘Advances in Legume Systematics’, Part 7 (M.D. Crisp & J.J. Doyle, eds), pp. 1-9.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

Crisp, M.D. and Weston, P. H. (1987). Cladistics and legume systematics, with an analysis of the
Bossiaeeae, Brongniartieae and Mirbelieae. In ‘Advances in Legume Systematics’, Part 3 (C.H.
Stirton, ed.), pp. 65-130. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

Crisp, M.D. and Weston, P. H. (1995). Mirbelieae. In ‘Advances in Legume Systematics’, Part 7
(M.D. Crisp & J.J. Doyle, eds), pp. 245-282. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

Crisp, M.D., Gilmore, S. and Van Wyk, B-E. (in press). Molecular phylogeny of the Genistoid
tribes of papilionoid legumes. In ‘Advances in Legume Systematics’, Part 9 (PS. Herendeen &
A. Bruneau, eds).

Doyle, J.J. (1995). DNA data and legume phylogeny: a progress report. In ‘Advances in Legume
Systematics’, Part 7 (M.D. Crisp & J.J. Doyle, eds), pp. 1 1-30. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
England.

Greinwald, R.. Ross, J.H., Witte, L. and Czygan, F.-C. (1995a). The alkaloid pattern of
Plagiocarpus axillaris (Fabaceae: Brongniartieae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecologx 23:
645-648.

Greinwald, R., Henrichs, C., Veen, G.. Ross, J.H., Witte, L, and Czygan, F.-C. (1995b). A survey
of alkaloids in Templetonia biloha (Benth.) Polhill (Fabaceae:Brongniartieae). Biochemical
Systematics and Ecology 23: 649-654.

Greinwald, R., Ross. J.H., Witte. L. and Czygan, F.-C. (1996a). Alkaloids of Templetonia incana.

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24: 423M26.

Greinwald, R., Reyes-Chilpa, R., Ross, J.H., Witte, L. and Czygan. F.-C. (1996b). A survey of alka-
loids in the genera Harpalyce and Brongniartia (Fabaceae-Brongniartieae). Biochemical
Systematics and Ecology 24: 749-755.

Grimes, J.. Meurer-Grimes, B. & Ross, J.H. (in preparation). A cladistic analysis of alkaloid data
in the Brongniartieae (Fabaceae-Papilionoideae).

Hu. J-M., Lavin, M., Wojciechowski, M.F. and Sanderson, M.J. (2000). Phylogenetic systematics
of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) based on TRNK/MATK sequences and its implications for
evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae. American Journal of Botany 87: 418-430.

Lee, A.T. ( 1 973). A new genus of Papilionaceae and related Australian genera. Contributions of the
New South Wales National Herbarium 4: 412-430.

14

J.H. Ross

Polhill. R.M. (1976), Genisteae (Adans.) Benth. and related tribes (Leguminosae). Botanical
Systeinatics 1 : 143-368.

Polhill, R.M. (1981). Tribe 26. Bossiaeeae (Benth.) Hutch. In "Advances in Legume Systeinatics’.

Part 1 (R.M. Polhill & P.H. Raven, eds). pp.393-395. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew, England.
Polhill. R.M, (1994). Classification of the Leguminosae. In "Phytochemical Dictionary of the
Leguminosae' (F.A. Bisby. J. Buckingham & J.B, Harborne, eds), pp.xxxv-liv. Chapman & Hall.
London, England.

Thompson. I.R. (1999). Molecular and morphological systeinatics of Hovea and the Bwngniartieae
(Fabaceae). PhD thesis. The University of Melbourne. Victoria.

Thompson, I.R., Ladiges, P.Y. & Ross. J.H. (in press). Phylogenetic studies of the tribe
Brongniartieae (Eabaceae) using molecular and morphological data. Systematic Botany.

Muelleria 15:15 (2001)

Notes on the Philotheca myoporoides Complex (Rutaceae) in Victoria

Andrew C. Rozefelds

Tasmanian Herbarium, GPO Box 252-04, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia, email:
arozefelds@tmag.tas.gov.au

Abstract

Philotheca myoporoides subsp petraeus nov. is described from the Gippsland area of Victoria, and
P. myoporoides subsp brevipedunculata is recorded from the state for the first time.

Introduction

The taxonomy of Philotheca myoporoides (DC) M.J.Bayly was most recently revised by
Bayly (1998), who transferred the species from Eriostemon, in line with the classification
of Wilson ( 1998), and recognised nine subspecies. Bayly (1998, p. 118) maintained abroad
circumscription of P. myoporoides, even though he noted that most of the “taxa in the
Philotheca myoporoides complex are both morphologically and geographically distinct”.

In this paper a new taxon from Mount Stewart in the Gippsland Region of Victoria is
formally described. It was first collected in 1963. Material of this taxon was identified by
Paul Wilson when preparing his (1970) revision of Eriostemon, as E. myoporoides [=P.
myoporoides] with the annotation “I have seen no other material of this form”.
Subsequently, the Flora of Victoria treatment of Eriostemon (Bayly 1999), which was
prepared (but not published) prior to Bayly ’s (1998) work, placed the Mount Stewart col-
lections under E. myoporoides subsp. myoporoides, which was at the time of preparation,
the only described subspecies of E. myoporoides recognised from the State. More infor-
mation on this taxon was provided by Bayly (1998), who included a brief description and
noted that the Mount Stewart collections “most closely resemble members of subsp. bre-
vipedunculata” but did not “sit comfortably within the present circumscriptions of sub-
species”. A new subspecies of P. myoporoides is here proposed for the Mt Stewart col-
lections, as this is consistent with the current circumscription of taxa within this complex.
This paper also provides the first record of Philotheca myoporoides subsp brevipediincu-
lata from Victoria. The specimens studied are all from the National Herbarium of Victoria
(MEL).

Philotheca myoporoides subsp. petraeus Rozefelds subsp nov. a Philotheca myoporoides
subsp. myoporoides foliis 8-16 mm longis, pedicellis l-3(^), atque a Philotheca
myoporoides subsp. brevipedunculata pedunculis 2. 2-3.0 mm longis, pedicellis usque
3mm longis differt.

Type: North west facing slope at the summit of Mt Stewart, East Gippsland, Victoria,
J. Turner 1055, 18 Nov. 1995 (holotype MEL 2030756 (Fig. 1))

Philotheca myoporoides p. p. sensu M.J.Bayly, Muelleria 11:1 18-1 19 (1998).

Eriostemon myoporoides subsp. myoporoides p. p. sensu M.J.Bayly, Flora of Victoria
4:183 (1999).

An erect shrub, glabrous except for the staminal filaments. Branches green, terete, promi-
nently glandular, verrucose. Leaves sessile, 8-16 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, coriaceous,
concolorous in dried specimens, with midrib not extended into aristate tip, smooth on adax-
ial surface, conspicuous small glands on abaxial surface, margin tinged with red.
Inflorescence, l-3(^)-tlowered in axillary cymes, peduncle 2.2-3 mm long, bracts con-
spicuous, pedicel 2.5-3. 1 mm expanding distally. Flowers 5-merous; sepals semiorbicular.

16

A.C. Rozefelds

if^ -
r* r

: cn ■
! O

Hgure 1. Holotype of Philotheca myoporoides subsp. petraeits.

■ Philotheca myoporoides Philotheca myoporoides

subsp. brevipedunculata subsp. petraeus

Figure 2. Map of .south-eastern Australia showing the distribution of Philotheca
myoporoides subsp. hrevipediinculata ■ based upon MEL records, and the
type locality of P. myoporoides subsp. petraeus ▲.

Philolheca in Victoria

17

c. 1.0 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide apex obtuse; petals elliptical, c. 6 mm long, 2.3-3.0 mm
wide, white; stamens 10; stamina! filaments slightly expanded at base, apex narrow and
gradually tapering, margin near base ciliate, more pilose near apex; anthers bi-glandular
with a short, white apiculum. Ovary c. 2.0 mm long, carpels 5, narrow, style c. 1 .0 mm, stig-
ma rounded. Fruit and seed not seen.

Additional material examined: VICTORIA: Mt Stewart [spelled ‘Stuart’ on specimen], near
Millickmunjie Creek, East Gippsland, K. Rogers s.n. 13 Mar. 1963 (MEL 4133).

Distribution and Habitat: Philotheca myoporoides subsp. pctraeM.s is presently known
from the type locality at Mt Stewart, where it occurs in rocky areas. The subspecies is
poorly known and current herbarium collections would suggest that it is rare, although a
survey of surrounding areas would be useful to determine its distribution and abundance.

Phenology: Recorded flowering in November.

Etymology: The subspecies name is derived from the Latin petraeus, which alludes to
its growing among rocks.

Notes: Bayly (1999) recognised the Mt Stewart population (=P. myoporoides subsp.
petraeus) as a variant within P. myoporoides subsp myoporoides. It differs from the type
subspecies in that its leaves are 10-16 mm long, versus 30-155 mm long, and it has 1-3
{-A) flowers/per inflorescence versus 3-8 in the type subspecies (Bayly 1998).

Bayly (1998, p. 118) noted that subsp. petraeus superficially resembles subsp. bre-
vipedunculata M.J.Bayly, but he did not discuss the similarities between these taxa.
Philotheca myoporoides subsp. brevipedunculata, differs from subsp petraeus in having
very short peduncles, which are less than 2 mm long, and slender pedicels that are more
than 4 mm long and usually uniflowered inflorescences. Both subspecies have leaves that
are similar in size and shape; and they also have staminal filaments that are distally pilose.

Philotheca myoporoides subsp. brevipedunculata M.J.Bayly, Muelleria 1 1 : 121-122 (1998)

An erect shrub, glabrous except for the staminal filaments. Branches green, terete, promi-
nently glandular, verrucose. Leaves sessile, 1 1-30 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, coriaceous,
concolorous in dried specimens, apex acute, truncate, with midrib extended into
mucronate tip, smooth on adaxial surface, conspicuous small glands on abaxial surface,
margin sometimes tinged with red. Inflorescence, 1 (-3 (-flowered in axillary cymes,
peduncle very short, 0-2 mm long, hracts conspicuous, pedicel slender, 4-8 mm long,
tapering distally. Flowers 5-merous; sepals semiorbicular-broadly ovate, c. 1 mm long, c.
1.5 mm wide apex obtuse; petals elliptical, c. 6-7 mm long, 2. 5-3. 5 mm wide, white
tinged with pink in bud; stamens 10; staminal filaments ciliate near base, sparsely pilose
in upper half; anthers bi-glandular with a short, white apiculum. Ovary c. 0.75-1.0 mm
long, carpels 5, narrow, .style c. 1 .5 mm, stigma rounded. Cocci erect, rostrate. Seed 5 mm
long, shiny black, hilum long and thin.

Habitat and Distribution: Bayly (1998) recorded this subspecies from the Mount
Donald area of Deua National Park (Type Locality), Round Hill south of Sassafras,
Enchanted Hill north of Williamsdale and Little Forest north-west of Milton (based upon
a pers. comm, from Paul Wilson). All of these records are from New South Wales, so the
new record from Suggan Buggan in Victoria represents a significant range extension (Fig.
2). This subspecies has been collected from skeletal soils on rhyolite (Bayly, 1998). The
Archer s.n. specimen was collected from a rocky ridge.

Conservation Status: Bayly (1998) suggested a conservation code (Briggs and Leigh
1988) of 3RC for P. myoporoides subsp. brevipedunculata, but with this significant range
extension for the subspecies, further surveys may show that the subspecies is more com-
mon than currently recognised.

Phenology: Philotheca myoporoides subsp. brevipedunculata has been collected in
Bower in August-October and December-January.

18

A.C. Rozefelds

Notes'. The specimen (W.R. Archer s.n.) collected from near Suggan Buggan in north
eastern Victoria is consistent with the type material in having short, reduced peduncles
that are less than 2 mm long, and the mature flowers have long tapering pedicels that are
more than 4 mm long. The anthers are distally pilose and the inflorescences are uniflow-
ered. The specimen differs from the type description in having slightly smaller leaves,
11-19 mm long versus 13-30 mm and 4-7mm versus 5-10 mm wide leaves.

Material e.mmined'. New South Wale:s: Holotype. Deua National Park. c. 13 km (direct)
WSW of Moruya. prominent rocky knoll, c. 1.1 km NW of Coondella Trig. Point, SW slope of
knoll. 35°57'S 149°.‘>4'E. Altitude 430 m. R.O.Makinson 1239 & G. Butler. 23 Nov. 1992 (MEL
7/7249); Prominent rocky peak 2 km due N of Coondella Trig. Point. Deua National Park,
33°33'40”S 149°34'20"E. altitude 300 m, D.E.AIbrecht 4586. 21 Oct. 1990 (MEL 2012427)'.
Prominence 1.9 km N. from Coondella Trig. Point, c. 16km WSW from Moruya. 35°33'30"S
149°34-20"E. altitude 480 m, N.G.Wahh 188.1 7 Dec. 1987 (MEL 691809)'. Peak 3 km due W of
Bundogeran Hill. Deua National Park. 33°33'13"S 149°34’10"E. D.E.AIbrecht 5514. I Jan. 1993
(MEL 2016787)'. Rocky Gully, northern slopes of Enchanted Hill. 13 km N of Williamsdale,
33°28'S 149“08'E, altitude 800 m, B.J.Lep.schi 842. 2 Aug. 1992 (MEL 713459). Vrtori.a: Rocky
Range Faunal Reserve, on ridge running eastwest. 3 km SW from Suggan Buggan, north east
Gippsland. W//.AR7;er.r.n.., 28 Aug. 1984 (MEL 666433). '

Acknowledgments

I thank Marco Duretto for bringing the Mount Stewart taxon to my attention, and Michael
Bayly for his comments and advice on the P. myoporoides complex in general, and for
freely providing information on the new subspecies.

References

Bayly, M.J. ( 1998). Notes on the Eriostemon myoporoides (Rutaceae) species complex, including
new names and a new generic placement in Philotheca. Muelleria 11 . 113-126.

Bayly. M.J. ( 1999). Eriostemon. in Flora of Victoria 4 . 178-183.

Briggs. J.D. and Leigh. J.H. (1988). ’Rare and Threatened Australian Plants.’ Revi.sed Edition.

Special publication No. 14. (Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service: Canberra).

Wilson. PG. (1970). A taxonomic revision of the genera Crowea. Eriostemon and
Phehaliiim. Niitysia 1 , 1-133.

Wilson. P.G. (1998). A taxonomic review of the genera Eriostemon and Philotheca. Nutysia 12 ,
239-263.

Muelleria 15:19 (2001)

The Tasmanian species of Philotheca (Rutaceae)

Andrew C. Rozefelds

Tasmanian Herbarium. GPO Box 252-04. Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia. Email:
arozefelds (§> tmag . tas .go v. au

Abstract

Philotheca freyciana sp. now is described from the Freycinet Peninsula in Eastern Tasmania. The
five-merous flowers and obcordate glandular leaves suggest affinities with P. verrucosa (A. Rich.)
Paul G. Wilson, but it differs from this taxon in having anthers with an acute apex, larger leaves and
flowers, and also in habit. The morphology of both these species and P. virgata (Hook.f.) Paul G.
Wilson is described, and the variation in leaf size and anther morphology is illustrated. A key to the
species of Philotheca in Tasmania is provided, along with data on the distribution and phenology
of each species.

Introduction

Wilson (1998) recently completed a taxonomic revision of the genera, Eriostemon Sm.
and Philotheca Rudge (Rutaceae), and transferred the two Tasmanian species E. verru-
cosus A.Rich. and E. virgatiis Hook.f. to Philotheca. In preparing the revised State Flora,
the Tasmanian species in Philotheca were re-examined using the collections in the
Tasmanian Herbarium. A study of these collections indicated that a previously unde-
scribed taxon occurred on the Freycinet Peninsula in eastern Tasmania. Wilson (1970, p.
48) had also noted much earlier that “on Freycinet Peninsula a plant with broad, imbri-
cate leaves (to 1 2 x 9 mm) is found, considerably larger than the mainland form”. Limited
fieldwork by the author resulted in the finding of three plants of this taxon, in two sepa-
rate localities.

Philotheca virgata is sympatric with the new taxon, but it differs in leaf shape, fioral
merotomy and inflorescence structure. Philotheca verrucosa has not been collected on
the Freycinet Peninsula. The new taxon differs from P. verrucosa in having larger leaves
and flowers, the apex of the anthers is acute, and the leaves are almost imbricate. The
morphological differences identified indicate that formal recognition of the Freycinet
populations as a discrete taxon is required and specific rank seems appropriate.
Information on the morphology and distribution of P. verrucosa and P. virgata in
Tasmania is also included.

Materials and Methods

Herbarium material of all Tasmanian taxa of Philotheca were examined in the Tasmanian
Herbarium. For scanning electron microscopy alcohol-preserved material was taken
through an alcohol dehydration series, critical point dried, placed onto aluminium stubs
with carbon or double-sided tape and sputter coated with gold to a thickness of ~20 pm
and examined with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope 2020 operated at
15-20 kV under high vacuum. The geographical regions of Tasmania used are those of
Orchard (1988).

Taxonomy

Basionyms, nomenclature and complete synonymies for P. virgata and P. verrucosa are
cited in Wilson (1970, 1998).

20

A.C. Rozefelds

1. Philotheca virgata (Hook.f.) Paul G. Wilson

An erect shrub, occasionally up to l-2(-2.5) m tall, glabrous except for the pilose stami-
nal filaments. Branches terete, scarcely to strongly glandular-vemicose. Leaves sessile,
flat to slightly convex, oval to narrowly obovate, 9-1 8(^0) mm long, 3-5 mm wide, cori-
aceous, relatively thin, with mid-rib extended into a mucronate tip, smooth on abaxial sur-
face, with tubercular glands on adaxial surface (Figs lA-C). Inflorescence single Pow-
ered, axillary, peduncle absent; /Jmvfrs 4(— 5)-merous; hracteoles, c. 1 mm long, four, del-
toid, caducous, inserted at the base of the pedicel; pedicel 3-5 mm long; sepals ± semior-
bicular, 0.5-1 mm long; petals 4(-5), broadly elliptical, 5.0-6. 5 mm long, 3. 0-3. 5 mm
wide, white; stamens 8(-10), filament broadly flattened proximally and prominently pilose
near apex, tapering abruptly or gradually towards the anther, antesepalous filaments
1.8-2. 8 mm long, antepetalous filaments 1. 8-2.4 mm long; anther cordate, versatile,
introrse, c. 1 mm long, apex biglandular, apiculum bluntly pointed, pollen orange (Fig.
2A-B); ovary inserted into the disc; carpels 4(-5), narrow, style <0.5 mm free; stigma
4(-5 (-partite. Cocci spreading, 4.5-6.0 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, adaxial margin rounded,
the apex acute to rostrate, surface irregularly rugose. Sec^d black, shiny, c. 3 mm long.

Habitat and Distribution: Philotheca virgata occurs commonly in western Tasmania,
with disjunct populations on the East Coast in the Coles Bay area, and further north in
the .Scamander area (Fig. 3A), and there are also disjunct populations at Mt Imlay in
southern New South Wales, and Mt Kaye in Victoria. In Tasmania, it is typically a low-
land taxon, usually occurring at altitudes of less than 300 m, but occasionally up to 800
m as in the Mt Imlay population in New South Wales; and it occurs in a range of com-
munity types including both heath and sedge communities.

Conservation Status: The species is common in western Tasmania.

Phenology: Philotheca virgata Powers in October-February, but plants may be found
in Power throughout the year.

Notes: Philotheca virgata varies in leaf-size between populations (Fig. 1 A-C), and plants
with very long slender leaves, usually 30-40 mm long, occur in the Cygnet area in southern
Tasmania. There are also diPerences between populations in the width and the shape of the

Figure 1. Variation in leaf size and shape in Philotheca species. A-C P. virgata, A
D.ZieglerS , HO 99916: B W.D.Jackson s.m. HO 4SS2: C Rozefelds 952. HO
J29845: D— P. verrucosa. I) F.H.Long 875, HO 92397: E A.V.Giblin s.n.,
H04864: F P.Collier 654. HO 97961: (f J.F.Thompson s.n., HO 97800: H P.
frevciana. B.Gee s.n., HO 320402. All 1.4 x natural size.

Philotheca in Tasmanian

21

filaments of the stamens. Material from Freycinet {Rozefelds 1668 HO) and Mt Imlay
{Duretto 720 MEL) have a relatively broad filament-base which tapers abruptly, while the
West Coast specimens (e.g. W.J. Jackson s.n. (HO 4882)) have narrower filaments which
taper gradually. The filaments of the West Coast material are also often strongly sigmoid.

Representative Specimens: New South Wales: Mt Imlay, 20 km SW of Eden, 37° ITS
149°44’E altitude 850m, I.R.Telford 6761, 25 Oct. 1977 (HO 59327), Mt Imlay summit, 37°ILS
149°45’E, altitude 880 m, M.F.Duretto 720, 2 Oct. 1995 (HO 326895). Tasmania: EAST COAST:
Middleton Creek, 3 kms NE of Coles Bay, 42°06’S 148°18’E, D.Ziegeler5, 4 Oct. 1986 (HO 9991 6)\
Coles Bay, 42°08’S 148°I7'E W.M. Curtis s.n., Oct. 1946 (HO 4884): Nicholls Rivulet near Cygnet,
43°09’ 52”S 147°09’40”E, altitude 120m, A.C. Rozefelds 952, 6 Nov. 1998 (HO 329845). WEST
COAST: 7 miles from Zeehan. on Granville Harbour Road, 41°50’S 145°15’E, altitude 190m,
A.E.Orchard 5615, 3 Dec. 1981 (HO 120567): Long Plains, Corinna, 41°31’S 145°13’E, W.D.
Jackson s.n., Jan. 1 954 (HO 4882): SOUTH WEST: Plateau area between Hills Creek and Fern Creek
on track 42°28'S 145°2LE. altitude 180 m A.M. Buchanan 1911, 1 Dec, 1983, (HO 89967).

2. Philotheca verrucosa (A. Rich.) Paul G. Wilson

Shrub to 1 .0 m tall, erect, spreading to scandent in habit, glabrous except for staminal fil-
aments. Branches terete, green, prominently glandular-verrucose. Leaves sessile, thick,
slightly concave to conduplicate, narrowly obcordate or obovate, (4-)5-10(-14) mm long
and 3.5-5 mm wide, coriaceous with prominent tubercular glands on the abaxial surface,
the adaxial surface smooth (Figs ID-G). Inflorescence l(-3) flowered, axillary; pedun-
cle 2. 0-3.0 mm long; flowers 5-merous; bracteoles four, brown, caducous at base of
pedicel; pedicel 1. 0-2.0 mm long; sepals semiorbicular, c. 1 mm long, c. 1 mm wide,
margin finely ciliate; petals 5, elliptical, 4-6 mm long, 2.8-3.0 mm wide, white, pink in
bud; stamens 10, staminal filaments slightly flattened, narrow and tapering, margin
sparsely pilose, antesepalous filaments 2.4-2. 8 mm long, antepetaloiis filaments 2. 3-2.5
mm long; anthers versatile, introrse, c. 1 mm long, apex biglandular, rounded with
“pinched” apex in bud (Figs 2C-D), less evident in mature stamens, apex obtuse with a
small indentation near the apex (Fig. 2E), pollen orange; ovary inserted into the disc,
carpels 5, narrow, style <0.5 mm tree; stigma 5 partite. Cocci spreading, 4. 0^.5 mm
long, c. 2. 8-3.0 mm wide, adaxial margin rounded, apex acute, sometimes shortly ros-
trate, surface weakly rugose. Seed black and shiny, 4-4.5 mm long.

Habitat and Distribution: Philotheca verrucosa occurs in Victoria, South Australia
and Tasmania (Wilson 1970). In Tasmania, it occurs in forests oi Eucalyptus amvgdalina
Labill. and E. viminalis Labill. on dry hillsides and is restricted to the eastern half of the
State (Fig. IB). It typically occurs at low altitudes (< 200 m), but occasionally up to 500
m, as in the Mount Sugarloaf locality.

Conservation Status: This species is common in eastern Tasmania and is not consid-
ered under threat.

Phenology: Philotheca verrucosa flowers commonly in October-January, but plants
have been collected in flower in most months of the year.

Repre.sentative Specimens: Victoria: Mt Difficult Road. The Grampians. T.B.Muir 2613, 10
Oct. 1962; (HO 37594, MEL 4503): 1 km SW of Chewton and 4 km ESE of Castlemaine, 37°05’S
144°05’E. T.B.Muir 6744, 6 Oct. 1981 (HO 83168). Tasmania: EAST COAST: Near South East
Boundary of east Risdon Nature Reserve, 42°49'S 147°19’E, altitude 1 10 m, A.M.Buchanan 3775,
21 Oct. 1984, (HO 86743): North of the Basin, Ouse River, 42°24'S 146°48’E, altitude 180 m,
P.Collier 654, 15 Sept. 1985 (HO 97961): Mt Peter, Eastern Ridge, dry dolerite ridge, 42°0LS
148°15’E, altitude 200 m. A.M.Buchanan 7671, 29 Dec. 1985 (HO 406919): Lynes Sugarloaf,
42 55 S 148 7 E, altitude 552 m, A.Moscal 357, 15 Jun. 1980 (HO 35287): Upper Proctors Road,
Hobjirt.^ 42°54'S 147°20’E, J.F.Thompson s.n., Oct. 1959 (HO 97800): Campania, 42°40’S
147°25’E, A.V.Gihlin s.n., Nov. 1929 (HO 4864): Glenorchy, on water reserve, 42°49’S 147°18’E
altitude 300 m, F.H.Long 875. 25 Oct. 1931 (HO 92397).

Figure 2

A.C. Rozefelds

Abaxial views of anthers of the three Tasmanian Philotheca species: P. virgata. A - Dissected
bud showing arrangement of stamens, note the broad flattened hairy anther filaments, B -
Detail of anther from 2A; P. verrucosa. C — Dissected bud showing arrangement of stamens
and note the relatively thin filaments, I) - Detail of anther from Fig. 2C showing the pinched
apex and note that the shape of the apex of the anther varies slightly between episepalous and
epipetaloLis anthers, E - open flower with stamens fully elongated; P. frevciana. F- Dissected
bud showing the conspicuous glands towards the apex of the anther (A-B, Rozefelds I66R,
Coles Bay, Tasmania, Oct, 1999 (HO); C-E, Rozefelds 1667. Orford, Tasmania Sept. 1999
(HO); F. Rozefelds 1666 (HO)). Scale Bars: A.C.F = I mm; B, D. E = 500 pm.

Philotheca in Tasmanian

23

Comments: Wilson (1970) considered P. verrucosa a uniform taxon, although it is
variable in leaf-shape, the degree of leaf-concavity, and also in the appearance of glands
on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Leaf shape in P. verrucosa varies from narrowly obo-
vate to obcordate (Fig. ID-F).

3. Philotheca freyciana Rozefelds sp. nov.

a Philotheca verrucosa (A. Rich.) Paul G. Wilson foliis 9-13 mm longis, 8-13 mm
latis, et antheris valde apiculatis, a P. virgata (Hook, f.) Paul G. Wilson foliis obcordatis,
a P. myoporoides (DC) M.J.Bayly foliis obcordatis, valde conduplicatis, pagina abaxiali
manifeste glandulosa differ!.

Type-. Mt Amos, Freycinet National Park, anon., Oct. 1970. (holotype HO 33348).

E. verrucosus p. p. Paul G. Wilson, Nutysia 1: 48 (1970)

An erect shrub less than 40 cm tall, compact, glabrous except for sparsely pilose stamen
filaments. Branches green, terete, prominently glandular, verrucose. Leaves sessile, almost
imbricate in appearance, coriaceous, broadly obcordate-obovate, folded through to 90° in
life, 9-13 mm long, 8-13 mm wide, with prominent tubercular glands on the abaxial sur-
face, smooth on the adaxial surface, margins tinged red (Fig. 11). Inflore.scence uniflow-
ered, axillary; peduncle 1. 0-2.0 mm long; flowers 5-merous; bracteoles four, brown,
caducous, at base of pedicel; pedicel 3^ mm long; sepals semiorbicular, c. 1 mm long, c.
1.5 mm wide; petals 5(-6), broadly elliptical, white, pink in bud, 8-10 mm long, 4-5 mm
wide; .stamens 10, staminal filaments flattened, margins sparsely pilose, antesepalous fd-
aments 3.5^.0 mm long, antepetalous filaments 2.7-3. 2 mm long; anthers versatile,
introrse, c. 1 mm long, apex biglandular and pointed, pollen orange (Fig. 2F); ovary’ insert-
ed into the disc; carpels 5, narrow; style c. 1 mm long, stigma rounded, 4-5-paitite. Cocci
c. 4 mm long, c. 3.5 mm wide, adaxial margin rounded with apex acute, surface smooth,
weakly rugose, with a few scattered glands. Seed black, shiny, c. 4 mm long.

Etymology: This species is named after Freycinet Peninsula, the type locality.

Habitat and Distribution: Philotheca freyciana occurs in skeletal sandy soils, derived
from granitic rocks, and is found with Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill., E. tenuiramis
Miq., Leptospermum grandiflorum Lodd., and Hakea megadenia R.M. Barker. Philotheca
freyciana is known from four herbarium specimens, and three living plants.

Figure 3. Map of Tasmania showing the distribution of Philotheca species based upon
Tasmanian Herbarium (HO) records. A - R virgata, B - R verrucosa and R
freyciana (triangle) arrowed.

24

A.C. Rozefelds

Conservation Status: While the species is conserved in the Freycinet National Park, it
is considered endangered as only three plants, from two separate localities, were located
during fieldwork.

Phenology: Buds in P. freyciana are formed prior to winter, and flowers have been
seen in autumn (April-May), and also in spring (September-October).

Other Specimens Seen (3 examined): Tasmania: East Coast: Mt Amos, Freycinet Peninsula. B.
Gee s.n., 5 Oct. 1961 (HO S20402 [two sheets], MEL 4316): ibid. M. E. Phillips s.n., 13 Jan. 1962
(AD 99951060 n.v.): ibid. Rozefelds 1666 Oct. 1999 (HO). Cape Tourville, Freycinet Peninsula,
Rozefelds 1788. 14 June 2000 (HO).

Notes: The locality information on three herbarium sheets from Mt Amos is limited.
Phillips indicates that her material was collected from 900 feet (~ 300 m) which would
suggest that it was collected from a different plant to that known by the author (Rozefelds
1666), which is growing at about 150 m altitude. The B.Gee Collections in HO and MEL
are interpreted as being duplicates. A recent collection from Cape Tourville (Rozefelds
1788) would suggest that the species is more common than currently thought.

Comparisons with other species in Section Erionema

Philotheca freyciana is placed in Philotheca sect. Erionema (F. Muell.) Paul G Wilson as
it shares with the other species in this section embedded glands in the anthers and char-
acteristic seeds (Wilson 1998). Nine species are currently recognised in Section
Erionema. Philotheca freyciana differs from Philotheca hispidida (Spreng.) Paul G
Wilson, P. obovalis (A. Gunn.) Paul G Wilson and P. Int.xifolia (Sm.) Paul G Wilson and
most forms of P. scahra (Paxton) Paul G Wilson (= P. scaher in Bayly, 1999 and Weston
and Porteners 1991) in having glabrous stems and/or foliage (Bayly 1999; Weston and
Porteners 1991 ). It differs from Philotheca trachyphylla (F. Muell.) Paul G Wilson, P. vir-
gata and P. hntcei (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson in having pedunculate inflorescences
(Bayly 1999; Wilson 1970).

Comparisons with P. myoporoides are difficult because of the morphological variation
in this taxon (Bayly 1998). The following combination of characters; unitlowered inflo-
rescence, obcordate concave leaves that are smooth above with large glands on the under-
side, and sparsely pilose staminal filaments separates Philotheca freyciana from all
recognised subspecies of Philotheca myoporoides complex and an undesciibed foim
from Mt Stewart, in Victoria (Bayly 1998).

Wilson (1970) included the Freycinet populations, here de.scribed as P. freyciana. in
P. verrucosa. Philotheca freyciana is larger in all its parts than P. verrucosa although it
shares with it the concave and conspicuously glandular thick obcordate leaves, and in
having similar staminal filaments. It seems likely that the two species are closely related.

Key to Philotheca species in Tasmania

1 Flowers 4-merous. rarely 5-merous, inflorescences not pedunculate leaves thin Hat,

apex acute with mcronate tip

1. Flowers 5-merous, inflorescences shortly pedunculate, leaves thick, conduplicate,

apex usually obcordate. not conspicuously acute 2

2. Apex of anthers "pinched" in hud. obtuse at maturity, habit erect to scranrbling, leaves

narrowly obovate to obcordate. < 5 mm wide P- verrucosa

2. Apex of anthers not pinched in hud. pointed at maturity, habit compact, leaves broadly
obovate to obcordate, > 8 mm wide P. freyciana

Philotheca in Tasmanian

25

Figure 4. Philotheca freyciana sp nov. A - view of upper branches showing ‘imbricate’
foliage, B - detail of flowers and leaf morphology, and verrucose stems.

Endemicity on the Freycinet Peninsula

Kirkpatrick and Brown (1984a, b) recognised centres of higher plant endemicity in
Tasmania, including Great Oyster Bay, which is a physiographically and geologically
diverse region. The endemic flora of the Great Oyster Bay includes species restricted to
dolerites, e.g., Eucalyptus barberi L. Johnson & Blaxell, Ozothamnus lycopodioides
Hook.f., Lasiopetalum micrantheum Hook.f. and Melaleuca pustulata Hook.f., and those
that only occur on the granitic rocks of the Freycinet Peninsula and associated areas.

Freycinet Peninsula has a number of local endemics including Epacris barbata Melville,
Philotheca freyciana and a new taxon of Boronia (Duretto pers comm.). A species of Zieria
(Duretto 1999), that was previously recorded as Zieria cytisoides Sm. in Curtis and Monis
(1975), is also restricted to the granitic soils of eastern Tasmania. Viminaria juncea (Scrad.
& J.Wendl.) Hoffsgg. occurs in mainland Au.stralia and also in Freycinet Peninsula. The only
mainland Tasmanian occurrences of Pseudanthus divaricatissimus (Miill. Arg.) Benth. are
also in the Freycinet Peninsula.

An undescribed subspecies of Leptospermum grandiflorum Lodd. (Rozefelds pers.
obs.) occurs in the Freycinet Peninsula. The systematic status of the Freycinet popula-
tions oi Almaleea subumbellata (Hook.) Crisp & P. Weston and the Tetratheca pilosa spp.
complex also require study, and may include local endemics. The Freycinet Peninsula is
an important centre of endemicity in eastern Tasmania.

Acknowledgments

Funding to undertake this research was provided by ABRS towards the Flora of Tasmania
project. Ms Belinda Pellow prepared the samples and undertook the scanning electron
microscopy, and Simon Cuthbert provided the photographs for Fig. 4 for this study. Philip
Brown provided access to a Critical Point Drier, in the Department of Agricultural
Sciences, and David Steele of the Central Science Laboratories, University of Tasmania

26

A.C. Rozefelds

tor the use of the ESEM. My thanks to Marco Duretto for critical comments on an earli-
er draft of the manuscript, and reviewers notes also improved the ms.

References

Bayly, M.J. (1998). Notes on the Eriostemon myoporoides (Rutaceae) species complex, including
new names and a new generic placement in Philotheca. Muelleria 11 , 1 1.1-126.

Bayly. M.J. (1999). Eriostemon. in Flora of Victoria 4 . 178-183.

Curtis, W.M. and Morris, D.I. (197.3). The Student's Flora of Tasmania. Part 1. Second Edition.

Duretto, M.F. ( 1999). Rutaceae. excluding Eriostemon. in Flora of Victoria 4 , 1.32-197.

Kirkpatrick, J.B. and Brown, M.J. (1984a). A numerical analysis of Tasmanian higher plant
endemicity. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 88. 163-183.

Kirkpatrick, J.B. and Brown, M.J. (1984b). The palaeobiogeographical significance of local
endemism in Tasmanian Higher Plants. Search 15 , 1 12-1 13.

Orchard. A.E. ( 1988). A natural regions map for Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Tasmania 122 , 47-3 1 .

Weston. P.H. and Porteners M.F. (1991). Eriostemon. in Flora of New South Wales Vol 2 , 230-234.

Wilson, P.G. (1970). A taxonomic revision of the genera Crowea, Erio.stemon and Phebaliimi.
Niitysia 1 , 1-133.

Wilson, P.G. (1998). A taxonomic review of the genera Eriostemon and Philotheca. Niitxsia 12 ,
239-263.

Mitelleria 15:27 (2001)

A New Species of Oreobolus, O. tholicarpus (Cyperaceae), Endemic to Tasmania

Dennis I. Morris

Tasmanian Herbarium GPO Box 252-04, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia

Abstract

Oreobolus tholicarpus, a new species from western Tasmania is described and illustrated. A key to
all species of Oreobolus recorded in Tasmania is provided.

Introduction

In 1978 S.J. Jarman and R.K. Crowden. while conducting a vegetation survey of the
Lower Gordon River area, recorded a number of specimens of an apparently unnamed
Oreobolus as ‘O. cf acutifoUiis' (Jarman and Crowden 1978). Later. M.J. Brown.
Crowden and Jarman collected more material of the same taxon as ‘O. aff. acutifolius'
from the Hardwood River valley (Brown et al 1982). In all of these collections only the
remains of fruiting culms were present, without mature nuts. None of the specimens were
at that time lodged at HO and consequently were not available to Seberg ( 1 988) when he
prepared his extensive study of the genus, or to Curtis (1994) when describing the genus
in Tasmania. More recent collections from western Tasmania have revealed that in the
characters of the leaf lamina and of the nut the species differs from any of the previous-
ly known species as described by Seberg (1988).

with subtending bract x 5. C - lateral spikelet x 5. D - nut x 10. E - nut, lon-
gitudinal section, x 10.

28

D.I. Moms

Taxonomy

Oreobohis tholicarpiis D.I. Morris sp. now

affinis O. oxycarpo S.T. Blake a qua mice doliiformi apice attenuata tholiformi et
superficie adaxiali laminae folii stomatibus ad margines differt.

Type: Coffin Bay, Port Davey, Tasmania 43° 17" S, 145°58' E. 11. Jan. 1987, A.
Moscal 13881 (holotype HO; isotype MEL).

Mat-forming perennial herb up to 8 cm high. Leaves erect to acutely spreading, spirodis-
tichous; sheaths 4-8 mm long, apex rounded or with short erect auricles, margins cilio-
late. 5-7-ribbed. golden to reddish-brown. ± shining; pseudo-petiole 10-20 mm long,
channelled; lamina slightly widened at the proximal end. 10-25 mm long, 0.6-1. 3 mm
wide, tapering gradually to a subacute or rounded apex; margins scaberulous, adaxial sur-
face with 3 faint ribs; stomata confined to the area between the lateral ribs and the mar-
gins; ribs prominent on the abaxial surface. Culms a little shorter than to ± equal to the
leaves, with 1-3 nodes, the lower nodes each producing a branch subtended by a leaf-like

Figure 2. Leaves of (). tholicarpiis and (). oxycarpus. A-C (). tholicarpiis {Moscal
13881 HO 40H5H5) l)-F. (). oxycarpus (D.A. & A.V. Ratkowsky s.n. HO
60146). A,l) adaxial leaf lamina, x 10; B,F adaxial leaf lamina, x 70; C adax-
ial leaf lamina, area between lateral vein and margin, x 300; F adaxial leaf
lamina, comparable area to that in C. x 300

A new species of Oreobolus

29

bract and a prophyll, each branch bearing a solitary spikelet; terminal node producing a
sessile or subsessile spikelet subtended by a reduced leaf-like bract equalling or exceed-
ing the spikelet by up to 4 mm. Spikelet 3. 8-6. 5 mm long with 3 narrow-triangular
glumes, lowest glume 3. 3-6.5 mm long, keel green, often laterally compressed above,
margins green, reddish or brown, minutely ciliolate; second glume similar, upper glume
often puiple, 3.3—5 mm long. Hypogynous scales 1.7—2 mm long, narrow-triangular,
whitish, margins minutely ciliolate. Staininal filaments 3-4 mm long; anthers 1.3-1. 7
mm long. Styles c. 1 .5 mm long, stigmas 2 mm. Nut 2—2.3 mm long i dolioform, slight-
ly constricted at about the mid-point, the upper half a hollow, domed, trilobed elongation,
fuscous, shining, crustaceous; lower half yellow or whitish, shallowly trilobed, narrow-
ing abruptly at the base to a short stipe. (Figs. 1,2)

Distribution: Endemic to Western Tasmania. Most collections are from the Port
Davey area and catchments of the Giblin, Hardwood, Olga and Davey Rivers with an iso-
lated specimen from Burgess Hill, near Savage River, from near sea level to c. 500 m alti-
tude. (Fig. 3)

Etymology. From the Latin tlioliis, a dome or cupola 'dnd-carpus, fruited, in reference
to the shape of the apex of the nut.

Habitiat. Open heath and sedgelands, marshy depressions and seepage areas on rocky
sites. Soils are mostly peaty on quartzite sands and gravels with some occurrences on
alkaline pans and one specimen from a serpentine-derived soil.

Conservation status. Burgess Hill is in a Multiple Use Forest area. All other collec-
tions are from the World Heritage Area.

Selected specimens examined (12 examined): Tasmania: Olga River at edge of a swamp, 19
February 1976, Jarman & Crowden s.n. (HO); Hardwood Valley, 21 January 1978, Jarman &
Crowden s.n. (HO); Giblin River, II January 1986, Mo.scal 11585 (HO, NSW); small lagoon at
Mulcahy Bay, 20 January 1986, Buchanan 8058 (HO); north west slope of Burgess Hill, 26 January
1990, Buchanan 1 1644 (HO); just south of Melaleuca airstrip on track to Cox Bight 4 Anril 1992
Wilson 8468 (NSW, HO). • P

Figure 3. Distribution of Oreobolus tliolicarpus in Tasmania

30

D.l. Morris

A key to Oreobolus in Tasmania

I. Inflorescence a terminal cluster of spikelets on very short pedicels

O. oligocephaliis {Schoenoides oligoceplialiis O. Seberg)

1. Inflorescence of 1-3 spikelets solitary at nodes on the culm 2

2. Leaf-lamina channelled, depressed-triangular in section, 2-veined; achene fusiform

with an acute apex O. distichus

2. Leaf-lamina flat or plano-convex; achene either obovoid to pyriform, apex ± truncate

or with an elongated conical or domed apex 3

3. Achene obovoid to pyriform, apex ± truncate 4

3. Achene with an elongated conical or domed apex 5

4. Leaf-lamina long-tapered to an acute apex, upper surface veins obscure, stomates

absent O. acutifolius

4. Leaf-lamina linear, tapering above to an obtuse or subacute apex, upper surface 5-6

veined, densely covered with stomates O. pumilio

5. Abaxial surface of leaf lamina with one vein; nut with an elongated conical blackish-

purple apex which collapses at maturity O. oxycarpiis

5. Abaxial surface of leaf lamina 3 veined; nut ± dolioform with a domed fuscous apex
which does not collapse at maturity O. tholicarpiis

Acknowledgements

1 would like to thank Jean Jarman, Alex Buchanan and Tony Moscal for irseful discus-
sions on collection sites and Andrew Rozefelds for the SEM photographs.

References

Brown. M.J., Crowden. R.K. and Jarman. S.J, (1982). "Vegetation of an alkaline pan-acidic peat
mosaic in the Hardwood River Valley, Tasmania." Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 3-12.

Curtis. W.M. ( 1994). "Oreobolus" in The Student's Flora of Tasmania Part 4B: 108-1 1 1.

Jarman, S.J. & Crowden. R.K. (1978) . Lower Gordon River Scientific Survey. A Survey of
Vegetation. Hydro-Electric Commission. Tasmania.

Seberg. O. ( 1988). Oreobolus R.Br. (Cyperaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 96 (2):
109-1 15.

Miielleria 15:31 (2001 )

The identity of Bossiaea strigillosa Benth. (Fabaceae: Tribe Bossiaeeae)

J H Ross

National Herbarium of Victoria. Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra 3141, Victoria

Abstract

Bossiaea strigillosa Benth. is a synonym of Pultenaea rotundifolia (Turcz.) Benth. A lectotype is
selected for B. strigillosa.

Bentham ( 1 864) based his description of Bossiaea strigillosa on a specimen collected in
Western Australia by James Drummond, which he cited in the protologue as ‘Drummond
5'*’ coll.?, no. 81’. Bentham’s description is as follows:

‘Branches divaricate, rigid, rather slender, clothed when young, as well as the
under side of the leaves, with short rigid almost appressed hairs. Leaves
opposite, broadly obovate-orbicular, with a recurved point, mostly about 2
lines long and broad, very rigid, with recurved margins, obtuse at the base,
glabrous and veined above. Stipules subulate, recurved. Pedicels short.
Bracteoles lanceolate-subulate. Calyx pubescent: the upper lobes large and
rounded, the lower ones small and narrow.’

The application of the name B. strigillosa has long been uncertain and, to my knowledge,
apart from the type, only one specimen (C.A. Gardner 13751 from near the Jerdacuttup
River) was ever referred to the species, and incorrectly as it transpires. In view of the per-
ception that the taxon was rare, several attempts were made in recent decades to locate
material in the field of a species oi Bossiaea with opposite leaves that matched Bentham’s
description. This task was not made easier by the absence of a precise locality for the
Drummond collection, and the uncertainty surrounding the set of collections of which
Drummond’s type formed a part. In the protologue, Bentham queried whether or not the
type of B. strigillosa belonged to Drummond’s 5th collection. This uncertainty is justi-
fied, and remains, because one of the syntypes of Bossiaea concitma Benth. is cited as
Drummond 5th coll, n 81. Clearly one of these specimens either has been incorrectly
attributed to Drummond’s 5th collection, or the number 81 is incorrect.

In deciding the generic placement of this taxon, Bentham stated ‘1 have seen neither
full-blown flowers nor fruit, but the petals and stamens in the young bud, and the remains
of fruiting pedicels, are sufficient to indicate the genus’. Unfortunately, neither the
remains of Bentham's floral dissection, nor the remains of the fruiting pedicel are asso-
ciated any longer with the type material in K and the specimen is now completely sterile.
I have not succeeded in locating another sheet of this Drummond collection in any other
herbarium. The absence of any flowers on the type makes confirmation of the generic
placement of the species difficult, but I am of the opinion that for some reason Bentham
erred in referring Drummond’s specimen to Bossiaea.

Vegetatively the type of B. strigillosa resembles Pultenaea rotundifolia (Turcz.)
Benth. closely in leaf shape, size and texture, the nature of the stipules, and in indumen-
tum, although the indumentum in the type of B. strigillosa is slightly denser and the hairs
are more spreading. I believe that Bossiaea strigillosa is in fact referrable to Pultenaea
and it is treated here as a synonym of Pultenaea rotundifolia (Turcz.) Benth. Pultenaea
roundifolia is relatively common in some parts of the southern Eyre Botanical District.

32

J H Ross

Piiltenaea rotundifolia (Turcz.) Benth., FI. Austral. 2: 121 (1864). Eiichiliis rotimdifoliits
Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 26; 277 (1853). Type: Western Austraiia, J.
Drummond, 5* coll. No. 78. (isotype; K)

Bossiaea strigillosa Benth., FI. Austral. 2: 157 (1864), synon. nov. Type: Western
Australia, J. Drummond, '5‘*' Coll.?, n.8r. (lectotype; K, hie designatus)

Acknowledgement

1 am most grateful to the Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for the
loan of the type material of Bossiaea strigillosa and Piiltenaea rotundifolia.

Reference

Bentham. G. (1864) Flora Australiensis, Vol. 2, Lovell Reeve & Co., London

Muelleria 15:33 (2001)

A Revision of Centipeda (Asteraceae)

Neville G. Walsh

National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia.

Abstract

The taxonomy of the genus is revised to comprise 1 2 taxa in 1 0 species, 7 of these taxa described
here as new. The currently accepted taxa are C. cumiinghamii (DC) A. Braun & Asch., C. elatinoides
(Less.) Benth. & Hook, ex O. Hoffm, C. minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch., C. racemosa (Hook.) F.
Muel!., and C. thespidioides F. Muell. The new taxa are C. aotearoana N.G. Walsh, C. borealis N.G.
Walsh, C. crateriformis N.G. Walsh subsp. crateriformis, C. crateriformis subsp. compacta N.G.
Walsh, C. minima subsp. macrocephala N.G. Walsh, C. nidiformis N.G. Walsh and C. pleiocephala
N.G. Walsh. All species except the New Zealand endemic C. aotearoana occur in Australia.
Centipeda elatinoides occurs also in New Zealand and South America. Centipeda minima subsp.
minima is found through the South Pacific area to Southeast Asia and India, and C. borealis extends
to Papua New Guinea. A key, descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps are included.

Introduction

Centipeda Lour., to date, has been accepted as consisting of five species with the centre
of diversity in Australia where 4 species are represented (C. minima, C. cunninghamii, C.
racemosa and C. thespidioides). The most widespread species, C. minima, extends
beyond Australia through the western Pacific and south-east Asia to Taiwan and as far
west as India. Centipeda cunninghamii has been known to occur in New Zealand at least
since 1930, but is possibly adventive there as treated by Webb et al. (1988). A fifth
species, C. elatinoides, in recent times was believed to be confined to Chile and neigh-
bouring areas in Argentina. Examination of specimens of Centipeda at MEL has indicat-
ed not only that C. elatinoides is common in Australia and New Zealand, but also that
many other specimens are inadequately accounted for by the prevailing taxonomy.

Consequently, specimens have been examined from herbaria within and beyond
Australia to cover the geographic extent of the genus. A total of 12 taxa has been distin-
guished amongst these specimens, with the new taxa largely confined to Australia, but
one apparently endemic to New Zealand and one extending from northern Australia to
Papua New Guinea.

TRIBAL PLACEMENT OF THE GENUS

Centipeda has traditionally been placed in the tribe Anthemideae (e.g. Bentham 1867,
Willis 1973, Hey wood & Humphries 1977), but more recent evidence, from floral and
cypsela morphology, chemistry, pollen anatomy and chromosome number (e.g. Sorenson
1977, Skvarla et al. 1977, Gadek et al. 1989, Bruhl & Quinn 1990, 1991, Nesom 1994)
has variously suggested its placement in the Inuleae (Skvarla et al. 1977), Gnaphalieae
(Gadek et al. 1989) or Astereae (Bremer, 1987, Nesom 1994 — subtribe Grangeinae).
Nesom cited the hairs on the cypsela ribs of C. cunninghamii as being one of the charac-
ters confirming the genus' placement in the Grangeinae, and pointed out that the similari-
ty of these hairs to those on cypselas of many members of the Brachycominae may indi-
cate a close affinity between the subtribes. Nesom described these hairs as ‘glochidiate’. 1
find the hairs of C. cunninghamii and several other species to be apically inrolled (eg. C.
pleiocephala. Fig. 1), not barbed as ‘glochidiate’ might imply, but this characteristic is not
invariable within species. Bremer (1994) included Centipeda in subfamily Asteroideae,
but excluded it (along with 7 other genera) from any currently recognised tribe.

The following account does not attempt to address the question of the position of
Centipeda, but the increased number of species suggests even more strongly than before a

34

N.G. Walsh

Figure 1. Apically inrolled hairs on cypsela of Centipeda pleiocephala {Walsh 4949.
MEL)

Gondwanan origin for the group. This distribution adds support for its exclusion from the
Anthemideae — a principally Northern Hemisphere tribe — and perhaps, for the same rea-
son. adds further weight for closer association to the Astereae or the Gnaphalieae.

MEDICINAL USES AND TOXICITY

Centipeda has been used in traditional medicines in India, China and Australia. In India,
powdered parts of C. minima (vern. Nakk-chikni (Hindi) or Shikani) are used as a treat-
ment for ozaena (nostril ulcers), headaches, and head-cold, a paste made from boiled
leaves used for toothache, and both powdered herbage and the seeds used as a sternuta-
tory (sneeze inducer - hence Artemisia sternutatoria Roxb. - see synonymy for C. mini-
ma) and vermifuge. It is also used to treate epidiymitis, epilepsy and hydrocoele
(Dymock 1885. Duke & Ayensu 1985). In Chinese medicine the same species (vern.
Shih-Hii-Siii. O-pa-shih-tsao) is used to reduce swelling and to treat various symptoms
associated with colds as well as haemorrhoids, malaria, conjunctivitis, opthalmia and skin
rashes (Hooper 1929. Duke & Ayensu 1985. Hsu et al. 1986). Latz (1995) reported the
use of C. minima. C. cnnninghamii and C. thespidioides by Central Australian aborigines
(vern. Inteng-inteng. Karengkal. Kata-palkalpa. Mimyu-parnti-parnti) for the treatment
of colds, and as a pituri substitute when wild tobacco is unavailable. Centipeda crateri-
formis and perhaps C. pleiocephala (both described below, previously included within the
three species noted above) are probably used in similar ways. In south-eastern Australia,
an infusion of C. ciinninghamii (vern. Gukwonderuk. Old man weed) is still used in abo-
riginal medicine as a general tonic and for the treatment of colds and other chest com-
plaints. including tuberculosis, and for skin complaints (Zola & Got! 1992). Commercial
preparations using C. ciinninghamii are claimed to be effective in the treatment of vari-
ous skin disorders including the relief of itching and dry skin from psoriasis.

Chemical constituents have been noted to include myriogenic acid, taraxasterol, laraxe-
rol, arnidiol. stigmasterol. 7-sitosterol, triterpenoid saponins and terpenes (Hooper 1929,
Duke & Ayensu 1985. Hsu et ah 1986. Gupta & .Singh 1989, R Neville-Smith pers. comm.).

There are several references on herbarium specimens to plants of various species either
being avoided by stock, or if eaten, causing sickness or death. Bailey (1906) and Hurst
( 1942) proN'ided anecdotal information of stock being poisoned by species of Centipeda.
but Everist ( 1974) did not include it amongst known poisonous Australian plants.

Revision of Centipeda

35

MORPHOLOGY

Perenniality

Despite conventional descriptions of an annual life cycle in floras etc., many species of
Centipeda are facultative perennials given conditions of fairly even moisture (e.g.
glasshouse conditions, seepage areas), but the favoured habitats of most of the species,
around lakes, dams, beside watercourses, on floodplains etc., militates against their per-
sistence beyond a single growing season. Centipeda pleiocephala, C. nidifonnis and C.
thespidioides however appear to be genuine annuals (i.e. plants do not persist beyond
fruiting even under benign nursery conditions). In permanently damp shaded sites, C.
minima may persist for several seasons but is otherwise an annual. In temperate areas C.
elatinoides, C. cimninghamii and C. crateriformis, and in the tropics C. boreali, are com-
monly perennial. Centipeda racemosa appears to be perennial throughout its range. Both
it and C. borealis persist through the dry season or through prolonged dry spells by a
perennating rootstock, with above-ground parts usually fully drying off.

Inflorescence

Capitula are initiated terminally and new vegetative growth is produced immediately
below. The rate of development of the inflorescence and/or the subtending vegetative
shoot(s) differs between species. In some species such as C. borealis, C. nidifonnis, and
to a lesser extent, C. minima, the capitula often mature before extension of the subtend-
ing vegetative shoot. Capitula then appear terminal. In other species (e.g. C. aotearoana,
C. crateriformis, C. ciiiminghamii, C. thespidioides) the capitula mature more slowly rel-
ative to the subtending shoot and then, at maturity, the capitula appear axillary or, if there
is no immediately subtending leaf, borne directly on the branch.

In most cases the capitula are sessile. In C. racemosa, C. pleiocephala and. to a less-
er extent, C. elatinoides the capitula are shortly pedunculate.

Fruiting and seed dispersal

There appears to be a marked difference in dissemination strategy among species of
Centipeda. One group of species (C. minima, C. pleiocephala, C. nidifonnis, C. borealis,
C. racemosa, C. elatinoides) have capitula that disintegrate virtually as soon as cypselas
are mature. Another group have capitula that persist intact until long after the flowering
stems or entire plants have withered (e.g. C. thespidioides, C. crateriformis subsp. cra-
teriformis). Centipeda cimninghamii, C. crateriformis subsp. compacta and C.
aotearoana are somewhat intermediate in having capitula that, although persisting for a
significant period after cypsela maturity, usually dissociate within the same growing sea-
son. The seeds of all species are buoyant (due at least partly to the spongy apical process
of most of the species) and I have observed ‘rafts’ of seed of C. minima and C. pleio-
cephala floating in backwaters and eddies of waterbodies where the level has recently
risen to cover mature plants. The cyspelas are subsequently deposited on sand or silt at or
near the floodmark, giving rise to the characteristic zonality of populations of Centipeda
around water-bodies. The presence of short, often apically inrolled hairs, and droplets of
viscid resin from the vesicular trichomes, provide a means for long-distance dispersal via
attachment to fur or feathers. This might explain the shared occurrence of some species
between land masses separated by substantial tracts of ocean, e,g. C. cimninghamii
(Australia, New Zealand) and C, minima (Australia, New Zealand, South Pacific islands,
southern Asia), C. elatinoides (Australia, New Zealand, Chile). The bracts of the fruiting
capitula of C. thespidioides and C. crateriformis subsp. crateriformis have strongly thick-
ened. spongy bases, and this feature, along with the persistent nature of the capitula pos-
sibly represents a means by which the entire capitulum might act as the disseminule.

36

N.G. Walsh

Taxonomy

Centipeda Lour., FI. Cochinch. 492 (1790). Typical species'. C. minima (L.) A. Braun &
Asch.

Annual or facultatively perennial herbs, glandular and aromatic. Leaves alternate,
cauline, sessile, toothed to entire, glandular-punctate, glabrous to densely cottony.
Inflorescences mostly terminal and solitary, but appearing axillary by sympodial growth
of subtending shoots, rarely racemose or truly axillary. Capitiila heterogamous, sessile to
shortly pedunculate, globular, biconvex, hemispherical, cup-shaped or campanulate;
involucral bracts in c. 2 rows, herbaceous, scarious-margined; receptacle slightly concave
to distinctly convex, glabrous, epaleate, with pithy tissue present to some degree below
surface; outer florets female, corolla tubular, narrowed above and minutely 3-lobed, lobes
very short relative to tube, acute to rounded, style branches linear, glabrous; inner florets
bisexual, corolla funnelform, 4-lobed, lobes triangular, from halt to almost as long as
tube; both corolla types with scattered short vesicular trichomes (appearing as glistening
sessile resin droplets); anthers shortly tailed, lacking apical appendages, or with short
ovate apical appendages, anther collar not strongly differentiated, tapering evenly from
filament to anther base, c. 0.05 mm long, style branches oblong, broadly rounded and
papillose apically. Cypselas of female and bisexual florets similar, clavate to cylindric,
4_6(_16)-ribbed, mostly with a swollen, pithy or spongy apical portion; glandular tri-
chomes generally present between ribs, eglandular hairs usually present along ribs, acute
and straight or tightly inrolled at the apex; pappus absent. Carpopodium absent.

X = 10 (Hair 1963; Bruhl 1990; Nishikawa 1985; Gupta & Gill 1989; de Lange pers.
comm.).

RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE GENUS

Species have been ordered in the following account in an attempt to reflect their rela-
tionship. using evidence of gross morphology, and more particulaily. capitulum and
cypsela morphology. All species are similarly aromatic (but the odours are subtly ditfei-
ent) and are bitter to taste. Centipeda elatinoides appears to have no close relatives with-
in the genus. It is set apart by its relatively loose, few-flowered capitula and obovoid, flat-
tened cypselas that lack conspicuous pithy thickening toward the apex. The group of C.
minima, C. nidiformis, C. borealis and C. racemosa are united by their more or less
spherical flowering and fruiting capitula that readily disintegrate, their strongly convex
receptacles, small, more or less obcuneoid cypselas that are apically thickened by pithy
tissue and lack apically inrolled hairs. Centipeda pleiocephala differs from this group in
having more cylindrical cypselas with apically inrolled hairs. Centipeda crateriformis, C.
thespidioides and C. cunninghamii share characters of (to a greater or lesser extent) per-
sistent fruiting capitula and more or less linear cypselas with conspicuous pithy apical
processes, and the hairs of the cypselas often minutely inrolled at the apices. Centipeda
aotearoana appears to be somewhat intermediate between the C. crateriformis and C.
minima groups, sharing with the former (and particularly with C. cunninghamii} moder-
ately firm fruiting capitula and cypsela morphology, but like the C. minima gioup, lack-
ing apically inrolled hairs on the cypselas.

Key to taxa

I. Cypselas ± narrowly obovate in outline, usually somewhat flattened, rounded to
obtuse at apex, the ribs not terminating in a thickened, spongy or corky apical process;
plants creepins. often rooting at lower nodes, wholly glabrous or with short arachnoid
hairs near the growing tip; capitula distinctly (but shortly) pedunculate, southern
Australia. New Zealand. Chile !• elatinoides

Revision of Centipeda

37

1 . Cypselas linear or narrowly obcuneate in outline, more or less isodiametric, truncate

or nearly so at apex, the ribs terminating in a somewhat thickened, spongy or corky
apical process; plants erect to prostrate, but not or rarely rooting at lower nodes,
subglabrous to distinctly hairy; capitula often sessile; Asia, Russia, Australasia 2

2. Cypselas <1.1 mm long (rarely to 1.3 mm in C. pleiocephala which has a shortly

racemose axillary inflorescence); capitula solitary or in short racemes 3

2 Cypselas >1.1 mm long; capitula always solitary 8

3. Cypselas broadly cuneiform, ± half as wide as long, prominently 4- or 5-angled,

often narrowly winged at the angles, the intervening faces concave; corolla of
female florets 0.35-0.5 mm long; plants usually distinctly cottony; mainland
Australia only 4. C. nidiformis

3. Cypselas at least 3 times as long as wide, ribbed but not winged, with intervening

faces flat or convex; corolla of female florets 0. 1-0.3 mm long (except in C.
crateriformis subsp. compacta which has firm, somewhat persistent fruiting capitula);
plants glabrescent to cottony 4

4. Inflorescence a single terminal, axillary or leaf-oppo.sed capitulum 5

4. Inflorescence (sometimes very shortly) racemose, of 2-7 capitula (rarely the

lowermost inflorescences a single capitulum) 7

5. Fruiting capitula firm, not readily breaking up, fruiting involucre bowl- or cup-
shaped; receptacle ± flat to slightly domed; cypselas with pericarp thickish, often

obscuring the brown testa of the underlying seed; southern mainland Australia

9b. C. crateriformis subsp. compacta

5. Fruiting capitula soft, readily disintegrating, involucre bracts at fruiting widely

spreading or reflexed; receptacle distinctly convex; cypselas with pericarp thin
between ribs, the brown testa of the underlying seed clearly apparent 6

6. Plants annual (rarely perennial in permanently moist sites), tufted (rarely producing
adventitious roots near base), glabrescent to cottony; leaves generally under 10 mm
long, mostly less than 3 times as long as wide; capitula hemispherical to subglobular;
receptacle ± hemispherical; widespread in Australia (where rare north of latitude

20°S), also Asia, southern Russia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands

2a. C. minima subsp. minima

6. Plants mostly perennial, rhizomatous, densely white-cottony on at least young

growth; leaves generally longer than 10 mm long, mostly more than 3 (usually 4)
times as long as wide; capitula ± globular; receptacle + matchhead-shaped, mostly
higher than wide; northern Australia, Papua New Guinea 3. C. borealis

7. Perennial (but dying down annually to perennating rootstock; inflorescences terminal

(sometimes also in upper axils then sometimes appearing sub-paniculate), 0.5-1 .2(-2)
cm long, of 2—7 capitula; capitula subglobular to globular; leaf margins recurved;
mainland Australia 5 . c. racemosa

7. Short-lived annual; inflorescences axillary, to c. 0.5 cm long, of 2-4 capitula, the
lowest capitulum usually sessile or subsessile; capitula hemispherical to biconvex;

leaf margins (except sometimes of immature leaves) plane; inland Australia

6. C. pleiocephala

8. Fruiting involucre cup-shaped to campanulate; cypselas with hairs confined to a basal

ring and a subapical band; plants strictly annual, usually erect; inland areas of
mainland Australia 10. C. thespidioides

8. Fruiting involucre bowl-shaped, or involucral bracts widely spreading or deflexed;
cypselas with hairs scattered along ribs (and sometimes on faces); plants annual or
perennial; Australia and New Zealand 9

38

N.G. Walsh

9. Receptacle prominently raised (± hemispherical); involcral bracts at fruiting widely
spreading or deflexed 1 0

9. Receptacle slightly concave to slightly convex; fruiting involucre ± bowl-shaped ..12

10. Cypselas truncate, less than 3 times as long as wide; corollas of female florets under

0.3 mm long; plants overall cottony-pubescent; fruiting capitula readily breaking up
before stems senesce; northern Australia 9b. C. minima subsp. macrocephala

10. Cypselas rounded or truncate at apex, at least 3 times as long as wide; corollas of

female florets 0.3 mm long or more; plants usually glabrescent (rarely cottony);
fruiting capitula usually remaining intact until after stems senesce; southern
Australia, New Zealand 1 1

11. Plants prostrate or weakly ascending; leaves 4-8(-12) mm long; bisexual florets

fewer than 17; New Zealand only 7. C. aotearoana

1 1 . Plants more or less erect; leaves mostly longer than 1 cm; bisexual florets c. 20 or

more; Australia and New Zealand 8. C. cunninghamii

12. Decumbent to erect annuals, never producing adventitious roots; ripe fruiting
capitula 3.5-7 mm diam., very hard, not readily disintegrating; cypselas ± linear (at
least 5 times longer than wide). ( 1 .5-) 1 .8-2.5 mm long, the pericarp thin and

translucent between the ribs in the lower half; inland areas of Australia

9a. C. crateriformis subsp. crateriformis

12. Prostrate to decumbent annuals or perennials, often producing adventitious roots, or
sometimes rhizomatous; ripe fruiting capitula 2.5-5 mm diam.. usually readily
disintegrating; cypselas narrowly obcuneoid (less than 5 times longer than wide)
1-1.7 mm long, the pericarp often thickish and opaque between the ribs (or the ribs
rather wide and obscuring the intervening pericarp), obscuring the testa of the

enclosed seed; southern Australia (but not Tasmania)

9b. C. crateriformis subsp. compacta

1. Centipeda elatinoides (Less.) Benth. & Hook, e.x O. Hoffm. in Engl. & PrantI, Nat.
Pfianzenfaiu. 4(5): 280 (1892). Myriogyiie elatinoides Less., Linnaea 6: 219 (1831).
Type: 'Chili, ad Talcaguanho cel., de Chamisso, ad Conception'. Doiuhey {herb, kimth.y,
‘(Australia. New South Wales) in montibus coeruleis Novae Hollandieae’, Lesson {herb
kiinth.y-. Lectotype (Inc designatiis) Chile, ad Concepcion, 1782, Donibey: PI; i.solecto-
type P!, G-DC. (photo seen). An unnumbered Dombey collection at L {L 0069571) is an
exciccata specimen from P. It is probably a duplicate of the lectotype, but without
Dombey’s collecting number or detailed provenance information, the specimen can only
tentatively be regarded as an isolectotype.

Cotula foetida Poepp. e.x DC., Prodr. 6: 139 (1838). nom. niul. (cited in synonymy only)
Type: 'in paludos. exsiccat. ad Talcahuana', Poeppig pi. e.xs. n. 453. G-DC. (photo .seen).

Centipeda minima sens, anctt., p.p., non (L.) A. Braun & Asch. ( 1867).

?Centipeda orbicularis var. sternutatoria (Roxb.) Bailey. Qkl FI. 860 (1900).
Centipeda sp. 1, sensii Walsh in Walsh & Entwisle (eds), FI. Victoria 4; 721 (1999).

Prostrate annual or perennial: branches to c. 30 cm long, sometimes rooting from lower
nodes, essentially glabrous, but sometimes with short arachnoid hairs near the growing tip.
Leaves mostly alternate, obovate or narrowly obovate, (6-)10-20 mm long, 2.5-8 mm
wide, entire or shallowly serrate, glabrous, resin-dotted on both surfaces, concolorous or
sliuhtly paler beneath. Inflorescence a single shortly pedunculate capitulum. usually leaf-
opposed; peduncle 0.5-3 mm long. Capitula at anthesis biconvex to hemispherical. 3-5 mm
diam.; involucral bracts 1-2-seriate. obovate with ruminate membranous margins, 1-1.5
mm long; receptacle convex; female (outer) florets 40-80. in 2-A rows, corollas narrowly
cylindrical, 0.2-0.4 mm long (including lobes less than 0.1 mm long), green or yellow-

Revision of Centipeda

39

green; bisexual (inner) florets 4—14, corollas broadly obconical, 0.5— 0.7 mm long (includ-
ing lobes 0.2-0.3 mm long and wide) often purplish. Fruiting heads breaking up before
stems senesce, involucral bracts at fruiting widely spreading to slightly detlexed; fruiting
receptacle 1 .5-2 mm diam., with a pith layer entirely contained within the dome of the
receptacle; cypselas of female and bisexual florets similar, narrowly obovate, 1.2— 2.0 mm
long, 0.5— 0.8 mm wide, obtuse at apex, usually somewhat flattened, 3- or 4-angled in sec-
tion, each angle with a thickened longitudinal rib, each intervening face membranous with
a less prominent rib (sometimes 1 or 2 faces lacking a rib), at least the larger ribs with short
ascending to appressed hairs, intervening faces with scattered glandular trichomes; pericarp
slightly thickened at and shortly below the apex. (Figs 2, 4a, 6a)

Representative specimens: AUSTRALIA: South Au.stralia: Glenshera, 25.i.l988, D.E.
Miirfet 644 (AD); Square Waterhole, 20.xi.l882, R. Tate (AD 97623443 p.p.). Queensland:
Stanthorpe, xii.1875, F.M. Bailey s.n. (BRl). New South Wales: North-West Slopes, Tingha.
iii.1917, J.L. Boorman s.n. (NSW); Central Tablelands, Mt Wiggdon, 25 km N of Bathurst,
31.iii.l960, E.F. Constable s.n. (NSW); South West Slopes, Basin Ck, Dora Dora State Forest,
I7.iv.l988, 7.M. Dalhy 88/44 & R.G. Coveny (MEL, NSW, PRE); Southern Tablelands, Kosciuszko
National Park. Cave Creek, 20.ii.l991, Davies 1584 (AD, CBG, HO, MEL, PERTH); Northern
Tablelands, Dumaresq Dam, W of Armidale, 12.ii.l989, G.J. White & D.A. Saladine s.n. (NE,
MEL). Victoria; East Gippsland, Lind National Park, 14.xii.l969, A.C. Beauglehole 32394
(MEL); Riverina, Murray River near Tocumwal, 4.vi.l979, A.C. Beauglehole 63980 MEL);
Victorian Volcanic Plain, Mt Mercer, 1894 J. Farrell .l«.(MEL); Gippsland Plain, Dromana,
17. iv. 1914, J.H. Findlay s.n. (MEL); Snowfields, 3,7 km E of Mt Cobberas no 1, 19.iv. 1980, S.J.
Forbes 339 (MEL); Midlands, Avoca, ?1853, F. Mueller s.n. (MEL); Eastern Highlands, South of
Eildon Reservoir, 9.iii.l964, T.B. Muir 3344 (MEL); Wannon, Coboboonee Forest, 28. ii. 1985. C.E.
Woolcock 2021 (MEL). Tasmania; Greens Beach Rd, 19.iii.l998, A.M. Buchanan 15164 (HO);
Tasman Peninsula, 1894. Rev. J. Bufton s.n. (MEL); Elderslie Rd, Broadmarsh, 2.iv.l979, D.l.
Morris 79119 (HO); South Esk River, 28.xii. 1937, A.M. Olsen s.n. (HO); Waterworks, 23. ii. 1913,

Figure 2. Centipeda elatinoides. a habit (Piesse 832, MEL); b capitulum and subtend-
ing leaves {Albrecht 1602, MEL).

40

N.G. Walsh

Fif'ure 3. Centipecia habits, a C. crateriformis siibsp, crateriformis (Symon 4076, ADj;

b. c C. pleiocephala {Walsh 4967. MEL); d C. borealis {Clarkson 4873,
MEL); e C. racemosa {Willis s.n. MEL 2057177).

Revision of Centipeda

41

L. Rodway s.n. (HO). NEW ZEALAND: North Island: Auckland, Te Atatu North coast,
25.ii.l996, R.O. Gardner 7315 (AK, MEL); Waikato River, near Hamilton, 14 Dec. 1961, AJ.
Healy 61/358 (CHR); Whangamarino, 21 Mar. 1962, J.R. Murray s.n. (CHR); Wainui Station,
Paekakariki, Wellington, 15 Mar. 1980, C.C. Ogle 552 (CHR). South Island: Between Arahura &
Stafford, Westland, 15.ii.l958, R. Mason & N.T Moar 5244 (CHR). CHILE: Lago Panguipulli,
15.1.1976, C. Marticorena, M. Quedeza & R. RodrPguez 391 (CONC); Callaqui, 23.1.1985, C.
Marticorena & M. Quedeza 9646 (CONC).

Distribution and Conservation Status: Occurs through cool-temperate areas of south-
eastern Australia from south-eastern Queensland (Stanthorpe area) to Tasmania (Hobart
area) and as far west as Adelaide area (latitude c. 28° to 43° S). Also in New Zealand
(North Island, Aukland to Wellington areas, latitude c. 37° to 40° S), and Chile
(Concepcion to Valdivia areas, latitude c. 37° to 40° S). Not considered rare or threatened
in Australia, and well represented in conservation reserves. The possibility exists that C.
elatinoides is naturalized across part of its range (see notes below). (Fig. 8)

Habitat: Typically growing on seasonally inundated sites, such as creek-beds, mar-
gins of rivers, lakes and billabongs, usually on silty to clayey soils, sometimes on wet
gravels. Occurs from near sea-level to c. 1200 m altitude.

Note.s: Most Australian and New Zealand herbarium specimens of this species have in
the past been identified as C. minima from which it is readily distinguished by the larger
cypselas of quite different morphology. Cypselas of C. minima are up to 1 mm long, trun-
cate or depressed at the apex, and lack the facial ribs of C. elatinoides. The female corollas
of C. minima are 0.1-0.25 mm long, and the bisexual florets 0.3-0.4 mm long. Plants of C.
elatinoides are generally more robust than those of C. minima, and are typically quite pros-
trate and freely rooting from the lower nodes. The leaves are generally longer (rarely
exceeding 10 mm in C. minima). Centipeda elatinoides is commonly perennial wheras C.
minima appears to be a strictly annual species, at least through the southern part of its range
where the two species are sometmies sympatric. In the field, C. elatinoides commonly
occurs with C. cunninghamii, but apparently only rarely with C. minima. This is probably
the taxon refen-ed to as the larger-fruited form of C. minima by Brown (1992).

Most Australian and New Zealand plants of C. elatinoides tend to have larger fruits
and leaves than those from Chile, but specimens from higher altitudes, at least in
Australia (e.g. R.E. Davies 1584) are virtually indistinguishable from Chilean plants.
Similarly, larger-leaved specimens from Chile could not be separated from the form more
common in Australia and New Zealand.

Lessing’s original description refers to three collections, two from Chile (‘ad
Talcaguanho’, Chamisso', ‘ad Concepcion’, Dombey), and one from the Sydney region in
Australia (‘in montibus coeruleis’. Lesson). The Lesson collection would have been made
between 1827 and 1829 (Maiden 1910). The next earliest Australian specimens appear to
be 1839 (Gunn, Tasmania, NSW 426060), probably 1853 {Mueller, Avoca and Murray
Lagoons - MEL 608026 and 1517624 respectively, specimens undated, but Mueller is
known to have collected in these areas during 1853); 1882 (Tate, Square Lake, SA, AD
97623443 p.p.) and 1889 (Betche, Blue Mountains, NSW 469263). There is a possibility
that C. elatinoides is a long-naturalised species in Australia (originally from seed
inadvertently shipped from Chile), but there is nothing about the species’ ecology or pres-
ent-day distribution to support such a claim. It is here regarded as being native to Chile,
New Zealand and Australia.

Of the collections cited by Lessing, only the Dombey collection (P) could be located.
This is here chosen as the lectotype.

A specimen at BRI (358892) from Stanthorpe, south-east Queensland, is labelled in
Bailey’s hand as Centipeda orbicularis var. sternutatoria, but it is unknown if Bailey’s
concept of the variety is restricted to plants represented by this specimen. No other spec-
imens labelled as this taxon by Bailey have been seen.

This is not the same taxon as Artemisia sternutatoria Roxb., which is a synonym of
C. minima.

42

N.G. Walsh

2. Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch., Ind. Sem. Hort. Bewl. app. 6 (1867).
Artemisia minima L., Sp. PI. 849 ( 1 753). Type, provenance and collector unknown. LINN
(photo seen).

Myriogyne minuta (G. Forst.) Less., Limuiea 6; 219 (1831). Cotida miiuita G. For.st.,
FI. Ins. Austral. Prodr. 57 (1786). Type: Noua Caledonia, not found,

Centipeda orbicularis Lour., FI. Coch. 2: 602 (1790). Type: Mnculta in agris
Cochinchiniae', BM!

Myriogyne minuta van lanuginosa DC., Prodr. 6: 139 (1838). Syntypes: ‘in India ori-

F’igure 4. Centipeda capitula, longitudinal sections, a C. elatinoides (Walsh 5145,
MEL); b C. miidnia subsp. minima (Walsh 4950, MEL); c C. minima subsp.
macrocepluda (Walsh 4984, MEL); d C. borealis (Walsh 4992. MEL); e C.
nidiformis (Walsh 4982, MEL); f C. racemosa (Doherty s.n.. BRI).

Revision of Centipeda

43

entali, Wallich'\ ‘in Java, Blume’, G-DC. (photos seen); Centipeda minima var. lanugi-
nosa (DC.) Doinin, Bibl. Bot. Heft 89: 683 (1930); Centipeda orbicularis var. lanuginosa
(DC.) Bailey, Qld. FI. 3: 869 (1900).

Artemisia sternutatoria Roxb., Hort. Berg. 61 (1814) nom. nud.\ FI. Ind. 3: 423
(1832). Lectotype (hie designatus): provenance and date not given, Roxburgh, Wallich
herbarium, K p.p.', Cotiila sternutatoria (Roxb.) Wall, ex DC. Prodr. 6: 139 (1838). The
type sheet consists of at least two collections, marked by Wallich ‘a’ and ‘b’ correspon-
ding to the first of five entities marked on the label on the upper left of the sheet. The two

Figure 5. Centipeda capitula, longitudinal sections, a C. pleiocephala (Walsh 4949, MEL);

b C. aotearoana (Healy 96/8, CHR); c C. cunninghamii (cult. RBGM); d C. cra-
teriformis subsp. crateriformis (Moore 5565, CANB); e C. crateriformis subsp.
compacta (Alcock 3514, AD); f C. thespidioides (Keighery 551 & Gibson,

44

N.G. Walsh

fragments marked ‘a’ on the upper part of the sheet are those attributed to Roxburgh. One
is a nearly complete plant, with roots and several branches (but one branch clearly bro-
ken off), the other is a flowering branch (which may be the missing piece of the larger
specimen). The larger, rooted plant is here chosen as the lectotype. A coloured plate of A.
stemiiatoria, agreeing with the Roxburgh collection, exists in the leones Roxbiirghianae
at K. a transparency of which is now at MEL.

Sphaeromorphaea nisselliana DC. var. glabrata DC., Prodi: 6: 140 (1838); Type:
India, ‘in Ind. orient, prov. bor. occid. Royle': K!.

Figure 6. Centipeda cypselas. a C. elatinoides (Walsh 5145. MEL): b C. minima subsp.

minima (Walsh 4975. MEL); e C. minima subsp. macrocephala (Walsh 4984.
MEL); d C. borealis (Russei-Smith 4074. DNA); e C. nidifonnis (Leach 793
MEL); f C. racemosa (McKey 328. BRl).

Revision of Centipeda

45

Prostrate to (rarely) erect annual or facultative perennial, spreading to c. 25 cm diam.
and/or 20 cm high; adventitious roots sometimes produced from lower nodes; branches
glabrescent to moderately (rarely densely) cottony, if glabrescent then axils and young
growing tips usually with some cottony hairs. Leaves obtrullate to spathulate, 3-12(-27)
mm long, 1.5-6(-l 1) mm wide, variably serrate to shallowly incised; surfaces glabres-
cent to densely cottony, with scattered resin droplets. Inflorescence a solitary sessile or
subsessile capitulum, (peduncles to c. 1 mm long), appearing axillary or leaf opposed.
Capitiila at anthesis hemispherical to subglobular, 1.5-5 mm diam.; involucral bracts

Figure 7. Centipeda cypselas. a C. pleiocephala (Walsh 4949, MEL); b C. aotearoana
(Poole s.n., CHR); c C. ciinninghamii (Cornwall s.n., MEL)' d C crateri-
fornns subsp. crateriformis (Chinnock 7767, AD); e C. craterifonnis subsp.
compacta {Jackson 1438, PERTH); f C. thespidioides (Everist 3961 , BRI).

46

N.G. Walsh

obovate with erose membranous margins, 1-1.6 mm long; receptacle convex; corollas of
female florets 0.1-0.25 mm long; corollas of bisexual florets 0.3-0.4 mm long. Fruiting
heads breaking up before stems senesce. Cypselas narrowly obcuneate (length-width
ratio c. 3-4), 0.6-1. 5 mm long, truncate or obtusely rimmed and very slightly impressed
at the apex, the 4-6(-8) ribs with short ascending bristles, uniting in the distal quarter to
half into a pale, pithy apical portion, faces between ribs with vesicular trichomes in a ver-
tical row or scattered (rarely with scattered hairs), hairs antrorsely appressed to spread-
ing, 0.15-0.2 mm long, acute or obtu.se (not inrolled or thickened) at apex.

2a. Centipeda minima subsp. minima

Stems and base of capitula glabrescent to moderately cottony; leaves ± kite shaped,
3-12(-27) mm long, 1.5-6(-l 1) mm wide, cottony to glabre.scent. Capitula at anthesis
1.5-3(-3.5) mm diam.; involucral bracts c. 1 mm long; receptacle depressed-hemispher-
ical, 1-1.2(-1.5) mm diam. at anthesis; female florets 75-200. corollas 0.1-0.25 mm
long; bisexual florets 10-20, corollas 0. 3-0.4 mm long. Cypselas narrowly obcuneate,
0. 7-1.1 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide, with scattered vesicular trichomes on faces; angles
4(-6), obtuse to acute. (Figs. 4b, 6b)

The extreme (bracketed) measurements derive from plants growing in premanently
moist, shaded sites, or rarely, from wholly submerged plants.

Representative specimens: AUSTRALIA: Westkrn Austr.m.ia: Rawlinson Range, Pass of the
Abencerrages, 24.vii.l974, A.S. George 12134 (PERTH); Carnarvon Basin. Wardawara Pool,
3 1 .viii. 1995. G.J. Keighery & N. Gibson 690 (PERTH); Ruddall River National Park. Little Sandy
Desert. 30, iv. 1979, A.S. Mitchell 836 (NT, PERTH); c. 150 km SE of Shay Gap. 1 l.vii.l984, K.
Newhey 10425 (PERTH);. Northern Territory': Gardiner River tloodout. 10.vi.l996, D.E.
Albrecht 7884 (DNA); Standley Chasm. 55 km W of Alice Springs. 2.vi.l96l. G. Chippendale s.n.
(DNA, MEL); Central Mt Stuart. 2.vii.l974, T.S. Henshall 484 (DNA. MEL); Cleary Dam. Loves
Creek Station. 16.vii,l99l. P.K. Latz 12044 (MEL, MO, NT). Soi^rn Au,str.\ei.\: Wrattonbully,
xii.1973. K. Alcock 8 (AD); River Murray opposite Newena Island, 1 l.ix.l979, W.R. Barker 3778 &
R.M. Barker (AD. MEL); Cullyamurra Waterhole, I.xi.l987, RE. Conrick 2212a (AD); c. 170 km
N of Oodnadatta, 27. viii. 1931, E.H. Ising s.n. (AD). Qiieense.ani); Port Curtis District, Leeks Dam,
9.xi.l987. G.N. Batianojf 9348 (BRl. K. NSW. US); Warrego District, Charleville. 26. iv. 1934, 5.71
Blake 5530 (BRl); Maranoa District. Leichhardt River, Kajabbi, 6.vi.l935. 5.71 Blake 9305 (BRl);
North Gregory District. Bladensburg National Park. I8.iii.l998. Rl. Forster 22168 & R. Booth (AD,
BRl. MEL); Darling Downs District, c. II km SE of Mandarra, 22.xi.l959. R.W. Johnson 1183
(BRl); Mitchell District. Cameron Downs. Hughenden, S.E. Pearson 165 (BRl). New Sou'rn
Wai.es: Central Coast. Picton Lakes. Thirlmere. 21.xi.l965. E. McBarron & M.D. Tindale s.n.
(NSW); South West Slopes. Ten Mile Creek. Holbrook, 23.iii.l947, E..1. McBarron 742 (NSW);
Southern Tablelands, Goodradigbee River. Wee Jasper, 26.iii.l963, E..1. McBarron 7901 (NSW);
North Far West Plain. Mootwingee, 22.ix.1972, W.E. Mulhain 580 (NSW); North West Plain,
lolanthe, c. 25 km W of Garah, 3.iv.l972, K.L. Soiling 244 (NSW). Victoria: Riverina, c. 0.5 km
S of Murray River, SW ofTocumwal, 29.x. 1982. H.l. Aston 2355 (MEL); Grampians, Lynch Track,
23. ii. 1969, A.C. Beauglehole 30589 (MEL); Midlands, 14.5 km WSW of Walwa, I6.V.I980, A.C.
Beaiiglehole 68327 (MEL); Gippsland Plain. Lake Glenmaggie. NE of ‘The Retreat', 28. iv. 1985.
A.C. Beauglehole 79435 (MEL); Wimmera, Lake Manual Reserve. 27.xii. 1985, A.C. Beauglehole
82960A (MEL). NEW ZEALAND: Noriti Island: Waikouia Kaitaia. Jan. 1898, H. Carse s.n.
(CHR); Great Barrier Is. Whangapoua catchment. 23 Mar. 1986, E.K. Cameron 3934, (AKU. CHR);
N. Auckland. Lake Taharoa near Dargaville, Jan. 1981. P.N. Johnson s.n. (CHR); Kerikeri Swamp,
Bay of Islands. 3 Dec. 1949. R. Mason <& N.T. Moar 366 (CHR); Mansiona House Bay. Kawau Is..
16 Feb. 1972. W.R. Sykes 290/72 (CHR). INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Mirzapur, 7.ii.l96l, t/.C.
Bhattacharya s.n. (L); Calcutta. 7.xi.l9l6, Hallier s.n. (L); Assam & Khasia, s.d., Ma.sters s.n. (L)
Dharmapuri, l.v. 1979, K.M. Matthew & N. Venugopal .v.u.(L). THAILAND: Chiang Mai.
13. vi. 1968. C.E Beusekom C. Phengkhlai 1215, (AAH. BKF, C. E, K. L, P); Mae La Poean,
29.1.1964, B. Hansen et al. 10971 (L). RUSSIA: Blagoveshchensk, in Amurgebiete, vii.1898, F.
Karo 201 (L). CHINA: Songtao Xian, vicinity of Lengjiaba, 5.i.l986. Sino-Ainerican Guizhou
Botanical E.xpeditlon no 2070 (L). TAIWAN: Tomita-cho, Tihoku-shi. 20. v. 1932. 71 Tanaka & Y.

Revision of Centipeda

47

Shimada s.n. (L. NYBG). JAPAN: Hondo, Koshigaya, 28. vi. 1951, J. Ohwi s.n. (L, TNS): Nagasaki,
1 862, R. Oldham s.n. (K,L). SINGAPORE: 2 1 .iv. 1 95 1 , J. Sinclair .v.n. (L). INDONESIA: Lombok,
6.V.1909, / Elhart.s.n. (L); Celebes, 25.vii.1937, Eyma 1268 (BO, Lj; Java, Banjoemas, 1923-1925,
D. Kievils 167 (L); Sarawak, Lundu, 20.ix.l955, J.W. Pur.seglove 46031 (L). Sumatra, 10. v. 1919, J.
A. Zorszing 6435 (L). PHILIPPINES: Mt Province, Luzon, 1 5. v. 1963, H.C. Conklin & Buwaya s.n.
(L, PNH). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Veiya, 9.ii.l935, C.E. Carr 11603 (L); Cloudy Mountains,
1878, Chalmers .s.n. (MEL); Lome Range, 1878, Chalmers s.n. (MEL). NEW CALEDONIA: 1886,
F.J. Roberts s.n. (MEL). FIJI: 1860, B. Seeman 265 (L); xi.l947, A.C Smith 6885 (K, L). SAMOA:
Talelima, Savaii, iv. 1881, Betche s.n. (MEL).

DLstribution and Conservation Status: Occurs in all mainland States of Australia,
overall common, but uncommon below c. 35°S and above c. 20°N, and apparently rare in
Western Australia. It is widespread through Pacific Islands and southern Asia, also in
Pakistan, Afghanistan and south-eastern Russia. Its apparent absence from extreme north-
ern Australia is surprising, particularly when its distribution through south-east Asia is
considered. It is not rare or threatened. (Fig. 8)

Habitat: Occurs on muds, clays, sands etc. surrounding lakes, dams, billabongs and
watercourses, or their drying beds. It is occasionally a weed of agricultural land.

Note.s: I have seen only photographs of the type at LINN, the specimen being a weak,
apparently procumbent plant, but this habit is consistent with many plants seen in
Australian herbarium collections, particularly those from shaded or permanently moist

48

N.G. Walsh

sites. The characters of the corollas and cypselas conform to those of Australian speci-
mens of subsp. minima as here defined (R. Chinnock. pers. comm.).

Forms from semi-arid areas are often cottony-pubescent. The name C. minima van
lanuginosa has been applied to such cottony plants, as well as to specimens of C. mini-
ma subsp. macrocephala, C. borealis and C. nidifonnis. However the indumentum
observed in specimens of C. minima subsp. minima ranges from virtually non-existent (as
represented by the Linnaean type) to fairly densely cottony, with no sensible disjunction
to justify the retention of van lanuginosa.

The Wallich collection (no 349, specimens seen from K and L) cited by DeCandolle
in his description of Cotiila stenmtatoria clearly belongs to the typical subspecies as
recognised here.

Sphaeromorphaea nisselliana DC. van glahrata DC. (type seen, at K) is also refer-
able to this taxon, but specimens of Sphaeromorphaea nisselliana DC. sens. str. (includ-
ing Wallich's type collection) in DeCandolle’s herbarium are of S. australis (Less.)
Kitam. (syn. Epaltes australis Less).

The type of C. orbicularis (Loureiro. Cochin, BM) has female corollas 0.1-0.15 mm
long and cypselas 0.9 mm long. The leaves are 3-5(-7) mm long, but less toothed than
typical (often obovate or spathulate). There are numerous adventitious roots and the
impression is that it might have been aquatic or semi-aquatic. The habitat given in type
description ‘inculta in agris Cochinchiniae’ suggests this may have been the case (an agri-
cultural ditch perhaps). It is closely comparable to the type of C. minima.

Young and/or incomplete specimens of hairier forms of the taxon may be difficult to
distinguish from C. borealis, but except in Papua New Guinea (and perhaps Irian Jaya),
the two do not appear to be sympatric.

2b. Centipeda minima subsp. macrocephala N.G. Walsh subsp. now

a subspecie typica capitulis et cypselis majoribus, foliis et caulibus gossypinis con-
stanter, et in distributione boreali differt.

Type: Australia. Western Australia, Fortescue Botanical District, Creek crossing, 45
km from Tom Price along Marandoo Development Road. 30.viii. 1995, P.S. Short 4280
(holotype: MEL 2027702: isotypes; PERTH, TI).

Stems and base of capitula white-cottony; leaves ± kite shaped, 5-13 mm long, 2-5 mm
wide, shallowly toothed to pinnatifid. cottony to glabrescent with age; capitula at anthe-
sis 3-5 mm diam.; involucral bracts 1.2-2 mm long; receptacle depressed-hemispherical.
1.5 mm diam. at anthesis; female florets (60-) 120-250; bisexual florets (7-) 16-21;
cypselas narrowly obcimeate, 1.15-1.7 mm-long, 0.4-0.45 mm wide, with scattered
vesicular trichomes (and sometimes scattered hairs) on faces; angles 4(-8). acute. (Figs
4c. 6c)

Representative specimens: AUSTRALIA: Wk.stkrn Ai'SI'K.m.i.a: Kimberleys, c. 60 km S of
Halls Creek, L3.vii. 1974, A.C. Beuitglehole 47338 (PERTH); Barrow Island, xii.1966. W.H. Butler
s.n. (PERTH); Pilbara. c. 8 km N of Ethel Creek Homestead. 28.viii. 1995. A. A. Mitchell PRF448
(MEL, PERTH); Hammersley Range, 5.x. 1989. B. Nordemtam & A. A. Arneherg 327 (PERTH);
Marble Bar Pool. 29.viii. 1995. RS. Short 4265 (MEL, PERTH). Norihkrn Ticrriiorv: Pargee
Roekhole. Western Tanami. 10. vi. 1996. D.E. Albrecht 7866 (DNA); Walhollow Station. 9.x. 1994.
C. Edgoose 1 & A. Kennedy (DNA); Mary Ann Dam, Tennant Ck, 3.V.1993. J. Egan 2269 (DNA);
.lunetion Reserve. 16.vii.l982, P.K. Latz 9316 (DNA); Camping Ground island. Maearthur River,
7.vii.l984, G. Wightnian 1598 (DNA). Qikknsl.am): Near Karumba. c. 32 km NW of Normanton
Township. I5.viii.l953, A/. Lazarldes 3950 {CANB. DNA).

Distribution and Conservation Status: Apparently endemic in Australia, occurring
between latitudes c. 16°N and c. 25°N, but apparently confined to areas north of c. 22°N
(around Barrow Ck) in Central Australia. It is apparently commonest in north-west

Revision of Centipeda

49

Figure 9. Distribution of C. minima subsp. macrocephala (closed circles); C. borealis
(diamonds); C. nidiformis (arrowheads).

Western Australia (Carnarvon area), extending to the Gulf district of Queensland (1
record). Not rare or threatened. (Fig. 9)

Habitat. Occurs in sandy or clayey soils at margins of and in dry beds of watercours-
es, around pools, dams, springs etc.

Notes: Apart from the larger capitula and cypselas, subsp. macrocephala is typically
a more robust, twiggier plant and is more densely and consistently white-cottony than is
subsp. minima. It has a generally more northerly distribution than the typical subspecies.
Young plants may superficially resemble C. borealis but at maturity the larger capitula
and cypselas readily distinguish it. Many mature, fruiting specimens are conspicuous in
having fallen cypselas retained within the cottony indumentum of lower stems and leaves.

The subspecific name is from Latin, meaning ‘large-headed’, drawing a comparison
of the capitula to those of the typical subspecies.

3. Centipeda borealis N.G. Walsh sp. nov

a C. minima habitu rhizomatoso, indumento albo-gossypino dense et folds lon-
gioribus angustioribus relative distincta.

Type: Australia, Queensland, 12.1 km from Peninsula Development Road on track fol-
lowing telegraph line to Weipa, 2.viii.l983, J.R. Clarkson 4873 (holotype: MEL 676346',
isotypes: BRl, DNA, K, L, MO. NSW, QRS).

50

N.G. Walsh

Centipeda minima auct. non. (L.) A. Braun & Asch.; Dunlop in Cowie et al..
Floodplain Flora 182 (2000).

Procumbent to ascending, often rhizoinatous herb, perennial or annual, to c. 30 cm high,
usually many-branched from near base, densely white- or grey-cottony on leaves and all but
oldest stems. Leaves narrowly obtrullate to ± oblong in outline, 6-20 mm long, 1 .5-2.5(^)
mm wide, distally with 3-5(-7) obtuse to acute teeth or narrow lobes, white- to grey-cottony,
sometimes the older leaves glabrescent, both surfaces resin-dotted but obscured by indu-
mentum, ± concolorous. Inflorescence a single sessile capitulum, terminal at anthesis, but
subtending vegetative buds often growing out and overtopping capitulum in fruit and the
capitula then appearing axillary and subterminal. Capitida at anthesis ± globular, 1.5-3(^)
mm diam.; involucral bracts obovate, 0.7-1 mm long, margins membranous, ruminate;
receptacle strongly domed (usually as high or higher than wide); female (outer) florets c.
160-250 in 6-10 rows, corollas cylindrical, c. 0.2 mm long; bisexual florets 1 1-20, corollas
funnel-shaped, c. 0.4 mm long (including lobes c. 0.2 mm long and wide). Fruiting heads
soft, readily disintegrating when mature on still-growing plants; bracts of fruiting heads
strongly to moderately reflexed, straight or slightly upcurved distally, not thickened or pithy;
fruiting receptacle 0.9- 1.3 mm diam., with a pith layer contained entirely the dome, not
extending below base of involucre; cypselas narrowly clavate to narrowly obcuneoid, 0.8-1 . 1
mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, truncate at apex, smooth or scabridulous, weakly to strongly
4(-6)-angled, the angles ciliate, united at or above ± four-fifths of the cypsela length into a
slightly thickened, pale, apical portion, the pericaip between the ribs in the lower part very
thin, with the brown testa of the .seed apparent, the faces with or without a row of hairs down
the centre, vesicular trichomes sparsely scattered over faces, hairs antrorsely appressed or
sLibappressed, 0. 1-0.2 mm long, acute, not inrolled at apex. (Figs 3d, 4d. 6d)

Representative specimens: AUSTRALIA: VVestkrn Austr.xi.i.a: Kimberley. Gibb River,
Kalumbiiru Mission Road, A.C. Beanglelwle 51658 (PERTH); Charmley River, viii.1905. W.
Fitzgerald s.n. (PERTH); Mt Trafalgar, Kimberley coast. 14.vi.l988. K.F. Kenneally /0777(DNA,
PERTH); King Edward River floodplain, 22.viii.1993, A. A. Mitchell 5247 (BROOME, MEL,
PERTH). Northern Territory: Litchfield National Park. Butterfly Gorge. 29.ix.l991. MJ.
Barritt 912 (DNA); Kakadu National Park. 3 km N of Old Goodparla, 3.viii.l994, MJ. Barriti
//09 (DNA); Litchfield Station. 8.x. 1989. K.M. Manning 485 (DNA); Mataranka. 22. vi. 1999, N.G.
Walsh 4989 (MEL); Magela Creek. East of Ja Ja. 2 1 .viii. 1980, J.T. Waterhouse s.n. (CANB, DNA).
Qeeense.ani): Cook District. Cooktown. viii. 1 88 1, E. Betche s.n. (BRI); North Kennedy District,
Proserpine, I0.xii.l9l9, Rev. N. Michael {BR\): Cape York. Archer Bend National Park. 2.viii.l98l,
A. Morton 1309 (BRI. MEL); North Kennedy District. Baratta Creek. 21. vi. 1949, LS. Smith 4321
(BRI). PAPUA NEW GUINEA; Western District. Bula Plains, Morehead subdistrict, 10 Nov.
1972, E.E. Henty & D.B. Eoreinan, NGE 49356 (LAE. L. BRI); Western Province, Tambari Plain,
Balanuiuk, 1 8 Sept. 1 979, N.A. Jinas A E.K. Naoni 35 (LAE); Marauke. Tarain River. 4 Aug. 1 954.
P. van Royen 4606 (LAE, L).

Distrihiition and Conservation Status: Occurs in far northern Australia (latitudes near
and above c. 20'’N). from near-coastal areas of the Kimberley Region, Western Australia
eastward to Townsville area in Queensland. It also occurs in western Papua New Guinea
and perhaps to be anticipated in suitable areas of Irian Jaya. It is not well represented in
herbaria and in the few places that I have seen the species, it is not locally abundant. A
Conservation Code of 3RC- is suggested (Briggs & Leigh 1996). (Fig. 9)

Habitat: Occurs in seasonally inundated depressions and on floodplains, commonly
around lagoons, billabongs and beside watercourses, mostly on alluvial silts.

Notes: Closely related to C. minima but distinguished by the perennial, rhizoinatous,
more robust habit, conspicuous white-cottony indumentum and longer and relatively nar-
row leaves. See also notes under C. minima (both subspp.).

The epithet is Latin, meaning northern, a reference to its restricted occurrence within
Australia.

Revision of Centipeda

51

4. Centipeda nidiformis N.G. Walsh sp. now

a C. minima corolla longiore et cypselis angulatis valde differt.

Type'. Australia, Northern Territory, Barkly Tableland, Waterhole on Morphet Ck, c.
200 m west of Stuart Hwy crossing, 21. vi. 1999, N.G. Walsh 4982 (holotype; MEL
2060050', isotypes: CANS, NT).

Decumbent to ascending cottony annual, spreading to c. 15 cm diam. and/or 15 cm high;
adventitious roots not or rarely produced; branches densely white-cottony at least on
young growth. Leaves ± spathulate, 3-10 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, usually with very slen-
der petiole-like bases that are often almost as long as (occasionally longer than) the
broader part of the lamina, shallowly (often obtusely) toothed or subentire; surfaces usu-
ally densely (rarely lightly) cottony, with (often indistinct) scattered resin droplets.
Inflorescence a single sessile capitulum, terminal and/or cauline, subtended by 1-4 leaf-
like bracts. Capitula at anthesis + globular, 2.5-5 mm diam; involucral bracts 1-1.6 mm
long, densely cottony (except in specimens from southernmost localities); receptacle
depressed hemispherical, 1.5-2. 5 mm diam. at anthesis; female florets c. (50-)l 10-230,
corollas 0.35-0.5 mm long; bisexual florets (6-)9-l 1, 0. 6-0.7 mm long. Fruiting heads
soft, readily disintegrating when mature on still-growing plants; bracts of fruiting heads
widely spreading to slightly deflexed, straight or slightly upcurved distally, not thickened
or pithy; fruiting receptacle 1-1.5 mm diam., with a thin pith layer contained entirely
within the dome, not extending below base of involucre; cypselas obcuneate, 0.8-1. 1 mm
long, c. 0.4-0.5 mm wide, depressed-truncate at apex, usually strongly 4 (rarely 5 or 6)-
angled with 1 or 2 lines of vesicular trichomes down centre of usually concave faces, api-
cal rim and ribs at angles very acute or narrowly finned. Hairs on angles subappressed, c.
0.25 mm long, occasionally shorter hairs present on mid-line of faces. (Figs 4e, 6e)

Representative .specimens: AUSTRALIA: Western Austrai.ia: Kimberley, Fitzroy River on
Great Northern Highway. 29.vii.1974, A.C. Beauglehole 48097 (PERTH); Carnarvon Basin,
Cardilya Pool, 3l.viii.l995, G.J. Keighery & N. Gibson 589 (PERTH); Bunguaduk waterhole,
Dampierland Peninsula, 20.viii.l985, K.F. Kenneally 9454 (PERTH). Northern Territory: Near
Nourlangie Rock, 12.x. 1973, J. Burrell 1257 (CANB. DNA); Sanctuary Swamp, 4.vii.l980, J.
Maconochie 2465 (CANB, DNA); Tanumbrini Station, 12.vii.l987, B.G. Thomson 1988 (DNA).
South Australia: Innamincka Station, 4.xi.l987, RE. Conrick 2245 (AD); Murray River flood-
plain, 6.5 km W of Beni, 20. iv. 1957, H. Eichler 13799 (AD); Chowilla Station, vii.1966, R.H.
Kiichel 399 (AD); Mulligans Swamp Conservation Park, 6.iv. 1996, R. Tuplin 717 & D. Murfet (AD).
Qi ieensland: Cook District, west coast of Cape Yorke Peninsula, vii.1977, P. Black 12 (CANB);
Maranoa District, Leichhardt River, Kajabbi, S.T. Blake 9307 (BRl); Burke District, Normanton,
7.viii.l936, S.T. Blake 12488 (BRI); North Kennedy District, Wairuna Lake. 10.viii.l976. M.
Lazarides 8164 (BRI, CANB); Mitchell District. Thompson River Crossing. 100 km SW of
Longreach, 30. v. 1993, J. Milson 389 (BRI). New South Wales: Central Coast, Elderslie near
Camden, I.vi.l968, E.J. McBarron 15348 (NSW); South-West Plains, 2 km S of Deniliquin,
xi.l977, W.E. Midluim 1201 (NSW). Victoria: Midlands, Mt Black Flora Reserve, 3.V.1981, A.C.
Beauglehole 68917 (MEL); Murray Mallee, Hattah National Park, Chaika Creek, south of Lake
Lockie, 3.x. 1982, D.C. Cheal s.n. (MEL); Wimmera.Yaniambiack Creek, 31.viii.l902, EM. Reader
s.n. (MEL); Riverina, Ulupna Island, 25.1.1993, P.S. Short 3929 et al. (MEL).

Distribution and Conservation Status: Apparently commonest in northern Australia
(north of the Tropic of Capricorn) where scattered but locally abundant, apparently not
rare. Rather rare in southern Australia (northern Victoria, southern and eastern NSW,
eastern SA, with disjunct occurrences in the south-western part of the Gascoyne province
in WA. (Fig. 9)

Habitat: Margins of streams, waterholes etc. on usually clay or clay-loam soils. In
areas of reliable rainfall, but relatively warm climates.

Notes: Close to C. minima subsp. minima but distinguished by the longer corollas and
relatively broader, strongly angular cypselas that typically have concave faces between
the ribs. The leaves are generally diagnostic, usually having relatively long, ‘pseudopeti-

52

N.G. Walsh

olate’ bases, a feature rarely observed in C. mimima. Through most of the range of the
species, plants are densely cottony-pubescent, but specimens from the southern part of
the range may be only lightly pubescent.

See also notes under C. winiimi and C. borealis.

The epithet is latin meaning 'nest-shaped’, an allusion to the capitula which are typi-
cally embedded in cottony indumentum, appearing like a small bird’s nest.

5. Centipeda racemosa (Hook.) F. Muell., Syst. Cens. Austral. PI. 84 (1883). Myriogyiie
racemosa Hook, in T.L. Mitch., J. Trap. Austral. 353 (1848). Type: Australia, Maranoa
River, 17 Oct. 1846, T.L. Mitchell (lectotype, hie clesignatus, K (ex herb, hookeriamun
1867, photo seen); isolectotype K {ex herb, benthamiumim, photo seen)).

Centipeda racemosa var. lanata F.M. Bailey, Qld Agric. Joiirn. 28: 276 (1912). T\pe\
Australia, ‘Herberton, Dr. F. Hamilton Kenny' (BRI).

Erect perennial herb with branches annual or perennial from a perennating rootstock, per-
haps annual in some situations, to c. 45 cm high, usually many-branched from base,
glabrous to quite cottony on stems of current-seasons growth. Leaves ± oblong, slightly
tapered to base, 3-14 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, evenly serrate with acute teeth often
incised ± halfway to the midrib, less commonly shallowly toothed in the upper half only,
or subentire, margin usually recurved; glabrous or, when young, lightly white-cottony
(rarely persistently lanate), resin-dotted on both surfaces, ± concolorous. Inflorescences
racemose, 0.5-1. 2(-2) cm long, terminal and sometimes also in upper axils (then .some-
times appearing sub-paniculate), of 2-7 capitula; peduncles 0.5-5(-8) mm long.
Peduncles each subtended by a bract, more or less intermediate in form and size between
the uppermost leaves and involucral bracts. Capitula at anthesis highly domed-hemi-
spherical to globular, 1.8—4 mm diam.; involucral bracts obovate, 1-1.5 mm long, mar-
gins membranous, ruminate; receptacle distinctly convex; female (outer) llorets c.
80-150 in 5-8 rows, corollas narrowly cylindrical, c. 0.3 mm long; bisexual Forets 9-18,
corollas funnel-shaped c. 0.7-0. 8 mm long (including lobes c. 0.3 mm long and wide).
Fruiting heads soft, readily disintegrating when mature on still-growing plants; bracts of
fruiting heads straight or slightly incurved, widely spreading or reOexed. not thickened or
pithy; fruiting receptacle 0.8-1. 2 mm diam., with a pith layer contained entirely the
dome, not extending below base of involucre; cypselas narrowly obcuneoid, 0.8-1 . 1 mm
long, truncate at apex, smooth or scabridulous, strongly 4-angled to the apex, the angles
ciliate. the intervening faces with a row of similar hairs down the centre, this area some-
times slightly ribbed, vesicular trichomes apparent between lines of hairs on faces, hairs
antrorsely appressed or subappressed. c. 0. 1-0.2 mm long, not conspicuously inrolled or
thickened at apex. (Figs 3e, 4f. 6f)

Representative specimens: AUSTR.AITA; Wkstkrn Al'.s’i r.m.ia: Towrana Station, 25. v. 1982,
R.J. Crunjield 2K)5 (PERTH). Nor'I'Ukrn TKRRiroRV; Lake Surprise, 32 km SW Tennant Creek,

6. V. 1994, D.E. Albrecht 5HH3 (DNA. NSW. NT); S of Mongrel Downs Station. 5.viii.l976, RK.
Ditz 655.^^ (NT); Annitowa Station. 10,v.7()23. RK. Lutz 7i)2i (DNA, NT); 107 km NE of Tanami
Bore. 17.V.I97I. J.R. Maconochie 1109 p.p. (CANB, K. MEL. NT PERTH). Qi:kkn.si.,\ni):
Leichhardt District, ‘Minerva’ N of Springsure. 5.vii.l934. .S'. 7! Blake 7022 (BRI); North Kennedy
District, Charters Towers. 2.V.1981. W.R. Carter s.n. (BRI); Burke District, 48 km S of Lyndhurst
Station on Hughenden Rd. 15. v. 1975, J.R. Clarkson I9H (BRI, K); Mitchell District, c. 64 km NE
of Blackall. 18.x. 1963. J.K. Cull s.n. (BRI); Cook District, Lyndhurst Station Homestead,
12.viii.l969. N.W. Doherty s.n. (BRI). Nkvv South Walks: Central West Slopes, Rocky Creek.
21. hi. 1843. F.W.L. Leichhardt s.n. (NSW); North West Slopes, Binnaway, 21.xii.l960. E.J.
McBarron s.n. (NSW); North West Plains, Gwahegar, x.1932. H.M.M. Rupp s.n. (NSW).

Distribution and Conseixation Status: Occurs mainly in the Northern Territory and
Queensland northwards from around 25° latitude, with di.sjunct occurrences in the gener-

Revision of Centipeda

53

a] vicinity of the Warrumbungle Ranges of New South Wales, inland southern Queensland,
and a remarkable occurrence in Western Australia, inland from Carnarvon. There are fewer
than 50 collections represented in Australian herbaria. It is probably reasonable to regard
the species as rare, but as there appear to be no post- 1980 collections from New South
Wales, and only a few from Queensland, further investigation may indicate it to be threat-
ened. Suggested Conservation Code is 3K (Briggs & Leigh 1996). (Fig. 10)

Habitat. Floodplains and margins of watercourses, gilgais, or other water-retentive
sites, with clayey, sandy or rocky substrates. Species or plant associations noted as occur-
ring with C. racemosa on herbarium labels include ‘Wiregrass’ (presumably A rAt/r/a sp.),
•Box-Sandalwood forest’, ‘mixed eucalypt forest’, ‘short grazed turf’, ‘sedgeland sur-
rounded by Eucalyptm largiflorens'. The species may to be favoured by soil disturbance,
one specimen noting its occurrence in a ploughed paddock, another, from a cattle station
noting it to be ‘spreading on property in recent years’.

Note.r. Centipeda racemosa is distinctive in its relatively tall, erect habit, often sever-
al-branched from the woody perennating rootstock, and the racemose inflorescence with
subglobular to globulai capitula. Its cypselas differ from others in the C. minima group
by the absence of a thickened spongy apical portion.

Two presumed type sheets ot Myriogyne racemosa are at K, both dated 1 846, col-
lected by Mitchell and labelled ‘Sub-tropical New Holland’, with a determination in

54

N.G, Walsh

Hooker's hand. One is stamped ‘Herbarium Benthamianum 1834’, the other ‘Herbarium
Hookerianum 1867’. They are presumably from the same original collection. The speci-
men from Hooker’s herbarium is larger and more floriferous and is here chosen as the lec-
totype specimen.

Centipede! mcemosa van kmata is known only from the type specimen. It differs from
other specimens here attributed to C. racemosa in being particularly lanate and in having
slightly broaden less dentate leaves than typical, that are virtually devoid of resin-droplets
on the adaxial surface. It is here included in synonymy, but it is possibly a hybrid with C.
borealis or a particularly densely cottony form of C. minima, or may represent a rare or
undercollected form of the species perhaps deserving of infraspecific rank. Further
searches in the Herberton area are encouraged to confirm the correct status of this entity.

6. Centipeda pleiocephala N.G. Walsh sp. now

a C. minima habitu erecto, inflorescentibus axillaribus racemosis ex 2^ capitulis
coinpositis differt; a C. racemosa habitu annua, capitulis biconvexis, cypselis inflatis
apice leniter differt.

Type: Australia, Queensland, Currawinya National Park. NE of Karatta Bore,
21.iii.l997, P.I. Forster 20546 & M. Watson (holotype: MEL 2055149: isotypes: BRI.
DNA, NSW).

Erect slender annital. to 30(^0) cm high, olten several-branched from base, glabrous
except for a few cottony hairs on young branchlets, sometimes persisting in axils. Leaves
± oblong to narrowly obovate, 8-25 mm long, 2-7 mm wide, serrate, margin flat (some-
times recurved on young leaves), glabrous, resin-dotted on both surfaces, concolorous.
Inflorescences axillary, of 2^ capitula. racemosely arranged (less commonly a single
capitulum). the lowest capitulum usually sessile or subsessile, and the upper 1-3 with
peduncles to c. 5 mm long. Capitula at anthesis hemispherical to biconvex, 2-4.5 mm
diam.; involucral bracts spathulate to obovate, 1-1.5 mm long, margins membranous,
ruminate; receptacle distinctly convex; female (outer) florets c. 100-170 in 3-5 rows,
corollas narrowly cylindrical, 0.2-0. 3 mm long; bisexual florets (4-)IO-18. corollas nar-
rowly funnel-shaped c. 0.6-0. 8 mm long (including lobes 0.2-0. 3 mm long and wide).
Fruiting heads soft, readily disintegrating when mature on still-growing plants; bracts of
fruiting heads straight or slightly incurved, widely spreading, not thickened or pithy;
fruiting receptacle 1-1.5 mm diam., with a pith layer contained entirely or nearly within
the dome, not extending below base of involucre; cypselas obloid. narrowly obovoid. or
narrowly obcuneoid. 0.8-1. 1(1. 3) mm long, obtuse or rounded (female florets) or trun-
cate (bisexual florets) at apex, smooth, finely 2^-ribbed, the ribs confluent with a pale,
spongy apical process not or hardly wider than the body of the cypsela and up to one-
quarter the entire cypsela length, vesicular trichomes lacking or very sparse, hairs
antrorsely appressed, c. 0.1— 0.2 mm long, confined to rihs, crowded near hase, rather
sparse toward apex, straight or minutely inrolled at apex. (Figs 1, 3b, 3c, 5a, 7a)

Representative specimens: AUSTRALl.A: Wksi'KRN Austr,u.i,\: East of Giles Creek, south of
Rawlinson Range. 22.vi.1960. J.B. Cleland s.n. (AD). Nortukrn Turriiorv: Ross’s Waterhole,
Maeumba River, 5.i.l927. J.B. Cleland .s.n. (AD); West MacDonnel National Park, Ellery Ck.

18. vi.l999, N.G. Walsh 4967 (MEL, NT). Sourn Au.str..\i.i.\: Gairdner-Torrens, Canegrass Dam,
Stuart Creek Station. 7.viii.l989, F.J. Badman 3379 (AD); North-Western. Mintabie, 6.vii.l989, R.
Bales 1996! (AD); Lake Eyre. Wood Duck Waterhole. 2.iii. 1984, J.Z. Weber H756 (AD); c. 30 km W
of Coward Springs, 4.iii.l983. J.Z. Weber 8763 (AD. BRI. NSW). Qi'KKN,si..\M): Mitchell District.
Vergemont Creek, 22.ix.1990, A.J. Emmott 466 (BRI); Maranoa District. 10 km E of 'Wongamee’,

1 9. vi. 1976. R. W Piirdie 425 ( BRI ); Darling Downs District, c. 6 km E of Meandarra, 1 .viii. 1 969, M.J.
Russel! s.n. ( BRI ). Nkw Sorril WAi.es: North F-ar West Plains, Wanaaring. 1 . vi. 1 947, LA.S. Johnson
547/126 (NSW); North West Plains. Coolabah-Gongolgon Rd. 26.viii. 1973. 7. Thompson 1822 (BRI,
NSW). ?Vict()R1a: Avoca. F. Mueller s.d. (MEL); On the Murray Lagoons, F. Mueller s.d. (MEL).

Revision of Centipeda

55

Distribution and Conservation Status: Scattered through inland Australia, mostly
between latitudes 20” and 32” south, occurring in all mainland States, except possibly
Victoria, with most collections from north-western South Australia (Lake Eyre biological
subdivision). Two specimens collected by Mueller and labelled ‘Avoca’ and ‘on the
Murray Lagoons’ (probably collected during 1853) represent the only known collection
of the species from Victoria, c. 300 km from of its nearest confirmed occurrence. The pos-
sibility exists that either the specimens were mislabelled or that the species is now extinct
or extremely rare in Victoria. It is here assessed as Rare, with Conservation Code 3RCa
(Briggs & Leigh 1996). (Fig. 10)

Habitat: Semi arid to arid areas in moist sandy, silty or clay soils (rarely amongst
rock) at margins of waterholes, dams, creeklines, and on floodplains and gilgai land-
forms. Usually associated with ephemeral herbaceous herbage amongst shrubland (e.g.
Atriplex, Maireana. Muehlenbeckia) or woodland (e.g. Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muelk,
E. largiflorens F. Muelk, E. camaldidensis Dehnh., Acacia stenophylla A. Cunn. ex
Benth.).

Notes: Centipeda pleiocephala differs from C. minima in its erect habit and axillary,
shortly racemose inflorescences typically of 2-A capitula. It differs from C. racemosa in
the strictly annual habit, the axillary inflorescences usually of fewer capitula, biconvex
(rather than subglobular) capitula, and in the cypselas having a slightly inflated apical
process.

The epithet is from Greek, meaning ‘many-headed’, a reference to the individual
inflorescences.

Some distributed specimens of this taxon may have been labelled with the epithet
‘pluricephala

7. Centipeda aotearoana N.G. Walsh sp. nov.

a C. cunninghamii folds minoribus, habitu prostrato, capitulis minoribus plerumque,
flosculis bisexualibus paucioribus differt.

Type: New Zealand, South Island, Between Leeston and Southbridge, Canterbury,
27.ii.1967, R. Mason 10626 (CHR).

Prostrate annual, 10-30 cm diam., sometimes producing adventitious roots from lower
nodes, usually several-branched from base, varying from being glabrescent with a few
cottony hairs on young growth, to, rarely, moderately cottony all over. Leaves + obovate
to spathulate in outline, 4-8(-12) mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide, mostly with 1-3 acute to
blunt teeth along each side, rarely entire, margin slightly thickened and/or sometimes
slightly recurved, resin-dotted on both surfaces, concolorous or slightly paler beneath.
Inflorescence a single sessile capitulum, often leaf-opposed, immediately subtended by a
leaf and appearing axillary to it, sometimes in branch-axils. Capitula at anthesis ± hemi-
spherical, distinctly domed, 3-4(-7) mm diam., (immature capitula, prior to anthesis,
cup-shaped to biconvex); involucral bracts obovate, 1-2 mm long, minutely ruminate and
membranous distally; receptacle distinctly domed, hemispherical or slightly lower than
this; female (outer) florets c. 60-120 in 3-5 rows, corollas narrowly cylindrical, 0.3-0.4
mm long; bisexual florets 8-16, corollas narrowly funnel-shaped, c. 0.5-0. 8 mm long
(including lobes 0.2-0.3 mm long and wide). Eruiting heads firm, somewhat persistent,
but disintegrating before stems senesce; bracts of fruiting heads widely spreading to
slightly deflexed near base, slightly upcurved in distal half, not significantly thickened
and not pithy toward base; fruiting receptacle 0.9-1. 3 mm diam., the underlying pith
layer not extending below base of involucre; cypselas clavate or nanowly obcuneoid (less
than 5 times longer than wide), 1.2-1. 7 mm long, obtuse (female florets) or truncate
(bisexual florets) at apex, smooth or minutely scabridulous in the lower half only, promi-
nently and usually regularly 4-angled with prominent ribs at each of the angles, usually

56

N.G. Walsh

with a finer rib alternating with each of the major angles, the ribs terminating 2/3 or 4/5
of the cypsela length in a thickened spongy apical portion, pericarp between ribs usually
thin, revealing the brown shining seed beneath, vesicular trichomes absent from cypsela
body or sparsely scattered over faces, hairs antrorsely spreading or subappressed, 0.2-0.4
mm long, confined to ribs, extending from base to the distal quarter of cypsela, neither
inrolled nor conspicuously thickened at apex, acute or obtuse. (Figs 5b, 7b)

Representative specimens: NEW ZEALAND: North Island: Great Is, Three Kings,
30. xi. 1945, G.T.S. Bayliss (AK); Elands Lake, Hawkes Bay, 24.V.1990, P.D. Champion
.y.n.(WAlK); Muriwai, Waitakerei, ill. 1914, T.F. Cheeseman (AK); near Cape Palliser, Wairarapa,
11.1947, A.P. Druce (CHR); Taranaki Land District, south of Opunake, 15.iii.l994, PN. Johnson
1254 (CHR); Turakirae Head, iv.l973, C. Ogle (CHR); Great Barrier Island, 3.iv.l980, C.C. Ogle
461 (CHR); Whangamarino Swamp, Waikato, 15.1.1981, C.C. Ogle 616 (CHR); Kapiti Island, Te
Wairoua Valley, 27. iv. 1982, C.C. Ogle (CHR). South Island; Wairarapa Coast, NE of Otorie
River, xii.1978, A.P. Druce (CHR); Darfield, ?1950s. A.E. Esler (AK); Hagley Park. Christchurch,
12.iv.l954, A.J. Mealy 55/43 (CHR); North Canterbury, Medbury, 26.1.1996, A.J. Mealy 96/8
(CHR); Awatere Valley, Marlborough, 23.1.1955. R. Mason 3144 (CHR); Lake Wanaka. N. Petrie
s.cl. (AK); Saltwater Lagoon. Westland, 7.iii.l980. P. Wardle (CHR).

Distribution and Conservation Status: Apparently endemic to New Zealand. From
Three Kings Islands in the extreme north south to at least Lake Wanaka on the south
island. It does not appear to be rare. (Fig. 8)

Habitat: Occurs chiefly on sandy or muddy shores and drying beds of lakes, swamps,
rivers etc.; noted from the beach near Cape Palliser (Druce. s.n. CHR 82235). Also rela-
tively common on disturbed sites, e.g. gravel and shale pits, levee banks etc.

Note.s: Centipeda aotearoana is distinguished from other species in New Zealand (C.
cunningluiinii, C. elatinoides and C. minima) in the combined features ot prostrate habit,
and firm, hemispherical fruiting capitula. From C. cunninghamii it differs in smaller
leaves, prostrate habit, generally smaller capitula, and fewer bisexual florets. From C.
elatinoides it differs in the firm fruiting heads and the non-flattened cypselas with a pithy
apical process. From C. minima it differs in the firm, hemispherical fruiting heads, non-
flattened and larger cypselas. Amongst other species not occurring in New Zealand, it is
closest to C. crateriformis subsp. compacta from which it differs chiefly in the shape ot
the capitula (hemispherical vs biconvex), the conspicuously domed receptacle, the gen-
erally relatively narrower cypselas, and the cypsela hairs which are acute or obtuse, nei-
ther thickened or inrolled at their apices. Both the cypselas and corollas of C. aotearoana
are less glandular than those of either subspecies of C. crateriformis.

The epithet is based on the Maori word for their country, meaning 'land of the long
white cloud’.

8. Centipeda cunninghamii (DC.) A. Braun & Asch., Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 6
( 1 867). Mxriogxne cunninghamii DC.. Prodr. 6; 139 ( 1838). Type: Australia, New South
Wales, ‘inundated banks of the Lachlan River’, 29 Apr. 1817. A. Cunningham (lectotype,
hie designatus. G-DC (photo seen); isolectotype; K (photo seen)).

Erect or ascending perennial (sometimes annual in adverse conditions) to c. 30 cm high,
new growth commonly resprouting from base, glabrous, or cottony near the growing tips,
or rarely cottony overall. Leaves oblong or narrowly obovate. 7-30 mm long, 2.5-7 mm
wide, serrate, glabrous, resin-dotted on both surfaces, concolorous or slightly paler
below. Inflorescence a single sessile cauline capitulum. not leaf-opposed, often in branch
axils. Capitula at anthesis biconvex, hemispherical or subglobular, 4-6(-8) mm diam.;
involucral bracts 3-5-seriate. obovate, 1.5-3 mm long, entire or with minutely ruminate
membranous margins, glabrous to lightly (rarely densely) cottony; receptacle strongly
convex; female (outer) florets c. 2()0— 350. in 7—12 rows, corollas narrowly cylindrical.

Revision of Centipeda

57

0.3-0.5(-0.7) mm long (including lobes c. 0.1 mm long); bisexual florets c. 20-50(-70),
corollas funnel-shaped, 0. 7-0.8 mm long (including lobes c. 0.3 mm long and wide), pale
green, rarely tipped reddish. Fruiting heads usually remaining intact until stems senesce;
bracts of fruiting heads widely spreading; fruiting receptacle 1 .8-2.5(-3.5) mm diam.,
with a pith layer entirely contained within the dome of the receptacle; cypselas oblong,
1.2-1. 6 (-2) mm long, truncate or rounded at apex, with 4 prominent ribs, occasionally
with 1 or 2 minor ribs, the ribs smooth or scabridulous, united at or above three-quarters
of the cypsela length into a thickened, spongy or corky apical portion, the pericarp
between the ribs in the lower part normally very thin with the brown testa of the seed
apparent; vesicular trichomes scattered over the faces of the cypsela between the ribs.
Hairs on ribs antrorse (sometimes appressed), c. 0. 1-0.2 mm long, usually tightly inrolled
at their apices. (Figs 5c, 7c)

Representative specimens: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 3 km E of Quinninup,
6.ii. 1997, R.J. Cranfield 10956 (PERTH); Narrogin Brook, ii. 1904, W.V. Fitzgerald s.n. (PERTH);
Lowden, xi.l910, M. Koch 1936 (PERTH); Pemberton, xii.1921, M. Koch 2571 (PERTH);
Blackwood River, 30 km W of Nannup, 30. i. 1965, R.D. Royce 8299 (PERTH). Northern
Territory: Andado Station, 28. ix. 2000, D.E. Albrecht 9429 & R.A. Kerrigan (MEL, NT). South
Australia: Lake Eyre Ba.sin, Coward Springs, 8.viii.l984, Badman 1416: AD, MEL, Coongie
Lakes, 9.xi.l986, J. Gillen 38 (AD); South-eastern, Nalan Creek, Mundulla, ll.i.l993, D.N.
Kraehenhuehl 5560 (AD, CANB); Murray Mallee, Chowilla, 13.vii.l966, R.H. Kuchel 2300 (AD).
Queensland: Diamantina River, 1.x. 1960, R.B. Filson 3351: MEL). New South Wales: North-
West Slopes, Tingha, iii.1917, J.L. Boorman, (NSW); Southern Tablelands, 19.1.1988, E.M.
Canning 6460 (CANB, MEL, MO, NSW, P); North Far- West Plains, Warrego River, 19.x. 1963,
Constable 4570 (K, NSW); Northern Tablelands, Dangars Lagoon, 10.viii.l987, R Hind 5286 & G.
DAubert (NSW); South-West Slopes, Munderoo State Forest, 26.xii.1948, E.J. McBarron 2825
(NSW); Central Tablelands, Rydal, iv.l897, J. McNab s.n. (NSW); Central West Slopes, 24 km NW
of Temora, 22.iii.1979, J. Whiteley s.n. (NSW). Victoria: Eastern Highlands, Avon River, Valencia
Creek township, lO.v.1979, H.I. Aston 2031 (MEL); Riverina, Murray River, SW of Tocumwal,
29.x. 1982, H.I. Aston 2356 (MEL); Otway Plain, 13 km N of Anglesea, 17. i, 1979, A.C.
Beaiiglehole 63358 (MEL); Lowan Mallee, Broughtons Waterhole, 8.xi.l979, A.C. Beaiiglehole
66307 (MEL); Grampians, Mt Arapiles, 16.xii.l981, R. Brouwers s.n. (MEL ); Murray Mallee,
Lake Hattah, 12. xii. 1998, A.C. Coc/trane 570 (MEL); Gippsland Plain, Yarra, \S52, F. Mueller s.n.
(MEL); Wimmera, 45 km SW of Horsham, 6.ii.l963, EG. Swindley 1479: Midlands, Wedderburn,
14.11.1982,7(7./?. r/ite/e 520 (MEL); East Gippsland, Cann River, 1946, V.A. Wakefield 3999 (MEL).
Tasmania: Sea Elephant River, King Island, 9.1.1979, D.l. Morris 7962 (HO); Trevallyn State
Recreation Area, 1 8. xii. 1 99 1 , A. P Ratkowsky (HO). NEW ZEALAND: North Island: Waikawau
Estuary, 8.1.1998, E.K. Cameron 9080 (AK); St Johns Lake, 14.vi.l930, L.M. Cramvell s.n. (AK);
Lake Waikearemoana, 10. ii. 1970, P. Hynes s.n. (AK); Aotea Harbour, Taranaki Bluffs, 12. vi. 1985,
RJ. de Lange s.n. (AK); Lake Whangape, 5.i. 1990, P.5, de Lange s.n. (AK, WAIK);. South Island:
Nelson, near Mt Campbell, 2. v. 1991, W.R. Svkes 262/91 (AK, CHR); Golden Bay, Farewell Spit,
25.V.1977, A.E. Wright 2383 (AK). NEW CALEDONIA: Jodifroy 3516, x.1910 (L). SPAIN:
Caceres, Guijo de Granadilla, 25. iv. 1997, 5.A. Sanchez Rodriguez s.n. (SALA) (n.v. in litt.).

Distribution and Conservation Status: Centipeda cunninghamii is probably endemic to
Australia. It is regarded by Webb et al. ( 1 988) as naturalised in New Zealand, but possibly
native there (de Lange pers. comm,). It is common and widespread through south-eastern
mainland Australia, mostly south of 30" S; rare in Tasmania (northern parts only) and
Northern Territory ( 1 collection) and confined in Western Australia to the far south-west.
A single 1910 collection purportedly from New Caledonia exists at L, but only C. minima
subsp. minima is represented at NOU (M. Duretto pers. comm.). Assuming no mixing of
labels, it seems that C. cunninghamii occurs (or occuired) there, probably by introduction.
It has recently been reported as naturalised beside a reservoir {^embalse de Gabriel y
Galdn’) at one site in eastern Spain (Sanchez Rodriguez & Ellas Rivas 1998). (Fig. 10)

Habitat: Locally common on banks of perennial rivers, lakes and dams, on sandy,
silty or clayey soils. Occurs from near sea-level to c. 500 m altitude.

Notes: Most specimens from Western Australia differ slightly from eastern specimens

58

N.G. Walsh

in the cypselas having thicker ribs, so that the testa of the enclosed seed is largely
obscured. The receptacle of these specimens, although distinctly convex, is less promi-
nent than in most eastern specimens. There may be some introgression in this area with
C. cmterifonnis subsp. compacta.

Bracketed measurements in the description above correspond to specimens from
Andado Station, Northern Territory {Albrecht 9429: MEL, NT), Diamantina River,
Queensland (Filson 3351: MEL) Coward Springs, South Australia (Badmaii 1416: AD,
MEL) and Warrego River, New South Wales {Constable 4570: K. NSW). Not only do
these specimens have the largest reproductive parts of all specimens of C. ciuminghamii
examined, but they are also the most densely cottony and generally are of a more spread-
ing habit than typical. They are amongst the most inland occurrences of the species.
Further study may indicate these specimens represent a distinct (probably infraspecific)
taxon, although specimens that have floral and fruiting parts of nearly comparable size to
these cottony plants but are otherwise typical do exist. The large-tlowered specimens are
therefore here treated as extreme conditions within a, single variable species. It is possi-
ble too that they represent hybrids with C. craterifonuis subsp. Craterifonnis, which is
sympatric at some of these sites.

9. Centipeda crateriformis N.G. Walsh sp. now a speciebus generis capitulis fructioribus
duris persistentibus biconvexis crateriformis vel cyathiformibus, receptaculis planis ad
concava vel convexa leviter differt.

Type: Australia. Northern Territory, Surprise Dam, Andado Station, 23.x. 1980, P.K.
Lutz 8508 (holotype: DNA; i.sotypes: AD, BRl, NT).

Annual or perennial, commonly several-branched from base, glabrescent to cottony-
pubescent. Leaves narrowly obovate to spathulate, serrate, or rarely, entire, resin-dotted
on both surfaces, concolorous. Inflorescence a single sessile or minutely pedunculate
capitLilum, sometimes terminal on ultimate branchlets, not leaf-opposed. Capitida at
anthesis bowl-shaped to cup-shaped or sub-globular, domed or flat-topped; involucral
bracts ovate to obovate; receptacle slightly convex, flat, or slightly concave. Fruiting
heads firm to hard, persistent to some degree; bracts of fruiting heads spreading, slightly
Lipcurved in distal half, the outer ones slightly thickened and pithy toward base; fruiting
receptacle with an underlying pith layer extending slightly below base of involucre;
cypselas linear or narrowly obcuneoid. obtuse at apex, smooth or scabridulous, 4- or 5-
angled with prominent ribs at each of the angles, the ribs terminating in a spongy apical
portion usually slightly wider than the body of the cypsela, vesicular trichomes sparsely
scattered over faces of cypsela. hairs antrorse. subappressed, confined to ribs, often with
minutely inrolled or thickened apices.

There are two subspecies, both apparently endemic to Australia.

9a. Centipeda crateriformis subsp. crateriformis

Annual to c. 20 cm high, 30 cm diam.. typically several-branched from base with branch-
es prostrate to ascending, but sometimes erect and few-branched, glabrescent to conspic-
uously cottony in axils and toward stem apices. Leaves ± narrowly obovate to spathulate,
3_g(_12) mm long. 2^(-6) mm wide. Capitiilu at anthesis ± hemispherical to bowl-
shaped. slightly domed or flat-topped, 3.5-7 mm diam.; involucral bracts ovate to obovate.
1.5-4 mm long, entire or with mintitely ruminate membranous margins; receptacle flat to
very slightly concave or convex; female (outer) florets c. l()()-2()() in 3-5 rows, corollas
narrowly cylindrical. 0.4-0. 7 mm long; bisexual florets (7-) 12-22, corollas narrowly

Revision of Centipeda

59

120 * 126 * 145 " 150 *

130 " 136 * 140 *

Figure 11 . Distribution of C. craterifonnis subsp. crateriformis (closed circles); C. cra-
teriformis subsp. compacta (diamonds); C. thespidioides (arrowheads).

funnel-shaped, ± 0.8 mm long (including lobes ± 0.3 mm long and wide). Fruiting heads
hard, remaining intact until long after stems senesce (sometimes at least until following
season); fruiting receptacle 2-3. 5(^) mm diam.; cypselas linear (at least 5 times longer
than wide), (1. 4-) 1.8-2. 5 mm long, smooth or (rarely) scabridulous along ribs, 4- or 5-
angled with prominent ribs at each of the angles (uncommonly with a finer rib alternating
with some or all of the prominent ribs), the ribs extending from the base of the cypsela and
terminating in the distal third in the thickened apical portion, hairs antrorse, sparse,
appressed, ± 0.4 mm long, extending from base of cypsela to the lower part of the apical
process, mostly not inrolled at apex, but sometimes thickened slightly. (Figs 3a, 5d, 7d)

Representative specimens'. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia; Muddy Lake, 3.iv. 1994, A.
Chapman s.n. (PERTH); Quaderwardup Lake, 19.x. 1982, G.J. Keighery 5718 (PERTH); Mokine
Nature Reserve, 1 1.12.1987. G.H. Keighery & J.J. Alford 1212 (PERTH); Rocky Pool, Gascoyne
River, x. 1975, K.F. Kenneally 4682 (PERTH); 5 km NW of Ongerup, 1 8.xi. 1974, K. Newbey 4592
(PERTH). Northern Territory: George Gill Range, Lake Cotteril, 8.vii.l968, A.C. Beaiiglehole
25980 (DNA, MEL); Simpson Desert, Old Andado Homestead, 29.vii.1968, A.C. Beaiiglehole
27953 (DNA, MEL); Ilparpa Claypans, c. 8 km SSW of Alice Springs, 19. vi. 1999, N.G. Walsh
4971 & D.E. Albrecht (MEL). South Australia; Gairdner-Torrens Region, SW end of Lake
Aicoona, 2.x. 1987, R.J. Chinnock 7767 (AD, MEL); Andamooka Rd, c. 8 km N of Roxby Downs-
Woomera Rd, 29. ix. 2990, C. Daniels s.n. (MEL); Murray Mallee, Canegrass, c. 60 km NNE of

60

N.G. Walsh

Morgan, 21. ix. 1937, E.H. hing s.n. (AD); Flinders Ranges, Lydhurst, c. 30 km N of Copley,

14. xii.l938, E.H. L^iiig & H. Mincham s.n. (AD); Lake Eyre Region, Lake Walkooanie,

15. viii.l987, J. Reid 1028 (AD). Queensl.xnd: Warrego District, Biilloo River, xi.l896, EM.
Bailey s.n. (BRI); Gregory North District, Glenormiston, Lake Idamea, 28. i. 1935, A.C. Boyle s.n.
(BRI); Mitchell District, 30 km N of Longreach. ix.l952, D. Davidson 291 (BRI). New Soith
Wales: North Far Western Plains, Sturt National Park. Fort Grey. 3.ix.l989. R.G. Coveny 13480
(AD. BRI, MEL, NSW); North West Plains, Botirke. ix. 1889, L. Henry s.n. (NSW); South West
Plains, Wanganella via Hay, xii.1903. E. Officer s.n. (NSW).

Distribution and Conservation Status: Endemic to Australia. Occurs in all mainland
States apparently except Victoria (but possibly to be anticipated there in the extreme
north-west). Locally common in semi-arid areas between c. 23° and 35° south. Not con-
sidered rare or threatened. (Fig. 1 1 )

Habitat: Occurs mostly on clayey soils of shallow, seasonally inundated lakes and
depressions in claypans.

Notes: This subspecies resembles C. thespidioides in most respects, but differs in the
bowl-shaped involucre, the often slightly domed caphula and receptacle, the ribs of the
cypselas bearing hairs from the base almost to the apex, and the smooth (rather than
scabridulous) apical process. As in C. thespidioides. intact fruits are usually retained on
plants until long after aerial stems are dead and leaves have fallen. It differs from C. cun-
ningbaniii in the virtually flat receptacle and Hat-topped or slightly domed, bowl-shaped
capitula. the strictly annual lifecycle, the harder, more persistent fruiting heads, and the
generally larger cypselas with more pronouncedly scabridulous ribs and longer hairs.
Very few specimens appear somewhat intermediate between the two species, sometimes
due to the juvenility of the specimens, and generally their habitats are distinct, with C.
craterifonnis susbp. craterifonnis generally associated with more ephemeral wetlands.

A few specimens from the southern parts of the range (e.g. northern Eyre Peninsula,
upper Murray River area of South Australia, Narrogin, Qualup areas in Western Australia)
appear intermediate with subsp. compacta and there may be some intergradation between
the two, but there does not appear to be a gradual or clinal difference in features and most
plants can be readily placed in one or the other subspecies

The epithet is from Latin and refers to the bowl-shaped involucre.

9b. Centipeda craterifonnis subsp. compacta N.G. Walsh suhp. now

a subspecie typica capitulis fructioribus minoribus mollioribus, cypselis brevioribus,
radicibus adventitiis factis libere differt.

Type: Australia, Western Australia, Eucla Division, Esperance district, c. 1 8 km north-
north-west of Young River crossing on Ravensthorpe-Esperance main road, 1 6.x. 1968,
E.N.S. Jackson 14.18 (holotype: AD; isotypes: ?CANB (not found), PERTH).

Tufted or loosely mat-forming perennial (probably annual in adverse conditions), some-
times shortly rhizomatous or producing adventitious roots from lower nodes, to c. 10 cm
high. 20 cm diam.. commonly several-branched from base, with branches prostrate to
suberect, virtually glabrous except for cottony hairs on young apical growth. Leaves ±
oblong to spathulate, 4-10(-14) mm long, l-2(-3.5) mm wide, mostly 3-5(-7)-toothed
toward apex, or entire. Capitula at anthesis bowl-shaped to cup-shaped or sub-globular,
domed, rarely flat-topped, 2.5-5 mm diam.; involucral bracts ovate to obovate,
1.5-l.8(-2) mm long, with minutely ruminate membranous margins; receptacle slightly
convex or flat; female (outer) florets c. 90-150 in (2-)3-6 rows, corollas narrowly cylin-
drical. 0.4-0. 5 mm long; bisexual florets c. 10-21, corollas narrowly funnel-shaped, c.
0.7-0. 8 mm long (including lobes c. 0.3 mm long and wide). Fruiting heads, firm, some-
what persistent, but usually disintegrating within the growing season; fruiting receptacle
1 .3-1 ,6(-2.5) mm diam.; cypselas narrowly obcuneoid (less than 5 times longer than

Revision of Centipeda

61

wide) 1-1.7 mm long, scabridulous, rather thick-walled, 4- or 5-angled with prominent
ribs at each of the angles, sometimes with 1-3 finer ribs alternating with the prominent
ribs, the ribs terminating from the distal quarter to just below the apex of the cypsela into
the thickened spongy portion, hairs antrorse, subappressed, 0.2-0. 3 mm long, confined to
ribs, extending from base of cypsela to ± two-thirds of cypsela, minutely inrolled or thick-
ened at apex. (Figs 5e, 7e)

Representative specimens: AUSTRALIA: Western Australi.\: Lake Cronin, 3.x. 1979, K.
Newhey 6177 (PERTH); Ponier Rock, 14.ix.l980, K. Newbey 7309A (PERTH); c. 26 km N of
Esperance - Ravensthorpe Rd, 26.ix.l968. P.G. Wilson 7950 (PERTH); Scaddan, 28.xi.1974, E.
Wittwer 1502 (PERTH); Newmans Rock. 12. xi. 1976. E. Wittwer 1913 (PERTH). South
Australia: Kangaroo Island, Rocky River near Shackle Road, 6. i. 1966, El. Eichler 18599 (AD);
Eyre Peninsula, E of Lake Gillies Conservation Park boundary, 7.x. 1988, A.G. Spooner 11194
(AD); Murray Mallee, c. 34 km NE of Overland Corner, 1 Lx. 1965, D.E. Symon 3848 (AD); South
East, Big Heath National Park, 6.xi.l969, J.Z. Weber 1822 (AD); Southern Lofty, 6.5 km SW of
Williamstown, 16.V.1979, L.D. Williams 10386 (AD). New South Wales; South West Slopes.
Henty. iv. 1942, E.J. Bennett 247 (NSW); South West Plains, ‘Miewurlie’ Station, NE of Hay.
22.iii. 1990, M.F. Porteners 9005077 (NSW); South Far West Plains, Prungle Station, c. 52 km NNE
Robinvale, 28.x. 1999, N.G. Walsh s.n. (MEL). Victoria; Lowan Mallee. Wyperfeld National Park,
Lunar Clearing, 6.x. 1968, A.C. Beauglehole 28949 & Corricks (MEL); Murray Mallee, Lake
Carpul, 2.xi.l999, l.R.K. Skater s.n. (MEL).

Distribution and Conservation Status: This subspecies is endemic to Australia. It
occurs in south-western Western Australia, between Balladonia area and Ravensthorpe
where apparently rather rare, south-eastern South Australia (Kangaroo Island, Eyre and
Fleurieu (and probably Yorke) Peninsulas, Naracoorte-Penola areas) and adjacent areas in
far western and north-western Victoria and south-western New South Wales. It is not
regarded as rare or threatened. (Fig. 1 1)

Habitat: Occurs chiefly on shores and drying beds of lakes, claypans, stream-beds,
dams, and seasonally inundated swamps and depressions. In south-west WA it is record-
ed as occurring on wetter soils of granitic outcrops and their peripheries.

Notes: This taxon is distinctive in its leafy, low, compact, rhizomatous and/or stolonif-
erous habit, and apparent perenniality. Some specimens resemble, in general habit and
capitulum shape, southern forms of subsp. crateriformis but are distinguished by the
smaller, obcuneoid cypselas with heavily thickened ribs, and, usually, by the freely pro-
duced adventitious roots. Some Western Australian plants, particularly those associated
with depressions on granite outcrops are distinctive in their dense, domed habit, but this
appears to be at least partly a response to environmental conditions. Further collections
from this area may prove this form to be worthy of formal recognition. See also notes
under subsp. crateriformis and C. aotearoana.

The subspecific name is Latin and refers to the compact growth habit, particularly in
comparison to the typical sub.species.

10 . Centipeda thespidioides F. Muell., Fragm. 8: 143 (1874). Type: Australia, ‘Ad fiumi-
na Murray’s et Darling’s River et MuiTumbidgee’, F. Mueller (MEL); ‘ad flumina Finke’s
River et Stuart’s Creek’. J. Macd. Stuart (MEL) (lectotype, hie deisgnatus, ‘On the River
Finke’ J. Macd. Stuart: MEL 295548).

Annual to c. 20 cm high, typically several-branched from base, with branches ascending
to erect, occasionally simple or branched above base only, glabrescent, but usually some-
what cottony in upper axils and Just below capitula. Leaves ± oblong, 4-22 mm long,
2-6(-8) mm wide, serrate, glabrous, resin-dotted on both surfaces, concolorous.
Inflorescence of one, rarely 2, sessile cauline capitulum(a), sometimes terminal on
ultimate branchlets, not leaf-opposed, commonly in branch axils. Capitula at anthesis cup-
shaped to broadly campanulate or broadly obconical, rarely somewhat urceolate, fiat-

62

N.G. Walsh

topped or sliditly depressed (rarely very slightly domed), 3-3(-6.3) mm diam.; mvolucral
biSts ovate m obovate. 2-3 mm long, entire or with minutely ruminate njemtaanou, ^
einsi receptacle slightly concave or tlaf. female (outer) florets c 40-8 ()(- (^) m 3 ^ rows

corollas narrowly cylindrical. 0.6-0.8 mm long; bisexual florets (3-)10-18( -3), coio la
narSv ™el-shlped. c. 0.8 mm long (including lobes 0..2-0.3 mm long and wide)
Friiitinl heads very^hard. remaining intact until after stems senesce (sometimes at least
mitil following seaLn); bracts of fruiting heads straight or slightly incurved. ^;P>e^4ing^^c^
erect the outer ones thickened and pithy toward base, fruiting receptac — ' 'j
di'im with an underlying pith layer extending below base of involucre, typselas linea .
?o"\tm bn' obtuse or truncate at apex, scabridulotis along ribs and on apical proces^
finely 8-16-ribbed (about half of these more prominent than others) the iibs teimina ii
ablt two thirds from base of cypsela in a spongy apical process the "'fj - ^
bodv of the cypsela vesicular trichomes lacking or very sparse, hairs antioise c. (13 n
S m ?n,ms'; one at the base of the cypsela and one at the point of tu^n o the ribs into
the'ipical process, some or all of the hairs finely mrolled at the apex. (Figs 3f.

■ a.c- 4I1STRAI lA' Wfstern Au.str.-vu.v. 10 km ENE ot Ml Aubrey.

Ml Hay. 21.vui.l932. J.d. Lieicina s.ii. i. , „ „ . , ct:; iriNA NSWl Sol'TH

(AD. DNA)-. 30 km N of Alice Springs 30.xd962. <DNA.

Austrmiv Flinders Range, Between Myrtle Spiings & Witchelm, .

(AD); Lake Eyre Bajn Clayton Gairdner Torrens Region. Durkin

Near Nappamene Station. 20.viii.l968. D.t. i - / ' Eastern. 5 km SE of

Outstation, c. 13 km Wyrt (AD). Qi'KKNS....vni): Maranoa District.

Strathearn Homestead. -9. viii. . ■ ■ sjsj irri rRG MEL)' Darling Downs, 94 km

16 km W of St Georp^-'Bviml^- W.A Avmn -d-J Cannin^%6 & B. Rimes (BRI. CANB.
from Moonie toward Goondiwmdi. ll.x. a: , _ 1 1 ,vi. 1949. S.L. Even.vi .996/

NSW); North Gregory District, Cuiiawillac. 160 kn mi; 1007 pi Forster 20545 & M.

(BRI. K); Currawinya National 'karata ^^^or^M^^ iy.ixH973, R.J. Henderson

Watson (BRL DNA nVw South W-vi,es: North Far West Plains. Sturt National

H2044 & D.h. Boylaml (AD. BRI. K). New mh i ■ NSW)' North West Plains.

:S

,,a,„phy,,csh,»W-..a„d,ne^
llai-uwed « ai

l„as cypsclas Ihal have haps “"f " J ' "f. . t.,'7p,)5 (phapical bands pf ha.rs hul

"™Sr p™hs »«,,ev

S^Mync'^TMELaie^jee^ one IF. Mm-ller. Murrumbidgee R. 18781 was collected

Revision of Centipeda

63

after the description of C. thespidioides, the other (F. Mueller, Murray River and tribu-
taries, Mildura Station, s.d.) does not exactly match the locality given in the protologue.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Phil & Emma Short (DNA), Michael Barrit (Parks and Wildlife
Commission, Northern Territory) and Sandy Cochrane (MEL) for assistance with field-
work; to Dave Albrecht (NT) for both assistance with fieldwork and sharing his percep-
tive observations of Central Australian taxa; to Peter de Lange (Department of
Conservation, Auckland New Zealand) for information on New Zealand taxa; to my col-
league Marco Duretto who examined specimens at NOU; to Jeremy Bruhl (NE), to
Nicholas Hind (K) and Michael Dillon (F) for sharing their expertise in the group; to
ABLOs Don Foreman, Alex Chapman, Bob Chinnock and Rod Seppelt for searching col-
lections and procuring photographs of critical specimens at K and BM; to Peter Neville-
Smith and Barbara Meurer-Grimes for information on chemical constituents; to Jocelyn
Carpenter (Universtiy of Melbourne) for SEM assistance; to illustrators Enid Mayfield
(Fig. 2) and Thomas Brosch (Fig. 3); to colleagues Geraldine Jones and Simon Lewis for
assistance with imaging; to horticultural staff at Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne for
curation of living collections, and to staff at AD, BRI, CANB, CHR, CONC, DNA, HO
K, L, LAE, NSW, P, PERTH, WELT, UPNG for prompt attendance to loan requests. Two
anonymous reviewers made helpful suggestions on drafts of this paper.

This study was supported by an ABRS grant.

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Hooper. D. (1929). On Chinese medicine, ‘The Gardens’ Bulletin’, 6(1), 1-165.

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Muelleria 15:65 (2001)

Cypsela morphology and a reassessment of the record of Omalotheca supina
(Asteraceae) from Tasmania

Andrew C. Rozefelds

Tasmanian Herbarium, GPO Box 252-04, Hobart, Tasmania 7001. Email:
arozefelds@tmag.tas.gov.au

Abstract

The cypselas of Tasmanian material referred to Omalotheca supina (L.) DC, as Gnaphaliwn
siipinwn L. in Curtis ( 1963), consists of two species, which differ from each other, and also from
those of Omalotheca supina from the Northern Hemisphere. The Tasmanian material is referred to
Euchiton poliochloris N.G. Walsh and E. traversii (Hook, f) Holub. The cypselas of Euchiton
poliochlorus lack hairs and conspicuous paired papillae on the cypselas. Euchiton traversii has
hairs on the cypselas with rounded apices, and conspicuous paired papillae. As the record of
Omalotheca supina in Tasmania is based upon a misidentification, the species should be deleted
from the list of rare species for the State.

Introduction

The genu.s Gnaphalium as treated in the Student’s Flora of Tasmania by Curtis (1963) is now
recognised as a polyphyletic assemblage of taxa (Nesom 1990; Anderberg 1991), which in
Tasmania includes Euchiton, Gnaphalium Vellereophyton, Pseudognaphcdiiim and
Gamochaeta. Cypsela morphology, and in particular epidermal characters, provide important
characters for identifying genera within the Gnaphalium complex (Drury 1970; Hilliard &
Burtt 1981; Anderberg, 1991 ). A study of the cypsela morphology of the Tasmanian species
has recently been undertaken by this author, and these species and genera are also cun'ently
being revised by Paul Wilson (PERTH) for the Flora of Australia Series.

This paper describes and illustrates the cypselas of Omalotheca supina (L) DC from
Europe and compares it to material that has been considered conspecific from Tasmania.
Omalotheca supina (cited as Gnaphalium supinum L. in Curtis 1963, p. 320) was
described as having a localised distribution in Tasmania being restricted “to acid water-
logged soil between tussocks of button-grass Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalits Hook. f.
in montane heaths”. As Curtis (1963) pointed out, its presence in Tasmania is surprising
because it was considered a plant of the mountains of central Europe and western Asia
and of the arctic regions in Europe, Greenland and Canada. She also commented that the
distribution was difficult to understand and suggested that the southern [Tasmanian] plant
may prove to be distinct. It’s limited distribution and few records, and confusion between
species in this genus in Tasmania, has led to its being listed as “Rare” under Schedule 5
of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Act (1995). The Tasmanian material, referred to
O. supina, has not been re-examined since Curtis (1963). In this paper its status is
assessed by comparing cypsela morphology of the material assigned to this taxon from
Tasmania with Omalotheca supina from the Northern Hemisphere.

Methods and Material

The study was based primarily upon collections in the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO) and
material of European Omalotheca supina from the National Herbarium of Victoria
(MEL). Specimens were selected that had old withered capitula with maturing or mature
seeds. Cypselas were taken from the Tasmanian specimens identified as O. supina by R
Lewis (KEW), who originally identified this taxon in Tasmania. Cypselas were dissected
Iiom the capitLilum and three to seven cypselas were placed on aluminium stubs with

66

A.C. Rozefelds

Fijjure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of cypselas. A-B Huchiton poliochlorus: A
Cypsela; B Detail of ornamentation of cypsela {W.M. Curtis s.il. HO 52377).
C-I) Euchiton traversii: C Cypsela; D Detail of ornamentation of cypsela
(W.M. Curtis s.n.. HO 70H3I). Fl-H Omalotlieca supimr. E Cypsela; F Detail
of ornamentation of cypsela; (J Cypsela; H Detail of ornamentation of cypsela
(Dovre. Norvegiae (Norway), e.x lih. n; sonder. C.J.LindIterg). Scale bars; A
5()0pm; B, I), F, FI lOOpm; C 450pm; E, (J I mm.

Omalotheca supina

67

double-sided tape. The cypselas were oriented in either dorsal, ventral or lateral views.
The stubs were sputter coated and examined with a SEM in high vacuum mode at 10-15
kv. The descriptive terminology used by Anderberg (1991) to describe the micro mor-
phological characters will be used.

CYPSELA MORPHOLOGY
European specimens

Omalotheca supina (L.) DC. (Figs 1 E-H).

Cypselas elliptical/ovate in shape, c. 1 .4 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, with a distal fringe of
hairs. Epidermal cells, longitudinally arranged, rectangular in shape, have straight to
slightly sinuous cell walls. Hairs large conspicuously paired, antrorse, apex acute, promi-
nent fuiTow, surface finely striated. Single papillae with pointed apex overlaps the distal
cell margin of the adjoining epidermal cell.

Material examined: Dovre. Norvegiae (Norway), Ex hb. W Sonder, C.J.Lindberg c. 1874
(MEL); Poturages alpins du Lautaret, Daphine, France; identified E. Casson, 10. viii. 1860 (MEL);
Near (?Tyndrum). Perthshire. 3000’, England, 31, xi. 1883, ex herb. J.T.H, Groves (MEL).

Notes: The cypselas of the European material examined are consistent in morpholo-
gy. Drury (1970) recorded that the cypselas of O. supina (Northern Hemisphere) had
hairs and imbricate papillae. This study has shown that the cypselas have antrorse hairs
have an acute apex and are conspicuously furrowed. A single pointed papilla occurs on
each epidermal cell, and this arrangement of papillae gives the imbricate appearance
alluded to by Drury (1970). Drury (1970) identified group of species with “imbricate
papillae,’’ that have since been referred to Omalotheca^ eg. O. supina, O. sylvatica (L.)
Schulz-Bip. & F.W. Schulz and O. norvegica (Gunn.) Schulz-Bip. & F.W. Schulz.
Tasmanian specimens

The Tasmanian material differs from the Northern Hemisphere specimens in lacking the
distal fringe of hairs on the cypselas, and also the pointed conspicuously paired hairs with
a prominent longitudinal furrow. Two species, Euchiton poliochlonis and E. traversii, are
represented in the material identified as G. supinuin in the Tasmanian Herbarium.

Euchiton poliochlorus N.G. Walsh (Figs lA-B)

Cypselas elliptical/ovate in shape, c. 1.2 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, lacking a distal fringe
of hairs. Epidermal cells longitudinally arranged with straight walls. Hairs absent.
Papillae a slight rounded single bulge towards the distal end of the epidermal cell.

Material examined: Tasmania; Cradle Mountain Reserve. 41°41'S I45°57'E, between tussocks
of button grass, altitude c. 1050m, W.M. Curtis s.n., 8. iii. 1949 (HO 52377)', Waldheim, Cradle
Mountain 41°38’S 145°56’E. in button grass, W.M. Curtis s.n., 8. iii. 1949 (HO 11324).

Notes: The cypselas of this Tasmanian species lack hairs on the epidermal cells or
conspicuous papillae and this taxon is clearly distinct from O. supina. These specimens
have been recently described as Euchiton poliochlorus (Walsh 1999).

Euchiton traversii (Hook, f.) Holub (Figs IC-D)

Cypselas probably elliptical in shape, c. 1.0 mm long, c. 0.1 mm wide, lacking a distal
fringe of hairs. Epidermal cells longitudinally arranged, straight cell walls. Hairs
antrorse, with rounded apices, surface smooth. Papillae rounded, occurring in pairs, near
the di.stal and proximal cell walls of the epidermal cells.

Material e.xamined: Tasmania; Wombat Moor. Mt Field National Park, 42°41’S 146°37’E,
W.M. Curtis s.n., 4. i. 1948 (HO 70831): Wombat Moor. Mt Field National Park. 42°41 ’S 146°37’E.

68

A.C. Rozefelds

W.M. Curtis s.n., 4. i. 1947 (HO 70786).

Notes: The correct name for these specimens has been unclear, although they are cur-
rently being referred to E. traversii (Paul Wilson, pers. comm.). The cypselas are not
mature in the collection studied (HO 70831), and they have partially collapsed and are
distorted and interpreting their original shape is difficult. They differ from those of
Omalotheca siipina (Northern Hemisphere) in having paired papillae on each epidermal
cell, which was considered a synapomorphy for Euchiton (Anderberg. 1991). The hairs
on the cypselas of E. traversii also have a rounded apex, lack a prominent longitudinal
furrow and also fine striations. and they are shorter than those of Omalotheca supina. The
cypselas of E. traversii also lack a distal fringe of hairs.

Discussion

This study demonstrates morphological differences between cypselas of Omalotheca
supina from the Northern Hemisphere and the Tasmanian material referred to this taxon.
Omalotheca supina (as Gnaphalium siipinum) was listed as rare in Schedule 5 of the
Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act (1995). This study demonstrates that the
specimens previously referred to O. supina from Tasmania were misidentified, and the
species should be delisted from the Act.

The study of cypselas also shows that the Tasmanian material previously assigned to
Omalotheca supina consists of two taxa, Euchiton poliochlorus and E. traversii. The
cypsela morphology of these two species is illustrated and demonstrates that the cypse-
las can be used to identify species. Assuming that the cypselas are mature, the study
would suggest that not all species oi Euchiton have paired imbricate papillae which was
considered by Anderberg ( 1991) to be a synapomorphy for the genus.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Alex Chapman (ABLO), Neville Walsh and Paul Wilson for assistance
with literature, material and comments on the systematic status of these species and gen-
era. Ms Belinda Pellow took many of the digital images used to illustrate this paper.

References

Anderberg. A. A. (1991). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae Asteraceae). Opera
Botanica 104 . 1-195.

Curtis. W.M. (1963). ‘The Student's Flora of Tasmania. Part 2' (Government Printer: Hobart.
Tasmania).

Drury. D.G. (1970). A fresh approach to the classification of the genus Cnaphuiiiim with particu-
lar reference to the species present in New Zealand (Inuleae-Compositae). New Zealand Journal
of Botany 8 ( 2 ). 222-248.

Hilliard. O.M. and Biirtt. B.L. (1981). Some generic concepts in Compositae - Gnaphaliinae.

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82 . 181-132.

Nesom. G.L. ( 1990). Taxonomic summary of Omalotheca (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Phytologia 68 ( 4 ).
241-246.

Tasmanian Threatened Species Act ( 1995) (Government Printer: Tasmania)

Walsh. N.G. (1999). New species in Asteraceae from the Subalps of Southeastern Australia.
Muelieria 12 ( 2 ). 223-228.

Miielleria 15;69 (2001)

Lepidium ginninderreme (Brassicaceae), a new species from the Australian Capital
Territory

N.H. Scarlett

Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3086, Victoria, Australia

Abstract

A new species, Lepidium ginninderrense, is described. It is compared with L. pseudopapilloswn
Thell. and L. monoplocoides F. Muell., species to which it had previously been referred. It is
assigned a risk code of 2E A 55. reflecting its small population which occurs at only one unreserved
site. Some morphological characters of special interest are discussed and a key to the species in
Lepidium sect. Papillosa is provided.

Introduction

In 1970 Burbidge and Gray published an English description of an apparently new species
of Lepidium under the name ‘L. aff. monoploccoides F. Muell.' This was known from a sin-
gle collection from the lower slopes of Mt Ainslie in the Reid area of Canberra in the
Australian Capital Temtory (A.C.T.) (R.D. Hoogland 3085, 20. xii. 1952. CANB 64913).
In her revision of the genus Lepidium in Australia, Hewson (1982a) provisionally includ-
ed the Hoogland collection within the circumscription of L. pseudopapillosum Thell., an
extremely rare species from the Flinders Ranges of South Australia, the northern plains of
Victoria and the unidentified type locality which is possibly in New South 'Wales.

In 1993 a population identical in diagnostic characters to the Hoogland collection was
discovered on the floodplain of Ginninderra Creek in the Belconnen Naval Transmission
Station, also in the A.C.T. (S. Shaip in /hr. 1999). Plants grown from the seed of this pop-
ulation showed no evidence of hybrid origin. In view of this and the unique combination
of characters shared by the two known populations, the taxon is here described as a new
species in Lepidium sect. Papillosa Thell. e.x Hewson.

Taxonomy

Lepidium ginninderrense N.H. Scarlett sp. nov.

affine L. pseudopapilloso Thell. sed ab combinatione characterum sequentium distin-
guitur: Planta graciliore. Caules leviter papillosae. Siliculae obtusi-obovatae, vesiculato-
papillosae. non profunde emarginatae (incisura longitudinae ca. 1/10 siliculae), superne
leviter concavae. Pedicelli fere glabri sed marginibus distincte papillosi. Nectaria lageni-
formia, nectaria mediana lateralibus longiora. Stylus ad alas adnatus, in fructu maturo ad
apicem bifurcatus, lobi stylares stigma aequantibus vel brevioribus.

Typus: Australia. Australian Capital Territory: Belconnen Naval Station, NV/ corner.
Grid ref.: 689661006, 35°13'S 149° 05'E, 579 m altitude. 1. Crawford 3347, J. Hewson
and A. Rowell. 17 .xi. 1995 (holotypus CBG 9517925, isotypus NSW).

Lepidium sp. aff. monoploccoides (sphalm.) F. Muell. (1855): Burbidge and Gray, El.
Austral. Cap. Terr.: 186 (1970); Lepidium pseudopapillosum sensu Hewson, Brunonia 4:
272—273 (1982), FI. Australia 8: 273 (1982); L. Retter and G.J. Harden in Harden, El.
New South Wales 1: 469 (1990); T.J. Entwisle, in Walsh & Entwisle FI. Victoria 3: 420
(1996) pro minore parte, non Thellung, Vierteljahrschr. Naturf Ges. Zurich 61 : 462-463
(1916) sensu stricto.

Small perennial herb, 10 cm to a maximum of c.20 cm high with one to c. six branched
stems from the rootstock, stems striate and moderately papillose. Leaves rather thick and

70

N.H. Scarlett

Figure 1. Holotype collection ot L. ginuiiulerrense.

fleshy, glabrous and shiny on the upper (adaxial) surface. Rosette leaves widely spaced,
linear to very narrow oblanceolate 15-55 mm long. 1. 5-2.0 mm wide, entire or with 1-2
short lobes. ± glabrous on both surfaces but with 1-3 papillae on the apex, tapering grad-
ually to a petiole c. 1 mm wide, which is markedly stippled with purple and expanded
into a partly stem-sheathing base. Lower cauline leaves broad-lanceolate in outline.
15—35 mm long. 15—20 mm wide, pinnatifid with 1—3 pairs ot linear pinnae which are
entire or with one tooth on the distal margin, the margins and lower (abaxial) surface
sparsely papillose, particularly on the midrib. Upper cauline leaves linear-lanceolate,
7-25 mm long. 1-1.5 mm wide, entire or with 1 or 2 short, narrow lobes, the margins and
lower surface sparsely papillose, particularly on the midrib. Petiole of all cauline leaves
short to ± absent, stippled with purple, the base scarcely expanded. Inflorescence an elon-
gating laceme, finally tiom 5 cm to a maximum of c. 15 cm long. Pedicels erecto-patent.
2-3 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, flattened and glabrate except for the papillo.se margins
which frequently also have one or a pair of cylindrical hairs to I mm long toward the
base. Flowers small c. 1.5 mm long. 2 mm wide. Sepals c. 0.75 mm long, 0.5 mm wide,
gieen with scariotis margins, the adaxial exterior sepal with a conspicuous median patch
ot elongate papillae, the abaxial exterior sepal with only 1—3 papillae near the tip. the two
interior sepals glabrous. Petals absent. Stamens 4. median, the filaments expanded into a
cushion-like base. Nectaries 6. bottle-shaped, the two median nectaries c. 1/5 of the sepal
length, the two lateral nectaries about half that length and much narrower. St\!e fused
with the silicula-wings in the mature fruit, the short, free portion bifurcate at maturity, the
lobes equal to or shorter than the included stigma. Silicidae bluntly obovate, 4—5 mm
long. 3—3.5 mm broad, valves carinate in the proximal quarter and broadly winged dis-
tally, emarginate. vesiculate-papillose, reticulate and concave adaxially due to the
incurved, obtuse wings which form a notch about l/IO of the length of the silicula. Wing-
margins sparsely papillose. Seeds orange, c. 1,5 mm long. 1 mm wide, obovoid and nar-
rowly-margined; radicle incumbent (Figs I. 2 & 3).

Distribution and conservation status: Lepidiiim ginninderrense is known only from
the two cited localities in the A.C.T. It is remarkably di.sjunct from all other members of
sect. Papillose! in south-eastern Australia, w'hich are mainly confined to the inland plains
west and north of the Eastern Highlands.

Lepidium ginninderrense is now known only from the type locality. It has not been
rediscovered in the Reid area despite deliberate searches (M.Gray pers. comm. ). The pop-

Lepidiiirn ginninderrense

71

ulation at the type locality is currently c. 2000 plants, occupying an area of 90 X 30 metres
(Avis 2000). Within this area. 100m- was fenced in 1995 to protect plants of Lepidiuni
ginninderrense from grazing, mowing and vehicle traffic (S. Sharp in litt. 1997; pers.
comm. 2000). In view of the small population which is confined to a single unreserved
site, the appropriate risk-code is 2E A 55, using the system of Briggs and Leigh (1996).
In Briggs and Leigh’s publication, L. pseiidopapillosiim, which is listed as Vulnerable
(3VCa SNAV) clearly includes L. ginninderrense, as the A.C.T. is included in its distri-
bution. This is also true of the listing for that species in the ANZLCC Threatened
Australian flora List (1999). The description of L. ginninderrense as a new species makes
it necessary to revise the data on L. pseiidopapillosiim in these publications.

Figure 2. Siliculae of L. ginninderrense (X 10) showing the vesiculate-papillose, reticu-
late surfaces, fused style and shallow notch (from Holotype, left hand plant).

72

N.H. Scarlett

Lepidium ghminderrense occupies sites subject to winter inundation. Many native
plant species of such sites are threatened by trampling, continuous grazing by introduced
herbivores and associated pasture development, e.g. Lepidium aschersonii, L. monoplo-
coides. Cullen parvum, C. temix and Euphrasia scahra (I. Crawford in lift. 1999). If L. gin-
ninderrense still occurs undetected at other localities, it is likely to be at risk at these also.

Notes on habitat and ecology: The climate of the Canberra area is continental, with
hot summers and cold winters with frequent frosts. The mean annual rainfall is 632 mm,
spread fairly evenly throughout the year (Gentilli 1971).

At the type locality, the species grows on the floodplain of Ginninderra Creek in
native grassland dominated by Aiistrodanthonia spp. and Bothriochloa niacra. Associated
herbaceous species include Plantago gaudichaudii. Juncus fdicaulis, Triptilodisciis pyg-
inaeus. *Parentucellia latifolia and Calocephalus citreus. The soil is a brown clay loam
developed on Quaternary alluvium (1. Crawford in sched. 1995). Avis has shown that L.
ginninderrense grows in areas with relatively low perennial grass cover often with indi-
cations of past soil disturbance (Avis 2000). The habitat at the Reid locality was rather
similar: "locally rather common, in depression with little vegetation in grassland' (R.H.
Hoogland in sched. 1952). but no further details are known.

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.

Other specimens examined: Australia, A.C.T., Canberra City Distr.. Reid. ca. 600 m. R.D.
Hoogland, 20.xii.l932 (CANS 64913). This specimen was collected from an area between the
Canberra Institute of Technology and St. .lohn's Church (M. Gray pers. comm. 13 May 1999 teste
1. Crawford, in litt. 23 Oct. 1999).

Notes: L. ginninderrense is distinguished from L. pseudopapillosum by the vesiculate
papillae on the face of the silicula, by the shallower silicula notch, by the silictila-wings
being adnate to the style in the mature fruit, by the smaller and differently shaped nec-
taries, and by the bifurcate mature style. L. monoplocoides F. Muell. differs markedly
from L. ginninderrense in the narrowly acute apex of the wings which form the silicula
notch; however both species have an almost circumferential wing and a bifurcate style
adnate to the wings in the mature fruit.

The silicula of L. pseudopapillosum is glabrous apart from very sparse papillae and/or
acute hairs on the outer wing margins. Hewson's description of its silicula as ‘glabrous to
papillose' (Hewson 1982a and b) follows from her provisional inclusion of the Hoogland

Figure 3. Lower cauline leaves of L. ginninderrense, from cultivated material grown
from seed from the type locality (c.v ANBG seedstore). .Scale bar 10 mm.

Lepidium gbminderrense

73

collection within the circumscription of L. pseudopapiUosum. The illustration in Hewson
(1982a) is of L. pseudopapiUosum sensii stricto as evidenced inter alia by the clearly
glabrous silicula. Retter and Harden (1990) compound the potential confusion by
describing the silicula of L. pseudopapiUosum as ‘papillose, usually glabrous’, while the
illustration of the silicula is that of L. ginninderrense with vesicular papillae on the face
of the valves, a short silicula-notch and the style fused to the wings. Entwisle (1996)
describes the siliculae of L. pseudopapiUosum as ‘without hairs’, but in an appended note
he states that they are ‘glabrous or papillose’. However, the illustration of the silicula in
this case is that of L. pseudopapiUosum sensu stricto.

Lepidium ginninderrense is placed in sect. Papillosa Thell. ex Hewson as it has
apetalous flowers with 4 stamens and ± sessile stigmas. However, like L. pseudopapiUo-
sum, its rather thick, fleshy leaves and incurved, almost circumferential silicula-wings sug-
gest a relationship to sect. Monoploca (Bunge) Prantl. (Thellung 1916). Lepidium mono-
plocoides, included in sect. Papillosa by Hewson ( 1 982a), also has these ‘Monoploca-like’
characters, and was included by Thellung in his ‘grex Monoplocoidea’ . Mueller clearly
shared that opinion, as is indicated by the species’ name. Lepidium monoplocoides and L.
ginninderrense both have bifurcate styles in the mature fruits, a character particularly
noticeable in the former species where the style lobes often markedly exceed the stigma in
the mature flower (Hewson 1982a). This character appears to be unknown in any other
Lepidium species (Thellung 1906; Hitchcock 1945; Hewson 1982a). Furthermore, as
Thellung (1906) points out for L. monoplocoides, the combination of apetalous flowers,
reduced stamen number and silicula wings adnate to the style is also unique in the genus.
Mummenhoff et al. (1995), adopting Hewson’s tentative evolutionary treatment, point out
that the extra-Australian sections Lepia (Desv.) DC., Lepiocardamon Thell. and Cardamon
DC. ‘seem to represent one evolutionary lineage, separated from the other sections by the
style fused to the wing of the fruits’. The isolated occuiTence of this character in two
Australian species with reduced flowers is apparently anomalous, although a slight degree
of fusion of the style with the silicula wings also occurs in one other Australian species, L.
leptopetalum F. Muell. in sect. Monoploca (Thellung 1906). It is likely that style/wing
fusion has evolved independently in Australia, but a more direct phylogenetic connection
with the extra- Australian Lepia-Lepiocardamon-Cardamon lineage cannot be entirely dis-
counted (see Mummenhoff et al. 1992; 1995). In any event, L. ginninderrense is of par-
ticular significance for further research on Lepidium phylogeny. Its conservation is of great
importance as a consequence.

Key to Lepidium ginninderrense and allied species in sect. Papillosa (after Hewson
1982a and b).

1 . Cauline leaves auriculate at the leaf insertion 2

1 . Cauline leaves not auriculate at the leaf insertion but sometimes with a winged petiole

,3

2 .

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.
5.

Stem with vesicular and papillose hairs L. papillosum

Stem with acicular hairs /,. oxytrichum

Silicula less than 3 mm long merrallii

Silicula more than 3 mm long 4

Silicula-wings narrow and acute at the apex L. monoplocoides

Silicula-wings broad and obtuse at the apex 5

Silicula glabrous except for a few fine papillae or acute hairs on the outer margins of

the wings, style free of the silicula-wings L. pseudopapiUosum

Silicula vestured with both papillate and vesicular hairs; style fused with the silicula-
ginninderrense

74

N.H. Scarlett

Acknowledgments

I thank Isobel Crawford, Dr Helen Hewson, Sarah Sharp and Mark Dunford for focussing
my attention on L. ginninderren.se. I am also grateful to the Curator of CANB and the
Manager of the Australian National Botanic Gardens Seed Store for loans and donations
of relevant material. Dr R.F. Parsons and Mr Neville Walsh provided useful discussion
and criticism. A part of this research was funded by the Australian Heritage Commission.

References

Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. Endangered Flora Network
( 1999). ‘ANZECC Threatened Flora List'. 1999 revision. (Environment Australia: Canberra.)
Avis. K. (2000). ‘Monitoring of Lepiclium ginniuderren.se at the Belconnen Naval Transmission
Station, Lawson ACT'. Unpublished report, Canberra Institute of Technology. Bruce Campus.
Briggs. J.D. and Leigh. J.H. ( 1996). 'Rare or Threatened Australian Plants’. Revised edn. (CSIRO:
Collingwood.)

Burbidge. N.T. and Gray. M. (1970). "Flora of The Australian Capital Territory'. (Australian
National University Press: Canberra.)

Entwisle, T.J. (1996). Brassicaceae-Lep/r/uun. In 'Flora of 'Victoria'. Vol. 3. (N.G. Walsh and TJ.

Entwisle eds) pp. 413^23. (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)

Gentilli. J. (1971). Climatic tables for Australia and New Zealand. In 'Climates of Australia and
New Zealand'. (J. Gentilli. ed.) pp. 269-384. (Elsevier: Amsterdam.)

Hewson, H.J. ( 1982a). The genus Lepidiwn L. (Brassicaceae) in Australia. Rrunonia 4 . 217-308.
Hewson. H.J. ( 1982b). Brassicaceae. In 'Flora of Australia'. 'Vol. 8. (A.S. George, ed.) pp. 231-357.

(Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)

Hitchcock. L.C. (1945). The South American species of Lepidiwn. Lilloa 11 . 75-134.
Mummenhoft. K.. Hurka. H. and Bandelt. H.J. ( 1992). Systematics of Australian Lepidiwn species
(Brassicaceae) and implications for their origin: evidence from lEF analysis of Rubisco. Plant
Systematics and Evolution 183 . 99-1 12.

Mummenhoff. K., Kuhnt. E., Koch, W. and Zunk. K. ( 1995). Systematic implications of
chloroplast DNA variation in Lepidiiun sections Cardamon. Lepiocardamon and Lepia
(Brassicaceae). Plant Sy.stematic.s and Evolution 196 , 75-88.

Retter. L. and Harden. G.J. ( 1990). Brassicaceae-Lc/w'd/n/;?. In 'Flora of New South Wales'. 'Vol. I .

(G.J. Harden, ed.) pp. 467^71. (University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.)

Thellung. A. (1906). Die Gattung Lepidiwn (L.) R. Br. Eine monographische Studie. Mitteilwtgen
alls dem hotanischen Museum der Universitat Ziiricli 28 . 1-340.

Thellung, A. (1916). Ill Alabastra diversa. Vierteljahrschrift der Naturf'orschenden Gesell.schaft in
Z/Vn77; 61 . 462^64.

Muelleria 15:75 (2001)

Resolution of the Thelymitra canaliculata R.Br. (Orchidaceae) complex in southern
Australia.

Jeffrey A. Je ernes

Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141,
Australia

Abstract

The five cuiTently known taxa in the Thelymitra canaliculata R.Br. complex from southern
Australia are discussed and descriptions are presented tor each. Thelymitra jonesii Jeanes from
Tasmania, Thelymitra latiloha Jeanes from southwestern Australia and Thelymitra occidentalis
Jeanes from southern Australia are described as new and illustrated. The key diagnostic features
relating to the size, shape and relative position of the auxiliary lobes of the column and the size and
shape ot the post-anther lobe of the column are elucidated. Information on distribution, habitat, pol-
lination biology and conservation status is given tor all five taxa. The relationships between
Thelymitra canaliculata, Thelymitra azurea R.S. Rogers and the three new species are discussed. A
key is provided to distinguish all five members of the Thelymitra canaliculata complex.

Introduction

Thelymitra J. & G. Forst. is a complex genus consisting of about 75 described species,
several described natural hybrids and an uncertain number of undescribed taxa. It is main-
ly concentrated in higher rainfall areas of temperate Australia, but a few species occur in
tropical northeastern Australia, about 10 endemic species occur in New Zealand and four
additional species occur in Indonesia, New Caledonia, New Guinea and the Philippines.

There aie a number of features that, in combination, readily distinguish members of
the Thelymitra canaliculata R.Br. complex from all other Thelymitra species. The column
has a well developed, fleshy, post-anther lobe (sometimes called the mid-lobe) that forms
a hood over the anther, as well as two adjacent well developed, fleshy, auxiliary lobes
(sometimes called accessory lobes or side lobules). The flowers are pale blue to deep
azure blue, usually with darker longitudinal stripes and often with pink to mauve flushes
at the base and/or apex of the perianth segments. The column wings have variously devel-
oped distal flanges on which the lateral lobes (sometimes called column arms or lateral
staminodes) are inserted.

Thelymitra canaliculata was described by Robert Brown in his Prodromus (Brown
1810). the distribution given as (T.) for Tropical Australia. This is obviously in error as
the specimens in Brown’s herbarium and Bauer’s drawing give King Georges Sound
(Albany, Western Amstralia) as the provenance (Bentham 1873, Clements 1989). Over
100 years later. Dr Richard Rogers ot Adelaide described Thelymitra azurea R.S. Rogers
from South Australia (Rogers 1917), a species with obvious affinities to T. canaliculata.
Thelymitra azurea was later reduced to synonymy under T. canaliculata (George 1971)
with the comment “Rogers’ specimens are shorter and more robust than Brown’s but the
floral morphology is the same. Both forms occur in Western Australia.’’ Clements (1989)
reinstated T. azurea commenting on the different structure of the column lobes and the
different habitats of the two species.

After examining preserved and living plants as part of a revision of Thelymitra for
Austialia (in preparation), I am confident that T. canaliculata and T. azurea are distinct
species. These studies further revealed that another three distinct undescribed species
occur within the T. canaliculata complex in southern Australia. This opportunity is taken
to describe these three new species and discuss their distinguishing characteristics.

76

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

Taxonomy

Thelymitra canaliculata R.Br., Prod. 314 (1810). Type\ ‘In swamps towards King
Georges Sound’ (In puhtdihus ad Port um Regis Georgii HI), xii. 1801. /7 Bauer s.n. (lec-
totype a BM!, designated Clements 1989; isolectotypes BM!, E).

Illustration-. Hoffman & Brown (1998) page 251

Figure 1. Thelymitra canaliculata a column from side x8; b column from rear x8;

c column from front x8; Thelymitra azurea d column from side x8; e column
from rear x8; f column from front x8; Thelymitra jonesii g column from side
x8; h column from rear x8; i column from front x8.

Thelymitra ccmalicidata

Figure 2. Thelymitra latiloba a column from side x8; b column from rear x8; c column
from front x8; Thelymitra occidentalis d column from side x8; e column from
rear x8; f column from front x8.

Glabrous, terrestrial herb. Tubers ovoid, fleshy. Lea/ linear to linear-lanceolate, 20-35 cm
long, 3-20 mm wide, erect, fleshy, canaliculate, dark green with a purplish base, ribbed
abaxially, sheathing at base, apex acuminate. Scape 20-85 cm tall, 1-6 mm diam., straight,
green to purplish. Sterile bracts 1-3, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.2-8. 5 cm long, 2-15 mm
wide, closely sheathing, green or purplish, apex acuminate. Fertile bracts ovate-acuminate
to obovate-acuminate, 4—25 mm long, 2-8 mm wide, sheathing the pedicels, green or pur-
plish. Pedicels 2.5—7 mm long, slender. Ovary cylindric to narrow-obovoid, 3.5-13 mm
long, 1.5-3 mm wide. Flowers 3-28, (15-)20-36 mm across, pale to dark blue with dark-
er longitudinal veins, sometimes flushed pinkish, opening freely in warm weather. Perianth
segments (7.5-) 10- 18 mm long, 3-9 mm wide, concave, often shortly apiculate; dorsal
sepal ovate to obovate, acute; lateral .sepals ovate to obovate, acute; petals ovate to obovate,
obtuse to acute; labellum lanceolate to oblanceolate, often smaller than other segments,
obtuse to acute. Column erect from the end of ovary, 4-6 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide,
winged, pale blue at base grading to dark purplish black towards apex, wings with distal
flanges; post-anther lobe hooding the anther, 1-1.5 mm long, 2. 5-3. 5 mm wide when flat-
tened, purplish black at base, apex almost semicircular, fleshy, toothed, irregularly undulate,
dissected, crest yellow; auxiliaiy lobes converging, 0. 8-1.1 mm long, 0.8-1. 3 mm wide,
fleshy, more or less flat, usually wider than long and widest at apex, purplish black at base,
apex shallowly toothed, irregularly undulate, yellow; lateral lobes converging, 2-2.7 mm
long, flat, poirect or obliquely erect. 0.7-1. 3 mm wide at base, tapering abruptly, distal half

78

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

oblong, each with a dense mass of erect and spreading trichonies on distal margins, the indi-
viduartrichomes 0.8- 1.1 mm long, white, rarely yellow or purplish. Anther situated about
mid-way along column, mostly obscured behind stigma, ovoid, 2.5-3. 1 mm long, 1.5-2
mm wide, connective produced into an apical beak 0.5-1 mm long; pollimiriitm 1.5-2. 5
mm long; visckliiim elliptic to more or less circular, c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide;
poUinia white, mealy. Stigma situated at base of column, ovate-quadrate, 2-3 mm long, c.
2.5 mm wide, margins irregular. Capsules obovoid. 8—15 mm long, 3—7 mm wide, erect,
ribbed. (Fig. 1 a-c; Fig. 3)

Selected specimens examined: Wkstern ..vustr.m.ia: 13 km WSW of Walpole. Walpole
Nornalup National Park, 30 xi. 1988, G. Warded -Johnson W120 (PERTH 02661020 & PERTH
02661039): Spencer Park, Albany, xi. 1978. R. Heherle s.n. (PERTH 00293946): Flat at junction of
Station Road and Conspicuous Beach Road. Nornalup, 23 xi. 1994, W. Jackson BJ305 (PERTH
0426 19 17): 9 miles S of Northcliffe, 26 xi. 1961. 4.5. George 3197 (PERTH 00293881): Nannamp.
9 xii. 1964. A.S. George 6481 (PERTH 00293849): Spencer Park. Albany, 28 x. 1959, Peter Smith
s.n. (PERTH 00293377): 2 miles S of Pemberton-Nannup Rbad, c. 15 miles W. of Pemberton. 8 xii.
1957, A.S. George s.n. (PERTH 00330329): Gravel road running S from South Coast Hwy just W

Figure 3. Thelymitra canaliculata Walpole area. Western Australia (photograph by C.J

French).

Thelymitra canaliciilata

79

of Kent River. 13 xii. 1984, yf.R Brown & S. Van Leeuwen 169 (PERTH 00293865)\ Peaceful Bay
Road recreation site, 2.5 km NE of Ficifolia Road junction. Walpole-Nornalup National Park, 24
xi. 1990, N. Gibson & M. Lyons 1206 (PERTH 03050505)’, 3 km E of Walpole. Walpole-Nornalup
National Park, near Pt. 1041, 19 xi. 1987, A.R. Annels 138 (PERTH 02661012).

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to near coastal, south-west Western Australia, most-
ly between Augusta and Albany (Fig. 8). Grows around the margins of winter-wet swamps
or on raised hummocks within them (Hoffman & Brown 1998). Altitude; 10-200 m.

Conserx’ation Status: This species is moderately widespread and represented in
reserves.

Flowering period: Late October to December.

Pollination biology: The large, freely opening flowers, coherent pollen, functional
viscidium and sporadic capsule development, indicate that this species is most likely
entomophilous.

Notes: Thelymitra canaliculata has been confused with Thelymitra azurea, but the
two species are quite distinct. The latter is a less robust, earlier flowering species with
generally smaller flowers (21-27 mm across), a narrower post-anther lobe (0.9-2 mm
wide) and smaller auxiliary lobes (0.5-1 mm long by 0.5-0. 8 mm wide). It is found pri-
marily in sandy heathland and mallee scrubland in dry situations, and is confined to east-
ern Australia. Thelymitra canaliculata is probably most closely related to Thelymitra
latiloba Jeanes from the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The latter grows primarily in dry
‘Wandoo’ open forests and woodlands, has an earlier flowering season, a more convolut-
ed apex to the post-anther lobe and generally broader ( 1 . 1-2. 1 mm) and shorter (0.4-0. 7
mm) auxiliary lobes. The apices of the three column lobes are distinctly bright yellow in
T. canaliculata, but white or pale pink in T. latiloba. Thelymitra canaliculata is also relat-
ed to Thelymitra occidentalis Jeanes, hut the latter has a slightly narrower post-anther
lobe (2-2.5 mm wide when flattened), slightly narrower auxiliary lohes (0.5-0. 8 mm
wide), flowers considerably earlier and grows in drier habitats.

Thelymitra azurea R.S. Rogers, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 41: 342, t. 17
(1917). Type: Found blooming in great numbers between Mount Compass and Victor
Harbour, South Australia, 19 xi. 1916, R.S. Rogers s.n. (holotype AD, isotypes AD, MEL
6775631).

Thelymitra canaliculata sensu J.Z. Weber & T.J. Entwisle in N.G. Walsh & T.J.
Entwisle (eds), FI. Victoria 1: 845 (1994), non R.Br. (1810).

Illustrations: Backhouse & Jeanes (1995) page 331; Bates & Weber (1990) Plate 200

Glabrous, somewhat glaucous terrestrial herb. Tubers ovoid, fleshy. Lcfl/'linear to filiform,
10-27 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, erect, fleshy, canaliculate to conduplicate, dark green with
a purplish base, ribbed abaxially, sheathing at base, apex acuminate. Scape 13-45 cm tall,
0.8-2. 2 mm diam., straight to slightly flexuo.se, green to purplish. Sterile bract 1, rarely 2,
linear to linear-lanceolate, 1 .5—4 cm long, 3—6 mm wide, closely sheathing, green or pur-
plish, apex acuminate and papillate. Fertile bracts ovate-acuminate to obovate-acuminate,
3-14 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, sheathing the pedicels, green or purplish, apex papillate.
Pedicels 2-7 mm long, slender. Ovary cylindric to narrow-obovoid, 4-10 mm long, 1.5-
4 mm wide. Flowers 1-10, (l3-)21-27 mm across, usually dark azure blue with darker
longitudinal veins, often with mauve tonings, rarely pink, opening moderately freely in
warm weather. Perianth segments (6-) 10- 13 mm long, 3-7 mm wide, concave, often
shortly apiculate; dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse; lateral sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute or
obtuse; petals lanceolate to ovate, acute or obtuse; labellum lanceolate to narrow-ovate,
often narrow than other segments, apex acute. Column erect from the end of ovary, 2.5-
4.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, winged, blue to purplish, wings with distal flanges; post-
anther lobe slightly hooding the anther, 0.5-1 mm long, 0.9-2 mm wide when flattened,
fleshy, blackish at base, apex an arc subtending an angle of c. 90 °, toothed or warty, yel-

80

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

low; aiixilku-y lobes converging, 0.5-1 mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm wide, fle.shy, rod-like, black-
ish at base, apex toothed or warty, yellow; lateral lobes converging, 1.2-2 mm long, flat,
porrect or obliquely erect, 0.5-1 mm wide at base, tapering abruptly, distal half oblong,
each with a dense mass of erect and spreading trichomes on distal margins, the individual
trichomes 0.7—1 mm long, white or purplish. Anther situated at base of column, mostly
obscured behind stigma, ovoid, 1. 8-2.4 mm long, 1-1.6 mm wide, connective produced
into an apical beak 0.4-0. 8 mm long; pollinariitni 1.2-1. 8 mm long; viscidium ovate.
0. 3-0.5 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide; pollinia white, mealy. Stigma situated at base of col-
umn, ovate-quadrate. 1.8-2. 3 mm long. 1.2- 1.6 mm wide, margins irregular. Capsules
obovoid, 8-14 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, erect, ribbed. (Fig. I d-f; Fig. 4)

Selected specimens examined: Soii'i'H ,U'.STRAI.IA: Mt Compass. 14 xi. 1932, R.S. Rogers s.n.
(MEL 625468): South east district: Lower Coorong, between the 136 and 137 mile post on the road
from Adelaide to Kingston SE, 22 x. 1967, R. Nash s.n. (CAIk'B 8104444): South east district: 43
mile post on Naracoorte-Keith Road, 13 x. 1969, M. Reek s.n. (CANB 8104443): Port Elliot, 19 xi.
1916, Dr 8l Mrs Rogers s.n. (NSW 181295): Eyre Peninsula: Tooligie Hills, 13 x. 1938, P.G. Wilson
442 (AD 95930067): Eyre Peninsula: Cowell Hills, 29 ix. 1989. R. Bates 20932 (AD 98930065):

Figure 4. Thelymitra azurea Little Desert N.P.. Victoria (photograph by J.A. Jeanes).

Thelymitra canaliciilata

81

Gip Gip Rocks, Padthaway, 10 x. 1964, D. Hunt 2182 (AD DH2182)\ Mt Compass, 30 x. 1976, R.
Bates s.n. (AD RJB/SE). Victoria: Little Desert. By main N-S track 2,5 km S of Little Desert
National Park and 27 km S of Kiata, 4 xi. 1978, T.B. Muir 6324 (MEL 1591905 & MEL 565908);
Victoria Valley, xi. 1932, Lorna Banfield s.n. (MEL 236697); Mallee. 8 km by track .south-west of
Red Bluff camping area on the S A/Vic. Border track. Big Desert, 6 xi. 1 984, David E. Albrecht 1235
(MEL 673998); Glenisla heathland, beside Henty Highway & west of Grampians Victoria Range, 6
xii. 1968, A.H. Corrick s.n. (MEL 665159); Wyperfeld National Park. 0.5 miles SE of Quandong
Hill, 14 x, 1968, A.C. Beauglehole 29355 (MEL 652722); Glenelg Shire, 8 miles W of Casterton
P.O., 17 xi. 1971, A.C. Sefliig/e/io/c J7909 (MEL 652720); Lower Glenelg National Park, Kentbruck
Heath, 22 xi. 1984, A.C. Beauglehole 79113 (MEL 669210); Little Desert (Eastern) near Wail, x.
1948, A.C. Beauglehole 18787 (MEL 221696); Tea Tree Creek area S of Glenisla Station, 13 xi.
1971, A.C. Beauglehole 37894 (MEL 652727); Yanac, x. 1942, T.E. George s.n. (MEL 1550418).

Distribution and habitat; South Australia and Victoria (Fig. 8). In South Australia it
occurs from the Eyre Peninsula to the Victorian border including Kangaroo Island. In
Victoria it occurs in the Lowan Mallee, Wannon and Grampians Natural Regions (Conn
1993). Widespread but rather uncommon in mallee scrublands, heathy woodland and
heathland on deep sand or sandy loam or peaty soils around swamp margins, often flow-
ering most abundantly the season following fires. Altitude: 10-250 m.

Conservation Status; This species is moderately widespread and represented in
reserves.

Flowering period; Late September to early December

Pollination biology; The freely opening flowers, coherent pollen, functional viscidi-
um and sporadic capsule development, indicate that this species is most likely ento-
mophilous.

Notes; Thelymitra azurea has been confused with Thelymitra canaliculata, but the
two species are quite distinct (see notes under the latter species). Thelymitra azurea is
most closely related to Thelymitra occidentalism but the latter species has a broader post-
anther lobe (2-2.5 mm wide) whose distal margin forms a more or less semi-circular rim,
a more westerly distribution and generally earlier flowering period.

Thelymitra jonesii Jeanes, sp. nov.

T. azureae R.S. Rogers affmis sed floribus pallidioribus, lobis lateralibus columnae
brevioribus, et lobis auxiliaribus ab lobis post-antheris distinctus minus a plicis involutis
duis vel incisuris vadis duis marginis distalis sejunctis differt.

Type; Tasmania. Tasman Peninsula; Arthur Highway, between Eaglehawk Neck and
Taranna, 24 x. 1997, J.E. Wapstra ORG962 (holotype CANB 609353.1, isotype CANB
609353.2).

Thelymitra azurea sensu D.L. Jones et al.. The Orchids of Tasmania 266 (1999) non
R.S. Rogers (1917).

Illustrations; Jones et al. (1999) pp. 260 & 266

Glabrous terrestrial herb. Tubers not seen. Lcq/Tinear to filiform, 6-21 cm long, 3-6 mm
wide, erect, fleshy, canaliculate to conduplicate, ribbed abaxially, dark green with a pur-
plish base, sheathing at base, apex acuminate. Scape 8-40 cm tall, 0.7-2. 5 mm diam.,
straight to slightly flexuose, green or purplish. Sterile bract solitary, linear to linear-lance-
olate, 1.5-3. 6 cm long, 3-6 mm wide, closely sheathing, green or purplish, apex acumi-
nate and papillate. Fertile bracts ovate-acuminate to obovate-acuminate, 4-12 mm long.
2-5 mm wide, closely sheathing the pedicels, green or purplish, apex papillate. Pedicels
2-6 mm long, relatively stout. Ovary narrow-obovoid, 4-8 mm long, 1 .5-4 mm wide.
Flowers 1-6, 13-21 (-27) mm across, light blue to azure blue with darker veins, opening
freely in warm weather. Perianth segments 6-10(-13) mm long, 2-8 mm wide, often
shortly apiculate; dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse; lateral sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute or
obtuse, petals lanceolate to ovate, acute or obtuse; labellum lanceolate to narrow-ovate.

82

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

often narrower than other segments, apex acute. Cohmm erect from the end of ovary, 3-
5 mm long, 1 .5—2.5 mm wide, winged, blue to purplish, wings with distal flanges,
sometimes terminating in entire, toothed or fimbriate lobes; post-anther lobe hooding the
anther. 0.5-0.9 mm long, 1-2 mm wide when flattened, blackish at base, apex a fleshy,
curved, toothed or warty crest, yellow; auxiliary lobes converging. 0. 7-1.1 mm long,
0.5-1 mm wide, held in close proximity to post-anther lobe and differentiated from it by
two inward folds or two shallow incisions of the distal margin, thick and fleshy, blackish
at base, apex toothed or warty, yellow; lateral lobes converging, 0.5-1 mm long. 0.3-0. 4
mm wide, fleshy, porrect or obliquely erect, terminal, continuous with column wing or
inserted on inner apical margin of column-wing, each with a dense mass of erect and
spreading trichomes on distal margins, the individual trichomes 0.9-1. 1 mm long, white.
Anther situated at ba.se of column, mo.stly obscured. behind stigma, ovoid. 1. 7-2.5 mm
long. 1.2-1. 8 mm wide, connective produced into an apical beak 0.3-0. 8 mnr long; pol-
linarium 1 .4-2 mm long; viscidium more or less circular, c. 0.3 mm diam.; pollinia white,
friable, mealy. Stigma situated at base of column, ovate-quadrate. 1.5-2. 2 mm long,
1.1 -1.9 mm wide, margins irregular. Capsules obovoid. 8-12 mm long, 4-6 mm wide,
erect, ribbed. (Fig. I g-i; Fig. 5)

figure 5. Thelymitra jonesii Tasman Peninsula. Tasmania (photograph by L. Rubenach).

Thehmitra canalicidata

83

Specimens examined'. Tasmania: Cape Barren Island, Furneaux Group, 26 x. 1973,
J.S. Whinray 631 (MEL 533323)', Cape Barren Island, Furneaux Group, 26 x. 1973, J.S.
Whinray 177 (AD 97512443)', Southport Bluff, 28 xi. 1976, M. Allan s.n. (HO 410816)',
Eaglehawk Neck, 5 xi. 1984, M. Cameron s.n. (CANB 9702851.1 upper photograph);
Mason Point between Eaglehawk Neck and Taranna, 3 1 x. 2000, J. & 4. Wapstra JAJ909
(MEL 2089283)', Taranna, Tasman Peninsula, 31 x. 1996, R. Minchin ORG385 (CANB
611006.1 & CANB 611006.3).

Distribution and habitat'. Apparently endemic to Tasmania where known from only
four widely separated areas (Fig. 8). Grows in moist coastal heath on sandy to peaty soil
(Jones eta/. 1999). Altitude: 10-250 m.

Conservation Status: Known from very few collections. Suggest 3EC by criteria of
Briggs & Leigh (1996).

Flowering period: October to early December.

Pollination biology: The freely opening flowers, coherent pollen, functional viscidi-
um and sporadic capsule development, indicate that this species is most likely ento-
mophilous.

Notes: Thelymitra jonesii Jeanes is most closely related to Thelymitra azurea and
Thelymitra occidentalis, but the former has generally paler blue Bowers and the column
has shorter lateral lobes (1.2-2 mm long in T. azurea, 1.5-2. 5 mm long in T. occidental-
is). Also, the auxiliary lobes in T. jonesii are less differentiated from the post-anther lobe,
only being separated from it by two inward folds or two shallow incisions of the distal
margin.

Specimens of T. jonesii from Cape Barren Island have a variable column post-anther lobe
ranging from virtually absent to more typical of the species on the Tasmanian mainland.

Etymology: Named after David L. Jones (1944- ), botanist, horticulturist and botani-
cal author, and probably the first person to recognise Thelymitra jonesii as a distinct
species. David is pre-eminent among contemporary orchid taxonomists in Australia, and
has been of immeasurable help in my orchid research over many years, particularly more
recently on the genus Thelymitra.

Thelymitra latiloba Jeanes, sp. nov.

T. canaliculatae R.Br. affinis sed lobis columnae ad apicem alba vel rosea, lobis auxil-
iaribus brevioribus latioribus, Borescentia praecociore et habitationibus siccioribus diffeit.

Type: Western Australia. Weam Nature Reserve, c. 9 km E of Brookton, 15 x. 2000,
J.A. Jeanes 845 (holotype PERTH, isotypes CANB, MEL 2089278).

Thelymitra azurea sensu N. Hoffman & A. Brown. Orchids of South-west Australia
edn 2, 258 (1998) non R.S. Rogers (1917).

Glabrous, terrestrial herb. Tubers not seen. Lcri/' linear to linear-lanceolate, 15-30 cm
long, 3—12 mm wide, erect, fleshy, canaliculate, dark green with a purplish base, ribbed
abaxially, sheathing at base, apex acuminate. Scape 8-60 cm tall, 1. 3-3.5 mm diam.,
straight, green to purplish. Sterile bract usually 1 , rarely 2, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-
8 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, closely sheathing, green or purplish, apex acuminate to long-
acuminate. Fertile bracts ovate-acuminate to obovate-acuminate, 3.5-25 mm long, 2-6
mm wide, green or purplish, sheathing the pedicels. Pedicels 3-8 mm long, slender.
Ovary narrow-obovoid, 4- 1 0 mm long, 1 .5-3 mm wide. Flowers 2- 1 2, (20-)30-38(^6)
mm across, blue with darker blue longitudinal veins, sometimes Bushed mauve towards
centre and at extremities, opening freely in warm weather. Perianth segments (8-)
14-1 8(-22) mm long, 3-9 mm wide, concave, often shortly apiculate; dorsal sepal ovate-
lanceolate to ovate, acute; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acute; petals ovate-
lanceolate to ovate, sometimes asymmetric, obtuse to acute; labellum lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, often smaller than other segments, subacute. Column erect from the end of

84

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

ovary, 3. 5-5. 5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, winged, whitish or pale blue at base grading to
dark blue dorsally and towards apex, wings with distal tlanges; post-anther lobe hooding
the anther. 1-1.7 mm long, 1.9-3. 5 mm wide when llattened. a dorsally compressed
inflated tube, dark purplish black, apex a curved, fleshy, toothed or lobed, irregularly
undulate to crispate, white or pink crest; auxiliary lobes converging. 0.4-0. 7 mm long.
1.1 -2.1 mm wide, flat, dark purplish black at base, apex fleshy, shallowly toothed, irreg-
ularly undulate, white or pink; lateral lobes converging, 1.3-2 mm long, flat, porrect or
obliquely erect. 0. 5-1.1 mm wide at base, tapering abruptly, distal half oblong, each with
a dense mass of erect and spreading trichomes on distal margins, the individual trichomes
0.8-1. 1 mm long, usually purple, occasionally white. Anther situated about mid-way
along column, mostly obscured behind stigma, ovoid, 2-3 mm long, 1 .3-2 mm wide,
connective produced into an apical beak 0.5-0. 8 mm long; pollinariuni 1 .4-2.3 mm long;
viscidium ovate, c. 0.4 mm long; pollinia white, mealy. Stigma situated at base of column,
ovate-quadrate, 2-2.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, margins irregular. Capsules obovoid, 6-
12 mm long, 3-7 mm wide, erect, ribbed. (Fig. 2 a-c; Fig. 6)

Figure 6. Thehmitra latiloba York area. Western Australia (photograph by J.A. Jeanes).

Thelymitra canalicidata

85

Specimens examined: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Dragon Rocks Nature Reserve No. 36128. NE sec-
tion N of Jilakin Rocks Road, 24 x. 1991, A.M. Coates 3316 (PERTH 05153433)-, Dumbleyung, x.
1924, B.T. Goadbys.n. (PERTH 00330337)-, Bruce Rock, x., O.H. Sargent s.n. (PERTH 00293393)-,
York, X, 1904, A.' Piirdie s.n. (PERTH 00293903)-, Cut Hill, W of York, 8 x. 1905, lO.H. Sargent
s.n. (PERTH 00293458)-, 2 km S of Wongan Hills/Piawaning Road, Wongan Hills, 194 km NE of
Perth, 21 ix. 1974, K.F. Kenneally 2264 (PERTH 01220497)-, 2 km S of Wongan Hills/Piawaning
Road, Wongan Hills, 194 kin NE of Perth, 6 x. 1974, K.F. Kenneally 2342 (PERTH 01220519 &
PERTH 3318/B)-, Dryandra State Forest, Crossman map 1:100000, Grid Reference 955793, 28 x.
1987, D.M. Rose 438 (PERTH 01699520)-, Brookton area. Moorumbine South Rd, c. 100 m SE of
Schultz Rd, 15 X. 2000, J.A. Jeanes 843, C. French & H. Beyrle (MEL 2089280, PERTH);
Dryandra State Forest, NW corner of reserve, 17 x. 2000, J.A. Jeanes 847 (MEL 2089275,
PERTH); c. 6 km W of York. Balladong Rd c. 4 km from Southern Hwy, 16 x. 2000, J.A. Jeanes
846 (MEL 2089277, PERTH); Corner of Qualen Rd and Kittlers Rd, SW of York, 14 x. 2000, J.A.
Jeanes 838, C. French & H. Beyrle (MEL 2089282, PERTH).

Distribution and habitat: Endemic to southwest Western Australia, where apparently
confined to the wheatbelt region between Wongan Hills and Dumbleyung (Fig. 8). Grows
in ‘Wandoo’ open forest and woodland {Eucalyptus drummondii, E. gardnerii, E. ornata
and E. transcontinentalis are also sometimes present), usually on slopes below laterite
outcrops. Soils are sandy or gravelly loams over laterite, and are often covered by copi-
ous leaf and bark litter. Altitude: 200-400 m.

Conservation Status: Poorly known, but reasonably widespread and represented in
reserves.

Elowering period: Late September to early November.

Pollination biology: The large, freely opening flowers, coherent pollen, functional
viscidium and sporadic capsule development, indicate that this species is most likely
entomophilous.

Notes: Thelymitra latiloba has been confused with Thelymitra canaliculata, but the
two species are quite distinct (see notes under the latter species). Thelymitra occidental-
is from dry mallee scrublands of southern Western Australia and South Australia differs
from T. latiloba in its narrower auxiliary lobes (0. 5-0.8 mm wide), generally less robust
habit, often smaller flowers (15-32 mm across) and yellow-tipped column lobes.

Hybrids between Thelymitra latiloba and Thelymitra macrophylla Lindl. sensu lato have
been observed near York and Brookton where the two species grow sympatrically.

Etymology: Latin latus, broad, wide; lobus, lobe; an allusion to the very broad auxil-
iary lobes on the column.

Thelymitra occidentalis Jeanes, sp. nov.

T. azureae R.S. Rogers affinis sed loba post-antherae latiore, incisa profunde magis,
florescentia praecociore et distributione occidentalioribus differt.

Type: Western Australia. 32 miles E of Cranbrook, on Chester Pass Rd, 14 xi. 1959,
A.S. George 406 (holotype PERTH 00293415).

Thelymitra azurea sensu N. Hoffman & A. Brown, Orchids of South-west Australia edn
2, 258 (1998) p.p., non R.S. Rogers (1917).

Illustrations: Hoffman & Brown (1998) page 258; Bates & Weber (1990) plate 199

Glabrous, terrestrial herb. Tubers ovoid to obloid, 6-12 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, fleshy.
Leq/linear to linear-lanceolate, 8-25 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, erect, fleshy, canaliculate,
dark green with a purplish base, ribbed abaxially, sheathing at base, apex acuminate.
Scape 12-40 cm tall, 0.8-2. 5 mm diam., straight, green to purplish. Sterile bract usually
1, rarely 2, linear to linear-lanceolate. 1-5.5 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, closely sheathing,
green or purplish, apex acuminate to long-acuminate. Fertile bracts ovate-acuminate to
obovate-acuminate, 3-19 mm long, 2-6 mm wide, sheathing the pedicels, green or pur-
plish. Pedicels 2-8 mm long, slender. Ovary narrow-obovoid, 3.5-12 mm long, 1-3 mm
wide. Flowers 2-15, (15-)21-32 mm across, blue with darker blue longitudinal veins.

86

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

sometimes flushed mauve towards centre and at extremities, opening freely in warm
weather. Perianth segments (7-)l()-15 mm long, ,1-6 mm wide, concave, often shortly
apiculate; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute; lateral sepals ovate-
lanceolate to ovate, acute; petals ovate-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute; lahellian
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, often smaller than other segments, acute. Column erect
from the end of ovary, 3-5 mm long, 1 .8-3 mm wide, winged, whitish or pale blue, wings
with distal flanges; post-anther lobe hooding the anther, 0.8— 1.4 mm long. 2-2.5 mm
wide when flattened, purplish black at base, apex a more or less semicircular, occasion-
ally bilobed or incised, fleshy, irregularly undulate, yellow crest; auxiliary lobes con-
verging, 0.6-1 mm long, 0.5-0. 8 mm wide, flat, usually longer than wide, purplish black
at base, apex shallowly toothed, fleshy but not greatly thickened, yellow; lateral lobes
converging, 1. 5-2.5 mm long, flat, porrect or obliquely erect, 0.7-1 mm wide at base,
tapering abruptly, distal half oblong, each with a mass of erect and spreading trichomes
on distal margins, the individual trichomes 0.7-1 mm long, white or purplish. Anther sit-
uated about mid-way along column, mostly obscured behind stigma, ovoid. 1 .5-2.5 mm

Figure 7. Thelymitra occidentaUs Ravensthorpe. Western Australia (photograph by C.J.
French).

Thelymitra canaliculata

87

Figure 8. Distribution of Thelymitra canaliculata, T. azurea, T. jonesii, T. latiloha and
T. occidentalis.

long, 1-1.5 mm wide, connective produced into an apical beak 0.4-0.6 mm long; polli-
nariwn 1.2-2 mm long; visciclium more or less circular, c. 0.3 mm diam.; pollinia white,
friable, mealy. Stigma situated at base of column, oblong, 2-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm
wide, margins irregular. Capsules obovoid, 6-12 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, erect ribbed
(Fig. 2 d-f; Fig. 7)

Selected specimens examined: Western austraeia: Mt Merivale, 20 km E of Esperance 30
X. 1995, B. Archer 174 (MEL 2032837 & MEL 2032838)- Norseman-Esperance Rd, c. 5 miles S
ot Grass Patch, 7 ix. 1963, J.H. Willis s.n. (MEL 221 698)-, Lower southern slopes of East Mt
Barren, 13 km WNW of Hopetoun, 4 x. 1966, T.B. Muir 4176 (MEL 565673)-, Roe Botanical
District, 32 km NE of Mt Ridley, Mix, 1991, W.R. Archer 1409935 (MEL 2013882)-. 6kmE of Ml
Buraminya, 1 1 x, 1992, W.R. Archer 1110923 (MEL 2034244)-, 6 km ENE of Mt Buraminya, 1 1 x.
1992, W.R. Archer 1110922 (MEL 2034243)-. Mount le Grand, near Esperance, 1 1 ix. 1971, A.S.
George 11017 (PERTH 00300632)-, Ravensthorpe-Hopetoun Rd, W. Rogerson 258 (PERTH
00293407)-, Ravensthorpe, ix. 1967, Mrs V.M. Bennett s.n. (PERTH 00293466)-, 10 miles ESE of
Tambellup, 30 ix. 1971, A.5. George 11081 (PERTH 00300659).

Di.strilmtiori and habitat: Western Australia and South Australia (Fig. 8). In Western
Australia it is found in southern regions between Katanning and the South Australian bor-
der, with isolated inland records for the southern fringe of the Great Victoria Desert
(Hoffman & Brown 1998). In South Australia, apparently found on the Eyre Peninsula
(eg. Mt Hope), based on unpublished information (R. Bates pers. comm.) and on plate
199 in Orchids of South Australia (Bates & Weber 1990). Grows in sand or sandy clay
soils in heathland or shrubby mallee woodland, often near rock outcrops or around win-
ter-wet depressions. Altitude: 5-200 m.

Conservation Status: This species is very widespread and represented in reserves.

Flowering period: September to early November.

Pollination biology: The large, freely opening flowers, coherent pollen, functional
vi.scidium and sporadic capsule development, indicate that this species is most likely
entomophiloLis.

Notes: Thelymitra occidentalis is apparently most closely related to Thelymitra
azurea, but the two species are quite distinct (see notes under the latter species).
Thelymitra occidentalis has also been confused with Thelymitra canaliculata (see notes
under the latter species).

88

Jeffrey A. Jeanes

A few collections of T. occidentaHs from near Esperance are unusual in having two
sterile bracts and mauve hair tufts on the lateral lobes. This variant also appears to mul-
tiply vegetatively as one specimen examined had a developing daughter tuber on a later-
al root.

Etxinology. Latin occidentalism western; the species has a generally more western dis-
tribution than its closest congener, Thelymitra azurea.

The following key is provided to distinguish the five members of the Thelymitra canalic-
iilata complex.

1 . Auxiliary lobes of the column held in close proximity to the post-anther lobe and only
differentiated from the latter by two shallow incisions in, or by two inward folds of,
the distal margin; lateral lobes of the column to 1 pirn long; perianth segments usually
to 10 mm long; Tasmania only T. jonesii

1. Auxiliary lobes of the column held well away from the post-anther lobe and

differentiated from the latter by two obvious broad recesses in the distal margin;
lateral lobes of the column >1 mm long; perianth segments usually more than 10 mm
long; mainland Australia only 2

2. Auxiliary lobes of the column 0.8-2. 1 mm wide, usually wider than long; post-anther

lobe of the column >2.5 mm wide when flattened, distal margin greatly convoluted
and often deeply dissected; Western Australia only (far south-west corner and western
wheatbelt) 2

2. Auxiliary lobes of the column 0.5-0. 8 mm wide, usually longer than wide; post-

anther lobe of the column to 2.5 mm wide when flattened, distal margin not greatly
convoluted or deeply dissected; Southern Australia (extending from Albany in
Western Australia to the Victorian Grampians) 4

3. Auxiliary lobes of the column 1. 1-2.1 mm wide, 0.4-0. 7 mm long; post-anther lobe

of the column often a dorsally compressed tube; apex of column lobes white or pale
pink; flowers mostly in October; plants growing in 'Wandoo' open forests and
woodlands of the western edge of the Western Australian wheatbelt T. latiloha

3. Auxiliary lobes of the column 0.8-1 .3 mm wide. 0.8-1 . 1 mm long; post-anther lobe

of the column rarely a dorsally compressed tube; apex of column lobes bright yellow;
flowers mostly November to December; plants growing in moist situations around
swamp margins of far southwest Western Australia T. canaliculata

4. Post-anther lobe of the column usually <2 mm wide when flattened, apex forming an

arc-like rim subtended by an angle of about 90 degrees; flowers mostly October and
November; South Australia and Victoria T. azurea

4. Post-anther lobe of the column 2-2.5 mm wide when flattened, apex forming a more
or less semicircular arc-like rim; flowers mostly September to October; southern
Western Australia and South Australia (Eyre Peninsula) T. occidentalis

Concluding remarks

This paper is based primarily on the quantitative and qualitative study of dried and spirit
preserved herbarium specimens, supplemented by field observations, photographs and
illustrations from the literature. Although the specimens within each species show con-
siderable variation, no intermediates were encountered and remarkably few were difficult
to classify, and these were generally dried specimens that had either been pressed poorly
and lost important diagnostic features or had deteriorated with age. A few aberrant spec-
imens were encountered, and comment is made on these under the species in question.
The size, shape and position of the auxiliary lobes are the most important diagnostic fea-
tures of this complex, and most specimens can be identified positively from these alone.

Thelymitra canaliculata

89

The size and shape ot the post-anther lobe are particularly important in distinguishing
between Thelymitra azurea and Thelymitra occidentalism which appear to be close sister
taxa. The yellow pigment at the apex of the post-anther lobe and auxiliary lobes of four
of the five species is highly durable and obvious in most dried specimens regardless of
age. Dried specimens of Thelymitra latiloba are usually readily identified by their lack of
this yellow pigmentation. Annotations on herbarium sheets concerning flowering times
and habitat preferences are also useful aids to identification.

The presence ot T occidentalis in South Australia is not supported by any preserved
specimens that I had access to during this study. A more complete picture of its distribu-
tion would be facilitated by field research, particularly on the Eyre Peninsula.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) and the Australian
Orchid Foundation (AOF) for their financial support ot my work on Thelymitra during
2000 and 2001. I wish to thank Bob Bates, Chris French, Les Rubenach and Hans
Wapstra tor supplying me with locality information, specimens or photographs of the
new taxa. My colleague Neville Walsh (MEL) kindly wrote the Latin diagnoses and made
helpful comments on the text. My appreciation also goes to Enid Mayfield (MEL) for
executing the line drawings, Peter Neish (MEL) for the distribution map and the directors
and curatorial staff at AD, CANB. HO. MEL, NSW and PERTH for access to specimens.

References

Backhouse, G.N. & Jeanes, J.A. (1995). The Orchids of Victoria (Melbourne University
Press, Carlton).

Bates, R.J. & Weber, J.Z. (1990). Orchids of South Australia (Government Printer, South
Australia).

Bentham, G. (1873). Flora Australiensis, vol. 6: 318 (L. Reeve & Co., London).

Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. (1996). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants, Revised
Edition. (CSIRO and Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra).

Brown. R. (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, et Insulae van Diemen
(London).

Clements, M.A. (1989). Catalogue of Australian Orchidaceae, Australian Orchid
Research 1: 138.

Conn, B.J. (1993). Natural Regions and Vegetation of Victoria, in ‘Flora of Victoria’, vol.
1. eds D.B. Foreman & N.G. Walsh. (Inkata Press, Melbourne).

George, A.S. ( 1971 ). A checklist of the orchids of Western Au.stralia, Niiytsia 1(2): 193.

Holtman, N. & Brown. A. (1998). Orchids of South-west Australia, edn 2 with supple-
ment (University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands).

Rogers. R.S. (1917). Additions to the Orchidaceous Plants of South Australia,
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 41 : 342.

Muelleria 15:91 (2001)

Errata

D.J. Carr ‘The stomata of bluegums {Eucalyptus spp.), Vol 14, p. 34

On Table 1, under Mueller, Juvenile leaves, the ‘132’ under ‘Size pm’
belongs under Juvenile leaves, ‘Frequency mm^

Table 1. Stomatal size* and frequency in E. glohuliis

Author

Juvenile

Adult

Size (im

Frequency

mni^

Size (im

Frequency

mm^

Mueller

Upper

70

upper

60

lower

132

lower

51

87

Briosi

upper

Upper

lower

40-60

162

lower

80-100

59

Johnson

Upper

Upper

53

86

lower

29

83.8

lower

54

86

Carr and

Carr ( 1 )

lower

27

142

lower

53

Carr and

upper

Upper

(na)

Carr (2)

lower

26.5

191

lower

(na)

Carr and

Carr (3)

lower

27.6

127

lower

53.3

Carr and

Carr (4)

lower

35.4

lower

58.3

Maiden &

Mansfield

(1968)

lower

31

Ridge,

upper

upper

56

129

R.W.

(1980)

lower

lower

57

63.6

*The size measurements in all Tables are of stomatal length (micrometres) (means of 30
determinations) .

•V »

fi'

pcjwlfa mmct ^rucuiic t4i&4f7<iu<'.> umu-

OB iJP^*»G r nwqci. }CSA«M' 4 j^ . 1 V'J. ,gixx hw,

D'V 5JJOOJW «H p[ocSiTuj2 /.hh \* j.<- b

‘i-'t.-ii

U.'A? '’500 ii

Errata

93

S.Ford, M. Gibson and G. Duke ‘The lichens of Nothofagus cunning-
/iamh'-dominated rainforests and Acacia melanoxylon-dommated forest in
the Otways, Victoria.’

The following figure should replace Figure 2 .

Figure 2. Species richness per quadrat in the two forest types. A t test on the
difference between the means was not significant with p = 0.085.

The figure caption remains the same

#-

jjic ^Smjc csbi^ou vxnmm t^c^ ?ouk

• V-

f.jHau, j gbCTfW uqast^P PSk (kOotim ir !f><. i/t ' - ti.>if/<i !■>’•»=)»■

i«b|yr.o j|j&»5cK J*

tv*;

^rauir^-JrpuiiUSi^q 3«q M

g j^Oiq’ 74-’ oipaou tmq O' d*‘F' .viP'*’

Errata

95

J.A. Jeanes, ‘Two new species of Thelymitra (Orchidaceae) from south-
eastern Australia.’

Figures 1 and 3 are reproduced here.

Figure 1. Thelymitra utronitida: a habit X 0.5; b column from rear X 6; c column from side X 6; d column from front X 6.

Thelymitra planicola: e habit X 0.5; f column from rear X 6; g column from side X 6; h column from front X 6.

96

J A Jeanes

P'igure 3. Thelxmitm atronitida Mallacoota area

CONTENTS

Volume 15, 2001

Contributed Papers Page

Sanidclitschia naiwstellata (Fungi: Dothideales; Sporormiaceae):

A new species from Australia.

— Ann Bell and Daniel P. Mahoney 3

Two new endemic Australian genera in the tribe Bnmgnidrtieae (Fabaceae)
to accommodate two species formerly included in Templetonia R.Br.

— J.H. Ross 7

Notes on the Philotheca myoporoides complex (Rutaceae) in Victoria.

— Andrew C. Rozefelds 15

The Tasmanian species of Philotheca (Rutaceae)

— Andrew C. Rozefelds 19

A new species of Oreobolus, O. tholicarpus (Cyperaceae), endemic to Tasmania

— Dennis I. Morris 27

The identity of Bossiaea strigillosa Benth. (Fabaceae: Tribe Bossiaceae)

-J.H. Ross 31

A revision of Centipeda (Asteraceae)

— N.G. Walsh 33

Cypscla morphology and a reassessment of the record of
Omalotheca supina (Asteraceae) from Tasmania
Andrew C. Rozefelds 65

Lepidiiiin giniundeirense (Brassicaceae), a new species from the
Australian Capital Territory

N.H. Scarlett 69

Resolution of the Thelymitra canaliculata R.Br. (Orchidaceae) complex
in southern Australia

Jeffrey A. Jeanes 75

Errata

91