MUELLERIA VOL. 2, No. 3 2 0 DEC 1972 NOVEMBER, 1972. 3988/72. MUELLERIA An Australian Journal of Botany 2 0 DEC 1972 VOL. 2. No. 3. NOVEMBER. 1972 NATIONAL HERBARIUM ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, MELBOURNE VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA D. M. CHURCHILL, Director and Government Botanist 39«8 72 CONTENTS Page A New Species of Orchidaceae from Victoria — D. L. Jones . . 151 Notes on Australian Acacias 1 — A. B. Court 155 Notes on Two Species of Cenchrus (Gramineae) in Aus- tralia — J. D. Twentyman . . 164 The Flora of Ulupna Island Reserve — T. B. Muir . . . . 169 Studies in Australian Lichens II. The Alpine Lichen Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. in Australia — R. B. Filson 180 Preliminary Notice on the Sonder Collection in the National Herbarium of Victoria — A. B. Court 188 A np:w spkcies of orchidaceae from victoria by David L. Jones* Pterostylis aestiva sp. nov. ex affinitate Pterostylis decurvae R. S. Rogers, differt: floris colore (saturate aeruginoso), floris basi perbulbosa, antherae rostro prominenti (ca. 1mm. longo), labello longiore ( 14-5-I90mm.) atque columna longiore (14- 16mm.). Plant very slender, 12—35 cm tall. Radical leaves absent during anthesis, app>caring as a rosette on non-flowering plants. Stem-hracts 1-3, well developed, up to 4 cm long, linear-lanceolate with long acuminate tips, the margins entire and often revolute. Flower solitary, rarely two, variable in size, translucent-white with dark bluish-green longitudinal stripes, often reddish towards apex. Galea 22-27 mm long (measured in a straight line from the base of the flower to the petal tips), erect at base, then curving forward through a semi-circle and ending in a filiform point 10-16 mm long. Lateral sepals 40-52 mm long, conjoined for three-quarters of their length to form an erect lower lip which is cuneate and notched at the centre of upper mar^ns, the latter internally revolute and forming a wide very gibbous sinus, contracting suddenly into filiform points which rise 25-40 mm above the galea. Labellum 14-5-19 mm long, linear-oblong, on an irritable claw, upright for two-thirds of its length then curving forwards, reddish brown in colour, with a longitudinal ridge running along the centre and expanding at the tip ; apex obtuse, the point protruding conspicuously through the sinus and in some specimens still visible when retracted into the galea ; appendage relatively large, curved, trifid, penicillate. Column 14-16 mm long, the upper angle of the wings produced into an acute linear tooth about 1-5 mm long, the lower lobes attenuated, slender, almost linear-obtuse with very few cilia visible from the exterior but densely packed on the inner margins. Stigma central, elliptical, 7-10 mm long. Anther about 2-5 mm long, usually with a small rostrum about 01 mm long. Pollinia four, linear-oblong, about 1-8 mm long. Flowering Time : January — early April. Distribution : At present apparently restricted to Victoria where it is confined to the highlands of the north-east and is often locally abundant. Its appearance in the highlands and tablelands of southern New South • Bayswater. Victoria. 151 152 D. L. JoNKs; A New Species of Orchidaceae from Victoria Fig. 50 — Pterosiylis aestiva D. L. Jones sp. nov. a, b flowering specimens, X 2/3; c juvenile rosette of leaves. X 2/3; d, e flowers from front, X 2/3; f column and labellum. from side, X 2; g labellum from above, flattened, X 2; h lower lobe of column wing, X 3 1/3; i lateral petal, XI: j pollinia, X 3 1/3. all specimens from Mount Hamilton. I). I . JuNi s: .*1 New Species . 42 ( 1837). SYN.: Acacia luehmannii I-'. Mucll. Pra^m. Phyt. Aust. 11:116 ( 1881 ). G. Bcntham cited a Bauer specimen in his original description of A. suhlanata and gave simply "Australia" as its locality. Later, in Flor. Aust. 2 : 378 (1864), he asserted that Robert Brown collected this species along the south coast of Australia but he did not specifically mention Bauer's specimen. At the same time he wrongly relegated A. pravifolia F. Muell. to synonymy under A. suhlanata thus causing confusion which has persisted until the present time. The author has examined the holotype of A. suhlanata and also two Brown specimens representing the same species in the Kew herbarium. One of Brown's specimens is clearly labelled " Arnheim Bay " and the other " New Holland North Coast ” and it seems likely that Bentham misread " North Coast ” as “ South Coast The author has compared an isolype of A. luehmannii (a specimen gathered along the Liverpool River by B. Gulliver and filed in the Kew herbarium) with the holotype of A. suhlanata and has no hesitation in reducing the former name to a synonym of the latter. A. suhlanata has been recorded from Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland but A. pravifolia is known only from South Australia and New South Wales. Acacia wilhelmiana F. Muell in Trans. Phil. Soc. Viet. 1 : 37 ( 1855). SYN.: Acacia Bynoeana sens. Benth. Plor. Aust. 2 : 337 (1864) atque auett. cum subseq., non quoad Benth. ( 1855). Acacia leptophxlla F. Muell. Frat^ni. Ph\t. Aust. 4 : 9 (1863). Acacia calamifolia Sweet ex Lindi. var. wilhelmiana ( F. Mucll.) Benth. Flor. Aust. 2 : 339 (1864) — ut var. Wilhelmsiana. Acacia Bynoeana Benth. var. latifolia J. M. lilack Flor. S. Aust. cd. 2 2:418 f.576 (1948), anglice. For more than a century uncertainty has surrounded the identity of an Acacia common to parts of South Australia, New South Wale's and Victoria and hitherto called A. hynoeana Benth. Some of this confusion has been due to incorrect data on labels accompanying speci- mens transmitted to Bentham by Mueller, and it is the author’s inten- tion to review this situation and present an account of all pertinent literature (much of which is rare and generally unavailable to botanists) together with comments on the original specimens cited in Bentham’s and Mueller’s descriptions. A. hynoeana was originally described by Bentham in Linnaea 26 : 614 (1855) from material collected by Benjamin Bynoe who was Surgeon on the Beagle during Commander J. Lort Stokes’ expedition 160 A. B. Court: Notes on Australian Acacias / to Australia ( 1837-43) for the purpose of exploring those parts of the coast that remained unknown to Flinders and King. The following is BenthanFs description ; — “ A. Bynoeana, ramulis pubescentibus, phyliodiis breviter subulatis lineari- terelibus siibcompressisve sulcato-trinerviis uncinato-mucronatis, pedimculis capitLilo parvo siib-20-tloro longioribiis, calyce anguste 5-lobo, petalis angiistis. — Fruticiilus dense folialiis. Stipulae lanceolatae v. setaceae, lineam fere longae, cadiicae. Phyllodia pleraque fere pollicaria, conspicue trinervia, mucrone recurve tenui. Pedunculi hispiduli 3-4 lin. longi. Capitula lin. diametro. Bracteolae lineares, acuminatae, hispidulae. I^etala distincta. Hneari-subulata. calycem breviter superantia. Ovarium glabrum. (In Australia tropica? Bynoe in herb. Hooker.)” Bynoe’s specimen carries no indication that it was collected in the Australian tropics (the label says simply “Australia Bynoe”), Bcntham evidently added “ tropica ? ” of his own accord. Notes on the actual station at which this specimen was gathered are provided in the discussion under A. bynoeana on page 156. In 1855, Mueller described specimens that he gathered in the Murray scrub under the name A. wilhehniana in the following words ; — ■‘13. Acacia Wilhelmiana. " Viscidulous ; stems angular, puberulous : phyllodia incurved, upright, short linear-filiform, compressed, ending in a broader blunt recurved apex, above or on both sides furrowed and furnished with two thin veins ; stipules ovate, acuminate, very glutinous, deciduous or at length spinescent ; peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the fiower-heads ; pods viscid, narrow, arcuate, between the seeds slightly contracted. “ In the Mallee Scrub on the Murray, where it was first discovered by Mr. Wilhelmi. ” Allied to Acacia Hookeri.” This diagnosis, with slight alterations to wording, was republished in Hook. Hot. Ke\e Chins Misc. 8 : 46 (1856). Hooker, who prob- ably edited Mueller’s article, added two footnotes, the first against Acacia wilhelmiana reading “ Is a variety of A. nematophylla, F. Muell. (Benth. in Linnaca) ” and the second against A. hookeri reading “Is A. ericaefolia, Benth.” In the same year (1855), Bentham look up Mueller's name A. nematophylla and published it with a good description in Linnaea 26 : 612. This name is a synonym of A. calatnifolia Sweet ex Lindl. However, at the end of his description Bcntham adds : — “ Ejusdem var. ramulis minus angulatis, phyllodiisquc gummi resinoso scatentibus legit F. Mull, in MurraVSerub. {A. Wilhelmsiana F. Mull.)” The specimens referred to here represent the same species described as A. wilhelmiana by F. Mueller in the same year and quoted in full above. Mueller, in J. Linn. Soc. {Bot.) 3 : 123 (1859), discussed both A. nematophylla and A. wilhelmiana: — " 2.*'. Acacia nematophylla, Ferd. Muell. e.x Benth. in Linnaea. xxvi. p.612. “ Spencer’s Gulf, C. Wilhelmi. '■ Le^umina pluripollicaria. circiter 3"' lata, coriacea corrugata. demum fuscescentia, satis compressa, ad suturas flexuosa. Semina atra opaca ovata V. oblongo-ovata satis compressa strophiolo crasso fulvido fere cymbiformi V" longitudine excedente sufTulta. A. H. CoURi: Notes on Australian Acacias / 161 "Acacia H'’il/ielmiana*. a cl. Bcntham, / c., cum A. nematophylla con- juncta mihi satis singularis videtiir visciditatc, phyllodiis brevioribus obiusioribus ct Icgiiminibus mulio minoribus vix M'" lalis. Ccterum vidi nulla hujus specici excmplaria nisi imperfecta, ■■ f'rutex orgyalis satis ampins. “ Specimina cujusdam Acaciae ad sinum Spencer's Ciiilf a C. Wilhelmi collecta, phyllixliis A. calamijoliae simillima legumine compresso (etsi magis recto et vix flexuoso) ad A, nematophyllam accedens. aut hujus format varielatcm insignem aut potius specicm propriam phyllodiis longi* oribus acutiorihus. legumine fere characeo el strophiolis angustioribus singularem." Mueller [Plant. Indig. Colon. Via. 2 : 12 (1863)J makes the fol- lowing interesting observations : — “A. Wilhelmiana (F. M. in Transact. Phil. Soc. Victor, i. 37, and in Hook. Kew Miscell. viii. 46), from the vicinity of Port l.incoln, hitherto seen only in a fragmentary state, appears to be a variety of A. calamifolia, characterized by shorter less pointed somewhat gummose viscid and very slightly downy phyllodia. short-silky peduncles, more coherent sepals and smaller arcuate pods. Certain narrow-phyllodinous states of A. montana, as well as a species gathered on the Gulf of Carpentaria during A. Gregory’s Expedition, exhibit a strong habitual resemblance to A. Wilhelmiana ; whilst again some states of A. linifolia are externally by no means dissimilar to varieties of A. calamifolia." In 1863, Mueller described another new species called A. leptophylla (Fragm. Phyt. Aust. 4 : 9) from material that he thought he had collected in the Gulf of Carpentaria himself. This is the material referred to in the above description. Bentham, Flor. Aust. 2 : 337 (1864), amplified his description of A. hynoeana and included in his description characters drawn from specimens Mueller called A. leptophylla. Bentham also provided the following notes under its distribution : — “ N. Australia. N. W. coast, Bynoe ; Gulf of Carpentaria, F. Mueller. The latter arc the specimens alluded to by F. Mueller, PI. Viet. ii. 12, as nearly A. Wilhelmsiana. The corresponding ones, both in Herb. Hooker and in Herb. Sonder, were, by some mistake, labelled as A. Wilhelmsiana from the Murray scrub, and were mentioned by me in Linnaea, xxvi. 613, as a var, of A. nematophylla, F. Muell. The latter is, however, a short-leaved form of A. calamifolia, which has never more than 1 nerve on each side of the phyllodium Later, /. c. 339, Bentham reduced A. wilhelmiana to a variety of A. calamifolia and added the following comment : “ Under the name of A. nematophylla, F. Muell., I had, in Linnaea, xxvi. 612 (owing partly to a wrong label originally sent with F. Mueller’s speci- mens), confounded this variety with the northern A. Bvnoeana. which is at once known by the venation of the phyllodia." In his great monograph on the Suborder Mimoseae published in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 30 : 456 ( 1875), Bentham continued to main- tain that A. hynoeana was a tropical Australian species and retained A leptophylla as a synonym of it. On page 457 of the same work, he stili maintained that A. wilhelmiana was a synonym of A. calamifolia. He also added A. nematophylla, ex parte, as an additional synonym of that name. 162 A. B. Court: Notes on Australian Acacias / Evidently Mueller never admitted A. hynoeana to the tloras of south- eastern Australia as reference to his Systematic Census of Australian Plants (1882), Key to Victorian Plants ( 1888) and Second Systematic Census of Australian Plants (1889) show. It seems obvious that he concluded Bentham was correct in assigning A. wilhelmiana to synonymy under A. calamifolia. Maiden in J. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 49 ; 501-2 (1916) noted that A. hynoeana had been recorded for north-west Australia and from the Gulf of Carpentaria but added South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria as additional localities on the basis of specimens gathered by St. Eloy D'Alton, Walter Gill, P. E. Lewis and F. E. Haviland. Un- doubtedly Maiden’s conclusions were accepted without question by J. M. Black in his Flora of South Australia and by H. B. Williamson who wrote up the Leguminosae for A. J. Ewart’s Flora of Victoria. Both A. hynoeana (as A. pumila) and A. wilhelmiana (as A. hynoeana) have been adequately described in modern treatments of Acacia, the former by key characters [Beadle et al. Flandb. Vase. Plant. Sydney Distr. Blue Mount. 222-224 (1962)] and the latter by description and illustration [J. M. Black Flor. S. Aust. ed. 2 418 t.576 (1948)1 and therefore these species will not be described here. Acacia willdcMiowiaiia H. L. Wendland in Verzeichniss voti 1 reih- Clashaus-Bosquet-Pflaniten, Stauden-Gewdehsen und Georginen, welche im Koniglichen Berggarten zn Herrenhausen hei Hannover fiir heigesetzte Preise z.u hahen sind. Hannover. 5 (1845). SYN.; Acacia diptera Lindl. in Fulw'ards' Bot. Reg. 23 : Swan Riv. Append, xv (1839), non Humb. et Bonpl. ex Wind. (1809). Acacia diptera Lindl. var. erioptera Benth. in Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 1 : 325 (1842). Acacia diptera Lindl. var. erioptera R. Graham in Curtis's Bot. Mag. 68 : t.3939 (1842). Acacia diptera Lindl. var. angustior Meisn. in Lehm. Plant. Preiss. 1 : 5 (1 842 ) . Acacia diptera Lindl. var. latior Meisn. in /. c. 4. Acacia diptera Lindl. var. eriocarpa W. V. Fitzg. in J. W. Au.st. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 ; 44 (1904). Acacia willdenowiana H. Wendl. must replace A. diptera Lindl. as the name for a well-known Western Australian species recorded from the south-west regions of that State. The confusion that sur- rounded the application of Wendland's name for many years started when B. Seemann drew attention to the existence of A. willdenowiana on page 72 of Verhandlungen der k. k. Gartenhaugesellschaft in Wien im Jahre 1846 where he erroneously relegated it to synonymy under A. diptera Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd. Seemann later [Fiurop. Eingef. Acac. A. B. CouRi: Notes on Australian Acacias I 163 9] changed his mind and placed A. willdcnowiana under A. dipteni Undl. as a synonym and, at the same time, asserted (/. c. 66) that A. diptcra Mumb. ct Honpl. cx Willd. was a synonym of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, a native of the Americas. Ci. Bentham, Flor. Anst. 2 : 321 (1864), followed Scemann’s latter assertion and repeated it again in Irons. Linn. Sac. Lond. 35 ; 447 (1875). Through the courtesy of Professor G. Wagenitz of the Systematic- Geobotanical Institute of the University of Gottingen, the author has been able to examine Wendland’s original publication where his notes appear as a footnote to A. diptera Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd. Because of the extreme rarity of this publication, these notes are now quoted in full “ Diese Acacia diptera Humb. et Bonpl. in Willdenow’s Hnumeratio Plantarum horti bolanici Berolinensis 1809 Pars II. pag. 1051, deren Vater- land in America meridionali angegeben ist und ziir Abtheilung Foliis conjugato-pinnalis gehdrt, darf nicht verwcchselt werden mit der Acacia diptera l.indl. Bot. Reg. 1839, welche am Swan River wachsl und nach Meissner in Plantae Preissianae pag. 4. zur Abtheilung II. Alatae gehdrt. Ich erlaube mir daher diese letzlere als Acacia Willdenowiana H. Wendl. zu bezeichnen." Acacia williamsonii A. B. Court comb. nov. SYN.: Acacia li^^ulafa A. Cunn. ex Benth. var. an^ustifolia H B. Williamson in A. J. Ewart Flor. Viet. 594 (1931 ). Acacia hakeoides A. Cunn. ex Benth. var. angnstijolia (H. B. Williamson) J. H. Willis in Viet. Nat. 73 : 156 ( 1957). Acacia williamsonii is undoubtedly a distinct species almost entirely confined to the Whipstick scrub near Bendigo in the north-central region of the State. It is characterized by its small narrow phyllodes (less than 3 mm wide), small distinctly moniliform pods (less than 4 mm wide), and small flower-heads with fewer than 30 flowers. A. hakeoides has phyllodes always wider than 3 mm, pods which are hardly constricted between the seeds and certainly wider than 4 mm, and rather large llowcr-heads with more than 30 flowers. A. williamsonii is known locally as Whirrakce Wattle and is endemic to this State. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his appreciation of the kind assistance given to him by the directors and staffs of the Kew Herbarium and the National Herbarium of New South Wales and the Keeper and staff of the Department of Botany, British Museum, and also the Chief Librarian of the State Library of Victoria. Drs Hj Eichler and L. A. S. Johnson secured data relevant to obscure descriptions and the author extends his thanks to them. Professor G. Wagenitz of Gottingen kindly provided valuable information on the whereabouts of H. 1-. Wendland's original description of Acacia willdenowiana. The author also gratefully acknowledges comments concerning Choretrum oxycladnm passed onto him by the late H. U. Stauffer of Zurich. NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OE CENCHRCS (GRAMINEAE) IN AUSTRALIA by J. D. Twentyman* SUMMARY The genus Cenchnis comprises about 21 species of grasses extending from tropical to temperate regions in both hemispheres. Many species are regarded as pestiferous weeds because of the spiny burrs enclosing their spikelcts ; others have been sown as forage grasses. Within Australia seven species are currently recorded as naturalized, and there are two native members of the genus. METHODS The identification of the introduced weeds C. incertus M. A. Curtis (C'. paiicifiorus Benth.) and C. lon^ispinus (Hack.) Fern., has often been confused both in Australian and overseas literature. In this study an attempt has been made to distinguish between these species and to determine their distribution in Australia. Field collections were made during 1970 and 1971, and specimens from the Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Brisbane (BRI), National Herbarium of Victoria, Mel- bourne (MEL), National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney (NSW), and the Western Australian Herbarium, Perth (PERTH) were examined. Descriptions have been compiled from the author's observations on the Australian populations of the species. Spine number was counted under 10 magnification and all spines, irrespective of size, were included in the count. Measurements of floral parts were made on the upper spikelet within each burr. This spikclet is larger than the rest and tends to occupy a central position. KEY TO THE SPECIES Spine number usually <40, florets <5 -8mm long C. incertus Spine number usually >40, florets >5* 8mm long C. iongispimis DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TWO SPECIES Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis in Boston J. Nat. Hist. 1 : 135 ( 1837). C. paucifiorus Benth. Hot. Voy. H.M.S. Sulphur 56 (1844). Plants annual or overwintering ; culms ascending or erect from a decumbent base, freely branching, up to 100cm tall ; ligule ciliate, 0-6-1 *9mm long; leaves spreading, keeled, up to I8cm long and 2-6mm wide; inflorescence compact, 2— 6cm long and 0-5-1 -5cm wide including spines ; burrs ovoid to globose with short to medium pubescence, 2*5-8mm wide excluding spines; peduncle glabrous or • Keith rurnbull Research Station, Frankston, Victoria. 164 J. D. rwi.NiVMAN: Notes on Two Species of Cenchrus {Gramineae) in Australia 165 shortly pubescent, ()-7-3mm long; spines (including bristles) 11-43, spreading and Hat, 2-5*6mm long and 0-5-2*5mni wide; spikelets 1 to 4 per burr, 4* 3-5* 8mm long (rarely up to 6mm long) and 1- 3-2- 8mm wide; outer illume 1 -nerved, 1-3 •8mm long; inner ^lunie 3 to 7-nerved, 2 -8-4 •9mm long; sterile lemtna and palea 3*5-5‘4mm long; fertile floret 4-4-5-9mm long and I-4-2-3mm wide; fruit l*2-3mm long, 0-5— 2-lmm wide. Fig. 51 — Top. Cenchrus incertus, Freebairn, 4.ii.l970; centre. C. inceriiis, BRI 092029; bottom, C. lon^ispinus, from Meringur, Victoria. Chase (1920) separated C. pauciflorus from C. incertus by the taller culms, erect or ascending growth form, and the perennial habit of the latter species. DeLisle (1963) found that it was difficult to separate these two species, and included C. pauciflorus as a synonym under the earlier name C. incertus but his treatment was rejected by Caro and Sanchez (1967), mainly because of the annual habit of C. pauciflorus and the perennial habit of C. incertus, Australian plants from this taxa have in the past been referred to C. pauciflorus, but an exception to this treatment was two identical sheets from Bega (New South Wales) held in the National Herbarium 166 J. D. TwhNTYNlAN: Notcs OH Two Species of Cenchrus {Gramineae) in Australia of New South Wales. These plants are robust with taller and more erect culms than other collections from that State. However in experiments conducted by the author on C. longispinus, culm length and habit were dependent on the day-length under which the plants were grown (unpublished data). The ability of this species to over- winter also depends on the environment in which the plants are growing. The author feels these characters may not be very useful taxonomically and accepts DcLisle’s treatment of C. hicertus because it is the most thorough study that has been made up to date. On the other hand it is recognised that specimens of C. incertus from different regions show considerable variation in burr shape and depth of clefts, spine number and spine width as well as the degree of pigmentation of the burrs and spines. C. incertus is aptly described by DeLisle as “ a highly variable taxa with a wide geographic range ". Distribution ; Southern U.S.A., Mexico, Centra! and South America, also intro- duced into South Africa. Cenchrus incertus has been introduced to New South Wales, particularly northern slopes and plains, and in south-east Oncensland ; on sandy and sandy-loam soils. Specimens examined : WhSTi.RN AusiRAiaA — Shcnton Park, K. Ryan, 8. v. 1956 (PERTH); South Bunbury, //. Moore, ii.I927 (PERTH). QuhENSt.AND — NooncJoo Siding, Dirranbandi. II. Stone. 20. xi. 1961 (HRI 031029); Bunminya, C. Haves, i.l947 (BRI); Miles, II. B. Ford, dale? (BRl 018269) ; Chinchilla, J. P. Rvan. I7.xii.I958 (BRI 013462) ; Chinchilla, ./. P. Rvan. 3. i. 1961 (BRI 026366); Chinchilla. W. Cutmore. 11. i. 1962 (BRI 037859); Tara, S. Lester, ii.l956 (BRI); Tara. R. J. Haddock, 3.ii.l964 (BRI 048248); Kapiinn, Tara Tine, Henry Cunnin^ton, xii.1937 (BRI); Kapiinn. via Dalby, J. P. Ulenim, x.1960 (BRI) ; Broadwater Road. 2 miles east of Moonie Highway. L. Wilson, 11. iv. I960 (BRI 025639); Broadwater, W. Bolt, 27. i. 1970 (BRI 092029); Cecil Plains, W. II. Becktel, l.iii.l940 (BRI) ; Cecil Plains. J. E. Barker. 3.iii. 1953 (BRI) ; Cecil Plains. R. W. Wilson, 12. vi. 1957 (BRI) ; Cecil Plains. W. Bolt, 19.1.1970 (BRI 092028) ; Southbrook, J. H. Slower, xii.I958 (BRI 018100) ; Pittsworth, /). Stapleton, iv.l956 (BRI) ; C'ambooya, II. Y. Partridge, xi.l946 (BRI) ; Millmerran, H. Hodges. I.ii.l95() (BRI) ; Millmerran, A. Bliss. 25.iii.I955 (BRI) ; Millmerran. E. B. Win.ston. 31 .iii. 1960 (BRI 025697) ; Talgai West Estate. Allora Shire. Coll?, 1930 (BRI) ; Inglewood, E. IT. Baird, 15. i. 1953 (BRI); Ellancowan, M. R. Steven.son. 5.iv. 1963 (BRI 037680). Niav South Wai rs — Murray River, near Barham. G. A. Crawford, 8.v. 1950 (NSW 120903) ; Tullibigeal, J. Scott, 21. iii. 1969 (NSW 124732) ; Narrandera, II. M. Ware. 3.xii.l956‘ (NSW 120909); Narrandera. R. H. Done, 6. i. 1970 (MET); Yetman. F?. G. Jacobs. 17. ii. 1949 (NSW); Warialda, per Glenfield Vet. Res. Station, 13.ii. 1940 (NSW) ; Warialda, 7'. Eorans. lO.xii. 1935 (NSW) ; Warialda, A. Johnson, 26. ii. 1951 (N.SW) ; Narrabri. Ri.gg. 6.xii.l92l (NSW 120905) ; Bohena Oeek, ./. L. Sutherland, I5.xi. 1939 (N.SW 120904) ; Bohena Creek. II. G. Kel.s'o, I2.xii.I970 (MET); Baan Baan. Anderson Co.. 19. V. 1939 (NSW); Boguabri. E. L. Rvder. 22. ii. 1943 (NSW); Gunnedah, Shire Clerk, v.1925 (NSW 120899); Tamworth. W. B. Harding. 5. i. 1951 (NSW 120898) ; 12 miles east of Coonabarabran. R. D. Freebairn, 4.ii.l970 (MET) ; Rykstone. P. H. Ko.shemakin cC- Co., 12. i. 1968 (NSW 98528 ) ; New- castle. .V. Millington. 22. i. 1970 (NSW 120901); Glen Davis, K. Green. 6.ii.l956 (NSW); Bega District. K. F'lemons, v. 1954 (NSW 120895). J. 1). I wi nivman: Notes on Two Species of ('enchnis {(traniineae) in Australia 167 Ceiichriis lon^ispiiuis (Hack.) Fern, in Rhodora 45:388 (1943). Plants annual, rarely overwintering; citbns ascending from a decumbent base, freely branching, up to 55cm tall ; ciliate, 0- 5— 2-2mm long; leaves spreading, sometimes keeled, up to 19cm long and 2- 8-6- 8mm wide; infiorescetice compact, 2*5-8cm long and l-2cm wide including spines ; burrs ovoid to globose, short to medium pubescent, 31-6-6mm wide excluding spines; peduncle shortly pubescent, ()*8-3 ()mm long; spines numerous, slender, often purple, basal spines and bristles spreading or recurved, upper spines spreading, 2*7-6-8mm long and ()-7-r5mm wide; spikelets sessile, 1 to 3 (4) per burr, 6-7-2mm long and l-9-2-8mm wide; outer ^lume I -nerved, 1-9-3 -4mm long; inner ^lunie 4 tt) 7-nerved, 4 -2-5 -8mm long; sterile lem/na and palea 3 -7-6 -6mm long; fertile floret 5-9-7'5mm long, l-5-4-6mm wide; fruit 21-3-2mm long, 1- 3-2 *3111111 wide. Until the beginning of this century C’. lon^ispinus had been incorrectly identified as C. trihuloides 1.. The first Australian collection in 1895 from Colac, Victoria was under this name*. However, Hitchcock (1908) showed that the Linnaean species was a coastal plant with large densely pubescent burrs, and since that time C. lon^i- spinus has been usually included in C\ pauciflorus. DcLisle (1963) separated C. lon^ispinus from C. incertus by the length of florets and the number of spines on the burr and the author has no difficulty distinguishing between these two species. Several specimens of C. lon^ispinus examined had burrs with few spines (as low as 30), but they could be easily separated from C. incertus by their longer spikelets and florets. Other morphological characters which can be used arc the broader leaves and culms, and the longer, narrower spines in C. lon^ispinus. I'hesc characters are highly variable however, and show considerable overlap between the species. Distribution : Native to eastern and central U.S.A. from where it has spread to western and northern U.S.A., central America, and south-east Canada. It has been introduced into Australia where it is a common weed on sandy soils in South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales. Specimens examined : WhSihRN Ausirai.u — Boscabel, A. A. Norrish, 5.ii.l929 (PERTH) ; South Caroling. A. K. Thompson. II. i. 1924 (PERTH). South Austraua — Yamda. J. I). Twentyman, 25. ii. 1970 (MEL) ; Blanch- town. P. Kloot, 5.iii.l970 (MEE); Dorrien. P. Kloot. 5.iii.l970 (MEE); 6 miles north-east of Adelaide, P. Kloot, 23. ii. 1970. (ME!.). QuFhNsrAND — Murgon, Berlin A Davidson, i.l94! (BRl). 1. Ewart (1907) in Viet . Nat . 24:15. 168 J. D. Twentyman : Notes on Two Species of Cenchriis {Grcimineae) in Australia New South Walls — shore of Lake Menindie, south-east of Broken Hill, C. M. Pig^in, 31. i. 1971 (MHL); Dareton, D. L. W. Henderson, 27. iv. 1954, (NSW); Wakool Shire (Moulamein ), Shire Clerk, 19. ii. 1963 (NSW); Nevertire, A. H. Robards, 8 . ii . 1944 (NSW); Tharbogang, near Griffith, G. R. Sainty, i. 1966 (NSW); Griffith district. T. S. Butt, 21. ii. 1945 (NSW); Griffith district, D. E. Wallin, 1 1 .i. 1956 (NSW); Murray River, 14 miles west of Corowa, G. C. Bartlett, 25. vi. 1938 (NSW); Woolbrook, J. W. Boyle, 24.iii.1950 (NSW 120900); on roadside from Coonabarabran to Timor Rock, H. Salasoo 2201, 4. i. 1962 (NSW 120896); Coonabarabran, per Glenfield Vet. Res. Station, 13. v. 1938 (NSW 120897); Orange, W. J. Hudson, 17.iii.l954 (NSW 120910); Armatree, J. Hodg.son, 21.xii.l929 (NSW); Binnaway, B. Hoet, iv.l948 (NSW); Gilgandra, R. Harris, 23. vi. 1938 (NSW); Gilgandra. C. R. Horwood, 14. ii. 1941 (NSW); Gilgandra Shire, J. B. Sword, 6.xii. 1948 (NSW 120908); Cobbera Shire (Guirie), Shire Clerk, 10. vi. 1938 (NSW); Dubbo. per Glenfield Vet. Res. Station, 13. i. 1937 (NSW 120906); Dubbo, per Glenfield Vet. Res. Station, 2.iii.l938 (NSW 120907); Dubbo, N. S. Tincker, 3.iii.l959 (NSW); Glenridding, D. Mcleod 7.xii.l937 (NSW 120902); Mudgee district. Shire Clerk. 5.vi.l936 (NSW)'; Manildra district, H. //. T. Shirwin, iii.1922 (NSW); Forbes district, Shire Clerk, xi.l936 (NSW); Forbes, G. Charles, 9.xii.l958 (NSW); Kelso, G. Rav, iv.l922 (NSW 120911); Gundagai, S. WiLson, iii.1923 (NSW). Victoria— Sunny Cliffs, J. D. Twentyman, 24. ii. 1970 (MEL); Meringur. J. D Twentyman, 24. ii. 1970 (MEL); Red Cliffs, Gwyneth Claringhull, 1937 (MEL); Red Cliffs, E. Ramsay 92, iii.1950 (MEL); Kiamil. north of Ouyen, J n Twentyman, 24. ii. 1970 (MEL); Nandalay, J. D. Twentyman, 16. ii. 1971 (MEL); Noradjuha, Shire of Arapiles, A. Sinclair, date? (MEL); Nagambie, D. McAlpine, 3. i. 1901 (MEL); Angustown. G. Cameron, iii.1907 (MEL); Lake Colac, Marriner, 1895 (MEL). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the staff of the various State Herbaria for helpful advice, and officers of the New South Wales and South Australia Departments of Agriculture for assistance with the field collections. The technical assistance of Mr. T. Suckling is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Caro, J. A., and Sanchez, A. (1967) — Notas criticas sobre espccies de Cenchrus (Gramineae). Kurtziana 4 : 39. Chase, Atines (1920) — The North American species of Cenchrus. ’ Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 22 : 45. DeLisle, D. G. (1963) — Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Cenchrus. Iowa State Journal of Science 37 : 259. Hitchcock, A. S. (1908) — Types of American grasses. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 12 : 113. rm: fi.ora of iiiajfna island rfsi rvf by r. B. Muir* INTr^ODUCTlON Ulupna Island is situated in northern Victoria at approximately 145° 50' east and 35° 50' south, and is bounded by the Murray River and one of its anabranches named Ulupna Creek. The nearest towns include Strathmerton, Echuca, Numurkah, Tocumwal, Cobram and Yarrawonga. The reserve itself lies in the southwestern portion of the island and has an area of about 840 acres. A somewhat smaller area of State Forest adjoins it to the north. Ulupna Island has been allotted the grid reference L 54 in the mapping scheme for the flora of Victoria now being undertaken jointly by Monash University and the National Herbarium of Victoria. At the National Herbarium there was, until recently, no list of plants for Ulupna Island, nor even for Barmah Forest which adjoins the Murray River not far downstream. Apparently none of the early botanists had collected there, nor had any of the more recent ones. There is also a dearth of published information which is referable to the flora nearby. Leigh and Mulham (1965) discuss only the more common species of an area which includes Ulupna Island. McBarron (1955) lists the plants of a nearby region. J. H. Willis (personal communication) has drawn up a list of plants (unpublished) for Nathalia, about 20 miles away, where the flora is somewhat different. In view of the lack of information which applies to this reserve speci- fically and in detail, the author has found the listing of plant species for it to be most rewarding. Apart from extending the range of a number of species, this study has resulted in the discovery of two very uncommon species : — Brachycome muelleroides and B. readeri. B. muelleroides was recorded from Picola, Victoria, in 1930 by J. H. Willis, but it has not been found there since, although it is known from several localities in southern New South Wales. B. readeri has been previously recorded only from a few widely scattered localities in Victoria and south- eastern South Australia. Another species worth mentioning is the introduced Ludwigia palustris. Aston (1967) has written a note con- cerning its discovery along the Ovens and Kiewa Rivers. The author discovered it in the Ulupna Island Reserve on 25 October 1967, and subsequently it was found along the Wonnangatta River, and along the Murray River just downstream from the Ovens River confluence. • National Herbarium of Victoria. 169 170 T. B. Muir: The Flora of Vlnpna Island Reserve ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RESERVE The Strathmcrton district was first taken up as a pastoral run in 1842 or shortly before. Since that time farming there has become more diversified, with a consequent clearing of the land. Nevertheless some of it towards the Murray River was still under native pasture and carried the original trees until about 1963, when much of this was cleared and ploughed up for wheat. Virtually the only remaining areas of natural vegetation in the district were the State Forest adjoining the Murray River and Crown Land on Ulupna Island. It was generally believed that the latter was State Forest until enquiries were made by a local resident, Mr. W. Stubbing, who realized that it had considerable scenic value and was well worth preserving. As a result of his initial interest a committtee was formed in 1966 to investigate the possibility of having this Crown Land reserved. Information on its value was supplied "by several organizations and government departments, includ- ing the National Herbarium which was asked for a list of the plants. The author made several trips to the proposed reserve to study the vettetation and prepare such a list. Subsequently, the land was omcially proclaimed a Public Purposes (Preservation of Flora and Fauna) Reserve on 5 August 1969. CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY Ulupna Island is part of the flood-plain of the Murray River, and consists of geologically recent alluvial deposits at an altitude of approxi- mately 350 feet above sea-level. r. B. Mum : The Tlora of Ulupna Island Reserve 171 Flooding takes place periodically in Barmah l-'orest, and less frequently on Ulupna Island, but precise figures have apparently not been published. Ulupna Creek itself is a permanent stream. Ihe following figures on the climate are approximate since they are based on those for other places in the district. None is available for Ulupna Island itself, but it is unlikely that there will be any marked differences. Fhe average yearly rainfall is approximately 17 inches, with most of this rain falling between June and October. January and February are the hottest months with an average maximum tempera- ture of 88°, and July is the coldest with an average maximum of 56°. The average date of the first and last frosts of 32° is 28 June and 7 August respectively. VEGETATION At present a total of 178 species of plants has been listed for the reserve. Of the lower plants, five are lichens and two are mosses, but undoubtedly there are more of these, as well as fungi, to be dis- covered. Of the flowering plants and ferns, one third are naturalized aliens. Compositae is by far the largest family with 35 species, about one third of them being introduced, d'hesc unfortunately include .some aggressive weeds such as Carthamus lanafus, Cirsium vidf^are, Chond- rdla jimcea and Hypochaeris glabra. The Gramineac is another large family with 28 species, just over half of them being introduced. In contrast the remaining families are represented by up to six species each. The reserve is generally flat, with most of the species distributed uniformly over it. There is some slight variation in topography because of a few billabongs and shallow depressions, and a number of shallow water courses which run south-westerly into Ulupna Creek. Water lies in these for a short time periodically. Consequently there is a corresponding slight variation in the distribution of the species. The trees are the dominant and most attractive feature, and give the area a very pleasant park-like appearance. Ihey arc generally w'ell- spaced and the canopy is nowhere closed, although in some places there are dense stands of young trees. There arc a few small clearings. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is the dominant species. Other trees are few, viz. E. nielliodora and E. microcarpa in the south-eastern section. Exocar pos cupressijormis, Pittas porum phdlyreoides, Acacia implexa, A. dealhata, and Schinus mode, the only introduced tree. Shrubs like- wise are few, but small annuals and herbaceous perennials are abundant. Tn the more open places the ground cover is low and the soil can be seen between the plants. Some of the species are perennials which die back to a tuberous root during summer, e.g. Aui^uidlaria dioica, Arthro- podium minus, and Bulhine hulhosa. Others have a thick rootstock which enables them to survive the dry summer, e.g. Convolvidus eruhescens, Geranium solanderi, Rumex hrownii, R. crystallinus, Sida corrugata, and Wafdenher^ia quadrifida. Some are ephemerals, e.g. 172 r. B . Muir: The Flora of Ulupna Island Reserve Goodenia pinnatifida, Helipterum australe, H. corymhifiorurn, Stiiartina rniudleri, and Wahlenhergia gracilenta. Other common species are Alternanthera denticidata, Cotida australis, Crassula macrantha, C. peduncularis, C. sleherana, Danthonia caespitosa, D. setacea, Echiurn lycopsis, and Oxalis corniculata. Beneath the trees the flora is similar but the plants are further apart, and the soil here is partly covered by litter from the trees. In the depressions the plants grow densely but only to a height of more or less 12 inches. Species found in the more shallow depres- sions include Bracliycome nmelleroides, B. reader!, Hordeum hystrix, and Marsilia dnimmondii. Where water lies well into the spring, Hypoxis hygrometrica, Mimidus gracilis, and Utricidaria dichotoma will be found. The billabongs hold water all or most of the year, and this enables aquatic and swamp species to survive. Aquatic species found here are Azolla pinnata, Callitriche stagnalis, Myriophyllum propinquum, Ottelia ovalifolia, Potamogeton sulcatus, Triglochin procera, and Vallisneria spiralis. Carex inversa, C. tereticaulis, Eleocharis acuta, E. pusilla, Glossostigma elatinoides, Isotoma fluviatilis, Juncus hufonius, Juncus sp., Polygonum prostratum, and Pratia concolor grow in the damp soil bordering these billabongs. Beneath the trees along Ulupna Creek plants grow more rampantly. It is only here that Acacia dealhata is found. Mentha australis and M. satureioides are both common here. Naturally there is no sharp division between the habitats described, consequently the species mentioned here for any particular habitat, may also be found to a lesser extent in others. Up to the present the reserve has suffered remarkably little from grazing or from timber-cutting. The number of species of native flower- ing plants and ferns (118) is very high for this type of country and for such a small area. Introduced species make up one third of the total but there seem to be only two which arc a problem. Echiurn lycopsis is fairly widespread, and Carthamus lanatus, although common only in the eastern section, could easily become a serious pest. It is to be hoped that every effort will be made to keep this reserve in a good state of preservation, and at the very least prevent the spread of weeds. The native species have virtually disappeared from the plains of central northern Victoria, except for those in a few River Red Gum forests adjoining the Murray River, and some scattered remnants on roadsides and creek banks. The latter have a limited life, mainly because of en- croachment of weeds, so the reserve on Ulupna Island is particularly important, not only because of its scenic value but also because it is such a good example of a flora now almost exterminated in Victoria. With regard to changes which may take place in the flora, two factors will be important — grazing and the regeneration of the River Red Gum. Although grazing has resulted in little damage up to the I. H. Muir: rhc I-'lora of Ulu[>na island He.scnc 173 Isotoma fliiviatilis growing in damp soil beside a billabong. Typical Eucalyptus camaldidensis on Uliipna Island Reserve. 174 T. B. Muir: The Flora of Ulupna Island Reserve present, it might intensify that damage unless reduced. The Committee of Management hopes to fence an area of perhaps forty acres which will then be protected from stock and rabbits. If this can be done the subsequent changes in the vegetation, especially in the ground flora, would be a guide to future management. It would also be of interest to know the effect of grazing by the Grey Kangaroo and the emu, both of which are native to this area and still present in small numbers. (It is worth mentioning that the koala was also found here in past years). Certainly some grazing seems necessary to prevent excessive growth of vegetation which would become a fire hazard when dry. The River Red Gum is very sensitive to fire and it would be advisable to avoid conditions in which a fire could start. The regeneration of the River Red Gum has been studied in Barmah Forest by Dexter (1967). He has found that grazing by cattle can be an aid in regeneration, as plants which may otherwise compete with the seedling trees are suppressed. On the other hand regulation of the flow of the Murray River has resulted not only in less frequent flooding but also in floods recurring more often in summer, both these changes having an adverse effect on regeneration. It remains to be seen how much these factors will affect the flora of the reserve on Ulupna Island. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to Mr. W. Stubbing of Katunga, who has taken a keen interest in the flora of the reserve, and who was responsible for finding a number of the uncommon and consequently more interesting species. He has given up much of his time to accompany me on my visits to the island and without his help I could not have listed the plants adequately. I am also grateful to Messrs. R. O'Malley and J. Farrell for information and hospitality. REFERENCES Aston, H.I. — Aquatic angiosperms, in Muelleria I : 169-174 (1967). Dexter, B. D. — Flooding and regeneration of River Red Gum, Eucalyp- tus camaldulensis Dehn. Forests Commission of Victoria Bulletin No. 20 (1967). Garnet, J. R. — Ulupna Island, in Victorian National Parks Association News Letter No. 59 : 7-8 (1967). Leigh, J. H. and W. E. Mulham — Pastoral plants of the Riverine Plain. Jacaranda (1965). McBarron, E. J. — An enumeration of plants in the Albury, Holbrook and Tumbarumba districts of New South Wales, in Contr. N.S.W. Nat. Herb. 2 ; 89-247 ( 1955). I'. !i. Muir : The T'lora of Ulupua IsUiiul Reserve 175 FLORA OF ULUPNA ISLAND RF.SFKVF, VICTORIA (C'ompilcd mainly from idenlificalions made hy ihe author, subsequent to visits on 25 October 1967, 29 October 1968, 7 October 1969, and 28 September 1970. with a few additions from slides or specimens taken by W. Slebbing of Katunga.) Naturalised aliens are indicated by * Native species . . . . 125 Naturalised aliens . . 53 dotal 178 at 17 May 1972. I ICIIKVS Graphis sp. Lecanora sp. Lepraria eandehiris (L.) Fries Physcia sp. Teioschisies sieherianns (Laiir. ) Flillm. MOSSKS Tortilla princeps (C. Muell.) De Not. Triqiiettrella papillata (Flook. f. & Wils. ) Broth. I KRNS AzoUa pinnata R. Br. Marsilea driinwiondii A. Br. FLOWFRING IM AMS 1. MONOCOTYLFIdONS Ponlamo^etonaceae Potanio^eton siileatus A. Bennett Jiincaginaceae Triglochin procera R. Br. Alismataceae Damasoniian minus ( R.Br. ) Buch. Hydrocharitaceae Ottelia ovalifolia (R. Br. ) L. C. Rich. Vallisneria spiralis L. Gramineae Agropyron scahrum (Labill.) Pal. Beauv. Agrostis avenacea J. F. Gmel. *Aira caryopliyllea L. Alopeciirus genieulatus L. Amphihromus neesii Steud. *Iiriza minor L. *Bromus mollis L. *B. ruhens L. */L sterilis L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) F^ers. Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich. D. setacea R. I3r. Deyeuxia quadriseia (I.abill.) Benth. *Hordeum hystrix Roth *//. leporiniim Link *Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. 176 r. B. Muir: The Flora of Vlupna island Reserve *Lolium loliacenm (Bory & Chaub.) Hand.- Mazz. *L. multifloriun Lam. *L. perenne L. *Phalaris minor Retz. Fhragmites communis Trin. "^Poa annua L. P. australis sp. agg. Stipa variahilis D. K. Hughes Themeda australis (R. Br.) Stapf *Vulpia hromoides (L. ) S. F. Gray *K. megalura (Nutt.) Rydb. *K. myuros (L.) K. C. Gmel. Cyperaceae Carex inversa R. Br. C. tereticaulis F. Muell. Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Eleocharis acuta R. Br. E. pusilla R. Br. Juncaceae Juncus hufonius L. J. sp., aff. J. australis Hook. f. Liliaceae Anguillaria dioica R. Br. Arthropodium minus R. Br. liulhine hulhosa (R. Br. ) Haw. Dianella laevis R. Br. Tricoryne elatior R. Br. Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hygrometrica Labill. 2. DICOTYLEDONS Santalaceae Exocarpos cupressijormis Labill. E. strict us R. Br. Loranthaceae Amyema miquellii (Lehm.) Van Tiegh. A. pendtdum (Sieber ex Spreng. ) Van Tiegh. Polygonaceae *Polygonum aviculare L. P. hydropiper L. P. prostratum R. Br. Rumex brownii Campd. R. crystallinus Lange Amaranthaceae Alternanthera denticulata R. Br. Molluginaceae C linns lotoides L. C a ry ophy llaceae *Cerastium glomeratum Thiiill. *Petrorhagia velutina (Gussone) Ball & Heywood r. B. Muir : The flora of Ulupna Ishitul Reserve 177 Sper^iilaria rubra (L.) J. & C. PresI Stellaria caespilosa Hook. f. *S. tneJia (L.) Cyrillo *S. palustris Hhrh. ex Retz. Ranunculaceae ^Ranunculus muricatus L. R. puniilio R. Hr. ex IX'. var. poUtus R. Melville R. rivularis sp. agg. Cruci ferae "^Capsella hursa-pastoris (L.) Moench Cardamine sp. Crassulaceae Crassula macrantha (Hook, f.) Oiels C. peduucularis (Sm.) Meiger C. sieherana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Oruce Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phillyreoides DC. Rosaceae *Aphanes arvensis L. Mimosaceae Acacia acinacea Lindl. A. dealbata Link A. genistifolia Link A. imple.xa Henlh. Papilionaceae *Medicago polymorpha L. Swainsona procumbens (F. Muell.) F. Miiell. *Trifolium arvense L. *T. campestre Schreb. ’*'7. glomeratum L. *7'. tonientosum L. Geraniaceae Geranium solanderi R. Carolin Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Linaceae Linum marginaie A. Ciinn. ex Planch. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. CaUitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis Scop. A nacardiaceae *Schinus mode L. Malvaceae Sida corrugata Lindl. Violaceae Viola betonicifolia Sm. r r. B. Muir: The Flora of Ulupna Island Reserve Menyanthaceae Nymphoides crenatnm (F. Muell.) O. Kuntze Myrtaceae Eueaiypms camaldulensis Dehnh. E. melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schauer E. microcarpa (Maiden) Maiden Onai^raceae *Epilohinm adenocaulon Hausskn. E. cinereum A. Rich. '^Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. *Oenothera striata Ledeb. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum propimpuim A. Cunn. Umhelliferae Damns glochidiatus (Labill.) Fisch. et al. Eryngium rostratum Cav, Hydrocotyle sp. Primulaceae *Anagallis arvensis L. Gentianaceae *Cicenda qnadrangnlaris (Dumb, ex Lam.) Griseb. Lythraceae Lythrnni sp. Convolvidaceae Convolvulus eruhescens Sims Dichondra repens Forsl. & Forst. f. lioraginaceae Cynoglossum sp. "^Ecluum lycopsis L. Flagiohothrys elachanthus (F. Muell.) I. M. Johnston Verhenaceae * Verbena sp. Labiatae Mentha australis R. Br. *M. pulegiuni L. M. satureioides R. Br. Solanaceae Nicotiana sp. * Solan urn nigrum L. Scrop h u la ri aceae Glossostignja elatinoides (Benth.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Mimulus gracilis R. Br. *Farentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel Veronica peregrina L. Lentibidariaceae Vtricularia dichotoma Labill. r. B. Muir: The T'lora of Uli/pna Island Reserve 179 PUinta^inaceae * Planta^o coronopns L. P. varia R. Br. Ruhiaeeae *Galiion murale (I..) All. Cucnrhiiaceae ’^Cucamis myriocarpus Naiulin Campanitlaceae Wahlenher^ia fiununalis (J. M. Black) Wimmer ex Hj. Eichler W. f^racilenta N. Lothian IL'. qiiadrifida (R. Br. ) Alph. DC. W. sp. aff. W. stricta Sweet Loheliaceae fsotonui fluviatilis (R. Br. ) F. Muell. ex Benth. Pratia concolor (R. Br.) Druce Goodeniaceae Goodenia gracilis R. Br. G. pinnaiifida Schlechtendal Compositae *Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns Brachycome hasaUica F. Muell. var. gracilis Benth. B. decipiens Flook. f. B. ? goniocarpa Sond. & F. Muell. B. muelleroides G. L. Davis B. reader! G. L. Davis Calotis hispidida (F. Muell.) F. Muell. *Carduus tenuifioriis Curt. *Carthamus lanatus L. Centipeda cunninghamii (DC.) A. Br. & Aschers C. minima (L.) A. Br. & Aschers *Chondrilla juncea L. ^Cirsium vidgare (Savi) Ten. Cauda australis (Sieber ex Spreng. ) Hook. f. *C. bipinnata Thunb. Craspedia glauca (Labill.) Spreng. C. globosa {Bauer ex Benth.) Benth. Cymhonotus lawsonianus Gaud. Eclipta playglossa F. Muell. Gnaphalium indutum Hook. f. G. involucratum Forst. f. G. luteo-alhum L. G. purpureum L. *GIedypnois cretica (L.) Willd. Helipterum albicans (A. Cunn.) DC. H. australe (A. Gray) Druce H. corymbifiorum Schlechtendal "^Hypochaeris glabra L. Leptorhynchos squamatus (Labill.) Lessing Myriocephalus rhizocephalus (DC.) Benth. Senecio quadridentatus Labill. Solenogyne bellioides C-ds%. var. gunnii (Hook, f.) G. L. Davis *Soncbus asper (L.) Hill *S. oleraceus L. Vittadinia cuneata DC. STUDIES IN AUSTRALIAN LICHENS ILv The Alpine Lichen Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Shaer. in Australia by Rex B. Filson* * Thamnolia, which has a world wide distribution in alpine and sub- alpine habitats was first collected in Australia by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller on the Cobboras Mountains in early February 1854 during his 2,500 mile epic journey around the State of Victoria. The range of this lichen is very limited and it grows only in the sub-alpine areas of Southern New South Wales, North-eastern Victoria and Central and South-eastern Tasmania. It occurs on most mainland peaks above 5,600 feet, where it favours Poa tussock grassland. In Tasmania the Fig. 53 — Altitudinal range (in black) of Thamnolia vermicularis in Australia. 1. Mount Kosciusko 7,314 feet (2293m) 2. Mount Bogong 6.509 feet (1984m) 3. Mount Ossa 5.305 feet (1. 6 17m). distribution is limited further as it docs not appear to grow in the wilderness areas of the South-west. It is absent from the Hartz Mountains area. Mount Solitary, Frankland Range and the Ranges to the south. I'he most southerly record is on the Mount Wellington Range to the west of Hobart. Figure 53 illustrates the altitudinal range for each of these three States. There has been much discussion in recent papers on the validity of Chemical ' species ', some authors considering different chemo-types to be specific, whilst others prefer to refer to them as chemical strains. t Studies in Australian Lichens I. Victorian Naturalist 87:324 27 (1970). * National Herbarium of Victoria. 180 R. B. Khson: Snu/ies in Australian Udiens // 181 Thamnolia, once thought to be monotypic, has been subdivided into two distinct species on the basis of chemistry. Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schacr. contains lhamnolic acid and Thamnolia suhidiiormis (Ehrh.) W.Culb contains squamatic acid and baeomycic acid. These two ‘ species ’ are easily distinguished by testing the UV reaction (Sato 1963). The present author prefers to consider these two entities merely as chemical strains and in this paper will refer to them as ‘ chemical strain vermicularis ’ or UV — , and ' chemical strain subuli- formis ’ or UV +. There appears to be no significant macroscopic difference between these two taxa. Dr. G. C. Bratt (in litt.) suggests that the medulla is thicker in the UV + specimens, but the author has found thin medulla in UV -f samples as well as thick medulla in UV — . Sato (1965), in a paper entitled The Mixture ratio of the Lichen Genus Thamnolia in New Zealand, shows that the percentage of UV specimens found in Australia is ca.I7%. He also states that this is consistent with the world wide distribution of the genus. It must be pointed out that ‘ chemical strain vermicularis ’ grows profusely in its limited habitats on the Australian mainland, colonies sometimes attaining several square metres in area. Whilst the author has examined large quantities of this lichen under UV radiation, no plus specimens have been located. ‘ Chemical strain subuiiformis ’ on the other hand occurs in three isolated localities in Tasmania. In these localities it is not plentiful, occurring only in single strands or in a small tuft here and there. ‘ Chemical strain vermicularis ’ has been found in association with it at these localities and occurs independently in numerous other areas. It seems evident that the percentage of UV — specimens in Tasmania is far lower than twenty-five (Sato, 1968 : 328) and certainly much lower than seventeen per cent, for the whole of Australia. I'hamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. Enumer. Critic. Lich. Enron. 243 (1850). Thallus variable, sometimes fruticose, in dense clumps up to 15 cm. tall, sometimes in single strands lying on the substrate, greyish-white in the upper part, pinkish in the lower, sometimes simple, tapering upwards to a fine point, sometimes irregularly branched, sometimes uniform in thickness, 1-5-2-0 mm diam., sometimes swollen in the upper parts to as great as 5 mm. Cortex up to 30 ,x thick. Al!>al layer up to 60 /X thick, discontinuous, of cells 12-15 /x diam. Medulla compact, horny, up to 300 ^ thick, hyphae longitudinally arranged 2-2-5 fi thick' Inner surjace ccorticatc. Apothecia not seen. Rf.actions : ‘ Chemical strain vermicularis ’ — K -f deep yellow, P -i- yellow becoming orange. UV - or faintly -|- on the inside of the thallus tube. ‘ Chemical strain subuiiformis ’ — K -|- pale yellow, P + yellow- becoming deep yellow-gold. UV + intense white. 182 R. B. Filson: Studies in A iistralia/i Lichens II Specimens examined : New South Wales — Mount Gingera, Brindabella Range. Rex Filson 11442, 13.1.1970 (MEL 1010917) ; Snowy Mountains (MEL 9375) ; Snowy Mountains, IV. Bauerlin 143. March 1890 (MEL 9381); Summit of Mount Jagungal, Snowy Mountains. Rex Filson 10209. 16.iii.l967 (MEL 19704); on the spur between the main and northwest peaks of Mount Jagungal. Snowy Mountains, Rex Filson 10201, 16.iii. 1967 (MEL 19719) ; Chariot's Pass on the Kosciusko road 24 miles south of Jindabyne, Rex Filson 7907, 2.xii.l965 (MEL 19691) ; Chariot's Pass, to the north of the Kosciusko road. Kosciusko State Park, Rex Filson 11498, 15.1.1970 (MEL 1010916) ; on the south-western slopes of Mount Twynam, Kosciusko State Park, Rex Filson 10133, 14.iii.l967 (MEL 19718); Fig, $4 — The known distribution of Thomnolia vermicidaris in Australia. R. B. Fuson: Snu/ic.s in Australian Lichens II 1K3 North-western side of Mount Norihcotc, Kosciusko vSlale Bark. Rex Lilson 10091, ll.iii.l9f>7 (MHI. 19702); Mount Kosciusko. W. fiaaerlin (MHl. 9377); eiLstern side of the C'rackenback Range, Snowy Mountains, Rex L'ilson lOOlH, Il.iii.l967 (MHI. 19701); Mount Ciungarten, Snowy Mountains, Rex L'ilson 10235, I8.iii.l967 (MHI. 19703); on outcrop of rtKk to the east of Rawson's Pass. Kosciusko State Park. Rex L'ilson 11525, 1 5. i. 1970 (MHI. 101092()); slopes below ridge of Ramshead Range just east of Spencer C'reek Crossing between Perisher Valley and C'harlot's Pass. Kosciusko Stale Park. iV. A. ^Veher and I). MeV'ean, University of C'olorado Hxsiccati 226, 4. i. 1967 (MHI. 32468) ; The Pilot. Rex l'ilson 9948, 20.ii.l967 (MHI. 19684). Victoria — Mount Nelse. Bogong High l*lains. Rex L'ilson 8123-8128, 20.1.1966 (MHI 19673, 19676. 19677. 19692, 19693, 19695); " Helipterum Hill” south of Mount Nelse. Bogong High Plains. A. C. Hean^lehole 15677. 27. 1. 1966 (MHH 27864); Mount ButFalo. R. liihhy. 25. i. 1946 (MHI. 20231); Basalt Hill. Bogong High Plains. A. C. lieanf^lehole. 29. i. 1967 (MH.H 18754. 19474) ; head of Middle Creek on the south side of Basalt Hill. Bogong High Plains, y. //. IVillis, 17. i. 1947 (MHI. 19674) ; Basalt Hill, Bogong High Plains. Rex Filson 9496, 22. i. 1967 (MHI. 19681); Cobboras. L'erd. Mueller, 1854 (MHH 9380); Cobboras Mountains. J. //. B'/7//.v. 10.ii.l946 (MHH 25968); Summit of the Cobboras, N. A. Wakefield, 29.i.l949 (MHH 19679) ; on the northern granite lumps of the Cobboras, Rex L'ilson 9998. 2Hii.l967 (MHH 19682) ; Mount Heathertop. J. R. Tovey (MHH 9379) ; 50 feet below the summit of Mount Heathertop. on the eastern side in the vicinity of Hellfire Ciully. Rex Filson 9864. 17. ii. 1967 (MHH19683); Twin Knobs on the Ra/orback between Heathertop and Hotham. Rex Filson 9894, 18. ii. 1967 (MHH 19685); Razorback. between Mount Hotham and Mount Heathertop. J. //. Willis, 13. 11. 1966 (MHH 19687); Mount .McKay. Bogong High Plains, Rex L'ilson 9654. 27.i.l967 (MHH 19686) ; Mount Cope, Bogong High Plains, Rex Filson 8093. 19.1.1966 (MHH 19694); Mount Cope. Bogong High Plains, A. C. lieauf'lehole 15566. 26.i.l966 (MHH 27840) ; The Peak, north end of Mount Wombargo. Rex Filson 8271-8274. 5.iii.l966 (MHH 19688, 19689. 19690, 19696); Wombargo Peak, above Hittle River. J. H. Willis, 4.xii.!962 (MHH 19678); Mount Higgenbotham. Rex Filson 9792. 16. ii. 1967 (MHH 19672): northern end of the Cross Cut Saw. Rex Filson 9705. 14. ii. 1967 (MHH 19680) : steep face of "Gable Ends”. Mount Wellington, Stella \f. Fawcett, 3.ii.l940 (MHH 9376); along the ridge ca.3 miles south of Mount Darling, which is ca.ll miles south-east of Mount Howitt on the Main Divide, Rex Filson 122^2 6.iii.l97l (MHH 1010921 ). Tasmania (UV— ) — Mount Barrow. North-east. C. C. liratl 3135. 30. i. 1966 (G.C.B.)* : Hanson's Peak. North-west, H. C. Bratt 67/536. 8.xii.l967 (CHC.B.) ; Summit of Hanson's Peak. Cradle Mountain - Hake St. Clair National Park, Rex Filson I070H 24. ii. 1968 (MHH 1000000) ; summit of Mount C'ampbell. Cradle Mountain - Hake St. Clair National Park, Rex Filson 10833 & Sue Filson. Hiii.1968 (MHH 1010914); on the Plateau between Barn BlutF and Cradle Mount.iin above Crater Cirque. Rex Filson 10791, 27. ii. 1968 (MHH 1010912) ; rocky e.scarpment to the east of Hounslow Heath. Cradle Mountain - Hake St! Clair National Park. Rex Filson 10861 & Sue Filson. 2.iii.l968 (MHH 1010913) ; summit of The Acropolis. Cradle Mountain - Hake St. Clair National Park. Rex Lilson 6938, 7. i. 1965 (MHI. 19675); on the plateau along the Mount Field West Track. Mount Field National Park, Rex Filson 10627 & Sue Filson. 20.ii.l968 (MHH 1010918); Mount Field West. Southern District. G. C. Bratt 3605. 10. xii. 1966 (G.C.B.) ; Mount Field West, Mount Field National Park. Rex Filson 10608 & Sue Filson. 20. ii. 1968 (MHH 1010919) ; Mount Mawson. Southern-central, G. C. Bratt 2938, 4. xii. 1965 ((i.C.B.) ; Mount Mawson! Mount Field National Park. Rex Filson 10586 & Sue Filson. 19.ii.I968 (MHH I0I0915); tarn shelf near Mount Mawson, Southern-central. G'. C. Bratt 67/658. 25. xii. 1967 (G.C.B.) ; Mount Marion. Wellington Range, G. C. Bratt 1526, (G.C.B.); Mount Wellington. F. R. M. Wilson. March 1891 (MHH • (G.C.B.) in Herbarium of Dr. G. C. Bratt. West Moonah, Tasmania 184 K. B. Fii.son: Studies in Australian Lichens II 9378); Mount Wellington, Panorama Track, G. C. Bratt 513, 25.viii.1963 (G.C.B.) ; Thark Ridge. Wellington Range, G. C. Bratt 2864, 14. xi. 1965 (G.C.B.); Trestle Mountain, Wellington Range, G. C. Bratt 61166, 5.ix.l967 (G.C.B.). Tasmania (UV -|- ) — Summit of Cradle Mountain, Cradle Mountain - Lake St. Clair National Park. Rex Filson 10757 & Sue Filson, 25. ii. 1968 (MEL 101091 1 ) ; Cradle Mountain, North-west, G. C. Bratt 3634, 17.xii.l966 (G.C.B.) : Great Lake near Liaweenee, G. C. Bratt 68/23, 27. i. 1968 (MEL 27359) ; Mount Wellington, Summit Plateau, G. C. Bratt 1870, 20.xii.l964 (G.C.B.) ; Mount Montague. Wellington Range. G. C. Bratt 2973, 19.xii.l965 (G.C.B.). Acknowledgement The author wishes to thank Dr. G. C. Bratt for assistance in collecting samples of ThamnoUa in Tasmania, and for the loan of specimens from his private herbarium. References Sato, M. (1963)— Nova Hedwigia 5: 149-155. (1965)— The Bryologist 68 : 320-324. __ (1968)— Journ. Jap. Bot. 43: 328-334. Thomson, J. W. (1968) — The Lichen Genus Cladonia in North America. 'Foronlo. Canada. Plate 2 1 'FhanmoUa vennicidaris (Sw.) Schaer. a. Typical clump of thalli from amongst Poa tussocks on the Bogong High Plains collected by A. C. Bcauglehole (MEL 19474). (4'his clump illustrates the polymorphism of the individual strands showing both the simple tapering thalli and the large inllated forms.) h. A branched inllated thallus separated out from the same clump. c. A multiple branched mixture of fine tapering lobes and inflated thallus from the same clump. (L A single simple strand tapering upwards to a fine point separated out from the same clump. e. A longitudinal section through the tip of the thallus. /. Enlarged portion from the above section. g. Longitudinal section through the thallus, reduced in width. h. Cross section through the thallus. /. Enlargement of the cross-section, reduced in width. K. B. Bit son: Smdics in AuslniUan Lichens II 1K5 Pi. ATE 2 1 (For explanation see facing page) 186 R. B. Filson: Studies in Australian Lichens // Plate 22 (Crystals produced by substances in the microcrystal test solutions). a. Thamnolic acid recrystallized in Ba(OH )2 from the acetone extract of MEL 19474, Thamnolia vermicidaris UV-, col- lected on Basalt Hill, Bogong High Plains, Victoria. A. C. Beouglehole. b. Thamnolic acid recrystallized in G.A.An. from the acetone extract of MEL 19691, Thamnolia vermicidaris UV-, col- lected at Chariot’s Pass, Kosciusko State Park, New South Wales. Rex Filson 7907. (These crystals form readily and were photographed after 35 minutes). c. Squamatic acid recrystallized in K^COg from the acetone extract of MEL 1010911, Thamnolia vermicularis UV collected on the summit of Cradle Mountain, North-west Tasmania. Rex Filson 10757. (According to Thomson (1968) these crystals should form rapidly but in this instance development was very slow. The characteristic brown, branching, needle- shaped crystals were photographed after two and a half days). d. Squamatic acid recrystallized in G.E. from the acetone extract of MEL 1010911. Thamnolia vermicularis UV (The thin boat-shaped plates form quickly and were photographed after 20 minutes). e. Baeomycic acid recrystallized in G.A.O- from the acetone extract of MEL 10067, Thamnolia vermicularis UV +. Uni- versity of Colorado Exsiccati No. 37. Colorado U.S.A. (Thomson says that these crystals should form after two or three hours, contrary to this our crystals formed almost immediately and were photographed after ten minutes. The crystals started as thin rhombic plates and soon grew to large elongated oblique-ended to round-ended clusters of plates). /. Baeomycic acid recrystalled in G.A.An. from the acetone extract of MEL 1010911, Thamnolia vermicularis UV 4 -. (These crystals are extremely slow in recrystallizing, this photograph was taken after 24 hours). g. Squamatic acid and Baeomycic acid recrystallized in G.A.Q. from the acetone extract of MEL 1010911, Thamnolia vermicularis UV +. (These crystals formed fairly rapidly). h. Unknown crystals recrystallized in G.A.An. from the acetone extract of MEL 1010911, Thamnolia vermicularis UV +. (These crystals formed overnight in both this specimen and in the specimen distributed in the University of Colorado Exsiccati No. 37, from Colorado U.S.A. ). Ba(OH)2 — a saturated solution of barium hydroxide in water. Q A. An. — Two parts plvcerine. two parts alcohol, one part aniline, G.A.O. Two parts glvcerine. two parts alcohol, one part quinoline G F-. — One part glycerine, three parts glacial acetic acid. ^200"^ — a 10% solution of potassium carbonate in water. R. H. Fii.son: Studies in Australian Lichens II 187 Pl.ATK 22 (For explanation see facing page) PRELIMINARY NOTICE ON THE SONDER COLLECTION IN THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF VICTORIA by A. B. CouRT=" Almost the whole of the huge herbarium accumulated by O. W. Sonder (1812-81) lies in the general collections of the National Herbarium of Victoria, and its purchase by the Victorian Government towards the end of last century further enriched the excellent collections already acquired by Baron von Mueller. The history of its acquisition will be detailed by the author in another place and extensive notes on its contents will be published in due course. In the mean time, the following information is intended to provide a very brief guide to some of the more important elements that Sonder brought together over a period of nearly 50 years to form a collection that comprised about a quarter of a million sheets. This article also contains the first recent attestation concerning the whereabouts of the Sonder herbarium excluding the major part of his South African collection and other smaller segments and misleading assertions regarding the location of this famous herbarium are accordingly corrected. 1. Scope. Those regions explored principally by German botanists before about the eighth decade of last century are well represented (e.g., central Europe, South Africa, tropical South America and to a lesser extent Australia) but other regions are not so well covered. Sonder's collections embraced every major group of plants within both the cryptogams and phanerogams and con- tained thousands of autographic specimens from many well-known botanists. 2. Specimens associated with Linne’s Disciples. Several hundred specimens belonging to this category have been located and most of them came from Thunberg but a few Ehrhart specimens (e.g., Phytophylacinm Ehrhartianum and Planta Crypio^amae Linnaea) and about 100 Gisecke cryptogams have been noted. Two genuine Linnean specimens and one from his son have been located. 3. Lehmann Collections. Sonder acquired several thousand sheets from J. G. C. Lehmann including most of his Borapinaceae (about 800 sheets). Presumably most of the specimens associated with Linne’s disciples came through Lehmann. 4. South African Collections. The most important components of Sonder's South African collection were acquired by Stockholm many years before Melbourne received most of the remainder which still form a very important collection. 5. Tropical South America. There is a strong association between Sender’s herbarium and Martius’s Flora hrasiliensis but the extent of this association is not yet fully understood. O. Berg used Sender’s Myrtaceae in his studies and important collectors well represented are K. Moritzi, A. F. Regnell, C. F. P. Martins, F. Sellow and J. F. Widgren. The extent of the Brazilian material in Melbourne must be reckoned as substantial and should be taken into account for many studies on the fiora of this and neighboring countries. 6. Australia. Sonder's collection of Australian plants is not as rich as those of some other regions and the two most important components are undoubtedly a good collection of L. Preiss specimens and numerous specimens transmitted to Sonder by Mueller. Most of the latter .specimens returned to Melbourne when Sonder's collection was purchased. 7. Central Europe. Sonder’s collection of central European material is extensive but it does not seem to be rich in autographic specimens. 8. Al^ae. Possibly the Algae formed the most important component of Sonder’s collection and certainly Melbourne’s holdings are extensive. Numerous autographic specimens from many well-known algologists are represented, e.g., C. A. Agardh, W. H. Harvey and Sonder himself. A comprehensive examina- tion of the Algae by anyone without an extensive knowledge of the group would be imprudent at this stage because of the manner in which the material has been preserved, 9. Ericaceae. Evidently Sonder had resolved during the latter years of his life to study Ericaceae and acquired substantial collections (ca. 2,500 sheets) for examination. Amongst the most important of these were some J. C. Wendland and Thunberg types and many specimens annotated by J. C. Klotsch. * National Herbarium of Victoria. C . H. Rixon. Government Printer, Melbourne.