MUELLERIA VOL. 2, No. 4. APRIL, 1973. MUELLERIA An Australian Journal of Botany VOL. 2, No. 4. 9 APRIL, 1973 NATIONAL HERBARIUM ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, MELBOURNE VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA D. M. CHURCHILL, Director and Government Botanist 11734/72. CONTENTS Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria, Australia I. G. Stone General Index TWO NEW SPECIES OF ARCHIDIUM FROM VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA by Ilma G. Stone* SUMMARY Two new species, Archidium stellatam and A. clavatum, are described as the first authentic records of the genus for Victoria and the previously recorded sterile A . stolonaceum is shown to be an Eccremidium species. A. stellatum seems to be most closely related to some subjulaceous South American species and A. clavatum resembles the julaceous South American and South African species. Some developmental stages of the sporophyte are described for A. stellatum. INTRODUCTION Archidium, a genus of terrestrial mosses, the capsule of which is unique, has not previously been found fruiting in Victoria, and as the already recorded Archidium . stolonaceum C. Much, is not con- sidered to be an Archidium (evidence for which will be given below) the species recorded in this paper are the first authentic records for Victoria. An Archidium species bearing capsules was found in north central Victoria on 14 September 1968, in mallee country near Neilborough north of Bendigo and at Elphinstone south of Bendigo, and in the following month in the eastern Wimmera at Moyston. In March of the following year it was found at Mt. Tarrengower near Maldon, and at Sebastian and Raywood in July. Frequent visits were made to the location near Neilborough over a period of three years and the moss was observed at all stages of development. This species, because of its variability in habit is difficult to place in either of the sections created by Mueller and used by Brotherus ( 1924). When growing in full sunlight it would be placed in the section Scier archidium because of the julaceous shoots, but in shade conditions this feature is not well-marked and it would be closer to the section Euarchidium. A second species was found at Mt. Tarrengower on 1 February 1971, and another collection was made on 17 October 1971. From these small samples it would appear that this moss certainly belongs to the section Scier archidium for even though almost buried in a jelly-like mass of algae it still retains a strongly julaceous habit and appears closely related to A. julicaule C. Muell. from South Africa and A. julaceum C. Muell. from South America. * Botany School, University of Melbourne. 11734 / 72 .— 2 . 191 192 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria Descriptions of Archidium species are often incomplete and draw- ings in most cases do not give enough detail, but as far as can be determined from the type and other "descriptions by Mueller (1882, 1888, 1899), Mitten (1887), Roth (1911, 1914), Britton (1913), Cain (1936), and others, and without actually examining the type specimens which I have been unable to obtain (unfortunately many of Mueller’s specimens were destroyed at Berlin), the two Victorian species appear to be undescribed. The genus is in need of revision on a world-wide basis, a task which it is understood is being undertaken by Mr. J. Snider of Duke Univer- sity, North Carolina, U.S.A. DESCRIPTIONS AND DIAGNOSES Archidium stellatum I. G. Stone sp. nov. ob cellulas foliorum parvas quadratas (usque ad breviter rectangulares) atque ob innovationes breves subjulaceas ex affinitate A. arechavaletae C. Muell., A. amplexicaulis C. Muell. et A. gibertii Mitt, (persimilis) — omnia ex America Australi; ab A. arechavaletae differt cellulis foliorum angustioribus paene regularibus (8-10 /*), nervo angustiore et foliis perichaetialibus anguste insertis; ab A. gibertii foliis multo latioribus (circa 0-4mm) atque ab A. amplexicauli in absentia nervi aurei excurrentis recedit; ab A. amplexicauli et A. gibertii ambodus in praesentia vittae latae cellularum laxarum pellucidarum (ad marginem basalem foliorum perichaetialium) atque innovationium (intra perichaetium emergentes) amplius distinguitur. Holotype : Mallee country near Neilborough on bare light brown earth at roadside, /. G. Stone 30, 14. ix. 1968, in Herb. MEL 1011755 ; Isotypes in Herbaria MELU and of the author. Plants perennial, very small, cladautoecious, yellowish green, form- ing very low turfs about 3mm high on bare earth or scattered among other bryophytes and lichens. Stems erect, simple at first with a terminal Phascum-\\ko perichae- tium, branching within the perichaetium by 1-7 (frequently 1-3) innovations (Plate 23B), usually one at the base of each of the inner- most large perichaetial leaves, rarely just below the capsule (Fig. 55 a,c). Innovations short, erect, julaceous to subjulaceous, radiating to give a stellate appearance when the perichaetial leaves spread at maturity, eventually becoming fertile at the apex and repeating the Fig. 55. Archidium stellatum sp. nov. a. - Innovation and associated perichaetial leaf (abaxial surface); b. - branch from main stem, rhizoids near base; c. - young innovation with 2-celled hair at base; d. - innovation leaf (abaxial surface) at insertion with stem, margin torn and enrolled above tear; e. - the same, enlarged to show cell detail; f, g. — enlarged stem leaves from (/>); f. — side view; g. — abaxial; h. — T. S. stem; i-m.-T.S. innovation leaves at various levels. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 193 194 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria branching system (like a pleiochasium ) (Plate 23 A, E), the basal parts gradually decaying. [When not growing in full light the subjulaceous habit may be lost and the innovations and branches are more attenuated with distantly spaced and more spreading leaves; plants reach 5-10 mm high (Plate 23C)]. Lateral female or male branches may arise later from the stem or innovations. Stem and branch leaves close or distant, bract-like and less than ()• 1mm long below, becoming larger upwards to 0 35 (0-5) mm long and closely overlapping below the perichaetium, sub-deltoid or broadly ovate, almost as wide as long, slightly apiculatc, concave, wide at the insertion, more or less erect or sometimes with apex standing out from the stem, margin practically entire, nerve about 30 p wide (40 p at base) usually failing short of the apex or percurrent (Fig. 55b). Cells with firm walls, mostly quadrangular to very shortly rectangular (more oblique towards apex) about 8 p wide, lower slightly wider 8-10 /x, ratio of length to width 1 - 2 : 1 (Fig. 55f,g). Leaves of innovations very concave, closely imbricated and appressed, more or less carinate above and with margins sometimes inrolled, mostly 0-5 mm long and 0-4 mm wide, similar in shape and areolation to stem and branch leaves but cells becoming more incrassate (Fig. 55a, d,e). Sections of innovation leaves and stem are illustrated in Figure 55h-m. Perichaetial leaves 5-8. 1 *0-1 -5 (—1 -9) mm long, 2-5 : 1, concave, occasionally secund but often spreading when capsule mature (Fig. 56f), ovate with a narrow insertion, widest just below the middle, sud- denly narrowed to a short subula one quarter to one third the length of the leaf ; lamina at the apex often slightly asymmetrical, in upper half of leaf slightly incurled to convolute and at the base with a broad marginal band of lax transparent cells extending to one quarter the length of the leaf (Fig. 56a) ; margin almost entire ; nerve percurrent almost filling the subula (rarely slightly excurrent except by erosion) broad and flat below (Fig. 56a-c), strongest in mid-leaf, 90-100 p wide narrowing to 30—40 p in the subula (Fig. 56g— k) ; lower cells mostly rectangular firm-walled towards the nerve, becoming progres- sively narrower from the nerve to the marginal band of lax narrow cells, 15-M2-V 1 0— >^8 p wide, from 2-3 : 1 — >^3— 6 : 1 ; cells of widest region Plate 23. — Archidium stellatum sp. nov (Plants cleared and mounted in lactic acid) A. Plant showing growth habit. Decayed capsule and perichaetial leaves of previous year, 3 mature capsules and 1 female head with undeveloped capsule. /. G. Stone 139. x ca. 19. B. Plant with immature capsule and 3 innovations from within perichaetium. Holotype, I. G. Stone 30. x ca. 19. C. Attentuated plant which had been covered by a twig. I. G. Stone 2819. x ca. 19. D. Plant from compact turf mixed with Bryum pachytheca C. Muell. Note several growth increments and innovations from male branches ( m ). /. G. Stone 292. x ca. 8i. E. Plant with branches from below the perichaetium as well as innovations from within; male branches. /. G. Stone 1347. x ca. 12. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria PI ATE 23 195 (for explanation, see facing page) 11734/72.-3. 196 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria irregularly rectangular to rhomboidal with marginal row shortly rectangular, progressively narrower from nerve to margin as in lower part of leaf but becoming shorter towards the margin in the region above the lax alar cells, 5-6 : 1 -> 4-6 : 1 -> 3-4 : 1 (Fig. 56e) ; cells of upper leaf more regularly rhomboidal and developing thicker walls, 8-10 /x wide, 3:1, usually with a marginal row or two of short more or less rectangular paler cells, about 8 p wide (Fig. 56d) ; cells of extreme apex incrassate, longer and narrower (Fig. 56b, c). Capsules of the Archidium type, 1- several on a single plant, occasionally 2 to a perichaetium globose, 340-450 p diam. immersed, sessile with a short thick foot in a cup-shaped vaginula. (Fig. 57j), cleistocarpous ; exothecial cells pale, often becoming dark brown to black and shining on top when capsule ripe and exposed (Fig. 57i, Plate 24C) ; calyptra small, fugaceous ; spores few, variable in number, usually in, multiples of 4, 16-48, polyhedral, shortest dimension 100-120 /x, longest 140-150 /x, thick-walled, from almost smooth to finely sculptured, filled with yellow oil globules (Fig. 57k), mature September to November, but often persisting on the plant. Antheridia 3-4, clavate, about 200 /x long, terminal, surrounded by 4-5 costate bracts on short or long slender lateral sparsely leaved branches (Fig. 57e, Plate 23DE) ; perigonial bracts entire, very concave, broadly ovate, apiculate, 250-400 p long, nerve ending before the apex, more prominent on abaxial surface (Fig. 57f-h), sometimes slender innovations from between the perigonial leaves (Plate 23D). Important features of A. stellatum are illlustrated in Figures 55-57 and Plate 23. Specimens Examined : Victoria — M allee country near Neilborough on bare light brown earth at roadside, alt. c. 500 ft., mean ann. rainfall c. 18 in. /. G. Stone 30, 48, 1 4.ix. 1 968; /. G. Stone 139. 5.x. 1968; /. Stone 174. 176. 12.x. 1968; /. G. Stone 933, 8 . iii . 1969; /. G. Stone 1347, 14. vi. 1969; I. G. Stone 1545, 20. vii. 1969; /. G. Stone 2819, 20. ix. 1970; /. G. Stone 2855, 14. xi. 1970; /. G. Stone 2958, 16. vi. 1971; /. G. Stone 7013, 25.vii.1971; /. G. Stone 7028, 7029, 7030, 17.x. 1971; Elphinstone, on bare earth partly shaded by Eucalyptus sp.. parking bay past 68 mile post. /. G. Stone 291. 292, 14. ix. 1968; /. G. Stone 900, 8. iii. 1969; /. G. Stone 1341, 26. iv. 1969; /. G. Stone 1342, 14. vi. 1969; Moyston on bare earth partly shaded by Eucalyptus sp., mean ann. rainfall c. 22 in., /. G. Stone 210, 19.x. 1968; Serpentine road 4 miles west of Raywood on bare ground between scrub, mean ann. rainfall c. 17 in., /. G. Stone 1696, 20. vii. 1969; Mount Tarrengower near Maldon, on bare gravelly soil partly shaded by Eucalyptus goniocalyx F. Muell. ex Miq., alt. c. 1,300 ft., mean ann. rainfall c. 22 in.. /. G. Stone 987, 9. iii. 1969 I. G. Stone 7031, 7032, 17.x. 1971; /. G. Stone 7095, 15.i. 1972; Mount Tarrengower, at the top 1872 ft., /. G. Stone 7089, 15. i. 1972. (All specimens excepting holotype and an isotype in herb, author.) Fig. 56. Archidium stellatum sp. nov. a. - Perichaetial leaf, adaxial surface, marginal band of hyaline cells indicated; b, c. - apices of two perichaetial leaves, cell detail; d. - upper part of peri- chaetial leaf, below apex, cell detail; e. - base to mid-leaf between nerve and margin of ( a ) enlarged to show cell detail; f. - stem with perichaetium and capsule (innovations omitted); g-k. — T. S. perichaetial leaves at various levels; g. - upper part of leaf showing asymmetry; k. - near base of leaf. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 197 Fig. 56. (for explanation, see facing page) 198 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria - I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 199 Archiclium stellatum which has small quadrangular to shortly rect- angular leaf cells and short subjulaceous innovations appears closest to the South American species A. arechavaletae C. Muell., A. amplexicaule C. Muell. and the very similar A. gibertii Mitt. It differs from A. arechavaletae in the more regular and narrower leaf cells (8-10/x), a narrower nerve and perichaetial leaves with a narrow insertion. It has much wider leaves (about 0-4 mm) than A. gibertii and lacks the golden excurrent nerve of the perichaetial leaves of A . amplexicaule. Archidium clavatum I. G. Stone sp. nov. ob cellulas foliorum parvas atque innovationes perjulaceas ut videtur A. julaceum C. Muell. ex America Australi et A. julicaulem C. Muell. ex Africa Australi proxime appropinquans; a priore habitu cladautoecio, foliis caulis latioribus et proportionibus cellulae difFert ; ab A. julicaule apicibus foliorum truncatis et marginibus eorum cristato-denticulatis recedit. Holotype : Mount Tarrengower, near Maldon, on hard gravel in a depression in granitic rock and half buried in gelatinous algae, lichens and bryophytes, /. G. Stone 7033 , 17. x. 1971, in Herb. MEL 101 1756 ; Isotypes in Herbaria MELU and of the author. Plants 3-5 mm high, cladautoecious, yellowish to brownish green. All plants so far found growing in the field were scattered and half- buried among gelatinous algae, lichens and bryophytes on hard gravelly detritus in depressions in granitic rock (Plate 25B). Stems julaceous erect, usually arising from old buried stems or robust underground rhizoidal systems, with rhizoids at the base of stem and in leaf axils, simple at first with a terminal perichaetium of larger leaves, branching from between the upper long perichaetial leaves and the lower shorter ones by one or two short clavate strongly julaceous innovations which are bare at the base and usually with a characteristic bend just below the club-shaped apex (Fig. 58a, Plate 25A). Stem leaves broadly ovate, concave, closely appressed and over- lapping, nerve broadest at the base, finishing below the apex ; lower leaves scale-like 150-200 p. long, wider than long, with ratio of length to width about 1 : 1-5, margin slightly crenulate-denticulate above, Fig. 57. Archidium stellatum sp. nov. a. - Optical section of archegonium (upper part of neck not shown), cleared in lactic acid; b. - optical section of young embryo in enlarged archegonium, ha. hair, pe. perichaetical leaf; c. - L. S. lower part of immature capsule, foot and vaginula; sp. immature spore, a-sp, air space; d. - T. S. immature capsule showing air space between capsule wall and spore sac, inner cells of spore sac with large nuclei, smc, spore mother cell at late telophase 2; e. - male branch with perigonial bracts enclosing antheridia; f. - tip of bract en- larged; g, h. - perigonial bracts; i. -dark exothecial cells from apex of cap- sule, surface view; j. - mature capsule with foot enclosed in vaginula. sp, spore, ca, calyptra; k. - spore with large and small oil globules, mounted in water. 200 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 201 cells below shortly rectangular about 9 p wide, above shortly rhomboidal to 6-sided 10-12 p long 7-8 p wide (Fig. 58b) ; upper leaves to 400-500 p long about 1-5—1, apex usually shortly apiculate upper margin cristate-denticulate. Cells below shortly rectangular 10-15 p wide thin-walled but not lax, in mid-leaf 1—1-5 : 1, above firm-walled more or less rhomboidal 8—10 p wide 2-5 : 1. Leaves of innovations closely imbricate and very appressed (Fig. 58a), ovate, very concave about 400—600 p long usually less than 1-5:1 (Fig. 58c-e) ; apex obtuse either shortly pointed or truncate and sometimes almost cucullate (Fig. 5 8 f — h ) ; margin near the base more or less entire, above irregularly cristate-denticulate each denticulation formed from two cells, eroding with age (Fig. 58i-k) ; nerve wide, broadest at the base 60-90 (-150) p and Hat (2-3 cells thick) reducing to about 30-50 p wide (Fig. 58d, m-o) and ending shortly below the apex, occasionally with some projecting cells in this region on the abaxial surface (Fig. 58g) ; cells below shortly rectangular with very firm walls about 10—12 (—15) p wide 1-3 : 1, above becoming oblique and slightly narrower about 8 p mostly 2:1, incrassate, the lumen variable in shape, often with rounded corners but the basic cell pattern is rhomboidal, marginal cells sometimes only 5-6 p wide (Fig. 58k). Perichaetial leaves 7-9, more or less in 3 whorls of approximately equal leaves, the lowest the shortest about 0-6-0-75 mm (Fig. 60a,d), the middle about 0-8— 1-1 mm (Fig. 60c), and the upper about 1*3—1 -5 (—1-7) mm (Figs. 59a, 60b), ovate about 1-5 : 1, tapering suddenly to the apex which is frequently obtuse or truncate (Fig. 60jk), innermost leaf often convolute ; lamina at the base with a marginal band of lax transparent cells extending to one third the length of the leaf and near the apex often incurlcd giving the appearance of a short subula ; margin entire below but irregularly cristate-denticulate above the basal marginal band [the denticulations are formed by the outward projection of the outer distal end of a marginal cell and usually a similar projection from the outer proximal end of the cell immediately above, the pairs of projections usually being fused for most of their length and the free projecting tips sometimes curled inwards ; usually 2 cells are involved in a denticulation but occasionally 3-4 or only one (Fig. 60m, n)] ; nerve flat below about 60-100 p stronger in mid- leaf and narrowing to about 50 p or less but still strong, where it ends just below the apex. Erosion of the leaf is common leaving the strong nerve apparently excurrent. Cells at the insertion of the largest peri- chaetial leaves, 1-3 rows, large quadrate to shortly rectangular, above Fig. 58. Archidium clavatum sp. nov. a - ~ Habit, in, innovation, hr, branch; b. — lower stem leaf showing cell detail; c-e, innovation leaves; c. — side view; d. — abaxial showing very broad nerve; e. — attached to portion of stem; f-j. — tips of innovation leaves; g. — abaxial showing projecting cells or nerve; i. — eroded margin; j. — side view; k. - enlargement of (c) showing cell detail; l.-T. S. stem; m.-T. S. innova- tion stem showing a leaf base, and leaf cut in upper part; n,o. -T. S. innova- tion leaves; n. - mid-leaf; o. - base, showing very broad nerve part of which is only two cells thick. 202 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria which they are more or less rectangular, firm-walled except near the margin, becoming progressively narrower from the nerve to the marginal band of lax narrow ceils 20 (25) 12— 15 10 p wide, the ratio of length to width increasing from 3-4 : 1 -> 4-5 : 1 8-9 : 1 ; cells in the upper part of lower third of leaf more oblique, irregularly rhomboidal, narrower and prosenchymatic near nerve 5-7 : 1 -> 3—4 : 1 —>■ 5—6 : 1 (marginal band) ; cells of widest region and just above gradually becoming shorter and more regularly rhomboidal (often appearing slightly llexuous) mostly 3-4 : 1 except near nerve and often with an intramarginal band of narrow rectangular cells ; cells of the upper leaf more regularly rhomboidal, 10-12 -> 5-8 p and 2-3 : 1, but at the very apex again becoming more irregular in shape* and often very incrassate (areolation of a large perichaetial leaf is illustrated in Figures 59a-d and 601) ; cells of the lowest perichaetial leaves with walls thinner than those of the upper which are with firm- walled. Capsules of the Archidium type, about 550 p diameter (Fig. 60f), outer walls of exothecial cells very thick (Fig. 60g,h) ; calyptra small, fugaceous ; spores polyhedral 130 p in shortest dimension about 1 60 yu. in longest dimension, finely but distinctly granular (Fig. 60i). Antheridia 3-4, clavate, about 200-300 p long terminal on a short julaceous shoot arising from a buried stem (Fig. 60e) ; lower scale- like leaves closely appressed and imbricate, rounded to shortly apiculate at apex, without a nerve ; perigonial bracts with a very narrow flat nerve finishing below the apex, convolute and often truncate at the apex. Important features of Archidium clavatum are illustrated in Figures 58-60 and Plate 25. Specimens Examined : Victoria — Mount Tarrengower, near Maldon, on hard gravel in a depression in uranitic rock and half buried in gelatinous algae, lichens and bryophytes, alt. c. 1,400 ft., mean ann. rainfall c. 22 in.. /. G. Stone 2912, l.ii. 1971 ; I. G. Stone 7033, 17.x. 1971; I. G. Stone 7088, 15. i. 1972. (All specimens in Herb author, excepting holotype and an isotype.) PLATE 24. — Archidium stellatum sp. nov. Photographs in the field showing variation in appearance according to age and density of the plants and to environmental conditions. Arrows indicate capsules. All x ca 12. A. Fertile plants with immature capsules still enclosed by perichaetial leaves. Innovations from between perichaetial leaves. Dense turf in slight depres- sion with partial shade from small bush. /. G. Stone 7028. B. Scattered plants with mature capsules, two detached lying on ground. On higher ground in more exposed position than A. /. G. Stone 7029. C. Dense turf, mature capsules black and shining on top show between spreading perichaetial leaves. /. G. Stone 7031. D. Plants scattered among otner bryophytes and lichens. /. G. Stone 170. E. Dense turf of innovations (wet). Old decayed capsules are hidden below. I. G. Stone 7032. , F. Elongated plants sheltered by a twig. The innovations are longer and the leaves slightly more distant and spreading but the plants still show essentially the same pattern of growth and areolation. I. G. Stone 7030. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 203 PLATE 24 204 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria Archidium clavatum which has small leaf cells and strongly julaceous innovations appears closest to the South American A . julaceum C. Muell. but differs from this in its cladautoecious habit, broader stem leaves (not lingulate) with narrower cells (8-10 p below, 7—8 above) ; or to the South African A. julicaule C. Much., from which it differs in the truncate apices and cristate-denticulate margins of the leaves. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPOROPHYTE Some developmental stages of the sporophyte were observed mainly in A. stellatum. In both species only 3-4 archegonia were formed to each perichaetium, accompanied by a few inconspicuous 2-3-celled hairs. Similar hairs were sometimes associated with antheridia or young innovations (Fig. 55c). The archegonia have long necks and a small stalk region (Fig. 57a). After fertilization there is some enlarge- ment of the stem apex, but the small cup-shaped vaginula is formed by division and enlargement of the archegonial stalk cells and possibly the venter cells below the zygote (Fig. 57b, c). The foot of the embryo is very shallow and does not penetrate beyond the archegonial tissue into the gametophore apex as occurs in most mosses (Fig. 57c). The venter cells on either side of the zygote elongate but there are very few if any divisions and the young developing embryo causes the calyptra to rupture off as a fugaceous remnant consisting of the tom venter cells and the shrivelled neck attached to the vaginula on one side (Fig. 57j). After fertilization the capsule is slow in its development, the calyptra does not protect it for long and this function is provided by the large perichaetial leaves. As the moss grows in areas with low and unreliable rainfall, development is frequently arrested and the capsule aborts. Thus the sequence of development of the sporophyte is not easy to follow and some critical stages including the precise mode of formation of the variable number of spore mother cells have not been observed. Early in development, a narrow dome-shaped air space forms between the outer capsule wall which consists mostly of three layers and the central sporogenous region (enclosed in a 2-layered spore-sac) and extends downwards around the sterile region below the sporogenous tissue (Fig. 57c). The cells of this sterile region adjoining the air space appear to have slightly cutinized walls. The absorbing cells of the shallow broad foot are like those of Mittenia plumula (Mitt.) Lindb. (Stone 1961) and many other mosses, bulbous, densely cytoplasmic with large nuclei and a thick translucent lining layer on the outer walls in contact with the gametophyte. The capsule is very easily dislodged from the vaginula because of the shallow foot. Fig. 59. Archidium clavatum sp. nov. a. - Perichaetical leaf with marginal band indicated. Regions 1, 2, 3, 4 en- larged in Fig. 601, and Fig 59, b-d, b. - cell detail of ( a ) region 2; c. - cell detail of (r/) region 3; d. -cell detail of (a) region 4. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 205 Fig. 59. (for explanation, see facing page) 206 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria Sections of the immature capsules of A. stellatum show that the spore sac consists of two layers of large cells, the outer of flat cells, the inner of inflated cells each with a large nucleus. Associated with this nucleus is densely staining material (lactophenol cotton blue) on the inner surface of the side adjoining the spore mother cells (Fig. 57d). The inner layer is continuous over the sterile cells at the base of the theca so that it completely lines the thecal cavity and surrounds the spore mother cells. Later the inner surface of these cells adjacent to the young tetrads has a granular appearance; the granules which are yellowish and highly refractive resemble the “ Ubisch ” bodies described for Angiosperms. [These cells bear a striking resemblance to the tapetal cells oi Magnolia youlan and Lilium tigrinum figured by Maheshwari (1950) in which the granular markings give the same staining reactions as the coat of the pollen grain.] At the stage when the spores have a thin cxine and are free in the thecal cavity the lining layer appears collapsed and covered with aggregations of granules, many of which also appear around the spores (Fig. 57c). As far as can be determined with the light microscope, the develop- ment of the cells lining the thecal cavity and the granular material appear to be very similar to the development of the tapetum and the Ubisch bodies in the anther of Helleborus foetidus L. described by Echlin and Godwin (1968). As no granular material was observed in the spore sac of Mittenia plumula (Stone 1961) it seems likely that just as in Angiosperms (Davis 1966) there may be some mosses with “ Ubisch ” granules and others without. After many attempts to find cells at a suitable stage to obtain a chromosome count. Anaphase 1 of meiosis was observed in a few spore mother cells of A. stellatum and a count of 13 was made at each end of one cell in which the chromosomes were reasonably well spread. Unlike most mosses Archidium does not produce many spore mother cells and their number is variable but in A. stellatum there were frequently 12, resulting in 48 spores, a number larger than usually reported for the genus. Few capsules of A. clavatum have been examined but 32 mature spores and several small aborted spores were observed in one capsule. Immature spores of A. stellatum had very thin walls (the thick intine was not developed) and contained small chloroplasts, large vacuoles in the cytoplasm and one large and many small oil globules. Fig. 60. Archidium clavatum sp. nov. a. - lower perichaetical leaves and upper stem leaves overlapping; b, c, d. - perichaetial leaves from inner whorl outwards; b. - inner convolute; c. - leaf of second whorl; d. - leaf below innovation; e. -julaceous male branch with antheridia enclosed in perigonial bracts; f. - capsule with large spores and small foot; g. - L. S. wall of capsule; h. — surface view of exothecial cells from top of capsule (dark coloured); i. — spore mounted in lactic acid, outer layer of spore ruptured; j, k.-tips of perichaetial leaves showing cell detail; 1. — cell detail of Fig. 59a, region 1; m, n. - margin of (d) enlarged. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 207 208 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria Mature spores when heated in lactic acid showed some details of the spore coat. The thin outer layer of exine which bore the fine granular ornamentation could be ruptured off (more readily in A. clavatum than in A. stellatum) and the inner thick layer of intine (about 10 p thick in A. clavatum) had a well-defined laminated structure (Fig. 60i). When the spore coat was broken by pressure on the spore this thick layer frayed at the broken edges giving indications of the fibrillar nature of the intine. McClymont and Larson (1964) made an electron- microscopic study of thin sections of the spore wall of several mosses including A. alternifolium Schimp., and for the latter reported the unusually thick laminated intine, the exine with ornamentation and a very thin outer layer of perine. Although they reported four layers to the spore coat for most species they did not effectively demonstrate this in A. alternifolium. Spores of A. clavatum stained with Sudan IV showed a very narrow and closely adherent layer on the outside of the intine (stained red so presumably exine) as well as the thin ornamented exine layer which separates off. This layer, just external to the intine, possibly corres- ponds to the electron opaque layer described by McClymont and Larson for most of the moss spores they examined, but it appears to be wider in A. clavatum. Heslop-Harrison (1968) in his study of the wall of Lilium pollen shows the inner unsculptured part of the exine divided into an inner layer (the nexine 2) closely applied to the intine and separated by a discontinuity from an outer layer (nexine 1). Larson and Lewis (1961 ) using both optical and electron microscopy described a 2-layered exine for pollen of Parkinsonia aculeata, an inner layer adjacent to the intine and an outer layer bearing the ornamentation with a structural weakness at the interface of the two layers. The discontinuity and structural weakness described by these authors seems to be in a position corresponding with the line of separation of the sculptured exine in A. clavatum. At maturity the exothecial cells have a thick outer wall (especially in A. clavatum) covered by a very thin shining cuticle (Fig. 60g). in both species the cells of the exothecium on the top of the capsule develop a brown to blackish colour when mature and exposed (Figs. 57i, 60h), constrasting with the pale wall of the rest of the capsule. The two inner layers of the capsule wall are flattened at an early stage so that the mature capsule wall appears to be of one layer (Fig. 57d), the air space is obliterated and the very large thin-walled cells of the spore sac may be pulled away as a membrane when the mature capsule is opened. No stomata are formed but at the base of the theca in some mature capsules a few fissures, which possibly represent the beginning of distintegration of the capsule, were observed between the outer exothecial cells just above the cells of the foot opposite the base of the airspace. The exothecial wall is usually thinner in this region. Old capsules may persist on the plant from one year to the next and finally decay so that the spores lie in small yellow masses, or the I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 209 capsules are dislodged and lie loose on the ground before decaying (Plate 24b). The yellow colour of the spores is mainly from the oil which is also abundant in other parts of the plant including cortical cells of the stem, leaf cells, large rhizoids and foot cells. The genus Archidium has a unique sporophyte in which a columella does not penetrate through the spore-bearing region and there is no evidence of an apiculus on the globose capsule as an apical cell is active at the apex of the young embryo for only a few divisions before a periclinal wall is produced. A dome-shaped air space forms between the capsule wall and the spore sac which encloses the central sporo- genous region in which only a few spore mother cells are formed and the ripe capsule is filled with a few very large spores which have an unusually thick laminated intine. The genus has been considered primitive by some bryologists, greatly reduced by others and is usually placed in the order Dicranales. PLATE 25 Archidium clavatum sp. nov. A. Single plant with mature capsule and 2 innovations. Cleared and mounted in lactic acid. Holotype, /. G. Stone 7033. x ca 19. B. Habit in the field (liverworts have been removed leaving holes). Only the tips of the perichaetial leaves and the innovations show above the gelatinous algae. Holotype, /. G. Stone 7033. x ca 12. 210 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria The distinctive features of the sporophyte appear as unique as those of Sphagnum and Andreaea and could easily warrant a position in the classification at the level accorded to these genera. HABIT Archidium stellatum appears to be a soil colonizer and well suited in its manner of growth to a habitat where there is a tendency for the sand and clay particles to wash during periods of rain and build up around the plants and often only the innovations, tips of perichaetial leaves and tops of capsules show above the soil level. During long dry periods the surface of the soil sets very firmly. The growth habit with seasonal increments by repeated acrotonic innovations is illustrated in Plate 23. The general appearance of the perennial gametophyte in the field varies according to the stage in the growth sequence, the density of the plants and environmental conditions. It is inconspicuous and non- descript and would be easily overlooked or mistaken because of its general resemblance to other more common mosses and no doubt it is much more widely spread than is indicated by the localities recorded in this paper. Variability in appearance is illustrated by photographs of plants in situ (Plate 24). Archidium clavatum was found on gravelly detritus in a shallow depression in granite rock where water lies after rain but which is very dry for long periods. Scattered plants were first found in the summer and most of the leaves were considerably eroded leaving the nerve projecting. Mature and old capsules were present but no archegonia or antheridia were observed. Another collection was made from the same area in the following spring, after new growth and young capsules surrounded by intact perichaetial leaves had formed. Innovations were young and the cristate-denticulate margins of the leaves were not eroded as in the summer collection. The plants were scattered and difficult to find because thev were buried to part way up the perichaetial leaves in a jelly-like mass of algae, and mixed with various lichens, hepatics and other mosses. Male" branches were rare and buried in the algal mass. Plate 25 b is a photograph of A. clavatum in situ but with some hepatics removed, leaving holes. Most of the plants were growing from pieces of partly decayed and buried stems and it is possible that this moss is also a colonizer but it was found after invasion and replacement by other bryophytes etc. and would have been more plentiful a few years earlier. DISCUSSION Two species of Archidium have previously been recorded for Australia; A. stolonaceum C. Muell., from New South Wales and I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 211 Victoria, and A. rothii Watts ex Roth from Queensland. [A third species A. brisbanicum Broth, was also described but Brotherus ( 1893, 1924) later changed his determination to Nanomitrium.] The type material of A. stolonaceum was collected by T. Whitelegge at Paddington, Sydney in November 1884 and was described by Mueller in 1888. A few more collections, including that used by Roth (1911) for his figures and description, were subsequently gathered in the Sydney area. ClilTord and Willis ( 1951 ) recorded A. stolonaceum from Castle- maine, in Victoria. This specimen was collected by Mr. F. Robbins in 1948 and determined by G. O. K. Sainsbury. Fig. 61. — a.-T. S. leaf nerve of Archidium stolonaceum (from T. Whitelegge 21 1, Paddington, N.S.W. 1884, part of type, Hb. MEL); b. - T. S. leaf nerve of fertile Eccremidium pulchellum (from Western Australia); c.-T. S. leaf nerve of sterile Eccremidium sp. (from near Neilborough, Vic.); d. -T. S. leaf nerve of Pleuridium nervosum (from near Neilborough, Vic.); e. - T. S. stem from small shoot of type of Archidium stolonaceum. All samples, including part of the type specimens from the Melbourne and Sydney herbaria, have been carefully examined. No capsules were present and the descriptions made by Mueller ( 1888) and Roth (1911) were from sterile material. I consider that this moss is not an Archidium but a sterile Eccremidium sp. [probably close to or identical with E. pulchellum (Hook. f. and Wils.) Wils.] which is common in all Australian states and bears gemmaceous branchlets like those in the samples of Mueller’s type of A. stolonaceum. This moss has given considerable trouble in identification in several instances. Further investigation of the genus Eccremidium is in progress and a fuller account will be published later. Convincing evidence was obtained from the anatomical structure of the nerves observed in leaf sections. The structure of the nerve of Mueller’s type (Fig. 61a) is similar to that found in E. pulchellum and the sterile Eccremidium (Figs. 61b,c) but entirely different from that of the genus Archidium (Figs. 55i-m, 58m-o). In Victoria, the vegetative shoots of A. stellatum and A. clavatum at first sight could be easily mistaken for other commoner mosses such as the sterile Eccremidium sp. or Pleuridium nervosum (Hook.) Mitt, which have a julaceous habit and often grow closely intermixed with them, but sections of the leaf nerve would dispel all doubts in each case. Illus- trations of leaf sections demonstrate the different structure of the nerve in Pleuridium nervosum, E. pulchellum (a fertile specimen from Western 212 I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria Australia), sterile E. ? pulchellum from Victoria and the two new Archidium species from Victoria (Figs. 55i-m, 58m-o and 61b-d). Both Pleuridium and Archidium have a comparatively broad nerve but Pleuridium has an irregular distribution of small thick-walled stereid cells while Archidium has no stereids but the cells of the nerve are evenly thickened. Eccremidium pulchellum and the sterile form both have a narrow nerve with a pair of cells each with a large lumen on both the upper and lower surface enclosing one or two small central cells. A comparison of the anatomical structure of the stems provides further evidence in support of the view that Mueller's A. stolonaceum is in fact a sterile E. pulchellum. In Archidium the thin-walled cells of the central strand are surrounded by large cortical cells and smaller peripheral cells all more or less evenly thickened (Figs. 55h, 581,m). In Eccremidium the two outermost layers of the stem are more heavily thickened than the inner cortical cells and this heavy thickening was found in the type specimen of A. stolonaceum (Fig. 61e). The only other record of an Archidium species in Australia is A. rothii which was named but not described, as far as I can determine, by W. Watts from the Brisbane area. Roth (1914) described and figured A. rothii using Watt’s specimen from the Brisbane Herbarium. Spores were not seen. A search was made in the Brisbane and Sydney herbaria for the type or any other material of this species without success. However Roth’s description does not fit the Victorian species. Archidium rothii is described as having vegetative leaves with entire margins and a very prominent mid-rib excurrent in a long point, and the male ‘ inflorescence ’ with ecostate bracts borne on the fruiting stem. During an examination of the Archidium specimens in the National Herbarium, Melbourne, it was noted that two of Dr. A. Rehmann s specimens from South Africa both labelled A. falcatulum C. Muell. were in fact different species. The specimen from Greenpoint, Rehmann 429b fits the descriptions of A. julicaule by Mueller (1899) and Roth (1911) reasonably well. The type of A. julicaule has not been examined and was probably destroyed at Berlin. One of the Victorian species, A. clavalum closely resembles this specimen, but the Victorian species differs in the truncate apex to many leaves and perichaetial leaves, and in the denticulations of the margin which are formed from one cell in the South African specimen and two in A. clavatum . Sim (1926) states that A . julicaule “ is exactly Pleuridium nervosum with few spores (12 to 20) instead of many . The capsule, spores, and perichaetium are of course entirely different in the two mosses, a fact noted by Potier de la Varde (1958) and no doubt the anatomical structure of the stem and leaf would serve to separate the two in the sterile state, just as they do for the Victorian species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Mr. J. H. Willis, National Herbarium, Melbourne, for the Latin rendering of the diagnoses, and to Dr. H. J. I. G. Stone: Two New Species of Archidium from Victoria 213 Swart, University of Melbourne, for translations of many of the German references. I am grateful to the directors of the Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane herbaria for providing me with access to their collections, and I wish to thank Professor T. C. Chambers, University of Melbourne, for helpful comments on the manuscript, and also Mr. A. G. Stone for the photographs. I wish to thank the A.R.G.C. for a grant from which part of the expenses of travel was paid. REFERENCES Britton, Elizabeth G. (1913). — Archidiaceae. North American Flora 15: 45-6. Brotherus, V. F. (1893). — Some new species of Australian mosses. Ofversigt Forhandlingar Finska V etenskaps-Societetens. 35: 35. Brotherus, V. F. ( 1924).— Archidiaceae. In Engler, A., and Prantl, K., “Die natiirlichen Pfianzenfamilien 2 Aufl. Bd. 10. (Engelmann: Leipzig). Cain, A. S. (1936). — Archidiaceae. In Grout, A. J., “Moss Flora of North America”. Vol. 1. (Grout: Newfane, Vermont.) Clifford, H. T., and Willis, J. H. (1951). — The genera of Victorian mosses and new records of species for the state of Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 68: 151. Davis, Gwenda (1966). — “Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms (Wiley & Sons Inc., N. York, London, Sydney). Echlin, P. and Godwin, H. (1968). — The ultrastructure and ontogeny of pollen in He lie borus foetid us L. J. Cell. Sci. 3: 161-174. Heslop-Harrison, J. (1968). — Pollen wall development. Science 161: 203-237. Larson, D. A., and Lewis C. W. (1961). — Fine structure of Parkinsonia aculeata pollen. Amer. J. Bot. 48: 934-943. Maheshwari, P. (1950). — “An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms”. ( McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., N. York, Toronto, London). McClymont. J. W. and Larson, D. A. (1964). — An electron-microscopic study of spore wall structure in the Musci. Amer. J. Bot. 51: 195-200. Mitten, W. (1887). — Mosses and Hepaticae collected in Central Africa J Linn Soc. Bot. 22: 298-328. Muller, C. (1882). — Musci cleistocarpi. Linnaea 43: 343-9. Muller, C. (1888). — Musci cleistocarpici novi. Flora 71: 7-9. Muller, C. (1899). — Contributiones ad Bryologiam austro-afram. Hedwieia 38 52-155. * Potier de la Varde. R. ( 1 958 ) .—Contribution a la flora bryologique africaine. Rev. Bryol. et Lichenol. 27: 3. Sim, T. R. (1926). — The Bryophyta of South Africa. Trans Roy. Soc S Africa 15: 140-143. Stone, lima G. (1961). — The gametophore and sporophyte of Mittenia plumula (Mitt.) Lindb. Aust. J. Bot. 9: 124-151. Roth, G. (1911). — “Die aussereuropaischen Laubmoose ”. Band 1. (Heinrich- Dresden). Roth, G. (1914). — Nachtrag 2 zu Band 1 der aussereuropaischen Laubmoose von 1910/11. Hedwigia 54 : 267-274. 214 General Index GENERAL INDEX VOLUME 2. (1969-1972) Where the name of a taxon is merely mentioned in the text or cited in synonymy, then page numbers are in thinner type. Where an illustration appears in this volume, the name of the plant is followed by an asterisk (*). A bbevillea fenzliana h brevipes* maschalantha A oblongata . . A cacia acicularis ac in ace a alata arceuthos . . boonnanii . . bossiaeoides * . . brownii bynoeana . . bynoeana var. laiifona calamifolia calamifolia var. wilhelmiana . cuspidata cuspidata var. longifolia deal bat a d iff or mis diffusa diffusa var. cuspidata diptera diptera var. angustior diptera var. eriocarpa diptera var. erioptera diptera var. latior . . ericae folia genistifolia gunnii hakeoides hakeoides var. angustifolia . hookeri hunteriana implexa juniperina var. brownei leptophylla ligulata var. angustifolia luehmannii nematophylla pachyacra . . pravifolia prostrata . . pugioniformis pumila quadrilateralis reti nodes spinescens sublanata verticillata vomeriformis wilhelmiana willdenowiana williamsonii 128 . 128 129 155 , 177 139 155 155 156 139 - 142 155 , 156 155 , 159 156 , 159-162 160 , 159 157 157 161 , 162 171 , 172 , 177 155 , 156 155 , 157 157 155 , 162 162 162 162 160 162 , 163 155 , 157 , 177 155 , 163 157 . 158 155 , 160 155 163 171 , 155 177 159 , 163 159 161 160 , 135 159 157 161 155 , 156 , 158 155 , 156 , 162 155 , 156 156 , 158 155 , 159 50 158 155 , 157 , 158 155 , 156 , 159-162 155 , 163 162 , 163 General Index 215 Agropyron scab rum .175 Agrostis avenacea A ira caryophyllea Alistmataceae A lopecurus genic ulat us A l ter na nth era denticulata Amaranthaceae Amphibromus neesii recurvatus A msinckia his pi da Amyema miquelii pendulum A nacampseros australiana A nacardiaceae A nagallis arvensis Anderson, J. A.: Otto Carl Berg's Types of Myrtaceae in the National Herbarium of Victoria Andreaea A nguillaria dioica Aphanes arvensis A rchidium alternifolium amplexicaule arechavaletae . . brisbanicum clavatum* falcatulum gibertii julaceum julicaule rothii stellatum * stolonaceum * Arctotheca calendula Arthropodium minus Aston. Helen I.: The Genus Viliarsia ( Menyanthaceae ) in Australia 175 175 175 175 172, 176 134, 176 175 50 133, 134 176 176 136 177 178 119- -131 210 171, 176 177 191- -213 208 199 199 211 191, 199- 202, 2 1 2 199 191, 204 191, 204, 212 21 1. 212 191. 192- 199, 208, 210 , 211 191, 210 , 211 179 171, 176 204-212 202-204, 206 2 1 2 3-63 216 General Index A triplex suberecta Aulomyrcia lingua p. rufa ramulosa y acuta ta longipes y latifolia ramulosa p. pauci flora salzmanni sonderiana . . vacciniifolia widgreniana . . Azolla pinnata Banksia lit t oralis marginata Bassia articulata astrocarpa brachyptera georgei minuta Bauer a rubioides Blasteniospora sieberiana B lech n am sp. Blepharocalyx longipes widgreni Blyxia aubertii Boraginaceae Bossiaea bossiaeoides phylloclada* Brachycome basaltica var. gracilis decipiens goniocarpa muelleroides readeri tesquorum Britoa sellowiana Briza minor Bromus mollis rubens sterilis Bulbine bulbosa 134 123 122 123 122 123 123 123 122 172, 175 36 41 134 134 134 134 134 41 66, 75 57 128 128 133 134 , 178 139-142 139, 141, 142 179 179 179 169, 172, 179 169, 172 , 179 135 131 175 175 175 175 171, 176 General Index 217 C aland rinia disperma Callitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis Calotis hispidula Calyptranthes pteropoda* variabilis oc. pulchella widgreniana . . Campanulaceae Campomanesia heterophylla ob versa p. angustifolia obversa oc. latifolia pubescens p. coarctata pubescens oc. efjusa widgreniana Capsella bursa-past oris Cardamine sp. Carduus tenuiflorus Carex appressa inversa tereticaulis . . Carthamus lanatus Caryophyllaceae Cenchrus incertus * . . longispinus * pauciflorus tribuloides Centella asiatica Centipoda cunninghamii minima Cerastium glomeratum . . Chenopodiaceae Chondrilla juncea Choretrum oxycladum . . Cicenda quadrangularis Cirsium vulgare 136 177 172 , 177 179 120, 121 120 120 179 128 130 130 130 130 131 . 177 177 179 57 172 . 176 172 , 176 171 , 172 , 179 176 164 - 166 , 167 164 , 165 , 166 , 167-168 164 . 165 , 167 167 41 179 179 176 134 , 135 171 . 179 155 , 158 , 163 178 171 , 179 218 General Index C I ad in m glomeratum Claytonia australasica Combretaceae Compositae Convolvulaceae Convolvulus erubescens Cotula australis bipinnata Court, A. B.: A New Combination in the Genus Bossiaea Vent. ( Papilionaceae ) . . Court, A. B.: Notes on Australian Acacias I Court, A. B.: Preliminary Notice on the Sonder Collection in the National Herbarium of Victoria C rasped ia glauca globosa Craspedomonadaceae Crass ill a colorata helmsii macrantha peduncularis sieberana Crassulaceae Crotalaria alata quinquifolia verrucosa Cruci ferae Cucumis myriocarpus Cucurbitaceae Cyclocarpa stellaris Cymbonotus lawsonianus Cynodon dactyl on Cynoglossum sp. Cyperaceae Cyperus exaltatus Damasonium minus 50 50 135 135 , 171, 179 178 171, 178 172, 179 179 139-142 155-163 188 179 179 147 , 148 135 50 172. 177 172. 177 172. 177 135 , 177 136 136 136 177 179 179 136 179 175 178 176 176 175 General Index 219 Danthonia caespitosa setae ea Da lie us glochidiatus Deyeuxia quadriseta Dianella laevis Dichondra repens . . Dicranales D icrasty / / d iaceae Drosera binata Eccremidium pulchellum* sp.* Echium lycopsis . . Eelipta platyglossa Eleocharis acuta . . pusilla sphacelata Emmenosperma cunninghamii Epacridaceae Epacris microphylla Epilobium adenocaulon cinereum sp. Eragrostis australasica clelandii Eremophila polyclada turtonii Eryngium ro stratum Eucalyptus camaldulensis melliodora microcarpa obliqua ovata 172 , 175 172 , 175 178 175 176 178 209 135 41 , 57 191 211, 212 191 . 211 172 , 178 179 50 , 172 , 176 172 . 176 50 137 143 , 144 41 178 178 57 133 133 136 136 178 171 , 173 , 178 171 . 178 171 , 178 56 56 220 General Index Eugenia ambigua 125 cassinoides p. gracilis 126 cauliflora 125 jranciscensis 124 inundata oc. membranacea 126 klotzschiana 125 maximiliana 125 moraviana 126 regnelliana 125 rhombocarpa 124 sonderiana 126 sphenophylla P. angustifolia 126 widgrenii 124 Eugeniopsis clausseniana oc. rufa 124 Euphorbia drummondii 177 Euphorbiaceae 135, 177 Exocarpos cupressiformis 171, 176 strictus 176 Filson, Rex B.: A Review of the Genera Teloschistes and Xanthoria in the Lichen Family Teloschistaceae in Australia 65-115 Filson, Rex B.: Studies in Australian Lichens II. The Alpine Lichen Thamnolia vermi - cularis (Sw.) Schaer. in Australia 180- 187 Gahnia clarkei 41, 50 sp. 57 Galium murale 179 Geijera linearifolia 137 Gentianaceae 178 Geraniaceae 177 Geranium solanderi 171, 177 G linns lotoides 176 Glossostigma elatinoides 172, 178 Gnaphalium indutum 179 involucratum 179 luteo-album 179 purpureum 179 G omidesia hartwegiana 120 widgreniana 120 Goodenia gracilis 179 ovata 57 pinnatifida 172, 179 General Index 221 Goodeniaceae 135 , 179 Gramineae 133 , 164 , 171, 175 Gran his sp. 175 G ratiola peruviana Gray, A. M.: A New Species of Mountain Heath from Tasmania 57 143-144 Grevillea erythroclada 136 pterosperma 136 Hakea rhomb ales 137 Haloragaceae 178 Haloragis brownii 50, 57 micrantha 41 Hedypnois cretica 179 Helipterum albicans . . 179 australe 172. 179 corymbiflorum 172, 179 Horde um hystrix 172, 175 leporinum 175 Hydrocharitaceae 133, 175 Hydrocotyle sp. 57, 178 Hypochaeris glabra Hypoxidaceae 171, 179 176 Hypoxis hygrometrica 172, 176 Isotoma fluviatilis . . Jones, David L.: A New Species of Orchida- 172, 173 , 179 ceae from Victoria 151-154 Juncaceae , , 176 Juncaginaceae 175 J uncus articulatus 57 bufonius . . 172, 176 maritimus 50 sp. , . 172 sp. aff. australis 176 sp. sect. Genuini 41, 50 Kochia radiata 135 Koeleria phleoides . . , . 175 Labiatae 178 222 General Index Lee an or a sp. 175 Lecythis martiana 131 Lentibulariaceae . . 178 Lepidosperma laterale 57 sp. 41, 50 Lepraria candelaris 175 Leptorhynchos squamatus 179 Leptospermum juniperinum 41, 50, 57 lanigerum 50, 57 myrsinoides 41 obovatnm 57 Lepyrodia sp. 50 Leschenaultia helmsii 135 Levenhookia chippendalei 145 , 146 Lichen chrysophalmus 71 flavicans 74 parietinus 85 Liliaceae 133 , 176 Limnanthemum 3 Linaceae 177 Linum marginale 177 Liparophylium 3 Lobelia alata 57 Lobeliaceae 179 Lolium loliaceum 176 nudtiflorum 176 perenne 176 Loranthaceae 176 Ludwigia palustris 169, 178 Lythraceae 178 Ly thrum sp. 178 Maconochie, J. R. and N. Byrnes: Additions to the Flora of the Northern Territory 133-137 Maconochie, J. R. and S. A. Parker: Further Collections of Two Littleknown Stylidia- ceae from the Northern Territory 145 , 146 General Index 223 Maidenia rubra Malococera tricornis Malvaceae Marsilea drummondii M edicago polymorpha Melaleuca dec us sat a erici folia . . laterita squamea squarrosa Mentha australis . . pulegium satureoides Menyanthaceae Menyanthes exaltata sarmentosa Mimosa brownei Mimosaceae Mimulus gracilis prostratus repens Mitranthes eugenioides eugenioides /3. ovata Mittenia plumula Molluginaceae Monochoria hastata Monosiga australica * jernakovii* ovata victoriae* Mucuna urens var. papuana . . Muir, T. B.: The Flora of Ulupna Islan Reserve Myoporaceae Myrcia communis cc. latifolia kegeliana cc. latifolia Myrciaria strigipes . . 133 135 177 172, 175 177 57 41, 50 24 50, 57 41, 57 172, 178 178 172, 178 3 - 63 , 178 36, 38, 43, 44 46, 50 155 135 , 177 172. 178 137 137 127 127 204, 206 176 134 147 , 148 147 , 148 148 147 148 136 169-179 136 124 124 127 224 General Index Myriocephalus rhizocephalus Myriophyllum muelleri pedunculatum propinquum Myrtaceae Nanomitrium Nervilia discolor holochila Newcastlea cladotricha Nicotiana sp. Nymphoides crenatum Oenothera striata Olearia gland ulosa Omalanthus populifolius Onagraceae Orchidaceae Ottelia ovalifolia Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Papilionaceae Parentucellia latifolia Parmelia parietina parietina var. ectanea spinosa sieheriana Petrorhagia velutina Phalaris minor Phragmites communis Phyllodoce genistifolia 179 50 57 50, 172, 178 119 - 131 , 178 211 134 134 135 178 3, 4 178 178 57 135 178 134 , 151-154 172, 175 177 172, 177 136 , 139 - 142 , 177 178 85 68, 83 65, 66, 77 65, 75 176 176 176 157 General Index 225 Physic a acromela chrysophthalma chrysophthalma var. sieberiana flav icons . . parietina . . parietina var. spinulosa sieberiana sp. spinosa subexilis . . Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phillyreoides Plagiobothrys elachanthus Plantaginaceae Plant ago coronopus varia . . Pleuridium nervosum* Poa annua australis sp. agg. Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare hydropiper prostratum Ponteridaceae Portulacaceae Potamogeton ochre at us . . sulcatus tricarinatus Potamogetonaceae Pratia concolor . . Primulaceae Prosopis juli flora Proteaceae Pro tom astigineae Psidium incanescens fl. parvifolium obversum widgrenianum Pterostylis aestiva* coccinea . . decurva laxa 67, 74 66, 71 75 67, 74 65, 85 65, 66, 77 65, 75 175 65 66, 77 177 171, 177 178 179 179 179 212 211 , 212 176 176 176 176 176 172, 176 134 136 , 137 50 172, 175 50 175 172, 179 178 163 136 147 , 148 127 130 127 151-154 154 153, 154 154 226 General Index Ptilotus leucocoma 134 royceanus 134 Ranunculaceae . . 177 Ranunculus niuricatus 177 pumilio var. politus 177 rivularis sp. agg. 50, 57, 177 Restio tetraphyllus 41, 50, 57 Rhamnaceae 137 Riche a curtisae 143, 144 dracophylla 144 pandanifolia 144 scoparia 144 Rosace ae 177 Rubachia neuwiedeana 120 Rubiaceae 179 Rum ex brownii 171, 176 crystallinus 171, 176 Rutaceae 137 Samolus repens 50 Santalaceae 137, 176 Santalum album 137 Schinus molle 171, 177 Sc hoe n us tesquorum 57 Scirpus fluitans 50 nod os us 41 Scrophulariaceae 137, 178 Selaginella uliginosa . . 41 Selliera radicans . . 50, 57 Senecio quadridentatus 179 Sida corrugata 171, 177 Siphoneugenia widgreniana 127 Skvortzov, B. V. and Mitsuzo Noda: Colour- less Algae of the Flagellate Genus Mono - siga from Victoria, Australia 147, 148 Smith ia con ferta 136 General Index 227 Solanaceae 178 Solan urn nigrum 178 Solenogyne bellioides var. gunnii 179 Sonchus asper 179 ole race us . . 179 Spergularia rubra 177 Sporobolus elongatus 133 Sphagnum 210 Sprengelia incarnata . . 41 Stellaria caespitosa 177 media 177 palustris . . 177 Stenocalyx impunctatus 126 Stipa variabilis . . 176 Stone, lima G.: Two New Species of Archi ■ dium from Victoria, Australia . . 191-213 Stuartina muelleri 172 Stylidiaceae 145 , 146 Stylidium inaequipetalum 145 , 146 Suae da australis 135 Swainsona procumbens 177 Swertia 3 parnassifolia 34, 36, 37 Teloschistaceae . . 65-115 7 eloschistes chrysophthalmus* 65, 66, 67, 70 - 73 , 90-93 chrysophthalmus var. alatus 66, 67 chrysophthalmus var. denudatus 66 chrysophthalmus var. depressus 66, 67 chrysophthalmus var. expallens 67 chrysophthalmus var. fornicatus 66, 67, 79 chrysophthalmus var. leucoblepharis . . 66, 67 chrysophthalmus var. leucoloma 66, 67 chrysophthalmus var. sieberianus 75 chrysophthalmus var. subinervis 67 exilis var. subexilis 77 fasciculatus* 66 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 94 , 95 fasciculatus var. nodulosus . . 68, si flavicans* 66, 67, 70 , 74 , 75 , 96 , 97 flavicans var. acromela 67, 74 flavicans var. compressus 66 flavicans var. croceus 67 228 General Index T e l oschistes — c on ti nued . flavicans forma glaber flavicans var. subexilis parietina sieberanus * spinosus* spinosus forma subteres* velifer* velifer forma nodulosa * xanthoroides* Terminalia eras si folia fitzge raid'd Thamnolia subuliformis vermicularis* The me da australis Tortula princeps T rib ulus hirsutus Tricoryne elatior Tri folium arvense campestre glomeratum tomentosum Triglochin procera striata Triquettrella papillata Twentyman, J. D.: Notes on Two Sped Cenchrus ( Gramineae ) in Australia Typha orientalis Typhaceae Umbelliferae Utricularia dichotoma flexuosa V allisneria spiralis Verbena sp. Verbenaceae Veronica peregrina . . 74 . . 67 , 77 . . 85 65 , 66 , 70 , 75 - 77 , 98 , 99 , 175 65 , 66 , 70 , 77 - 79 , 100 , 101 . . 65 , 66 , 70 , 79 , 102 , 103 66 - 68 , 70 , 71 , 79 - 82 , 104 , 105 65 , 70 , 81 , 82 , 106 , 107 66 , 70 , 82 , 83 , 108 , 109 135 135 181 180-187 176 175 137 133 , 176 177 177 177 177 50 , 172 , 175 50 , 57 175 is of 164-168 134 134 178 41 , 172 , 178 50 172 , 175 178 178 178 General Index 229 Villarsia albiflora* calthifolia * capensis capitata* . . congestiflora * exaltata* involucrata lasiosperma* lati folia* ovata parnassi folia* re ni for mis * submersa* umbricola * . . umbricola var. beaugleholei * umbricola var. umbricola * . violi folia* Viola betonicifolia Violaceae Vittadinia cuneata Vulpia bromoides megalura myuros Wahlenbergia fluminalis gradient a quadrifida sp. aff. strict a Xanthoria ectanea * parietina* parietina var. ectanea parietina var. parietina parietina var. spinulosa spinosa spinulosa Zygophyllaceae 3-63 6, 7, 9, 12, 23-27 6, 7, 9, 12, 29-31 3 5-7, 9, 11, 15-17, 18 5-7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18 3, 5-8, 13, 22, 38-46, 50, 60 15, 16 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 21-23, 44 6, 7. 9, 13, 28, 31-34 3 5-7, 9, 13, 34-38, 57 3, 5-8, 13, 26, 41, 43, 44, 46-53. 57-59 3, 6, 9, 12, 19-21, 37, 62 6, 37, 50, 53-60 3. 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 26, 54-60, 63 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 48, 54-59 6, 7, 9, 12, 27-29, 33 177 177 179 176 176 176 179 172. 179 171, 179 179 65, 68, 71, 83-85, 1 10-1 13 67, 68, 71, 85, 86, 114, 115 68, 83 68 66, 77 66, 67 65, 66, 77, 79 137 C. H. Rixon, Government Printer, Melbourne.