Muelleria Volume 4 Number 4 May, 1981 NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF VICTORIA DEPARTMENT OF CROWN LANDS AND SURVEY Muelleria Volume 4, Number 4 May, 1981 CONTENTS Page New species of Schoenus (Cyperaceae) and Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) -D. A. Cooke 299 Studies on Macquarie Island lichens 1 : General — RexB. Filson 305 Studies on Macquarie Island lichens 2: The genera Hypogymnia, Menegaz- zia, Parmelia and Pseudocyphellaria — RexB. Filson 317 Vegetation of the Gippsland Lakes catchment — P. K. Gullan, N. G. Walsh and S. J. Forbes 333 Dates of publication of Australian pharmacy journals in connection with taxonomy -T. B. Muir 385 Notes on Templetonia R. Br. (Papilionaceae) -J.H. Ross 389 Pollen-ovule ratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of some Australian Gnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae) -P.S. Short 395 Notes on a little known publication by Sonder on the marine algae of the New Hebrides — Doris M. Sinkora 419 A new species of Grevillea (Proteaceae) from Victoria -R.V. Smith 423 A conspectus of new records and nomenclature for vascular plants in Vic- toria 2. 1978-early 1980 — Mary A. Todd 429 Book reviews 439 Editor: Helen I. Aston Published by the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL). Royal Botanic Gardens, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. D. M. Churchill, Director and Government Botanist. 31245/81 The date of publication of Volume 4, number 3, was 26 May 1980. NEW SPECIES OF SCHOENUS (CYPERACEAE) AND TRITHURIA (HYDATELLACEAE) by D. A. Cooke* SUMMARY Two new species, Schoenus capillifolius from Western Australia and Trithuria lanterna from the Northern Territory, are described. The significance of the basicarpic habit of the former is discussed. DESCRIPTIONS Schoenus capillifolius D. A. Cooke sp. nov. Herba glabra annua subaquatica. Caulis brevissimus, suberectus in strato superiore substrati repetite ramificans caespes foliorum densi formans. Folia basales, vaginis apertis angustis scariosis sub-atropurpureis usque ad 3mm longis in laminis laxis filiformibus usque ad 10 cm longis 0.2 mm latis abrupte transientibus. Culmi nulli; spiculae sessiles in caespitibus foliorum ramos ultimos caulis terminans, solitariae uniflorae. Glumae 2 oppositae lineares subscariosae, tubum circum floscuium formandum arete vaginantes; externa 7-10 mm longa, interna vix brevior. Rhachilla nulla. Selae hypogynae 6 plumosae albae sericeae c. 3mm iongae, in situ saepe compactae intertextae circum ovarium tubi fundum basi complentes. Stamen 1 anticum, filamento capillario 7-12 mm longo; anthera pallida linearia c. 2 mm longa. Stylus tenuis c. 8 mm longus, glaber, cum ovario inarticulatus, stigmatis 3 brunneis filiformibus. Nux 1-1.3 mm longa, ovoidea turgida vix trigona, alba translucida fragilis, superficies ordinatione cellufosis hexagonis. Semen ovoideum 0.8 mm longum, testis laevi brunneis, endospermio albo farinaceo. Glabrous subaquatic annual herb. Stem very short, semi-erect within the upper substrate, repeatedly branching to form dense leaf tufts at surface level. Leaves basal, with narrow scarious somewhat atropurpureous open sheaths up to 3 mm long passing abruptly into lax filiform laminae up to 10 cm long by 0.2 mm wide. Culms absent, the spikelets sessile in the leaf tufts, solitary, 1 -flowered, terminating the ultimate branches of the stem. Glumes 2, opposite, linear, almost scarious, closely sheathing to form a tube around the floret; outer glume 7-10 mm long, the inner slightly shorter. Rhachilla absent. Hypogynous bristles 6, white silky plumose, c. 3 mm long, often packed and interwoven around the ovary to fill the expanded base of the tube. Stamen 1, anterior, with a capillary filament 7-12 mm long; anther pallid, linear, c. 2 mm long. Style slender, c. 8 mm long, glabrous, not articulate with the ovary, with 3 filiform stigmas. Nut 1-1.3 mm long, ovoid, turgid, scarcely trigonous, white-translucent, fragile, the faces with a hexagonal cell pattern. Seed ovoid, 0.8 mm long, with smooth brown testa and white farinaceous endosperm. Type Collection: Western Australia— Upper Swan, 11. xi. 1959, R. D. Royce 6148 (Holo: PERTH!) Also examined: Western Australia -EWen Brook Tortoise Reserve (J. B. Martyn), 30 km north of Midland, 10.xi.l978, G. J. Keighery 2456 (MEL 5703851!, PERTH). Distribution: Known only from seasonally flooded claypans along Ellen Brook north of Midland Junction, Darling District, Western Australia. *9/51 Marne Street, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Mue//ma 4(4): 299-303 (1981). 299 300 F'ig. 1 . Fruit of Schoenus capUHfolius (Holo- type), showing one of the six hypogynous bristles fully extended. Fig. 2. Floral diagram of the spikelet of Sc- hoenus capillifolius, showing outer and inner glumes, six hypogynous bristles, the single stamen with five “lost” stamens indicated by asterisks, and the tricarpellate ovary in the centre. Ecology: The filiform leaves are associated with the semi-aquatic habitat, being sup- ported by the water. Flowering occurs in the spring, when the water level has fallen to about 10 mm above the mud in which the plant is rooted (Keighery, pers. comm.). The function of the tube formed by the glumes is to hold the stigmas and stamen above water level; it is suggested that the function of the dense wadding formed around the ovary by the setae is to exclude water from the spikelet. Discussion: Basicarpy: In addition to the complex terminal inflorescence typical of the family, several members of the Cyperaceae produce solitary florets at soil level. A group of amphicarpic Scirpus species produce glumeless florets, usually female, within the leaf sheaths at the base of the inflorescence; there is a trend towards basicarpy within this group by the development of these basal florets and reduction of the distal part of the inflorescence (Raynal, 1976). Basal spikelets, usually con- taining bisexual florets but distinct from the aerial inflorescence on the same plant, are known in Bulbostylis (Haines, 1971) and in at least one Eleocharis species (Raynal, l.c.). The development of basal spikelets may provide an additional or alternative reproductive strategy to the production of seed in aerial spikelets for dispersal away from the parent plant. Basicarpy can be a means to atelechory, de- fined by van der Fiji (1972) as the limitation of dispersal to the already occupied, ob- viously suitable spot. This represents an economy in seed production for species in a restricted habitat surrounded by unfavourable areas, and effectively replaces perennating organs in an annual. The South African genus Trianoptiles, which, like Schoenus, is placed in the tribe Rhynchosporeae, produces tubular basal spikelets each containing a female floret and morphologically distinct bisexual florets in a scapose inflorescence. The habitats of the three species are swamps in Cape Province (Adamson & Salter, 301 1950). Schoenus capillifotius, also native to a swamp habitat, has developed superficially similar basal spikelets with bisexual florets while scape development has been suppressed. In line with the strategy of atelechory the nut is not adapted as a resistant diaspore with a hard pericarp since it is retained where it is produced; the pericarp is rather fragile, liberating the seed when the whole spikelet breaks up. Two other Schoenus species from the Western Australian sand heaths which have solitary spikelets terminating reduced scapes (Blake, 1949) have developed basicarpy independently. Affinities: S. capillifolius may be placed in the section Helothrix Kiikenthal (1938), and is related to the aquatic S. natans (F. Muell.) Benth. and S. tenellus Benth. It resembles both species in its almost capillary foliage, reduced inflorescences, and herbaceous glumes, but differs in the greatly abbreviated stems and the one-flowered tubular spikelet. S. capillifolius is further distinguished from S. natans by the solitary stamen and glabrous, obscurely angled nut, and from S. tenellus by the presence of hypogynous setae. Trithuria lanterna D. A. Cooke sp. nov. Herba glabra annua rubescens caule brevissimo radicibus fibrosis. Folia basalia linearia 6-17 mm longa usque ad 0.8 mm lata, apicibus acutis. Scapi absentes. Capilula sessilia, pluria, unum- quidque flosculis masculis 1-2, flosculis foeminis 6-18, bracteis c. 4 herbaceis erectis angusto- lanceolatis 2-3 mm longis involucratum. Stamen anthero linear-elliptico purpurascente c. 0.7 mm longo, filamento c. 1 mm longo. Ovarium flosculi non v\d\. Fructus indehiscens, usque ad 0.4 mm longus 0.2 mm latus, ovoid-trigonus superflciebus 3 delicatis hyalinis inter costas 3 prominentes; in pedicello fragili usque ad 0.4 mm longo; pilibus stigmaticis 2-3 persistentibus, fructi maturi pilibus implexis coherentes. Semen unicum, ovoideum c. 0.3 mm longurn, pallidum translucens praeter apicem fuscum opacum; testa mellea laevis nitens. (Descriptio typi.) Glabrous annual herb, often becoming red-tinted, with a very short stem and fibrous roots. Leaves basal, linear, 5-18 mm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, tapering to acute apices, with anomocytic stomata on both surfaces. Scapes absent. Heads several, sessile, each with an involucre of about 4 erect narrow-lanceolate herbaceous bracts 2-3 mm long containing 6-20 female florets loosely grouped into 3-6 bundles and 1-2 male florets. Stamen with a ± purple, linear-elliptic anther c. 0.7 mm long on a fila- ment up to 1.5 mm long. Ovary ovoid, c. 0.2 mm long, shortly pedicellate, with about 3 terminal stigmatic hairs 1.5-2 mm long, each consisting of a single row of cylindrical cells. Fruit indehiscent, up to 0.4 mm long and 0.2 mm wide, ovoid- trigonous with 3 delicate hyaline panels between 3 prominent ribs containing vascular bundles. Fruiting pedicel up to 0.5 mm long, fragile, the mature fruits cohering by the tangled persistent stigmatic hairs. Seed 1, ovoid, c. 0.3 mm long, pallid and translucent except for a dark apex; testa honey-coloured, smooth, shining. (English description based on all material examined.) The epithet lanterna is derived from the Latin noun lanterna, a lantern, and refers to the pericarp with three transparent panels and a framework of three opaque bars. Type Collection: Northern Territory — South Bay, Bickerton Island, 14 June 1948, R. L. Specht 556(Holo: MEL 1517931!; Iso: BRI 256564!) Also Examined: Northern Territorv — Lhl\e Lagoon, Groote Eylandt, 27 May 1948, R. L. Specht 413 (MEL 1517930!; BRI 256563!)i Distribution: Known only from Bickerton Island and Groote Eylandt, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, but apparently overlooked due to its small size. It may be ex- 302 Fig. 3. Fruit of Trithuria lanterna (Flolotype). Pedicel at right; persistent tangled stigmas at left. pected to occur elsewhere along the north coast of Australia. T. lanterna is the only species of Trithuria Hook. f. recorded for tropical parts of the continent. Ecology: Annual, growing during the wet season and flowering at the beginning of the dry season in May. Both collections cited here are from seasonal swamps dominated by Melaleuca leucadendron (Specht, 1958). Discussion: The collections upon which this species is based have been referred previously (Specht, 1958) to Centrolepis pusilla (R. Br.) Roem. & Schult. The family Hydatellaceae (Hamann, 1976) contains two genera, Hydatella and Trithuria. The species here described is placed in the latter genus on the basis of its bisexual inflorescences and 3-ribbed fruits. In Trithuria submersa Hook. f. the fruit dehisces by 3 caducous panels, leaving a framework formed by the 3 vascular ribs (Hooker, 1858). The released seed is the disseminule and has a thick, sculptured testa which may be an adaptation to hydrochory, rendering the seed unwettable and thus able to float on the surface film. Fig. 4. Plant of Trithuria lanterna (several leaves and bracts removed), showing flowering heads, xI8 (BRl 256563). 303 In Hydatella, the fruit is shed entire; there are about 3 main vascular bundles in the pericarp, but these are rather irregularly arranged and do not form definite ribs. The whole fruit is the disseminule and the testa, which is not exposed to the environment, is smooth and thin (Hamann et al., 1979). T. lanterna provides a morphological link between the two fruit/seed types. It has the prominently 3-ribbed fruits of T. submersa but these are indehiscent and contain seeds with smooth and thin testas as in Hydatella. The leaves and bracts of T. lanterna lack the distinct midvein which is visible in material of T. submersa. The leaves grade into the involucral bracts rather indis- tinctly, as there is no scape; in T. submersa the scape is developed after anthesis or suppressed but the head is always defined by the short acuminate bracts. The stomata of T. lanterna are similar to those of the subaquatic T. submersa, whereas two fully aquatic Hydatella species examined by Cutler (1969) lack stomata. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the Directors of the PERTH and BRI herbaria for the loan of collections, and the officers of CANB, DNA and NT for searching their collections for material relevant to the Trithuria study. I also thank Greg Keighery of Kings Park, Perth, for field data and material, and Karen Wilson of the National Herbarium of New South Wales for advice. Grateful thanks are also due to the staff of the National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne, where this paper was prepared, and especially to the Director, Dr D. M. Churchill, for preparing the photographs, and to Miss Anita Podwyszynski for the drawing of Trithuria. REFERENCES Adamson, R. S. & Salter, T. M. (1950). ‘Flora of the Cape Peninsula’. (Juta: Capetown, Johannesburg). Blake, S. T. (1949), Notes on Australian Cyperaceae Vil. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens!. 60: 45-54. Cutler, D. F. (1969). In Metcalfe, C. R. (edit.) ‘Anatomy of the Monocotyledons’. 4. (Clarendon Press: Oxford). Haines, R. W. (1971). Amphicarpy in East African Cyperaceae. Min. Bot. Staalssamml. Munchen 10: 534-538. Hamann, U. (1976). Hydatellaceae — a new family of Monocotyledoneae. New Zealand J. Bot. 14: 193-196. Hamann, U., Kaplan, K., and Rubsamen, T. (1979). Uber die Samenschalenstruktur der Hydatellaceae (Monocotyledoneae) und die systematische Stellung von Hydatella filamentosa. Bot. Jahrb. Syst 100: 555-563. Hooker, J. D. (1858). ‘Flora Tasmaniae’. 2. (L. Reeve & Co.: London). Kukenthal, G. (1938). Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae II, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Peg. 44: 65-101. Pijl, L. van der (1972). ‘Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants’, ed. 2. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York). Raynal, J. (1976), Notes Cyperologiques: 26. Le genre Schoenoplectus II. L’amphicarpie et la sect. Supini. Adansonia ser. 2. 16: 119-155. Specht, R. L. (1958). In Specht, R. L. and Mountford. C. P. (edit.) ‘Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land. 3. Botany and Plant Ecology’ (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne). Manuscript received 15 August 1980. STUDIES ON MACQUARIE ISLAND LICHENS I: GENERAL by Rex B. Filson* INTRODUCTION This article serves as an introduction to a series of papers on the taxonomy and distribution of Macquarie island lichens, and includes a key to all lichen genera recorded from this Island. Future papers will present the results of the author’s revisions. GEOGRAPHY Macquarie Island is situated in the Southern Ocean on longitude 158° 52' E and between latitudes 54° 29' S and 54° 47' S. It is the southern-most island in the chain comprising Bluff, Stewart, Snares, Auckland and Campbell Islands which stretch south from New Zealand along the New Zealand Plateau — Macquarie — Balleny Ridge. It lies approximately 1530 kilometres south-south-east of Tasmania, Australia, and about 1370 kilometres north of the Antarctic Continent (Fig. 1). The island, a dependency of Tasmania, is 34 kilometres long and 7 kilometres wide at its widest point (Fig. 2). The main body of the island consists of a large central plateau, about 250 metres above sea level, which is undulate on the top and divided into two halves by a low col. The southern half is the highest, rising to a maximum 433 metres at Mount Hamilton. The plateau area is covered with grass and herbs and is studded with lakes and tarns. The edge of the plateau drops abruptly into the sea on the western side, separated from it by tumbled rocks or in places a narrow shingle beach. By comparison the eastern escarpment drops steeply down onto a wide raised beach terrace. ‘National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Muelleria 4(4):305-316 (1981). 305 306 This subantarctic island lies north of the Antarctic Convergence, and is subject to persistent wind and cloud cover. There is little bright sunshine and it is mostly wet and cold. Rain, drizzle, snow and hail are frequent. The annual precipitation is 1020 mm. Temperatures fluctuate from near 0°C to about 15°C and the daily range is rarely more than 3.5°C. MACQUARIE ISLAND Handspike Pt Half Moon Bay Eagle Pt Cormorant Pt Aurora Pt Soucek Island Cake l.angdon Pt Bauer Bay Mawson Pt North Head Wireless Hil Buckles Bay Scoble Lake ‘Boot Hill — ^••The Nuggets * Mt Elder * Mt Blair ; Sandy Bay Brothers Pt ^ Prion Lake Green Gorge ‘ Mt^Law Double Pt Flynn Lake ay\ Davis Bay , Davis Pt ^ ^Pyramid Peak Sandell Bay | y J ) Waterfall Bay Saddle Pt Major Lake^ / Cape Toutcher “C ^MtGwynn Rockhopper Pt N A Mt Hamilton a Lusitania Bay Mt Fletcher *Mt Aurora Precarious Pt *Mt Jeffryes Cape Star Caroline Co, ^ u Caroline Pt Southwest PtC^etrel Peak Waterfall Lake Hurd Pt SCALE IN KILOMETRES Fig. 2. Macquarie Island. 307 HISTORY On 11 July 1810 Macquarie Island was sighted for the first time from the deck of the brig Perseverance under the command of Captain Fredrick Hasselburgh (Law & Burstall, 1956: 1). The Perseverance was en-route from Sydney to Campbell Island with provisions and stores for the sealers working on that island. Hasselburgh named this new island after Lachlan Macquarie, then Governor of the Colony of New South Wales. He landed a party of eight men with provisions and salt; this gang was the first of many to engage in the steady slaughter of the fur seals which inhabited the island. Exploitation of the fur seals continued for the next ten years, by which time they were nearly exterminated. It was at this time that the Australian sealing companies turned their attention to the sea elephants, killing them for their oil. By 1834 when the elephant seal was no longer present in workable numbers, the sealing ventures on the island had almost ceased (Cumpston 1968: 70-72). On 10 January 1840, the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 under the command of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes arrived at the island. He found the place “. . . dreary and inhospitable.”. The next fifty years saw very little activity in the seal-oil industry on Macquarie Island. The Jessie Niccol owned by Cormack, Elder and Company, under the directorship of William Elder, a New Zealand chemist, visited the island several times for oil. Joseph Hatch, also a New Zealander, reopened the industry in 1873 taking over the operations of the Elder Company. The production of seal oil and penguin oil continued under his direction until 1919. The licence to kill seals and penguins on the island was cancelled on 2 February 1920 (Cumpston 1968: 316). Captain R. F. Scott, en-route to the Antarctic Continent in the Discovery, paid a short visit to the island on 22 November 1901 and the British Antarctic Expedition 1907-1909, led by Sir E. H. Shackleton, landed at Lusitania Bay. Both of these visits were very brief. On 11 December 1911, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (A.A.E.), under the leadership of Sir Douglas Mawson set up a scientific base on the isthmus at the foot of Wireless Hill and members of this expedition spent two years on the island. The British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (B.A.N.Z.A.R.E.) 1929-1931, also led by Sir Douglas Mawson, landed in Buckles Bay on 2 December 1930 for a short stay. Macquarie Island was declared a Sanctuary for animals and birds on 17 May 1933 upon the recommendation of the Animals and Birds Protection Board of Tasmania. It was not revisited until 7 March 1948 when H.M.A.S. Labuan arrived with the first Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (A.N.A.R.E.). This expedition established a station, at the site of the previous A.A.E. base, which has been continuously occupied since its formation. HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Macquarie Island has been visited by a number of scientific expeditions in the course of its short history. Few of the early expeditions contributed greatly to the knowledge of the lichen flora. The first known collection of Macquarie Island plants was forwarded to Sir W. J. Hooker at Kew in about 1830, by the Superintendent of the Sydney Botanic Gardens (Cheesman 1919: 10). The eight species mentioned in this publication are only of vascular plants. Dr. J. H. Scott of Otago University, New Zealand, made a brief visit in 1880 for the special purpose of investigating the flora and fauna, and to him is credited the first observations of the lichens of this island (Scott, 1882): “Azorella selago grows on the hillsides forming globular masses often 4 feet across. These are green on the surface where the living part of the plant lies as a crust to the great mass of debris which forms the interior. This is the decaying remains of former years growth . . . The whole makes a solid mass on which 308 one can stand . . . The young shoots are closely packed together and made so uniform a surface that lichens and other small plants are sometimes found growing on it.” The following is the list of lichens included in his report: Slereocaii/on ramulosunr, Sphaerophoron cora/loides (?); Cladonia cariosa\ Cladonia pvxi- data\ Pannelia parietina\ Lecanora parella\ Lecidea coarctala. In 1894, A. Hamilton, then Registrar of the Otago University, visited Mac- quarie Island, but unfortunately a portion of his collections had to remain on the island tor some months after his return. When the remainder of his collection even- tually arrived in New Zealand . . . “The mosses and lichens collected were so injured by the wet, and by the delay of some months which occurred before they were brought up from the island, that 1 fear it will probably be impossible to give a list of any value.” (Hamilton 1895: 569). The Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-1914, established a base on Mac- quarie Island and the expedition’s biologist H. Hamilton (son of the former Hamilton) made a collection of lichens. Five fragmentary specimens were sent to Dr. C. W. Dodge at the Missouri Botanical Garden, U.S.A. who published his deter- minations in the BANZARE Reports (Dodge, 1948): Pseudocyphellaria glabra (Hook.f. & Tayl.) Dodge; Stereocaulon corticulatwn Nyl.; Stereo- caulon sp. [later S. macquariensis Dodge (Dodge, 1968)]; Pannelia sublugubris Dodge; Cladia aggregala (Sw.) Nyl. The remainder of the collection was erroneously forwarded to the British Museum and was unfortunately destroyed by bomb blast during the blitz of London (Dodge, 1948: 5, 13 footnote). The British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Expedition of 1929-1931 collected almost 100 samples, which were sent to Dodge in Missouri. In the BANZARE Reports he described ten species as new (Dodge, 1948); these are marked with an asterisk in the following list of species: *Buellia mawsoni Dodge; Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.; *Cladonia mawsoni Dodge; Cladonia sarmetUosa (Tayl.) Dodge; Cladonia subdigitata Nyl. var. subalbinea Dodge; Coccocarpia kerguelensis Dodge; Coenogonium subtorulosum Mull. Arg.; *Gasparrinia macquariensis Dodge; *Lecania johnstoniDodge\ Mastodea sp. [later M. Dodge (Dodge 1970)]; Menegazzia circumsorediala Santesson; *Microlhelia macquariensis Dodge; Mykoblastus camp- bellianus (Nyl.) Zahibr.; Pannaria sp.; Parmelia sublugubris Dodge; Parmelia tenuirima Hook.f. & Tayl.; Pelligera sp; Pertusaria tyloplaca Nyl.; Pseudocyphellaria glabra (Hook.f. &. Tayl.) Dodge; Psororna versicolor Miill. Arg.; Pyrenodesmia inclinans (Stirt.) Dodge; Pyrenodesmia subpyracea (Nyl.) Dodge; *Ramalina banzarensis Dodge; Ramalina inflala Hook.f. & Tayl.; Rinodina peloleuca Nyl.; Rinodina subbadioatra (Knight) Dodge; *Siphulasirum cladinoides Dodge; *Siphulastrum usneoides Dodge; Stereocaulon corticatulum Nyl.; Stereocaulon leptaleum Nyl.; *Stereocau/on pu/vinare Dodge' Stereocaulon submoUescens Nyl.; Thelidea sp.; Usnea arida Mot. var. muscicola Dodge; Usnea contexta Mot.; Usnea torulosa (Mull. Arg.) Zahibr.; Usnea zanthopoga Nyl. Since the ANARE station has been occupied several people including N. R. Laird, 1948, N. M. Haysom, 1949 and D. A. Brown, 1956 have made small collec- tions of lichens. These collections were also forwarded to Dodge and a further twenty-four species were described as new to science (Dodge & Rudolph, 1955; Dodge, 1968, 1970): Bacidia macquariensis Dodge; Blaslenia macquariensis Dodge; Caloplaca macquariensis Dodge; Catillaria rudolphi Dodge; Chiodecton acarosporoides Dodge; Chiodecton macquariensis Dodge; Kuttlingeria macquariensis Dodge; Lecanora brownii Dodge; Lecanora procifera Dodge; Lecidea haysomi Dodge; Lecidea macquariensis Dodge; Omphalodina macquariensis Dodge; Opegrapha macquariensis Dodge; Parmelia brownii Dodge; Parmelia haysomi Dodge; Parmelia macquariensis Dodge; Peltigera lairdi Dodge; Phlyctis macquariensis Dodge; Phyllopyrenia macquariensis Dodge; Physcia macquariensis Dodge; Porina macquariensis Dodge; Psororna macquariensis Dodge; Squamarina haysomi Dodge; Thamnolecania mac- quariensis Dodge & Rudolph. There were also five new records added to the list: Lecidea subglobulata Knight; Parmelia turgidula Bitter; Piacopsis perrugosa (Nyl.) Nyl.; Ramalina geniculata Hook.f, & Tayl.; Stereocaulon argodes Nyl. 309 Fig. 3. Collecting sites of the major lichen collectors on Macquarie Island. From 1963 collecting has been carried out systematically on Macquarie Island. R. B. Filson spent one day there in March 1963 and four months from December 1963 to March 1964, collecting extensively all around the island (Fig. 3). K. S. Simp- son made numerous collections from widely scattered localities during the 16 mon- ths from December 1964 to March 1966. R. J. Hnatiuk spent December 1971 and January 1972 making comparison studies of alpine grassland regions. He collected 240 samples of lichen from 15 separate localities. D. A. Parker collected a number of specimens during 1971 and R. Waterhouse collected at the north of the island in 1972. D. S. Horning was biologist with the Australian Museum Macquarie Island Ex- pedition during the summer of 1977-78. The lichen specimens were determined by D. J. Galloway and the results published by the Museum (Lowry et al., 1978). The following is the list of species not previously reported for the region; ?Argopsis megalospora Th. Fr.; Cladonia auerii Rds.; C. coniocraea (Florke) Spreng.; C. cor- nuta (L.) Hoffm.; C. fimbriala (L.) Fr.; C. foliacea (Huds.) 'Willd.; Endocaena informis\ Hypogymnia luguhris (Pers.) Krog.; Lecanora parmelina Zahlbr.; Maslodia tessellata Flook. & Harv.; Parme/ia (Pseudoparmelia) caperala (Hoffm.) Ach.; Parmelia cunninghamii Cromb.; P. signifera Nyl.; Parmelia (Hypolrachyna) sinuosa (Sm.) Ach.; Pelligera horizontalis (Huds.) Baurn.; P. ru/escms (Weis) Humb.; Perlusaria daclylina (Ach.) Nyl.; Pseudocyphellaria delisea (Fee in Del.) Gail. & James; Psoroma hypnorum (Hoffm.) S. Gray; Siphulastrum mamillala [Junpublished ms. name]; Sphaerophurus gluhosus {Hudi.) Vain; 5. melanocarpus (Svj .) DC.; S. ramuHfer M. Lamb; Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer.; Usnea (Neuropogon) anlarctica DuReitz; Usnea glomerala Mol.; Usnea (Neuropogon) laxissima Dodge; Xanlhoria elegans (Link.) Th. Fr. R. D. Seppelt spent a few days during November-December 1975 at Macquarie Island when he collected a few lichen samples. He was again on the Island for the 1979-80 summer period collecting bryophytes and lichens; he collected 197 specimens from 108 localities (Fig. 3). PRINCIPAL VEGETATION FORMATIONS The vegetation of Macquarie Island can be divided into five main formations- wet tussock grassland, herbfield, fen, bog and feldmark (Taylor, 1955). Brief notes 310 Fig. 4. Coastal rock stacks between Bauer Bay and Douglas Point showing abundance of species; domi- nant lichen is Parmelia sulcata. Photo: Ken Simpson. Fig. 5. View from Mount Law towards Mount Blake (far middle-distance) and Mount Hamilton (left, far distance) showing lichen-covered plateau outcrops (left and right foreground), feldmark skirted by cushions of Azorella and Rhacomllrlum (centre foreground), and plateau herbfield (middle distance). ANARE photo: R. D. Seppelt. 311 are given below for these, together with the dominant lichen genera occurring in each location. Wet Tussock Grassland: The wet tussock grassland is found on all steep coastal slopes to an altitude of about 300 metres, on some inland slopes protected by severe winds and on coastal raised beach terraces, except where there is a high water table. This alliance is dominated by Poa foliosa and Stilbocarpa polaris with Polystichum vestitum and Poa hamiltonii as minor components in a few localities. The lichens in this alliance are few and are restricted to the bare earth patches between the tussocks or on rocky outcrops emerging from the grass canopy. On the bare patches of earth Cladonia, Baeomyces and Peltigera can be found associated with debris and roots. The rock outcrops though not strictly part of the grassland have a wider lichen flora including Psoroma, Cladonia, Lecidea, Lecanora, Usnea, Ramalina, Hypogymnia and Menegazzia. The maritime communities have been grouped by Taylor (1955: 49) as a separate association under this alliance. The coastal rocks in the splash zone have a large number of crustose species: Microthelia, Caloplaca, Placopsis, Lecanora, and Lecidea are common. The old sea stacks, e.g. The Nuggets, have many additional genera, Menegazzia, Peltigera, Pseudocyphellaria, Parmelia and Graphis. These are mostly found on the sheltered side and top. The cliffs at the edge of the plateau and the plateau outcrops provide the richest lichen flora on the island. Usnea, Stereocaulon, Parmelia, Hypogymnia, Menegaz- zia, Caloplaca, Lecidea, Rhizocarpon, Lecanora, Microthelia and several other crustose genera grow on these rocky faces which are abundantly covered with lichens. Herbfield: The herbfield alliance is found in areas with a relatively high water table and moderate wind exposure at all altitudes up to 350 metres. It is dominated by Pleurophyllum hookerr, however the floristic composition varies greatly. In general the lichen flora is scarce; Baeomyces, Psoroma, Lecidea, and Cladonia are found recolonising bare patches of soil between the herbfields while the low branchlets of Coprosma pumila and other low bushes are the habitat for Usnea, Hypogymnia, Cladia, Pseudocyphellaria and Sphaerophorus. Fen: Juncus scheuchzerioides is the characteristic dominant vascular species of the fen alliance which occures locally in valley bottoms on the plateau and in isolated areas on the raised beach terraces. This alliance is very poor in lichen species; occa- sional patches of Psoroma or Cladonia are seen growing on dryer peat patches but in general the areas are too wet for lichen growth. Bog: The bog alliance occurs locally at all elevations on the island where there is an acidic water table at or above ground surface level. The lichens here are restricted to elevated and better drained areas within the alliance; Hypogymnia, Usnea, Cladonia, Cladia, Pseudocyphellaria, Lecidea and Psoroma are found growing over and amongst mosses and Colobanthus muscoides. Species of Stereocaulon, Placop- sis, Rhizocarpon and Lecidea are common on rocks beside small streams. Feldmark: Feldmark is found in all areas subject to high wind velocities at all altitudes and covers the greater part of the island above 180 metres. The dominant lichens are: Usnea, Sphaerophorus, Cladonia, Cladia, Hypogymnia, Pseudocyphellaria, Lecidea, Baeomyces and Psoroma. Pertusaria and other crustose genera grow on the 312 cushions of Azorella selago. Moss cushions sometimes provide habitat for small crustose species. Foliose and fruticose species occur amongst the pebbles and gravels of the bare patches on the slopes; here the dominant genera are Hypogymnia, Stereocaulon, Lecanora, Lecidea, Rhizocarpon and Placopsis. Some crustose species assume a fruticose habit because of the harsh environmental conditions. These will be discussed in more detail in later papers when individual genera are considered. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE LICHEN GENERA ON MACQUARIE ISLAND 1. Thallus fruticose or squamulose 2. Thallus fruticose 3. Primary thallus granulate crustose 4. Apothecia sessile 5. Cephalodia present Placopsis 5. Cephalodia absent Aspicitia 4. Apothecia terminal on erect podetia Baeomyces 3. Primary thallus lacking or not granulate-crustose 6. Thallus hollow 7. Primary thallus absent 8. Thallus not inflated or lacerate 9. Thallus a shade of brown with regular patterns of perforations through the outer walls Cladia 9. Thallus a shade of grey with black markings and without perfora- tions Hypogymnia 8. Thallus much inflated and somewhat lacerate, perforations in walls very irregular; on coastal outcrops Ramalina 1. Primary thallus erect and subfoliose, apothecia on cup-shaped pseudopodetia Cladonia 6. Thallus solid 10. Thallus less than 1 cm tall 11. Thallus more or less terete, of uniform colouring 12. Thallus a shade of white or yellowish- white 1 3 . Thallus with cephalodia Stereocaulon 13. Thallus without cephalodia Thamnolecania 12. Thallus a shade of yellow or orange Caloplaca 1 1 . Thallus dorsiventral one side a shade of green or brown, the other pale 14. Thallus without cephalodia 15. Thallus distinctly isidiose Massalongia 15. Thallus not isidiose Cladonia 14. Thallus with dark coloured cephalodia Psoroma 10. Thallus greater than 1 cm tall 16. Thallus with central chondroid axis 17. Thallus a shade of white, pink or greyish-white with cephalodia Stereocaulon 17. Thallus a shade of yellow, yellow-green or green and black, without cephalodia Usnea 16. Thallus without a central chondroid axis 18. Thallus green, yellow-green or brownish green 19. Thallus dorsiventral, strap-like 20. Thallus with distinct soralia Ramalina 20. Thallus with dorsiventral lobulate branching at the margins Sphaerophorus 19. Thallus forming cups, not strap-like Cladonia 313 18. Thallus a shade of white, pink or brownish white 21. Thallus hollow or compactly filled with medulla, lacking cephalodia 22. Thallus hollow with perforations in the axils of the bran- ches Cladonia 22. Thallus compactly filled with medulla axils not perforated Sphaerophorus 21. Thallus with tough chondroid axis, cephalodia pink to pale grey Stereocaulon 2. Thallus foliose 23. Phycobiont blue-green 24. Thallus gelatenous when wet 25. Phycobiont Nostoc 26. Cortex distinctly cellular Leptogium 26. Cortex of interwoven hyphae Collema 25. Phycobiont Xanlhocapsa Thyrea 24. Thallus not gelatenous when wet 27. Lower surface not veined 28. Thallus lobes small, less than 5 mm wide, margins divided, isidiose, lobulate 29. Apothecia lecanorine, margin prominent Pannaria 29. Apothecia lecideine, margin disappearing Massalongia 28. Thallus lobes large, up to 1 cm wide margins entire Erioderma 27. Lower surface veined Peltigera 23. Phycobiont green 30. Lower surface smooth shining 31. Thallus hollow 32. Upper surface white to yellowish-white with perforations into the central cavity Menegazzia 32. Upper surface grey with black markings without perforations Hypogymnia 31. Thallus solid 33. Lower surface white Celraria 33. Lower surface black Platismatia 30. Lower surface ecorticate, tomentose or rhizinate 34. Thallus small, less than 10 mm tall, subfruticose 35. Thallus with dark coloured cephalodia Psoroma 35. Thallus without dark coloured cephalodia Cladonia (primary thallus) 34. Thallus distinctly foliose 36. Lower surface with rhizines 37. Lower surface black Parmelia 37. Lower surface pale Physcia 36. Lower surface tomentose with pseudocyphellae Pseudocyphe/laria 1. Thallus squamulose or crustose 38. Fruiting body stipitate, on podetia or pseudopodetia 39. Ascospores many per ascus 40. Exciple pale, soft Biatorella 40. Exciple black, brittle Sarcogyne 39. Ascospores eight per ascus 41 . Thallus crustose, apothecia sessile IcmadophUa 41. Thallus a fine powdery crust, apothecia stipitate Baeomvces 38. Fruiting body immersed, adnate or sessile 42. Ascospores more than eight per ascus B 43. Apothecia adnate or sessile 44. Exciple pale, soft Bialorella 44. Exciple black, brittle Sarcogyne 43. Apothecia immersed Acarospora 42. Ascospores one to eight per ascus 45. Ascospores simple, unilocular 46. Thallus squamulose 47. Phycobiont blue-green 48. Apothecia lecideine Parmelietla 48. Apothecia lecanorine Pannaria 47. Phycobiont green 49. Apothecia sessile to adnate 50. Apothecia lecideine Lecidea 50. Apothecia lecanorine Psoroma 49. Apothecia immersed Trapetia 46. Thallus crustose 51. Phycobiont green 52. Fruiting body an apothecium 53. Apothecia immersed in thallus or in warts 54. Apothecia immersed but not in warts 55. Paraphyses unbranched Aspicilia 55. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing . . . Trapelia 54. Apothecia immersed in thalline warts Pertusaria 53. Apothecia adnate to sessile 56. Disk of apothecium K- or K-l- but not K-l- purple 57. Apothecia lecanorine 58. Thallus with cephalodia Placopsis 58 . Thallus without cephalodia Lecanora 57. Apothecia lecideine Lecidea 56. Disk of apothecium K + purple Caloplaca 52. Fruiting body a perithecium Verrucaria 51. Phycobiont blue green Pyrenopsidium 45. Ascospores septate or polaribilocular 59. Fruiting body a perithecium or perithecium-like 60. Ascospores many-celled 61. Ascospores transversely septate only 62. Fruiting bodies immersed in stromatic warts .... Trypethelium 62. Fruiting bodies not immersed in stromatic warts .Arthopyrenia 61. Ascospores transversely and longitudinally septate 63. Ascospores hyaline Polyblastiopsis 63. Ascospores brown Anthracothecium 60. Ascospores two-celled Microlhelia 59. Fruiting body not perithecial 64. Fruiting body round or misshapen by pressure 65. Ascospores hyaline 66. Apothecia lecanorine 67. Ascospores polaribilocular Caloplaca 67. Ascospore walls not thickened Icmadophila 66. Apothecia lecideine 68. Ascospores polaribilocular, two-celled 69. Ascospore walls not thickened 315 70. Thallus crustose 71, Apothecial disk pale to dark not orange 72. Apothecia less than 1 mm diam Calillaria 72. Apothecia greater than 1 mm diam Icmadophila 1 1 . Apothecial disk yellow to orange Dimeretla 70. Thallus squamulose Toninia 69. Ascospores polaribilocular Blaslenia 68. Ascospores more than two-celled 73. Ascospores transversely and longitudinally septate 74. Apothecia black, ascospores grey to brown to black Rhizocarpon 74. Apothecia yellow or pale, ascospores hya- line Bombyliospora 73 . Ascospores transversely septate only Bacidia 65. Ascospores brown 75, Ascospores transversely septate only 76. Apothecia lecideine Buellia 76. Apothecia lecanorine Rinodina 75. Ascospores transversely and longitudinally septate 77. Apothecia immersed in the thallus or lecano rine Diploschistes 11. Apothecia adnate to sessile, lecideine Rhizocarpon 64. Fruiting body elongate, irregular or star-shaped 78. Ascospores transversely septate only 79. Ascospores brown 80. Ascospores two-celled Melaspilea 80. Ascospores more than two-celled Phaeographis 79. Ascospores hyaline 81. Fruiting bodies clustered, immersed in stroma 82. Hypothecium dark Chiodecton 82. Hypothecium pale Enterographa 81. Fruiting bodies single not immersed in stroma 83. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, exciple usually well developed 84. Ascospores usually two- to four-celled, cells of unequal size Arthonia 84. Ascospores usually four or more celled, cells uniform Opegrapha 83. Paraphyses unbranched, exciple well de- veloped Graphis 78. Ascospores transversely and longitudinally septate 85. Ascospores hyaline 86. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing . . .Arthothelium 86. Paraphyses unbranched Graphina 85. Ascospores brown Phaeographis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My work on the Macquarie Island lichens would not have eventuated without the generous encouragement of Dr. P. G. Law, Head of the Australian National An- tarctic Research Expeditions 1949 to 1966. To him I offer my special thanks. 316 I also wish to thank Phillip Atkinson, Noel Barrett, Roger Petersen and John Phillips for help and company in the field whilst I was on Macquarie Island. I am also very grateful to all those who have made further collections on Macquarie Island, especially Ken Simpson, Roger Hnatiuk and Rod Seppelt. The last-named also made many useful comments and additions to the section on ‘Principal Vegeta- tion Formations’. REFERENCES Cheesman, T. F. (1919). The vascular flora of Macquarie Island. Aust. Antarct. Exped. Sci. Rep. Ser. C. 7(3). Cumpston, J. S. (1968). Macquarie Island. A.N.A.R.E. Sci. Rep. Ser. A (1) Narrative. Dodge, C. W. (1948). Lichens and lichen parasites. B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Rep. Ser. B. 1. Dodge, C. W. (1968). Lichenological notes on the flora of the antarctic continent and the subantarctic islands. Vll New taxa from Macquarie Island. Nova Hedwigia 15: 285-297. Dodge, C. W. (1970). Lichenological notes on the flora of the antarctic continent and the subantarctic islands. IX Additional new taxa from Macquarie Island. Nova Hedwigia 19: 439-452. Dodge, C. W. & Rudolph, E. D. (1955). Lichenological notes on the flora of the antarctic continent and the subantarctic islands. II Additions to the lichen flora of Macquarie Island. Ann. Mo. hot. Gdn. 42: 137-143. Gillham, M. E. (1967). ‘Sub-Antarctic Sanctuary: Summertime on Macquarie Island’. (Victor Gollancz: London). Flamilton, A. (1895). Notes on a visit to Macquarie Island. Trans. & Proc. N.Z. Inst. 27: 559-579. Kirk, T. (1891). On the botany of the antarctic islands. Rep. A.A.A.S. 1891: 213. Law, P. G. & Burstall, T. (1956). Macquarie Island. A.N.A.R.E. Intr. Rep. 14. Lowry, J. K. et al (1978). ‘The Australian Museum Macquarie Island Expedition, Summer 1977-1978’ (The Australian Museum Trust: Sydney). Mattingley, A. H. (1947). Macquarie Island. Victorian Naturalist 64: 4-6. Scott, J. FI. (1883). Macquarie Island. Trans. & Proc. N. Z. Inst. 15: 484-493. Taylor, B, W. (1954). Th“ flora, vegetation and soils of Macquarie Island. A.N.A.R.E. Rep. Ser. B. 2. Botany. Manuscript received 22 August 1980 1 STUDIES ON MACQUARIE ISLAND LICHENS 2: THE GENERA HYPOGYMNIA, MENEGAZZIA, PARMELIA AND PSEUDOCYPHELLARIA by Rex B. Filson* SUMMARY The genera Hypogymnia and Menegazzia (Hypogymniaceae), Parmelia (Parmeliaceae) and Pseudocyphellaria (Lobariaceae) are enumerated. Two new species, Parmelia lusitaniensis R. Filson and Parmelia phillipsiana R. Filson, are described. Keys to species and varieties are given where applicable. A full description of each species is provided, together with discussion on affinities, chemical constituents and distribution. HYPOGYMNIA Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Krog, Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 144: 99 (1968). Parmelia lugubris Pers. in Gaudich., Voy. Uranie Bot., 196 (1828). Phallus foliose or subfruticose, loosely attached to substrate, sometimes firmly held within moss cushions, pale grey with black lines and occasional black patches; lobes up to 3 mm wide, dichotomously or irregularly branched, sparsely imbricate; upper surface mat to shining, strongly wrinkled, without rhizines. Apothecia stipitate, up to 5 mm diam.; margin very thin, crenulate becoming lacerate; disk reddish-brown, shining, deeply concave at first becoming almost flat at maturity; hypothecium hyaline; hymenium up to 45 /rm tall; paraphyses 2 ixm diam. , apical cell expanded to 5 fim; asci 8-spored, 30-36 x 12-16 ^m; ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, simple, 8-9 x 5-6 /xm. Pycnidia not seen. Reactions: Cortex K-l- yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-I- red, P-E red. Chemistry: Atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic acid, physodalic acid. Representative Specimens Examined (total seen 54, Fig. 7): Hurd Point, R. Filson 6014 & P. Atkinson, 11. ii. 1964 (MEL 1022202); 1.5 km north-west of Waterfall Bay, R. Filson 5759 & N. Barrett, 22.i.l964 (MEL 1022207); 1 km north of Aurora Point, R. Filson 6187 & R. Petersen, 20. ii. 1964 (MEL 1022197); Half-way along the west side of Gratitude Lake, R Filson 5933 & J. Phillips, 4.ii.l964 (MEL 1022201); North end of Plateau, N. Haysom Z6I, 8.ii.l950 (MEL 7720); North of Mount Gwynn, R. Hnatiuk 1 1584, 30.xii.l971 (MEL 1024296); Featherbed flats N. R. Laird, 1948 (MEL 7719); Mount Aurora, D. A. Parker, 12.X.1971 (MEL 1023740); Summit of Mount Elder, K. Simpson B28, 2.viii.l965 (MEL 26014); 500 metres south-west of Pyramid Peak R D Se/j/te/r 9945, 4.ii. 1980 (MEL 1029361). . ■ ■ Discussion: Hypogymnia lugubris is one of the commonest lichens on Maoquarie Island. It occurs both on the coastal fringe almost at sea level and on the mountains. In coastal habitats it grows amongst grasses, over small bushes and in crevices between rocks. It may be found in both exposed and sheltered aspects, from dry peaty areas on the featherbed to tops of the rock stacks. On the plateau it is common amongst grasses, it forms part of the cushions of Azorella and Colobanthus and also grows on bare rock. This species is very polymorphic. Field observations indicate that the varieties ♦National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Muelleria M4): 317-331 (1981). 317 318 Parmelia(Hypotr. }Brownii Eodge portion of type Macquarie Island; Camp Kill, lCK)ft. D. A, Brown 1-36-11-6° Kov. 2 , 1956 ISO- TYPE ---•cine: raistrti beacli terrace south of Lusitania Bay, over raosses on rocky outcrop K.M.Haysom Ml/l4-9/zl36 23 Mar. 1950 a.n.a.r.eC I’iri! 024382 ISO- TYPI Parmella(Hypotr, )macquariensis Dodge portion of type Macquarie Island; North Head, slope 150ft growing over mosses N.M.Haysom MI/ 49 /Z 98 5 Feb. 1950 Mai 024379 ISO- Fig. 1. a — isotype of Parmelia brownii; b — isotype of Parmelia haysomii; c — isotype of Parmetia mac- quanensis: d — isolectotype of Parmelia lugubns f. compaclior; e — holotype of Parmelia physodes var. compacla. lugubris, compacla and sublugubris keyed below are so variable that it is very difficult to obtain firm divisions between them. Key to Varieties: 1 . Thallus lobes densely branched; upper surface always with black markings 319 2. Thallus lobe apices generally brown, upper surface with sparse black markings H. lugubris var. compacta 2. Thallus lobe apices rarely brown, upper surface with prominent black markings H. lugubris \ar. sublugubris 1 . Thallus lobes loosely branched, elongate; upper surface occasionally black marked H. lugubris var. lugubris var. lugubris Thallus foliose, loosely attached to the substrate; lobes elongate, hardly im- bricate, loosely branched. var. compacta (Miill. Arg.) Dodge, Lichen Flora of the Antarctic Continent and Ad- jacent Islands, 205 (1973). Parmelia physodes var. compacta Mtill. Arg., Nuovo G. Bot. ital. 21: 39 (1889). Type: Hogget Bay, Fuegiae, C. Spegazzini 1885 (G!) (Fig. IE). Hypogymnia lugubris var. compactior (Zahlbr.) Elix, Brunonia 2: 203 (1980). Parmelia lugubris f. compactior Zahlbr. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 104: 110 (1941). Type: Mount Pisgah, Central Otago J. S. Thomson 1477 (ZA215). (W. lectotype; CHR! isolectotype). (Fig. ID). Thallus similar to var. lugubris differing in the imbricate, more crowded, ir- regularly branched lobes which are occasionally subfruticose, the upper surface con- sistently black marked and the ends of the lobes generally brown. var. sublugubris (Miill. Arg.) Elix, Brunonia 2: 207 (1979). Parmelia physodes var. sublugubris Miill. Arg., Flora, Jena 66: 75 (1883). Parmelia sublugubris (Miill. Arg.) Dodge, B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1929-1931 Rep. ser. B. Zool.-Bot. 1: 188 (1948). Thallus similar to var. lugubris, differing in being densely dichotomous with more prominent black markings or sometimes wholly blackened. Fig. 2. Hypogymrxia lugubris. a — habit of foliose form collected 500 m SW of Pyramid Peak; b — single lobe of same showing apothecium; c-asci and ascospores (a-c, MEL 1029361); d-lobe of fruticose form (var .compacta) collected at northern tip of Douglas Point (MEL 1022204). MENEGAZZIA Menegazzia sanguinascens (Ras.) R. Sant., Ark. Bot. 30A(11): 28(1942). Parmelia sanguinascensRas. , Suomal. elain-ja kasvit. Seur. van. Julk. 2(1): 18 (1932). 320 Menegazzia circumsorediata sensu Dodge & Rudolph, Ann. Mo. hot. Gdn. 42: 142 (1955) non R. Sant. Ark. Bot. 30A(11): 14(1942). Thallus foliose, saxicolous or corticolous, tightly appressed to the substrate, torming rosettes up to 10 cm diam.; lobes convex, margin rotund, up to 2 mm wide, hardly imbricate, perforate; perforations irregularly scattered; upper surface smooth or wrinkled, dull or slightly shining, whitish-grey to grey, sometimes blackening towards the centre, sorediose; soredia granular, concolourous with the thallus, or sometimes becoming grey, forming soralia up to 2 mm diam., originating from laminal globose pustules which eventually burst forming an opening into the central cavity, sometimes the centre of the thallus becomes a sorediose mat; lower surface black, dull to shining, strongly wrinkled; medulla compact, white in the up- per parts blackening towards the central cavity; central cavity lined with a black medulla which becomes white or grey at the extreme lobe ends. Apothecia sessile or shortly stipitate up to 3 mm diam.; margin at first smooth and inrolled, becoming rugulose, later becoming sorediate, eventually completely dissolving in soredia; disk reddish-brown, concave, shining; hypothecium 30 fim thick in the centre of the apothecium; hymenium up to 150 /im tall; asc/ 93-105 x 36 /^m; ascospores 19-5A x 24-30 /xm, up to 8 per ascus of which only one or two mature, simple, hyaline ellipsoidal. Reactions: Thallus K -t- yellow, P — or P -E pale yellow; medulla K -I- yellow becom- ing red, P -I- orange; soredia K + yellow becoming orange. Chemistry: Stictic, peristictic acids and atranorin. Representative Specimens Examined (total seen 34, Fig. 7): Handspike Point, on rock outcrop at the end of the point, R. Filson 6315 & P. Atkinson. Il.iii.l964 (MEL 1023845); Hurd Point, about 2/3 distance out onto the peninsula, R. Filson 6002 & P. Atkinson, 10. ii. 1964 (MEL 1024216); Coastal rocks north of Lusitania Bay, N. Haysom, 23.iii.1950 (MEL 7710); Mount Hamilton North, R. Hnaliuk 11552, 29.xii.1971 (MEL 1024283); North Head, radio mast, N. R. Laird. 7.ix.l948 (MEL 7715); North side of Square Lake, R. D. Seppelt608I, 23. xi. 1979 (MEL 1029373); Mouth of Flat Creek on side of rock stack c. 20-40 m north-east of beach, K. Simpson E26, 18. xi. 1966 (MEL 1(X)0282); Caroline Cove, c. 500 m inland between north and south arms of Caroline Creek, A'. Simpson E58, 18. i. 1966 (MEL 26007). Discussion: This species was first described from Tierra del Fuego by Rasanen and later reported from Juan Fernandez, Chile, Patagonia (Santesson 1942: 29), South Georgia (Lindsay 1973: 108, 1974: 35) and New Zealand (Martin 1966: 147). Early collections of this species were previously determined as M. circumsorediata R. Sant, by Dodge but that species differs from M. sanguinascens in the development of Fig. 3. Menegazzia sanguinascens. a — habit; b — marginal lobe; c — portion of lobe showing development of globose soralia; d — three stages in development of soredia on the apothecia; e — development of ascospores within the ascus, one mature spore on left. All from specimen collected 1 km north of Aurora Point, R. Filson 6185 d R. Petersen, 20. ii. 1964, MEL 1023845. n 321 the soredia. In M. circumsorediata the soredia develop around the margins of the perforations whilst in M. sanguinascens they develop from independent laminal pustules. Santesson (1942: 31) describes this species as occurring in the Fuegian forests and shrublands where it is corticolous in the densest Chiliotrichum com- munities. Lindsay (1973: 109) says that in South Georgia it occurs on rock and over Colobanthus cushions at low altitudes near the shore in non-enriched habitats. On Macquarie Island it occurs on rocks near the shore and on the seaward side of out- crops at the edge of the plateau, over moss and Colobanthus cushions on the rocky outcrops in the featherbed, and on wood, i.e. the old radio mast which was erected by Sir Douglas Mawson in 1930 on North Head. PARMELIA 1. Thallus with soredia or isidia 2. Thallus sorediose 3. Thallus pustulate sorediose 4. Thallus yellow green />. haysomii 4. Thallus pale grey to mineral grey p. labrosa 3. Thallus not pustulate sorediose 5. Soredia laminal 6. Undersurface black with brown zone at margins of lobes, upper surface not reticulately ridged or pseudocyphellate 7. Upper surface wrinkled, not pruinose, medulla K - P. texana 7. Upper surface dull, smooth, pruinose, medulla K + P. lusitaniensis 6. Undersurface black to margin, upper surface reticulately ridged becoming pseudocyphellate and sorediose p. sulcata 5. Soredia marginal capitate 8. Lobes 3 mm wide, soralia labriform p. macQuaricHsis 8. Lobes <3 mm wide, soralia pulvinate P. brevirhiza 2. Thallus isidiose 9. Thallus green to yellow-green p phillipsiatia 9. Thallus brown to greenish-brown p waiporensis 1. Thallus without soredia or isidia p Ovnifcm Parmelia brevirhiza Kurok., Contr. U. S. natn. Herb. 36: 166(1964). Hypotrachyna brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale, Smithson. Contr. Bot. 25: 26(1975) Type: Chile, Isla Riesco, Mina Elena, Terr. Magallanes. R. Santesson 2066, 29. iv. 1940 (S). Thallus foliose, saxicolous or muscicolous, loosely attached to the substrate, pale grey to mineral grey, ends of the lobes becoming dark grey; lobes dichotomous' truncate at the apices, up to 1 mm wide and 3 mm long, marginal lobes becoming erect, without cilia; upper surface smooth, dull to slightly shining, maculate in part; upright ends of the lobes becoming soraliate, finally forming a large capitate, pulvinate soralium; lower surface jet black with a bare brown zone at the ends of non-soraliate lobes, densely rhizinate; rhizines simple or strongly dichotomous- medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K-t- yellow; medulla K-t yellow becoming red C- KC- P -h orange. ’ ’ ’ Chemistry: Atranorin, salacinic acid. Specimen Examined (Fig. 7): Handspike Corner, R. D. Seppell 9344. Li. 1980 (MEL 1029371). 322 Fig. 4. Parmelia brevirhiza. a — marginal lobe showing habit; b — lobe showing capitate, pulvinate soraha; c- dichotomous, fasciculate rhizine. All from MEL 1029371. Discussion: This species is distinguished by the long narrow lobes with capitate, pulvinate soralia. Parmelia haysomii Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 15: 293(1968) [as ‘P. haysomp]. Type: Macquarie Island, raised beach terrace south of Lusitania Bay, over mosses on rocky outcrop, N. M. Haysom Z136, 23.iii.1950 (holotype, herb. Dodge; isotype! MEL 1024382) (Fig. IB). Phallus foliose, loosely to moderately attached to the substrate, pale straw- coloured to light yellow-green, up to 15 cm diam.; lobes irregular, rotund at the apices, up to 3 mm wide, strongly imbricate, secondary lobes sometimes building up the thallus into a mat, without cilia; upper surface dull to slightly shining, without isidia, smooth at the margins, becoming pustulate towards the centre; pustules sometimes bursting to form granular soredia; under surface jet black with pale brown zone at the margins of the lobes, sparsely rhizinate; rhizines black in the cen- tre of the thallus sometimes becoming pale towards the margins; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K-; medulla K-,C-,KC-,P-b orange-red. Chemistry: Usnic, protocetraric and caperatic acids. Representative Specimens Examined (total seen 12, Fig. 7): Outcrops on beach at north-eastern corner of Cape Star, R. Filson 6065 & P. Atkinson, 12. ii. 1964 (MEL 34972); Outcrops in featherbed c. 1 km north of Aurora Point, R. Filson 6186 & R. Petersen, 20.11.1964 (MEL 34973); Raised beach terrace south of Lusitania Bay, N. M. Haysom ZI36, 23.iii.1950 (MEL 1024382); Handspike Corner, on rock stack, R. D. Seppelt 7339, Li. 1980 (MEL 1029366); Coastal cliffs 1 km north-east of Mount Jeffreys, R. D. Seppelt 7506, 17.1.1980 (MEL 1026484). Discussion: Parmelia haysomii is a common species in New Zealand and Australia. It is closely related to Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach., with which it is often confused, but differs in the more yellow-green appearance, the smaller lobes and the persistent pustules which only sometimes burst to form soredia. On Macquarie Island it occurs mostly over mosses or on bare rock on the rock stacks in the featherbed and on the adjacent cliffs. Parmelia labrosa (Zahibr.) Hale, J. Jap. Bot. 43: 325(1968). Parmelia lenuirtma var. labrosa Zahibr. Denskschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 104: 356 (1941). 323 Pseudoparmelia labrosa (Zahlbr.) Hale, Phytologia 29: 190(1974). Phallus foliose, saxicolous, closely appressed to the substrate, pale grey to mineral grey, becoming darker or brownish-grey at the lobe ends; lobes rotund at the apices, up to 3 mm wide, imbricate, without cilia; upper surface shining, smooth to wrinkled, maculate, without isidia, sorediate; soredia originating from pustules, becoming pustular soraliate on the ridges and margins of the thallus; lower surface jet black, with dark brown, bare zone at the margins of the lobes, rhizinate; rhizines simple or dichotomous; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K -i- yellow; medulla K - , C -I- red, KC -I- red, P - . Chemistry: Lecanoric acid, atranorin. Specimens Examined (Fig. 7): In small gorge 500 m east of Bauer Bay hut, on cliffs at edge of creek, R. D. Seppelt 9733, 8.1.1980 (MEL 1029370); Sandell Bay, R. D. Seppelt 9883, 4.11.1980 (MEL 1029372). Discussion: Parmelia labrosa differs from the other small-lobed grey Parmelia species in that the soredia originate from pustules, which eventually form pustulate soralia. It is the only Parmelia species as yet found on Macquarie Island which reacts C -f- red, containing lecanoric acid. Parmelia lusitaniensis R. Filson sp. nov. Thallus in substrato modice adhaerens, saxicolous et muscicolous; superficies superior laevis, pruinosa, sorediata, sorediis granularibus, soralia tandem pulvinata, insida et cilia nulla, medulla alba; superficies inferior nigra. Thallus atranorinum et acidum salacinicum continens. Holotype: Lusitania Bay, Macquarie Island, Rex Filson 5975 & Philip Atkinson, 10.ii.l964 (MEL 1023837). Thallus foliose, saxicolous and muscicolous, loosely attached to the substrate, forming rosettes up to 4.5 cm diam., pale buff to greyish-buff, becoming darker on older parts of the thallus; lobes rotund, crisped, imbricate, up to 6 mm wide, without cilia; upper surface dull, smooth, pruinose, without isidia, sorediose; soredia granular, laminal, developing from soralia to large pulvinate clumps; sometimes small colonies appear to be esorediose; lower surface jet black with a broad dark brown zone at the lobe ends; rhizines thick, black, simple or dichotomous; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K-t- yellow; medulla K-l- yellow becoming brownish orange, C - , KC - , P golden orange. Chemistry: Salacinic acid, atranorin. Fig. 5. Parmelia lusitaniensis. a — portion of thallus showing habit; b — marginal lobe; c — lobe showing pustular formation of soralia; d — undersurface; e — simple, dichotomous and fasciculate rhizines from the undersurface. All from holotype. 324 Discussion: The species is known only from the type collection. Morphologically Parmelia lusitaniensis is very similar to P. texana differing in the upper surface being smooth, less sorediate and becoming pruinose at the lobe ends. It can easily be separated from P. texana by the chemical reaction of KOH on the medulla. Parmelia macquariensis Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 19: 450(1970). Type: Macquarie Island, North Head, slope 150 ft, growing over mosses, N. M. Haysom Z98, 5.ii.l950 (holotype, herb. Dodge; isotype! MEL 1024379) (Fig. 1C). Phallus foliose, loosely to moderately attached to the substrate, pale whitish- grey to buff; lobes irregularly rotund, up to 12 mm wide, margins crenulate, slightly imbricate, ciliate; cilia black, simple, up to 1 mm long; upper surface dull, smooth at margins, becoming rugulose and cracked towards the centre, finely maculate, sometimes pruinose, without isidia, sorediate; soralia marginal, labriform, becom- ing dark grey to blackish-grey; lower surface black, shining, wrinkled, rhizinate; rhizines black, simple or dichotomous; margins bare, dark brown; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K-l- yellow; medulla K-l- yellow becoming red to dirty brown, C - , KC - , P -t- orange. Chemistry: Salacinic acid, atranorin. Representative Specimens Examined (total seen 13, Fig. 7): 2 km north of Bauer Bay, on rock outcrops c. 6 m above the featherbed, R. Filson 5838, 28. i. 1964 (MEL 34976); Outcrops in the featherbed 1 km north of Aurora Point, R. Filson 6189 & R. Petersen, 20. ii. 1964 (MEL 1024222); Coastal cliffs 1 km south-east of Mount Aurora, R. D. Seppelt 7507, 16. i. 1980 (MEL 1026483); Camp Hill, Isthmus, K. Simpson E94, 19. iii. 1966 (MEL 1000276). Discussion: This species appears at first to be related to Parmelia reticulata Tayl.; however, the maculae are not reticulately arranged and they do not develop into pseudocyphellae. The rhizines are simple or dichotomous whereas those of P. reticulata are squarrosely branched. Parmelia phillipsiana R. Filson sp. nov. Thalius arete adnatus, saxicolus; superficies superior laevis, isidiata, isidiis cylindricis, ramosisque, coralloidibus, usque ad 2 mm longis, medulla alba; superficies inferior fusca ad centrum thalli nigrescens. Thallus acida continens: usnicum, sticticum, consticticum et norsticticum (vix adest). Holotype: Cliffs on the western side of Macquarie island, c. 1 km south of Double Point, R. Filson 5904 & J. Phillips, 3.ii.l964 (MEL 1024224). Thallus foliose, closely adnate to the substrate, up to 6 cm diam., pale yellowish-green with narrow brownish-black zone at the lobe margins; lobes narrow, rotund at the apices, 0.5 to 1 mm wide, contiguous, without cilia; upper surface smooth, slightly shining, sparsely maculate, without soredia, densely isidiate; isidia cylindrical, coralloid, small and simple near the margins, becoming taller (up to 2 mm) and branched towards the centre; lower surface dark brown to black with sparse simple rhizines right to the margins of lobes; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Medulla K-i- pale yellow, C — , KC-, P -I- brick-red. Chemistry: Stictic, constictic, usnic acids, trace of norstictic acid. Specimen Examined (Fig. 7): Northwest of Handspike Corner, R. D. Seppelt 7361, l.i.1980 (MEL 1029375). 325 Fig. 6. Parmelia phillipsiana. a — portion of thallus showing habit; b — marginal lobes; c — isidia. All from holotype. Discussion: Only two yellow-green species of Parmelia have been collected on Macquarie Island, P. phillipsiana and P. haysomii. P. haysomii is distinguished by its wide lobes and pustulate soredia and negative reaction of KOH on the medulla. P. phillipsiana is sparsely isidiose at the margins becoming densely isidiose in the centre of the thallus and reacts K -l- pale yellow on the medulla. This species is similar to the Australian species Parmelia mougeotina Nyl. but differs from this species in having shorter more convex, contiguous lobes and tall dense coralloid isidia. Parmelia signifera Nyl. Lich. Nov. Zel., 25(1888) Thallus foliose, saxicolous, loosely attached to the substratum, pale brown to olive-grey becoming more brown at the lobe ends; lobes irregular, rotund at the apices, up to 10 mm wide, strongly imbricate, without cilia; secondary lobes building up the thallus into a thick mat; upper surface dull, flat, without soredia or isidia, heavily pseudocyphellate; pseudocyphellae never forming soredia; lower sur- face jet black with a brown zone at lobe ends; centre of thallus densely rhizinate with rhizines right to margins of lobes; rhizines simple or squarrosely branched; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K -t- yellow; medulla K -I- yellow becoming red to blackish-red, C - , KC - , P -I- yellow becoming orange. Chemistry: Atranorin, salacinic acid. Specimens Examined (Fig. 7): Mount Haswell, R. Filson 6025 & P. Atkinson, 12. ii. 1964 (MEL 30249); Featherbed Terrace, off north-western slopes of plateau, N. Laird, 1948 (MEL 7736). Discussion: This species has only been recorded twice on the island, from the extreme north on the featherbed near Handspike Corner and from the northern slopes of Mount Haswell at the south end. It most certainly should occur between these two localities. P. signifera occurs frequently in Australia and New Zealand where it is often found with apothecia; neither of the Macquarie Island specimens are fertile. Parmelia sulcata Tayl. apud Mack., FI. Hibern. 2: 145(1836). Parmelia brownii Dodge, Nova Hedwigia 19: 449(1970). 326 Type: Macquarie Island, Camp Hill, 100 ft., D. A. Brown 69, 2.xi. 1956 (holotype herb. Dodge; isotype! MEL 1024380) (Fig. lA). Thallus foliose, saxicolous and muscicolous, loosely to moderately attached to the substrate, forming patches up to 60 mm diam., pale brownish-buff to olive-grey with darker brown band at the lobe ends; lobes irregular, rotund at the apices, up to 6 mm wide, contiguous, sometimes slightly imbricate, without cilia; upper surface dull to slightly shining, without isidia, reticulately ridged; ridges becoming maculate then pseudocyphellate; pseudocyphellae finally bursting and then becoming sorediate; lower surface jet black right to the margin of lobes, dull to slightly shin- ing, densely rhizinate right to margin of lobes; rhizines black, simple or dichotomous; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K-i- yellow; medulla K-i- yellow becoming blood-red to black, C — , KC - , P -f orange. Chemistry: Atranorin, salacinic acid. Specimens Examined (Fig. 7): Outcrop in the featherbed 2 km north of Bauer Bay, R. Filson 5822, 28. i. 1964 (MEL 1024221); Out- crop in the featherbed 1 km north of Aurora Point, R. Filson 6186a & R. Petersen, 20. ii. 1964 (MEL 1023838); Nuggets Point, R. Filson 6347, & R. Petersen, 18.iii.l964 (MEL 1023846); Featherbed terrace, north end of the island, N. R. Laird, 20.viii.l948 (MEL 7728). Discussion: Parmelia sulcata is a very distinctive lichen which forms large patches on rock on the coastal rock stacks. The lobes are covered in deeply cracked pseudocyphellae which soon become sorediate and then distorted. Parmelia texana Tuck., Amer. J. Sci. Arts ser. 2, 25:424 (1858) Pseudoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Hale, Phytologia 29:191 (1974). Thallus foliose, saxicolous and muscicolous, loosely to moderately attached to the substrate, forming small patches up to 10 cm diam., pale greyish-white to buff, margins and lobe-ends darker; lobes irregularly rotund at the apices, up to 6 mm wide, slightly imbricate, without cilia; upper surface dull to slightly shining, without isidia, smooth to wrinkled; wrinkles becoming sorediate; soredia coarse, granular, laminal, sometimes covering the centre of the thallus; lower surface ]ci black, with a very narrow brown zone at the lobe ends; rhizines black or pale, simple; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K-l- yellow; medulla K-, C-F rose-red, KC -i- rose-red, P-. Chemistry: Divaricatic acid, atranorin. Specimens Examined (Fig. 7): Lusitania Bay, R. Filson 5974 & P. Atkinson, 10. ii. 1964 (MEL 1024218); Gadgets Gully, R. Filson 6361 & R. Petersen, 18.iii. 1964 (MEL 1023847). Discussion: Parmelia texana may be confused with both P. sulcata and P. lusitaniensis, but it may be separated from both of these species in being far more sorediose and in the negative reaction of KOH on the medulla. The upper surface never becomes pseudocyphellate as does P. sulcata. It differs from P. lusitaniensis in having a wrinkled upper surface which soon becomes sorediose while the ends of the lobes never become pruinose. Parmelia waiporiensis Hillm., Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg. 45: 173(1938). Neofuscelia waiporiensis (Hillm.) Essl., Mycotaxon 1: 53 (1978). Thallus foliose, saxicolous, closely appressed to the substrate, yellowish-brown 327 Fig. 7. Known distribution of Hypogymnia, Menegazzia and Parmelia on Macquarie Island. J 328 to greenish-brown to dark brown; lobes short and rounded, up to 3 mm wide, strongly imbricate, without cilia; upper surface smooth to wrinkled, dull to slightly shining, without soredia, isidiate; isidia inflated, globular, pustular, forming pulvinate patches in centre of thallus; lower surface black, dull to slightly shining, with a smooth dark brown zone at the lobe ends, moderately rhizinate; rhizines black, simple. Apothecia not seen. Reactions: Thallus HNO3-1- dark blue-green; medulla K-, C-, KC-i- rose-red, P-. Chemistry: glomelliferic, glomellic, loxodellic acids. Specimen Examined (Fig. 7): North-west of Handspike Corner, 50 m from sea, on rock, R. D. Seppell 7350, l.i.l980 (MEL 1029374). Discussion: P. waiporiensis is the only species of brown Parmelia so far found on Mac- quarie Island. It was previously collected at Handspike Point by D. McVean in December 1968 (Esslinger 1977: 156). PSEUDOCYPHELLARIA Pseudocyphellaria delisea (Fee in Del.) Galloway and P. James, Lichenologist 12: 297 (1980). Sticta delisea Fee in Del. Hist. Lich., Sticta, 94(1822). Thallus foliose, saxicolous or muscicolous, up to 30 cm diam., loosely to firmly attached to the substrate, pale brownish-yellow to olive to pale reddish-brown; lobes irregular, rotund at the apices, entire, crenulate, lacerate or deeply incised, con- tiguous or imbricate; upper surface smooth or reticulately ridged, shining, without soredia, sometimes lobulate sometimes isidiate; lobules dorsiventral, divided at the apices, concolourous with the thallus; isidia terete, slightly flattened, or inflated towards the apices; lower surface black, dull to slightly shining, densely covered with fasciculate rhizines, pseudocyphellate; pseudocyphellae white; margins of lobes usually smooth, bare, pale brown or buff, conspicuously pseudocyphellate; medulla white or pale brownish-buff. Apothecia up to 5 mm diam.; margin thin, crenulate or incised, strongly inrolled at first; disk cinnamon-brown becoming reddish-black, deeply concave; hyrnenium up to 120 pm tall; asci 78-90 X 15-19 pm\ ascospores 24-27 X 8-10 /im, two-celled, hyaline, slightly pointed at each end. Pycnidia not seen. Reactions: Thallus K - ; medulla K + pale greenish-yellow becoming yellowish- brown, C— , KC — , P-t- red. Chemistry: Norstictic, stictic, peristictic, constictic and usnic acids, 7/3 acetoxyhopan-22-ol, hopan-15a, 22-diol and unknown triterpenes (Fig. 9). Representative Specimens Examined (total seen 35, Fig. 8): Top of escarpment above Handspike Point, R. Filson 6331 & P. Atkinson, ll.iii.l964 (MEL 1024271); North-east corner of Lake Flynn, R. Filson 5872 & J. Phillips, 3.ii.l964 (MEL 1024260); Raised beach terrace north of Lusitania Bay, N. Haysom 2134, 23.iii.1950 (MEL 7704); Near the track north-west of Mount Gwynn, R. Hnatiuk 11586, 30.xii.l971 (MEL 1024295); Pyramid Peak, R. D. Sep- pelt 10243 , 26. ii. 1980 (MEL 1029362); Mouth of Flat Creek on side of rock stack about 20-40 m from north-east of beach, K. Simpson E28, 18. xi. 1966 (MEL 1000278); Peak of hill on ridge above and north of Caroline cove, K. Simpson E76a, 20. i. 1966 (MEL 26018); Along the escarpment between Mount Jeffreys and Mount Aurora, D. A. Parker, 18.x. 1971 (MEL 1023774); Top of Gadgets Gully, R. Waterhouse A99, 11. iv. 1972 (MEL 1020913). 329 Fig. 10. Pseudocyphellaria delisea. a — habit (MEL 1024264). b — broad lobe (MEL 1024258). c — narrow imbricate lobe (MEL 1000435). d — lobe with apothecia and lobules (MEL 1024265). e — lobe with cylindrical isidia. f— enlargement of isidia (e-f, MEL 1024274). g — underside of lobe (MEL 1024262). h — section through the thallus; i — section through apothecium. j — three stages in development of ascus. k — ripe spores (h-k, MEL 1024263). c 330 Usmc_aci^ Unknown triterpene 73 Triterpene;7B-acetoxyhopan - 22-ol CD 10cm line «^pale violet < 7deep purple Unknown triterpenes^ Q pale pink C!3pale purple Triterpene , hopan - 15 a. 22-diol (^^deep purple Unknown Unknown triterpene yellow CPpale purple Norstictic acid ^2) orange Stictic acid (3 orange Peristictic acid^^ reddish- orange Unknown Q Q yellow (stictic acid complex) Constictic acidO MEL 1000435* Qorange- brown •MEL 1024263 Solvent B.90.A.4.D.25 Fig. 8. Known distribution of Pseudo- Fig. cyphellaria delisea on Macquarie Island. 9. Copy of Thin Layer Chromatograph showing products found in Pseudocyphellaria delisea. B, benzine; A, acetic acid; D, dioxane. Discussion: This species grows in a variety of habitats; most commonly it is found growing amongst grasses or over Colobanthus and Azorella cushions, but it often occurs amongst mosses and on bare rock. It is extremely variable and several distinct forms can be separated from the population including forms with broad, hardly imbricate, contiguous lobes (Fig. 10b), those with narrow deeply channelled or flat imbricate lobes (Fig. 10c) and forms intermediate between these two. Some forms are isidiate (Fig. lOe) or lobulate (Fig. lOd), some are isidiate and the isidia become branched and dorsiventral and resemble lobules (Fig. lOf), while on some the isidia and lobules are so sparse that they appear to be devoid of these features. The undersur- face (Fig. lOg) at the centre part of the thallus is usually black but the colour varies towards the ends of the lobes; here it may become dark brown to almost black or any shade between this and pale buff. The overall colour of the thallus is also variable. It is mostly a shade of brownish-yellow but in some situations the ends of the lobes become reddish-brown to dark brown. In exposed habitats the central parts of the thallus often blacken. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank The Director, Conservatoire et Jardin botani- ques, Geneva, Switzerland (G), The Director, Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand (CHR) and Dr C. W. Dodge for the loan of type specimens. He is grateful to Dr G. A. M. Scott for checking the latin descriptions, to Bruce Fuhrer for the photographs of the type specimens, and to Dr J. A. Elix for assistance with the chemical analysis of Pseudocyphellaria delisea, especially in the identification of the triterpenes 7/3 acetoxyhopan-22 ol and hopan-lSa, 22-diol. 331 REFERENCES Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L. & Johnson, A (1977). ‘Second supplement to “Chemical and Botanical Guide to Lichen Products” ’ (American Bryological and Lichenological Society: St. Louis). Dodge, C. W. (1968). Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic continent and subantarctic Islands. Vll and Vlll. Nova Hedwigia 15: 285-332. Dodge, C. W. (1970). Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and subantarctic islands. IX- XL Nova Hedwigia 19: 439-502. Dodge, C. W. & Rudolph, E. D. (1955). Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and subantarctic islands. 1-lV. Ann. Mo. hot. Gdn. 42: 131-149. Elix, J. A. (1980). A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Hypogymnia in Australia. Brunonia 2: 175-245. Esslinger, T. L. (1977). A chemosystematic revision of the brown Parmeliae. J. Hattori hot. Lab. 42: 1 - 211 . Galloway, D. J. & P. W. James (1980). Nomenclatural notes on Pseudocyphellaria in New Zealand. Lichenologist 12: 291-303. Hooker, J. D. & T. Taylor (1844). Lichenes Antarctici; being characters and brief descriptions of the new lichens discovered in the southern circumpolar regions. Van Diemans Land and New Zealand, during the voyage of H. M. Discovery ships Erebus and Terror. London J. Bot. 3: 634-658. Krog, H. (1968). The macrolichens of Alaska. Norsk. Potarinst. Skr. 144: 1-180. Lindsay, D. C. (1973). Notes on Antarctic lichens: VII. The genera Cetraria Hoffm., Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl., Menegazzia Massal., Parmelia Ach., and Platismatia Culb. et Culb. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 36: 105-114. Lindsay, D. C. (1974). The macrolichens of South Georgia. Br. Antarct. Surv. Sci. Rep. 89: 1-91. Mackay, J. T. (1836). Flora hibernica, comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Characeae, Musci, Hepaticae, Lichenes and Algae of Ireland, arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnean system. (William Curry, Inn and Co.: Dublin). Martin, W. (1966). Census catalogue of the lichen flora of New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., Bot. 3: 139-159. Muller Argoviensis, J. (1889). Lichenes Spegazziniani in Staten Island, Fuegia et in regione Freti Magellanici lecti. Nuovo G. bot. ital. 21: 35-54. Rasanen, V. (1932). Zur Kenntnis der Flechtenflora Feuerlands, sowie der Prov. de Magellanes, Prov. de Chiloe und Prov. de Nuble in Chile. Suomal. eldin-ja Kasvit. Seur. van. Julk. 2(1): 1-68. Santesson, R. (1942). The South American Menegazziae. Ark. Bot. 30A(11): 1-35. Manuscript received 22 August 1980. VEGETATION OF THE GIPPSLAND LAKES CATCHMENT by P. K. Gullan, N. G. Walsh and S. J. Forbes* ABSTRACT The catchment of the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, was surveyed between November 1977 and December 1978, using a floristics-based, quadrat-sampling technique. The data from 722 quadrat sites were analysed via a computer-based, numerical sorting and classification procedure to determine the major, floristie vegetation types of the areas. These types were then arranged, hierarchically, into 13 floristie communities each of which contained one or more distinct, floristie sub- communities. The communities defined in this paper range from alpine heathlands and woodlands in the north of the study area, through montane and lowland forests in central districts to coastal heathlands and woodlands in the south-east. CONTENTS Introduction The study area The survey Method Field work Plant identification Data storage and analysis Terminology Sub-community Community Character species Community names Limitations and qualifications Plant identification Distribution of vegetation types Weed problem Results Two-way tables Community descriptions Sub-community summary sheets Distribution maps Tables Descriptions and annotations Acknowledgements References INTRODUCTION This paper presents the results of a vegetation survey of the Gippsland Lakes catchment. Its purpose is to define and describe the major floristie types in the vegetation of the study area and to give an indication of the geographic and environmental ranges of each. ’National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Muelleria 4(4): 333-383 (1981). 333 334 Fig. 1. Location of the study area. Stippling represents the Lakes Catchment. THE STUDY AREA The Gippsland lakes catchment is the combined catchment area of five major river systems which run into the coastal lakes of East Gippsland, Victoria (Figs. 1 and 2). These river systems are (from west to east) the Latrobe (major tributaries are the Thomson and Macalister Rivers), Avon, Mitchell (major tributaries are the Wonnangatta, Wongungarra and Dargo Rivers) Nicholson and Tambo (major tributary is the Timbarra River) Rivers. The catchment is approximately 22,000 km^ in area and ranges in altitude from above 1500 m, in the Victorian Alps, to sea level. About 65% of the catchment is covered by native vegetation, most of which is crown land controlled by the Victorian Forests Commission, the Crown Lands Department or the National Parks Authority. The country devoid of native vegetation is predominantly privately owned and utilized for agriculture (mainly grazing) although extensive areas of crown land north and south of Sale support plantations of Pinus radiata. The largest area of unvegetated country lies immediately north and west of the lakes and extends to the foothills of the Great Dividing Range below 200 m (Fig. 2). This area is associated with the major townships and extends north and south of the Princes Highway between Warragul and Bairnsdale and east and west of the Omeo Highway between Bairnsdale and Omeo. THE SURVEY Method Field Work The entire study area was divided into rectangles of dimensions 5 minutes latitude and 5 minutes longitude (Fig. 3). Within each rectangle substantially covered by native vegetation four sample sites were chosen (occasionally more in the varied vegetation near the coast and occasionally less in rectangles that were poorly vegetated) so that they differed as much as possible in gross habitat features (ridgetop, river, swamp, hillside etc.). At each site 20 mammal traps were laid (this survey was a combined zoological-botanical project) in an irregular line and floristic information was collected along this line and approximately 5 m to each side. The traplines varied in length but were commonly about 100 m long so that a vegetation sample usually covered an area of approximately 1,000 mL Within this area every vascular plant species was identified and assigned a cover-abundance value (Braun- Blanquet, 1928) corresponding to a visual estimate of its performance in the area. In all, 722 sites (Fig. 4) were sampled from 179 rectangles between October 1977 and December 1978 (1 1 field trips each of 12 days duration). Approximately 25 rec- tangles eligible for sampling were not investigated, primarily because of their inac- cessability at the time of survey. 335 Fig. 2. The study area. Different density stippling represents different altitude ranges. Fig. 3. The 5' latitude x 5' longitude grid system superimposed on a map of the study area. Fig. 4. Distribution of sample sites within the study area. The blank areas to the south-west and in the north-east are mostly agricultural land and Pinus radiata plantations. 20km 336 Plant Identification All plants which could not be identified in the field were collected, labelled and taken to the National Herbarium for closer examination and comparison with the Herbarium’s reference collection. This allowed the identification, to species level, of all but a few plants collected. Nevertheless a number of qualifications must be made concerning the nomenclature used in this paper. As far as possible all nomenclature follows that of Willis (1970, 1973) with amendments by Todd (1979). However, due to the difficulty in distinguishing between certain closely related groups of species, particularly those for which vegetative parts only could be found, some names should be taken to mean one of two or more species. For example: Eucalyptus rubida, E. dairy mpleana — no distinction has been made between these closely related species. All have been recorded as E. rubida. Geranium potentilloides, G. solanderi, G. refrorsMm — distinctions between these species is difficult in the absence of flowering and fruting material. Wrong names may have been applied in these circumstances. Hydrocotyle hirta, H. laxiflora, H. algida— as above. Gnaphalium spicatum, Gamochaeta purpurea— as above Poa australis spp. agg. — no attempt was made to distinguish between the 17 species of this group described by Vickery (1970). Rubus fruticosis spp. agg. — no attempt was made to distinguish between the 8 species of this group described by Amor and Miles (1974). Luzula campestris spp. agg. — no attempt was made to distinguish between the species of this group described by Nordenskiold (1969) and Edgar (1975). Plantago varia— no attempt was made to distinguish between members of this group assigned to other species by Briggs, Carolin and Pulley (1973). Juncus spp. (section Genuini) — species within this group may have been misiden- tified. The taxonomy of this section is in considerable confusion and current revisionary work is still incomplete. Data Storage and Analysis Floristic information from each site has been permanently stored on magnetic disk along with its locality (latitude-longitude), altitude (metres above sea level) and date of collection. Analyses were in the form of a computer-based, numerical classification procedure, coupled with a hand-sorting procedure of the type outlined in Gullan (1978). The final result of this type of analysis is a two-way table which contains all of the raw data in a sorted form. However, the two-way tables presented in this paper contain only a portion of the total number of species found in the survey. This is because most species occur in 10% or less of the sites and add little to the overall vegetation description. The tables themselves are laid out in the following way. Numbers opposite ‘QUADRATS’ are labels for site localities. Each vertical column of figures represents a list of the species found in one site and each horizontal row represents all the sites in which one species has been found. The plus signs and numbers within the body of the tables indicate the cover abundance for each species at each site (See caption to Table 1). The sample sites are not listed in numerical order, nor are the species names in alphabetical order, and this is so because the table has been sorted (by the above pro- cedure) in two ways: 1 . All sample sites which share a large number of species have been placed close together. 2. All species which are often found together in the field are placed together on the table. 337 Groups of sample sites have been defined and are delineated by vertical lines on the tables. These site-groups represent the vegetation communities and their sub- communities. Each of these will be examined in detail later in this paper. Horizontal lines on the table delineate groups of species which characterise each sub-community or community. Terminology The terms sub-community, community and character species have specific definitions in the context of this paper. The first two of these have been chosen to label vegetation types because they have not often been used in vegetation work before and consequently do not carry with them the confusion and controversy associated with terms such as formation, association and alliance. Sub-community A sub-community is a group of quadrats which have a similar floristic composi- tion. It is synonymous with the term ‘nodum’ of Poore (1955) and is the basic unit of vegetation used in this paper. Community A community is a collection of sub-communities (or sometimes a single sub- community) which have floristic and environmental affinities. The community may represent a floristic continuum along which arbitrary divisions have been made to form sub-communities. It may also represent a collection of sub-communities which are considered to be different temporal phases of the same vegetation. Or it may represent a collection of sub-communities which are considered to be a single vegeta- tion type under different disturbance regimes. Character Species A character species is one which occurs frequently and consistently within a sub-community and is consequently useful as part of the sub-community descrip- tion. It is not necessarily confined to the particular sub-community. In this study, the minimum frequency of occurrence necessary for any species to be accepted as a character species has been determined in the following way: Where F = minimum allowable frequency of a character species, and Q = number of quadrats in the sub-community or communitv Then if Q< or= 10, F = 55 if Q> or = 50, F = 35 ifQ> 10 or <50, F = 55-(Q-10)/2 Thus, if a community or sub-community contains 50 quadrats or more, a character species must occur in at least 35% of these. If a community or sub-community con- tains 10 quadrats or less then a character species must occur in at least 55% of these. Minimum frequency values for communities or sub-communities containing be- tween 10 and 50 quadrats are calculated (by the above method) as lying somewhere between 55% and 35%. The choice of the two frequency limits was arbitrary although based on the logic that as the number of sites representing a community or sub-community in- creases the necessary frequency of occurrence for useful indicator species decreases. Community Names Community names have been designed in this paper to take the form of “com- mon names”. These common names do not follow any set rules such as those of Specht (1970) or Braun-Blanquet (1928) because they are not Intended to form the basis for a formal nomenclature. Their purpose is identical to that of common names used for animals and plants. That is, to provide a familiar and descriptive name which takes into account common, although often imprecise, terminology. 338 Each name usually comprises a structural part (heath, woodland, forest etc.), an environmental part (dry, wet, riparian, alpine, coastal etc.) and a floristic or life- form part (sclerophyllous, Banksia, Snow Gum etc.). However, some, such as Dry Sclerophyll and Wet Sclerophyll Forest, are “old-fashioned” names which have already become well-used common names, and others, such as Damp Sclerophyll Forest, are invented names which are designed to relate to the established terms. The naming system devised here is not necessarily recommended as a standard to be followed by others. However, it is the experience of the authors that names of this type are those most frequently used in verbal discussions and descriptions of vegetation. They are offered here as a further means of conveying to the reader something about the vegetation being described. Limitations and qualifications Plant Identification Each quadrat site was visited once only with the consequence that most plant species had to be identified without flowering or fruiting material. This problem was particularly acute during autumn and winter. With experienced field botanists many species can be identified with confidence from vegetative material. However, there are always problems with monocotyledons and herbaceous dicotyledons (see previous remarks on Plant Identification). A more significant and basically insoluble problem is the absence of any visible signs of many annual species at certain times of the year (particularly autumn and winter). A few of these have been identified from dried remains present at the time of survey but many orchids, Wahlenbergia spp., lilies, sundews etc. will have been missed if the survey time did not coincide with the flowering period of the plant. Distribution of Floristic Vegetation Types The average distance between quadrats was between 4 and 5 kilometres. It is considered that this sampling intensity was great enough to determine all the major floristic vegetation types of the area and to give a good representation of their geographical ranges. However, the distribution maps provided in the RESULTS of this paper should not be interpreted as vegetation maps. They simply represent the distribution of each community or sub-community over all the sites sampled. If two adjacent quadrats share the same vegetation sub-community it should not be as- sumed that all the land between those sites also supports that sub-community. Weed Problem An index of introduced (since European settlement) plant species has been calculated for each quadrat site to give some indication of weed invasion into the native plant communities (see the sub-community summary sheets). It should not be assumed that this information is in any way indicative of weed problems or weed distribution in the study area as a whole. The purpose of this study is to examine the native plant areas and sites badly infested with weeds were purposely avoided. Therefore, while the list of native plants in this paper might be considered as a good representation of the native flora of the study area the list of weed species will be a gross underestimate. Similarly, many of the weeds that have been recorded in quadrats will be far more widely spread than this paper indicates. RESULTS For easy access of any piece of information relevant to the aims of this paper, the results of the survey and its analyses have been prepared in a number of ways. Two-way Tables The first of the data presentations is a series of two-way tables (Tables 1-7). These are the most important information sources for describing floristic variation 339 across the study area. They contain almost all of the raw data (only those species with occurrences in less than about 5% of the quadrat sites are absent) arranged in such a way as to represent: a. The quadrats which make up each community and sub-community. b. The species which characterise them. c. The relationships and differences between communities and sub- communities. d. The variation within communities and sub-communities. e. The distribution of species not often characteristic of communities or sub- communities but which occur sporadically throughout the study area. f. The cover-abundance of each species in each quadrat. In short, the two-way tables contain the most complete and succinct description of the floristic composition of the vegetation. It is worth noting that the two-way tables presented in this paper contain infor- mation from a much larger area and from sites much further apart than in most previous studies which use two-way tables (e.g. Bridgewater 1975, Gullan et al. 1976, Gullan 1978). As a consequence the tables are more heterogeneous than many others in the literature. Community Descriptions Thirteen communities have been described and named in the Gippsland Lakes catchment (GLC). These are representative of the major, extant vegetation types of the area. Other communities, now heavily disturbed or virtually absent, were ob- viously more important and widespread in the past. However, data from the present survey do not describe them adequately (due to the relatively low-intensity sampling) and no descriptions of them appear in this paper. Of the 722 quadrats from this survey 48 have not been dealt with in this paper because they did not fit in to the vegetation classification. These quadrats contain vegetation which is grossly disturbed, representative of communities which are no longer widespread (e.g. Open-Forests containing Eucalyptus tereticornis) or fragments of vegetation types better developed elsewhere (e.g. western remnants of East Gippsland rainforests). The following is a brief description of each of the major communities: GLC Community 1: Alpine Wet Heathlands (2 sub-communities; 32 sites). Closed heath to low woodlands of plains and damp depres- sions in the high country from the Nunniong Plateau to the Snowy Range. GLC Community 2: Snow Gum Woodlands (2 sub-communities; 33 sites). Low woodland of the well-drained ridges of the high country from the Nunniong Plateau to the Snowy Range but concentrated in the Mt. Hotham Area. GLC Community 3: Montane Forest (3 sub-communities; 117 sites). High altitude open and tall open-forest. The predominant vegetation of the high country from the Nunniong Plateau through to the Baw Baw Plateau. It is found primarily on the more sheltered hillsides away from exposed ridges. GLC Community 4: Montane Riparian Forest (2 sub-communities; 41 sites). High-altitude, riparian, tall open-forest occurring in the up- per reaches of rivers from the Tambo to the Macalister. It is closely associated, both floristically and geographically, with the Wet Sclerophyll Forest of community 5. GLC Community 5: Wet Sclerophyll Forest (1 sub-community; 73 sites). Tall open-forest usually dominated by Eucalyptus regnans, but otherwise dominated by a mixture of E. obliqua, E. cypellocarpa, E. viminalis, E. radiata or E. dives. This forest occupies two distinct parts of the study area. The 340 largest and best developed forests (mostly E. regnans forests) are west and south of the Snowy Range. The other area (where E. regnans is uncommon), south of Omeo, is less extensive and confined to the upper reaches of the Nicholson and Tambo Rivers. GLC Community 6: Damp Sclerophyll Forest (6 sub-communities; 118 sites). Open-forest community distributed throughout the in- termediate altitudes of the study area in a broad band from Powelltown to Buchan. This community is floristically quite variable both compositionally and diversally. This is indicative of its wide geographical range and heavy forestry usage, accom- panied by intense and varied fuel reduction procedures. GLC Community 7: Montane, Sclerophyllous Woodland (1 sub-community; 28 sites). A woodland community distributed on exposed ridges to the north-east and south-west of the Snowy Range. The understory is dominated by sclerophyllous, small-leafed, heathland-type plants. GLC Community 8: Dry Sclerophyll Forest (2 sub-communities; 76 sites). Open-forest scattered on dry foothills surrounding tributaries of the Tambo, Nicholson, Mitchell, Avon, Macalister and Latrobe Rivers. GLC Community 9: Riparian Forest (4 sub-communities; 57 sites). A floristically rich, riparian, open-forest scattered through dry foothill country surrounding tributaries of the Avon, Mitchell, Nicholson and Tambo Rivers. GLC Community 10: Leptospermum myrsinoides Heathland (1 sub-community; 25 sites). Low open-woodland and closed heath inland from the Gipps- land lakes and the Coastal Banksia Woodlands. This community is distributed mainly south and west from Sperm Whale Head on podzols developed from siliceous sands. GLC Community 1 1 : Lowland, Sclerophyllous Forest (2 sub-communities; 28 sites). Open forest distributed in the lowlands north of Lakes En- trance. GLC Community 12: Coastal Banksia Woodland (1 sub-community; 43 sites). Low open-woodland distributed along the leeward side of the Ninety Mile Beach, all around the Gippsland Lakes, immediately adjacent to the water. The soil supporting this community is made up largely of calcareous sands. GLC Community 13: Primary Dune Scrub (1 sub-community; 3 sites). Primary dune community of low shrubs, forbs and grasses extending from Seaspray to Lakes Entrance. Sub-community Summary Sheets The following three sets of information have been incorporated into a single- page layout for each sub-community. This combination of information constitutes the primary means of describing vegetation in this paper. Sub-community Distribution Maps: For each sub-community, the distribution of all its constitutent sites (large black dots) has been superimposed on a map contain- ing the Lakes, major river systems and basic topographic information. Sub-community Tables: In these tables information from the two-way tables has been summarised and presented in a simplified format. The names of the species which are characteristic of a sub-community are listed along with their frequency of occurrence and the average cover-abundance (C/A) of each species when it occurs. The order of the species in these tables is in accordance with their frequency in the sub-community. This order is at variance with the two-way tables which arrange 341 species so that sub-community and community interrelationships are best demonstrated. Consequently, although it is easier to assess individual sub- communities from the sub-community tables it is less easy to compare one sub- community with another. Sub-community Descriptions and Annotations: A simple verbal description has been made for each of the sub-communities which includes briefly summarised in- formation on their distribution, environment and conservation significance. In- cluded with these descriptions are details of altitude, vegetation structure, floristic richness and weed composition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was carried out in conjunction with the survey team of the Fisheries and Wildlife Division. The authors are indebted to all members of that team for assistance in almost every aspect of the fieldwork. Able field and laboratory assistance from within the National Herbarium was provided by Liz Muffatti, Suzanne Goodchild and, in particular, Vivienne Turner. David Parkes spent many hours producing the finally sorted two-way tables for this paper. Ray Smith was frequently helpful with the identification of difficult specimens. Dr David Churchill and Dr Jim Ross were both encouraging profes- sionally and helpful administratively throughout the course of this project. Diane Jenkins patiently typed and retyped all the pages of this paper. Two of us (N.G.W. and S. J.F.) received financial support from the Ministry for Conservation during the latter part of this work. REFERENCES Amor, R. L. and Miles, B. A. (1974). Taxonomy and distribution of Rubus fruticosus L. agg. (Rosaceae) naturalized in Victoria. Muelleria 3: 37-62. Braun-Blanquet, J. (1928). ‘Pflanzensoziologie’. (Springer: Berlin). Bridgewater, P. (1971). Practical application of the Ztirich-Montpellier system of phytosociology. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 84: 255-262. Bridgewater, P. (1975). Peripheral vegetation of Westernport Bay. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 87: 69-78. Briggs, B. G., Carolin, R. C. and Pulley, J, M. (1977). Flora of New South Wales No. 181, Plantaginaceae. 1-35. Edgar, E. (1975). Australian Luzula. New Zealand J. Bot. 13: 781-802. Gullan, P. K. (1978). Vegetation of the Royal Botanic Gardens Annexe at Cranbourne, Victoria. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 90: 225-240. Gullan, P. K., Busby, J. R. and Churchill, D. M. (1976). Some aspects of the vegetation of the Dandenong Ranges, Victoria. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 88: 49-57. Nordenskiold, H. (1969). The genus Luzula in Australia. Bot. Not. 122: 69-89. Poore, M. E. D. (1955). The use of phytosociological methods in ecological investigations. II, Practical issues involved in an attempt to apply the Braun-Blanquet system. J. Ecol. 43: 245-269. Specht, R. L. (1970). Vegetation. In The Australian Environment’, ed. G. W. Leeper, pp. 44-67. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne). Todd, M. A. (1979). A conspectus of new records and nomenclature for vascular plants in Victoria dur- ing the period 1970-1977. Muelleria 4: 173-199. Vickery, J. W. (1970). A taxonomic study of the genus Poa L. in Australia. Contr. N.S. W. Natl Herb. 4: 145-243. Willis, J. H. (1970; 1973). ‘A Handbook to Plants in Victoria’, 1 and 2. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne). Manuscript received 7 July 1980. 342 ••H . nj .H I H a (- > I tz Q.-»^ Ol I C <;i Ul c. 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II] 3 Ol Hi ■K' n >-H 4 - fg r -4 O Q H 4-- O Hi rH r-l »i > --H in O a -H •t] 01 4-- C. -H C. 3 ^ fC Q.4-' fO c. cn Ol •rt ^ e c c x: in 3 in O Ol X t_ .-4 O' n "o u Oi 0 6 -H o Q. in in 4^ ,4 t4 0 o •’4 in c u U c. U X CU Ol 3 Q. in rH 0» c 01 o u o ni Ol _l U >1 u. _l Crt in u fo Q. in Ol ■♦J •H Q. H L 03 03 4-- 4-' Ol o Q. C in rH ■+. 0 Ol Ol 3 "H O' 3 a. u u 0 £. 03 >4 -H Ol 03 c X -O Ol o Q. 6 6-*-' ro 3 O Ol 0 ] u u X •Ti -H X X £- C O X 03 03 O —I U r-l 01 t. >s in o <-1 Ol X L o r> o lTi o> I 3 X in ■D fo 3 O 6 J "O X rt Ol --H 3 H Q. X t- t4 O J r-t o 03 Ol H I Ol — I 3 C C -rt L O' 03 "D C 4-> O' o u 3 n I c: Ol C o rH ■ .13 03 3 O 03 -rt .-H -»4 J Q. -H X X 3 in : O C. 3 O I- Ol 3 U 0) Ol r-l Ol H : 3 Ol X "H X > 3 Ol r-H Qj X U1 in : -I o o uj n 3 4H 0) mum ’-j 6 m m "H 3 Ol Ol I- e 6 c. 0) 3 C- X 6 •rt Ol Cl 3 m pH X 03 iH •« 03 m •dh-' X O X -4H 03 O.-^' Ol C- £ in X c. Ol Ol C Ol 03 U -I (J u. U 03 m X 0) m 03 X H-> Ol Pi 03 m Q. C "O pH -o Oj 0 Ol -rt O -H -D t. ■o O U -t4 U »4 c H u O •IH C. O' 01 u 6 "0 m C pH H 0) t. O 'H- c. 0) 3 Xph X (• 0 6 01 6 01 in X o 0) *4 1- .13 H-. iH iH m 0) -H C U C. •« pH H-. 0) 0. rn 6 PH 03 (. C Ol pH Ol 6 O Ol pH Ol H-. O ii. cn o a cn _j D Table 3. Two-way table of Communities 4 and 5. 346 347 ?0 u u X L. C S JI -*-■ H Q 3 , Q. Ifl O 3 u> ro I O' fD •rt c. nj c- c c I 0) ro oi n-t dt : ^ H ro T< Q. OJ t. *< £ O H t. C- Q.'H c. d] O H3 c. dl I/) U1 Hi -H’ ^ dp O O' O QJ 3 ID Q. C. i/l Ti (D Ifl 3 •D »4 0 U £- C T3 in 3 O 0l •t4 3 ^ "D Q.J2 g -D O 01 3 fD Hi C -J CC (f) Hi ifi cr '-t in in I -H 0l C. C r Q. o in • a XrH L. H C U <4- Hi I •« n I in in K oi 1 3 3 n) •- O' iH Ifl fO H 3 .n I 01 03 I ^ T< I Oi "0 1 r-1 in L a. L H ♦-> -rt t 4 1 0) cn C. J -H C "O in in c 04 c «n oi > Of m ta Q. O *0 Ol C ID C i m fo I/I i-H 3 m C. ’rt C. -t 4 c. 03 c 03 in m I 03 03 Hi c u u e j= 3 3 -T< in LU UJ u. u U O 3 C. 3 03 X o c 03 ■H r-1 Q( L. in Q.-^ •-H a in oi Q. 0) t. C. o 03 "D vi U C u O 03 Oi c E c O O 0i • o _i cn O' Oi 3 e »< ji 3 J3 3 C. O X Ui I- li: I « * e o 03 3 O' £ 1 . t 4 O 3 -O C. Q. C C 3 O £ O 01 C U £ Oi U C ^ ^ -H Hi u iH O u UJ Table 4. Two-way table of Community 6. 348 349 + 1-1 + r-j '3- + C + 1-1 r< .1 1-1 -rr^ + + + + 1-1 + r-j 1-1 -T + + 1-1 T'j r-j 1-1 + + 1-1 n 1-1 + + + 11 -T + + + + + + + w r3 + r-j + + + + + r-j + + + + + n o ifi jr 3 I 1 C yl o H i Ti 1- in I •H 0] nj I 1 >1. o 0 I ' m m I 0 4-' I E in I £- 1 Q. ^ - 1 in m u 4-- c oi in 3 c o C_ 6) C. E 3 0 0 U-- I 'll TJ >41 U 1 in 3 -1 -1 4-1 = X n Tl 4-1 rs -4 1 £ in nH ffl O Q. X nH I in c. 3 ill i fS 6 H t- > 1 3 Q-'4- I U C •Tl- in £ in in - : X U 3 3 U 4 -4 Cl £ £ 11] I O ^ 3 3 O r :i. iZi ii: lC c L 3 n] ■Ti u I a ilr i O ^ I a. m 1 • X o m n — 1 "a Qi • Cl 3 a.4-- nj m m in Q a. 3 4.1 in 4ai4fi]inrninciH HiDai^Hc-oiQie ■sax»-4 ai l C.T3 L. :Oiiiaii3'a4-'HO xcr-*44C3inc.4- DOac-3t-aiT3-i ji -1 IQ. a m u - £ u*. £ in e 3 -H 0a3 '5D'3iTrn -1 in 1 41- u 1- 0 in 3 6 i a o 4Tiuin'nxiniiij 0ll)3t..^pn3lliU iiOicaiiuiKcri] 4-4TI044331U 50L£:tjtnuj_)cne j£-HuiiiTi>at.n] ■> u 1 a—i 1 at- £ 0i in -Q £ 3 0l <- 3 u a rn m m £ oi t- T) c 3 t- m -I Hi i. Hi 4-1 ai Q m a "o D a a a ■*4 c ri X m c. rn c o o -1 o n 1 .1] £ t- rn 4-I u C ' c- u u u a o a O 1 1 3 Qi X TJ a c c uj -I uj (j I 1 1 .T) > -D E 3 C. [I m oi 4 O' a I o c di n) 44 i4 0X3-4 1 C -4 -H 0} I in o o c . -4 Q. > i4 I Hi £ c in 1. c. 10 3 •1 n] o c. in T< 0) i4 <-i u u H] IT) a c. u o H O C. 14 44 I (.(.ai(.in- in o 'i- in lii I a n) e a “Q 1 I e in : 3 a > « o O' ♦ g 4 o -4 ai i4 u g c u 3 u g g Ql 3 i4 u _j uj o O a CP c. (. c. o a< -o O c c c 0 0-14 01 m £ 3 -o cr 6 g -14 E 3 -14 r4 3 in in £ in X 3 o X (. o c. a a g a 0 JC 14 O 14 o O -X -4 g g -4 01 44 o Ol X CO 4X X Table 5. Two-way table of Communities 7 and 8. 350 tj a> c - I m i u. Q 3 ) " U1 qj 3.^ * . £. di */ C. C • to > to t- O T I Q. - O' 6 l G < Cl V [. in Gi * • u ^ c. u I I/I U) > Op 3 £ g ii ) g g u - c ' o a •« *« c c I c- X t . g g rH 3 g , < 0 X C- < X *. 0i 3 Lu :jG iG. -•3 Gi g a g "o 3 5 C. - H ti g c g “o li ‘O tfi o t. : c U) g IL -og^-- L :j u g g g il C. H . Uj O' I/I TJ £- 3 : -H -O g 1 0 C. u C « g 3 I :> I uj " 3 • 111 O I T< C £ < -toot g -H <- g g « I 1/1 c- . 3 13 t- I geo. g £ : C Ti I g o I X £ £ 01 3 TD g rt 1 c 0 J H Q. ) B - I g .1 1 C Ifl 3 g di g ^ u C X -H o 0i t. in H dl rH "D 5l */l Tl C. -H c « E g c- g g c. j 3 'H Q. u g g □ g " ' ‘ 3 c ' : « I/I r- c. t- g g o : X 5 . g o o g C <^ £ Tiou = 3-au-i-- /I T3 a. c C X X .T - I I _ ' g g i ;^s; . 3 Qj T* * I u g c a "o a a i :»<->g>^(.xggxg' i.gt.--g-Hguugci sauxw-iwggu£i 'X"i3«3oU3g: iIEiLiji5‘aj-’ 3 o E a. 3 c 0/ e a. Cl D X U) - -HOC -H o C C I 3 CL dl 111 H U it Q. I iH m I C C- U 1 1 C. £ Cj I O 3 It J3 I U Ti I- -t-i 1 n £ 0 rH — I Q. jz It 't u m U Qj ■H C a C -T* » O U L C. X It Of -i L IL 3 --H£)cr'it H0-HH03fDc£ . c e n a<-i 3 Li J ft dl C 'f- CL It 1 1 t 13 0 6 t-‘ : dJ C. O' 3 E It 1 E dl O O Ti 3 ^ It JZ O' Q. t. •H C. -H jit-*-'it 03 eit^| :’HC4->c!tdi'*idii IUItC'H<-lrtrtCI iitt-itJCcaQifti lUOl-IUdli/l-f^MI : t- I U1 O U J It 13 u r U O It t 3 O U < lii CJ « 351 Table 6. Two-way table of Community 9. 352 X"D C- 1 £ nj m c Q. 3 Q. Q o cr u nj o e c X 3 O -t-" ri 3 "H C_ o ■-< "-1 X U 3 O Q. O I/I ■< L. -o 0) __0'X£- 1/1 cn 01 U CTi O' in ■+• X 01 c 1-1 vn -!-■ I X 3 fD 1 i/I O 1/1 I c. E oi > c u c 03 ra 01 £- - aTi I Q i' E e 3 3 U 13 U -•H -tH c in Q. O -H o Q. T3 I I fO fD I I ■’■5 c. -t-" I i Hi I 1 e 01 ro 3 3 "H ^ £ Q. 3 Q X4-- C. Hi - CP e jr 01 x: C fD U I/I 3 C. -H Hi 0l Q. CP 'O C. i-c 3 Q. X in e ID 0.4-1 "rt 3 CP m O C. U rn t_ cl-ti u 0 l Ul 14 . r4 Q. n M- E in > in c £- ID u oi in "H O OrH-iH I/I lO Ol-rt rn U£<-H c u in -H E 03 I ■H £ I TD 01 I c- 01 3 I : ’tI "o I c c -o x: I 0) 03 -H u I O' £ a. 01 I 03 O 0i 1— I o c- £ u in u I- I 03 rn ■■ 1 O 03 L * * 1 01 "H •H rn rM t. H rn rn in iH c- "D CP O 4-< c <-i H- 01 3 01 3 -H 3 xj 3 > 4-1 03 -H Q. 01 C. 01 rn 3 01 o X o 01 Oi-H -r1 C 131 4-1 -H 0) U U rn £ Oi u c. rn r-i 3 01 r-4 •►' 3 O rn c ■4- 4-» X-»< C Wi-1 Oi rn ■— 1 r 13 c. 0i I •H 4-' .Q ( 01 c. oi rn ( •H T3 4J i-H -1 .0 rn >4- c 3 3 01 I. T3 o- 3 £ D. 3 r O C. 'iH •H rn c c u u Oi r u Oi O ^ 0 --t C C CL C 3 oi o 01 : O c/3 C3 ■ .0 Q.X) m O r-» 01 Q. 3 rn 44 tH 01 CL 44 u X C. r-l Ol C 03 .0 O U c. 3 -H Hi UJ X r> ■ X 01 I I JC c - : o. Oi I 01 44 O 01 Oi O’ 3 ro u -H H c Q. 01 e 03 ! O -H I Q.-D rn rn J •••-> C- -I c t_ 03 3 Oi 3 03 01 c_ 44 £ £_ I Q. "O CL >4- ' 03 OI c X rn 4 c o O — I th ifi I Qi4-'£r3u3E 0i44H 0)CLU’U03O3ai0|i/IC44 uaj-H3U3'-ioo]Dc- O’ rn a. a. 01 £ -rt 01 Qi 3 -H T3 03 01 Ol "D OI --H OI -D C C 3 "H O 3 H Oi -H fO t- a. "rt U CP £ .C 44 -14 r-4 ij C in U Oi 4-> O 03 3 C. -t 4 Hi Oi <4- >-4 Q. O' T3 ^ t4 H- 3 £ rn > Q.X03Ernrocc-0] Ci.44 "H 3 O' u Oi rn -rt in o c. u 03&C- u ro "rH £ ro 1-4 01 xOi~tC-3>-lOOI>-H QiC-'-illl-HD£.3>-l t-'caiai— iMiinfii rnX44X0)3-H3+j oxcnxei_ii:ij'cn OI x: 01 Hi Hi 03 03 44 rn •o rn •T^ "H 03 ro 44 1-4 ■4- £- 44 -H o •H Hi 03 01 CL M- c a. Oi Hi H --H ■o 01 U ^ 44 CP 03 03 05 3 01 c 3 £- U O O’ 01 Gt rn 01 >-4 Tl T3 t. 03 c- QJ 03 Hi Oi E t- o: -H s- £_ 01 Ol C "H -Q O -D ro -74 c c c ro 7-4 OI Ol ro a. £ O OI o- £ O O -H ro 01 O O Cl. => O _J _j 01 O rn Ol J= --4 rH 44 rH m c X t- rn £ 03 Ol "H Q, U 44 Ol 0 m ui -H 0) m c- t- Ol c 1-4 E 1-4 u o > rn 3 -H r-4 --H £ -4 O c 03 -H 01 X^ "O .C 44 C rt .-4 0) •H u Ol 03 Hi 03 c a Ol o c- £ u rn Hi n4 C. o H 3 --H — I Xi Cl Cl Cl LU Cl 01 P <4- -H 44 X»4 rt C ID’^ O £ C U Ol 3 •»< 3 J3 O "H C 3 > 44 03 "H r - 1 £_ ro D. 01 c_ O’rO'— '01033010 Q. -i4 rt CP Hi i-i 0irnot->-4C44'4- 01 03 p O’ O +4 C T3 L. H) I •14 44 .0 I rn C- Ol rn I "H •O 44 rt - JO 03 I 3 3 01 I ■O cr 3 £ a. 3 I ro 03 -4 C O Cl * * * O' u Hi rn "H £ rn in O' -14 ■H 03 u u C- 03 CC 11. Table 7. Two-way table of Communities 10, 11, 12, 13. 354 , X- -H I ni 0 I i-H I O' Q. ) £ -o -rt r . Q. e u c u to D c 0-0 U KOI 01 X- ‘ 0 a 01 0 b oi □ a ,o u a .o 3 JCa I - c 6 01 ID O' "D I H ID t- H 3 m - oi Tj t. e I? 3 I _ lA d X 01 3 O'*' •• X lA *■ fH U d H *■ O C. 3 -« 6 X I 01 33 01 U £- 3 fH I E -Fi ^ c. Oi .* m r 01 dd ■ fh 0i ID 0 3 f ■ O d O C. i I H- 01 3 T* c. I ID"-* : " Ta £ c £. 1 W • U d l •" d X D 3 •" : I O I L5 UJ I Ij I D D I o " I 3 U dd c 0 / D D -I CD X D u D d " 01 C *< c d 33 C o *> e D 0 D D rH in c. a FH c *■ X X 01 Qj *< d li. *- cn u. D D in u o i 6 u D D C- I' 0 3 C U U ( _l UJ U 1OO0m 200-1000 r <200m « CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Poa australis spp. agg. 9A 2 Acacia dealbata 86 1 Dianella tasmanica 82 1 Eucalyptus rubida 81 1 Gonocarpus tetragynus 81 1 Acaena anser ini folia 77 1 Coprosma hirtella 77 1 Stellaria pungens 76 1 Stylidium grarainifolium 76 1 Lomandra longi folia 71 1 Viola hederacea 68 1 Polyscias sambucifolius 63 1 Pteridium esculentum 60 1 Polys tichum prolifer urn 59 1 Hydrocotyle hirta 58 1 Cassinia aculeata 56 1 Eucalyptus dives 56 1 Lagenifera stipitata 55 + Daviesia ulicifolia 5A 1 Geranium potent illoides 5A + Eucalyptus paucif lora 5A 2 Leucopogon suaveolens 53 1 Luzula campestris spp. agg. 53 + Asperula scoparia 53 1 Acacia obliquinervia 51 1 Cotula filicula 51 + Olearia erubescens 51 1 Clematis aristata 50 + Platylobium formosum A9 1 Helichrysum scorpioides A7 1 Senecio quadridentatus A2 + Olearia phlogopappa 38 1 Oreomyrrhis eriopoda 38 1 Arthropodium milleflorum 38 + Eucalyptus delegatensis 37 2 Hypochoeris radicata 36 + Olearia myrsinoides 36 1 NO. OF SITES : 80 (11% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Frequent on sheltered slopes forming the catchments of the Macalister and Wonnangatta Rivers and up to the Great Dividing Range from Mt. Hotham to the Nunniong Plateau . ENVIRONMENT : Moist and sheltered subalpine slopes . ALTITUDE : Mean = 1187m, Highest = lAAOm, Lowest = 860m. STRUCTURE Open to Tall open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 37 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 2% of species, 1% of cover NOTES : The structural variation in the sub-community is related to the presence or absence of the four major species of Eucalyptus; E. pauci flora , E. rufcida, E. dives and E. delegatensis . Where E. delegatensis occurs in significant quantities the forest is of considerable value for timber production and is usually of the structural type Tall open-forest. Where the other species dominate the structural type is open-forest. Despite this structural variation there is a strong floristic uniformity throughout sub-community 3.2 E 362 MONTANE FOREST CLC COMMUNITY 3 : SUB-COMMUNITY 3 200-1000 m □ <200m NO. OF SITES : 3A (A. 7% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Moderately widespread on the upper, well-watered slopes of the Snowy Range, north of Mt . Tambori tha , east- ward to the Mt . Wellington region and scattered between the Aberfeldy and Mt.Baw Baw regions. ENVIRONMENT : Moist and sheltered subalpine slopes ALTITUDE : Mean = 12A9m, Highest = 1580m, Lowest = 800m. STRUCTURE : Open to Tall open-forest CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Poa australis spp. agg. 97 1 Dianella tasmanica 91 1 Acaena anserinit'olia 82 1 Polyscias sambucifolius 79 1 Coprosma hirtella 79 1 Stellaria pungens 76 1 Helichrysum scorpioiaes 74 1 Cotula filicula 74 1 Polystichum proliferum 74 1 Stylidium gramini f ol iurn 74 1 Olearia phlogopappa 7A 1 Oreomyrrhis eriopoda 71 1 Conocarpus tetragynus 68 + Viola hederacea 68 1 Acacia obi iqu inerv ia 65 1 Lagenifera stipitata 62 1 Luzula campestris spp. agg. 62 + Eucalyptus delegatensis 59 2 Veronica derwentia 59 1 'Hypochoeris radicata 59 + Cassinia aculeata 59 1 Arthropoaium milleflorum 56 + Ranunculus plebeius 56 + Hydrocotyle hirta 56 1 Acacia dealbata 56 1 Olearia erubescens 53 1 Olearia mega lophy 11a 53 1 Geranium potent! lloides 53 1 Erachycome aculeata 50 1 Eucalyptus rubida 50 1 Daviesia ulicifolia A7 1 Senecio linearifolius 47 1 Leucopogon gel idus 47 1 MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : A2 species per site ; 4% of species, 3% of cover notes : This sub-community is floristic- ally very similar to sub-community 3.2. Its distribution in the higher rainfall areas to the west of the study area and its proximity to gullies means that some wetland species (e.g. Leptospermum g r andi fo 1 i am and Carsx appressa) are common and species characteristic of drier country te.g. B. dives and Platglobium formosum) are absent. Sub-community 3.3 is more often dominated by £• delegatensis than is sub-community 3.2 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION 363 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES : 12 ( 1 .6% of total) Polys tichum proliferum TOO 2 DISTRIBUTION : Most common around the Snowy Range Acaena anserini folia 91 1 but is also scattered near Mts. Poa australis' spp. agg. 91 1 Birregun and Nugong. Blechnum fluviatile 82 1 Eucalyptus delegatensis 82 1 ENVIRONMENT : Deep gullies and watercourses cont- Australina muelleri 82 1 ained within tall, sheltered, Geranium potentilloides 82 1 montane to subalpine forests. Carex appressa 73 1 Leptospermura grandifolium 73 2 ALTITUDE ; Mean = 1121m, Highest = 1500m, Rubus parvifolius 73 1 Lowest = 820m. Acacia dealbata 73 1 Cassinia aculeata 73 1 STRUCTURE : Tall open-forest Dicksonia antarctica 73 2 Senecio linear! folius 73 1 MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 42 species per site Polyscias sambucifolius 73 + Urtica incisa 73 1 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 5% of species, 3% of cover Cotula filicula 64 + Hydrocotyle hirta 64 1 NOTES ; This sub-community includes the Stellaria flaccida 64 1 subalpine parallel of the well-known fern gully Tasmannia lanceolata 64 1 of lower wet sclerophyll forests. Many species Gnaphalium japonic urn 64 + are common to both these vegetation types but Olearia phlogopappa 64 1 species such as .Leptospermum grandifolium and •Hypochoeris radicata 55 + Eucalyptus delegatensis identify sub-community Lagenifera stipitata 55 + 4.1 as one restricted to higher altitudes. Coprosma hirtella 55 1 Daviesia lati folia 55 1 Hypolepis rugosula 55 + 364 MONTANE RIPARIAN FOREST CLC COMMUNITY A : SUB-COMMUNITY 2 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES ; 29 (4.0% Of total) Rubus parvifolius 93 1 DISTRIBUTION : Localized within an area including Pteridium esculentum 90 1 creeksides and headwaters of the Acacia dealbata 90 1 Wonnongat ta , Wongungarra , Macalister and Humffray Rivers. Geranium potenti 1 loides 90 1 Coprosma quadrifida 86 1 Eucalyptus radiata 86 1 ENVIRONMENT : High altitude creeksides, often Acacia melanoxylon 86 1 containing large granite boulders Viola hederacea 86 1 but invariably with a buildup of Acaena anserinifolia 83 1 alluvial soils. Clematis aristata 83 1 Carex appressa 83 1 ALTITUDE : Mean = 746m, Highest = 1500m, Cassinia aculeata 76 1 Lowest = 300m. Asperula scoparia 76 1 Poa australis spp. agg. 76 1 STRUCTURE : Open to Tall open-forest Stellaria pungens 76 + Gnaphalium japonicum 72 + MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 52 species per site Blechnum nudum 72 1 Hydrocotyle hirta 72 1 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 7% of species, 6% of cover Pomaderris aspera 69 1 Polys tichum proliferum 69 1 NOTES : Structurally, this sub-community is Prunella vulgaris 66 1 quite typical of both highland and lowland riparian Eucalyptus viminalis 66 1 communi ties . It is characterised by a tall canopy Cotula filicula 62 and a dense shrub layer, overlying a ground layer •Hypochoeris radicata 59 } containing a variety of ferns and sedges. Many Lagenifera stipitata 59 1 species of this sub-community are common to river- Polyscias sambucifolius 59 1 side sites throughout the State (e.g. Eucalijptus Dichondra repens 52 1 viminalis, E . radiata, Acacia melanox\jlon , i?u6us Epilobium cinereum 52 + par Vi foli us , Pomaderris aspera) but certain species Leptospermum grandifolium 52 1 identify this community as being montane (e.g. Dianella tasmanica A8 1 Leptospermum grandi foli u/n ) . Echinopogon ova t us 48 1 Stellaria flaccida 48 + 365 WET SCLEROPHYLL FOREST GLC COMMUNITY 5 : SUB-COMMUNITY 1 I 200-1000 r !<200m CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES : 73 ( lO. 1% of total) Polystichum proliferum 85 1 DISTRIBUTION : A widespread community occurring as Clematis aristata 83 1 far east as the upper Tambo River Acacia dealbata 82 1 catchment (Mt . Baldhead/Ensay region) , Hydrocotyle hirta 81 1 less commonly near the Wongungarra Pteridiura esculentum 79 1 and Macalister Rivers but frequent Viola hederacea 78 1 in the Central Gippsland highlanas, Acaena anserini folia 76 1 Noo jee/Mt . Baw Baw area and the Dicksonia antarctica 75 1 Strzlecki Ranges to the South. Cassinia aculeata 75 1 Geranium potentilloides 71 1 ENVIRONMENT : Well watered montane sites to about Senecio linearifolius 71 1 1200m altitude. Coprosma quadrifida 69 1 Alsophila australis 65 1 ALTITUDE : Mean = 645m, Highest = 1300m, Tetrarrhena juncea 64 1 Lowest = 130m, Olearia phlogopappa 61 1 Pomaderris aspera 61 1 STRUCTURE : Tall open-forest Eucalyptus regnans 58 2 Pros tan the r a lasianthos 58 1 MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 37 species per site Histiopteris incisa 57 + Australina muelleri 54 1 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 7% of species, 5% of cover Olearia lirata 54 1 Olearia argophylla 53 1 NOTES : This selection of sites contains Stellaria flaccida 53 1 virtually all of the Mountain Ash forests encountered Polyscias sambucifolius 50 1 in this study. This species (Eucalyptus regnans) is •Hypochoeris radicata 49 + the tallest hardwood tree in the world and is keenly Acacia melanoxylon 46 1 sought for its timber. The "shrub layer", including Sambucus gaud ic baud iana 44 1 Acacia spp . , of such tall forests frequently attains *Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. 44 1 heights of 30m, and may be virtually unstratified Oxalis corniculata 42 + to about 10m. Low light conditions below this level, Bedfordia arborescens 42 1 along with deep leaf litter, usually mean a low Blechnum nudum 40 1 species richness for the ground layer. Urtica incisa 38 1 Dianella tasmanica 36 + Blecnhum wattsii 36 366 if CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Tetrarrhena juncea 100 2 Gonocarpus tetragynus 93 1 Leptospermum juniperinum 93 1 Pultenaea gunnii 87 1 Acacia mucronata 87 1 Eucalyptus obi i qua 87 1 Gahnia radula 80 2 Epacris impressa 80 1 Pteridium esculentum 80 1 Viola hederacea 80 1 Lomandra filiformis 73 1 Hypochoeris radicata 73 + Amperea xiphoclada 67 1 Cassinia aculeata 67 + Eucalyptus radiata 67 1 Lomandra long! foil a 67 + Poa australis spp. agg. 67 1 Goodenia ovata 60 1 Burchardia umbel lata 60 1 Drosera auriculata 60 1 Olearia lirata 60 + Xanthorrhoea minor 60 1 Eucalyptus consideniana 53 2 NO. OF SITES : 15 (2.0% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Occurring in the south-west of the study area around Neerira South, Tanjil South and Boolarra. ENVIRONMENT Dry slopes and gullies ALTITUDE Mean = 250m, Highest = ^OOm, Lowest = I60m. STRUCTURE Open forest or Woodland MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : AO species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 3% of species, 1% of cover NOTES : This sub-community occurs commonly on the lower, more exposed sides of hills which also support sub-community 6.2 and 6.3. It is the lowest altitude sub-community of Community 6. The under- storey supports species usually regarded as charact- istic of dry areas or heathlands (e.g. Amperea xiphoclada, Epacris impressa , Xanthorrhoea minorj as well as those characteristic of fire regen- eration (e.g. Goodenia sp., Cassinia spp. and Leptospermum sp.). This is the only vegetation of the study area in which E. consideniana is a character species . 367 DAMP SCLEROPHYLL FOREST GLC COMMUNITY 6 : SUB-COMMUNITY 2 >1000 m 200-1000 m |<200m CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Pteridium esculent urn 9A 1 Viola hederacea 91 1 Acacia dealbata 85 1 Clematis aristata 81 1 Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 7A 1 Geranium potent illoides 7A 1 Poa australis spp. agg. 7A 1 Dianella tasmanica 70 1 Gonocarpus teucrioides 62 1 Eucalyptus obliqua 62 1 Cassinia aculeata 62 1 Lagenifera stipitata 60 + Lomandra longi folia 58 1 Cassinia longi folia 57 1 *Hypochoeris radicata 57 + Oxalis corniculata 57 + Coprosma quadrifida 57 1 Tetrarrhena juncea 55 1 Pomaderris aspera 55 1 Goodenia ovata 51 1 Acaena anserinifolia 51 1 Billardiera scandens A7 + Epacris impressa A7 1 Alsophila australis A7 1 Hydrocotyle hirta A7 1 Micro laena stipoides A3 1 Senecio quad rid entatus A2 + Olearia lirata A2 1 Culcita dubia AO 1 Gonocarpus tetragynus AO 1 Gnaphalium japonic urn 38 + Senecio linearifolius 38 1 Pimelea axiflora 38 1 Blechnum cartilagineum 36 1 Eucalyptus radiata 36 1 Galium gauoichaudii 36 + NO. OF SITES : 53 (7.3% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Occurring over most of the inter- mediate altitude range of the study area from Noojee to Ensay. ENVIRONMENT : Wet, foothill slopes usually shelt- ered from direct northerly exposure. ALTITUDE : Mean = 436m, Highest = 900m, Lowest = 100m. STRUCTURE Open to Tall open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : A2 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 3% of species, 2% of cover NOTES : The frequency of Pteridium esculentum indicates significant disturbance (particularly fire induced) to this common vegetation type of the foot- hills. E. cypellocarpa and E. obligua , which dominate the upper stratum, and the understorey of sclerophyllous shrubs, herbs and grasses are all widespread. This sub-community represents a trans- ition between wet and dry sclerophyll vegetation types . A riparian, wetter variant of this sub-community contains Prostanthera lasianthos and E . V imi na 2 i s . 368 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES : 13 ( 1 .8% of total) Cassinia aculeata 100 DISTRIBUTION : Common forests of the Noojee, Tanjil Coprosma quadrifida 100 Bren and Loch Valley areas with a Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 100 single record to the south in the Eucalyptus obliqua 100 Strzlecki Ranges. Gonocarpus teucrioides 100 Olearia lirata 100 ENVIRONMENT : Contained within gullies of Pteridium esculentum 100 montane, open-forests but not Viola hederacea 100 necessarily adjacent to permanent Acacia mucronata 92 waterways . Clematis aristata 92 Tetrarrhena juncea 92 2 ALTITUDE : Mean = 300m, Highest = 500m, Alsophila australis 85 1 Lowest = 180m. *Hypochoeris radicata 85 + Eucalyptus radiata 85 1 STRUCTURE : Open-forest Goodenia ovata 85 1 Geranium potentilloides 77 1 MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 51 species per site Pomaderris aspera 77 1 Pultenaea juniperina 77 1 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 6% of species, 3% of cover Acacia verticillata 77 1 Blechnum cartilagineum 77 1 NOTES : A floristically rich sub-community, the Culcita dubia 77 1 canopy consisting of several species (e.g. E.cypello- Acacia dealbata 69 1 carpa, E. obliqua, E. radiata, Acacia dealbata ) and Hydrocotyle hirta 69 + the lower strata containing a diverse assortment of Lepidosperma elatius 69 1 damp forest species (e.g. Platylobium formosum. Pimelia axiflora 69 1 Tetratheca ciliata , Acacia' mucronata , A. verticillata. *Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. 69 + Pimelia axiflora ) . Disturbance within sub-community Oxalis corniculata 62 + 6.3 if low. This is reflected in the fairly high Polyscias sarabucifolius 62 1 species richness, particularly when compared with Platylobium formosum 62 2 sub-community 6.4 (a disturbed, lower diversity subset Blechnum nudum 62 1 of this sub- community) . Prunella vulgaris 5A ♦ Rubus parvifolius 54 1 Cnaphalium japonic urn 54 + Senecio quadridentatus 54 + Tetratheca ciliata 54 1 1 369 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES : Pteridium esculentum 100 1 DISTRIBUTION : Tetrarrhena juncea 100 2 Eucalyptus obliqua 92 1 Viola hederacea 92 + ENVIRONMENT : Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 83 1 Acacia mucronata 75 2 Eucalyptus sieberi 75 2 Goodenia ovata 75 1 Platylobium formosum 75 3 Eucalyptus radiata 67 1 ALTITUDE : Gonocarpus teucrioides 67 1 Cassinia aculeata 67 1 Tetratheca ciliata 58 1 STRUCTURE : Pomaderris aspera 58 1 Bedf ordia arborescens 58 + MEAN FLORISTIC Pultenaea juniperina 58 1 12 (1 . 7 % of total) Scattered distribution between the Noojee and Aberfeldy areas. Well-watered slopes of upland areas in and around the Baw Baw ranges. The sites, however, are not those which retain moisture for long periods. Soils are frequently gravelly clays. Mean = 5A7ra, Highest = 950m, Lowest = 200m. Open-f orest MEAN WEED COMPOSITION 30 species per site 0% of species, 0% of cover NOTES : A mixed species forest which is a lower diversity version of sub-community 6.3. Each of the most common eucalypts are of commercial value and are or have -been harvested for building timber (the range of this sub-community is contained within a long- active milling and forest management area). A result of this activity is the high proportion and abundance of species which although native, are indicative of disturbances within the forest (particularly fuel reduction burning). Species such as Pteridium esculentuni, Tetzarrhena juncea. Acacia mucronata , Platylobium formosum , Pultenaea junipezina and Eucalyptus siebezi are becoming increasingly common due to present forest management practices. Another consequence of these activities is the very low floristic richness and almost complete absence of introduced species. 370 20km DAMP SCLEROPHYLL FOREST GLC COMMUNITY 6 : SUB-COMMUNITY 5 ^^^y>1000 m I 200-1000 m >200m CHARACTER SPECIES Daviesia ulicifolia Dianella tasmanica Pteridium esculentum Acacia dealbata Cassinia aculeata Eucalyptus radiata Gonocarpus tetragynus Poa australis spp. agg. Senecio quadridentatus Stylidium graminifolium Viola hederacea Loinandra longi folia Luzula campestris spp. agg. Gnaphalium japonicum Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Geranium potentilloides Stellaria pungens Hydrocotyle hirta Acacia mucronata Coprosma hirtella Eucalyptus dives ^Hypochoeris radicata Tetrarrhena juncea Acaena anserinifolia Deyeuxia rodwayi Polys tichura prolifer um Senecio linearifolius Polyscias sambucifolius % FREQ. C/A TOO TOO TOO 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 80 70 70 70 70 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 NO. OF SITES DISTRIBUTION ENVIRONMENT ALTITUDE STRUCTURE 10 { 1 .A% Of total) Slopes of the Great Dividing Range in the region of Aberfeldy and Matlock with an isolated occurrence on the Bowen Range near Ensay. High-altitude, well-drained hillside. Mean = 875m, Highest - 1120m, Lowest = 650m. Open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 45 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION 3% of species, 2% of cover NOTES : This sub-community retains a number of species common to the sub-communities 6.3 and 6.4 {e.g. eucalyptus c\jpel locar pa , Pol1000 m I 200-1000 m < 200m □< CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES 28 (3.9% of total) Poa australis spp. agg. 100 1 Lomandra longifolia 93 1 Eucalyptus dives 93 1 Dianella revoluta 86 1 Hibbertia obtusifolia 86 1 Platylobiura f ormosum 82 1 Conocarpus tetragynus 82 1 Eucalyptus mannifera 79 1 Exocarpus strictus 75 + Persoonia confertiflora 75 + Tetratheca ciliata 71 1 Pimelia linifolia 68 1 Acacia dealbata 64 + Monotoca scoparia 61 1 Stylidiura graminifolium 61 1 Hardenbergia violacea 57 1 Cassinia aculeata 54 1 Acrotriche serrulata 50 1 Viola hederacea 50 + Pteridium esculentum 50 1 Daviesia virgata 50 1 Dillwynia retorta 46 1 DISTRIBUTION : Never distant from the backbone of the Great Dividing Range and concentrated within the watersheds of the Macalister and Wonnangatta Rivers, with a few isolated occurrences near Mt. Lookout, Aberfeldy and the Bowen Range. ENVIRONMENT : Dry, rather exposed upland slopes, typically with a northerly aspect and and frequently steep. Water retention in the poorly structured, often shaly soils is low. ALTITUDE : Mean = 761m, Highest = 1200m, Lowest = A20m. STRUCTURE ; Woodland MEAN FLORSITIC RICHNESS : 37 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION ; 2% of species, 1% of cover notes : A high proportion of dry slope species (e.g. Eucalyptus dives, E. macrorhyncha , E. mannifera, Persoonia confertiflora, Haidenbezgia violacea etc.) appear in this community and similarly few plants of the wetter montane forests intrude. This sub- community has attracted little disturbance through either fire control measures or logging due to its open, sparse nature and lack of sawlog species. 373 20km DRY SCLEROPHYLL FOREST GLC COMMUNITY 8 : SUB-COMMUNITY 1 >1000 m 200-1000 m <200m CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Hydrocotyle hirta 94 1 Poa australis spp. agg. 94 1 Dichondra repens 82 1 Eucalyptus polyanthemos 82 1 Oxalis corniculata 82 Cassinia longi folia 76 2 Geranium potent illoides 76 1 Glycine clandestina 76 1 Hypericum gramineum 76 + ‘Hypochoeris radicata 76 1 Lagenifera stipitata 71 1 Microlaena stipoides 71 1 Acacia mearnsii 65 1 Cheilanthes tenuifolia 65 1 Hibbertia obtusifolia 65 1 Senecio quadridentatus 65 1 Galium gaudichaudii 65 + Luzula campestris spp. agg. 65 + Gnaphalium japonicum 59 + Billardiera scandens 59 + Cymbonotus preissianus 59 1 Lepidosperma laterale 59 + Stypandra glauca 59 1 Veronica plebeia 53 + Leptosperroum phylicoides 53 2 Lomandra longifolia 53 1 Phyllanthus hirtellus 53 + NO. OF SITES : 17 (2.3% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Mostly on slopes in the upper reaches of the Avon, Macalister, Mitchell and Nicholson River catchments . ENVIRONMENT : Dry hills, often of northerly and north-easterly aspect. ALTITUDE : Mean = 257m, Highest = 500ra, Lowest = 70m. STRUCTURE : Open-forest to Wooaland MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 52 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 6% of species, 5% of cover NOTES : The abundance of species such as Cassinia longi folia , Hypericum gramineum, Hypochoeri radicata , Senecio guadridentatus and Luzuja campestris strongly suggest a history of fire and grazing for this type of vegetation. Nevertheless a large percentage of this f loristically-rich vegetation maintains most of its original flora. 374 DRY SCLEROPHYLL FOREST GLC COMMUNITY 8 : SUB-COMMUNITY 2 CHARACTER SPECIES Cassinia long! foil a Lomandra long! foil a Poa australis spp. agg. Hibbertia obtusifolia Stypandra glauca Eucalyptus polyanthemos Lagenifera stipitata *Hypochoeris radicata Hypericum gramineum Hydrocotyle hirta Dianella revoluta Acacia dealbata Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Lepidosperma laterale Acacia falciformis Gonocarpus tetragynus Hardenbergia violacea Acacia terminalis Eucalyptus sieberi Phyllanthus hirtellus Viola heder-acea Microlaena stipoides Epacris impressa Eucalyptus globoidea Galium gaudichaudii Senecio quadridentatus Persoonia confertiflora Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Cassinia aculea-a % FREQ. 86 83 80 68 6A 61 59 59 54 54 53 51 51 47 46 44 44 44 42 41 41 41 39 39 39 37 37 37 36 C/A NO. OF SITES : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 DISTRIBUTION : ENVIRONMENT : ALTITUDE : 59 (8% of total) Throughout the central and eastern foothills of the study area. Dry hills, often of northerly and north-easterly aspect. Mean = 352m, Highest = 660m, Lowest = 80m. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 STRUCTURE : Open-forest to Woodland MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 35 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 2% of species, 2% of cover I^OTES ; Sub-communities 8.1 and 8.2 are floristically very similar however the understorey of the latter is characterized by a lower abundance of herbs, (.e.g Dichondra repens, Oxalis corniculata, Geranium potentilloides are absent) and a higher abundance of small sclerophyllous shrubs (e.g. Epacris impressa, Phyllanthus hirtellus , Hardenbergia violaceaj. There is also a suggestion of disturbance effects reflected in the low floristic richness of this sub-community when compared to sub-community 8.1. 375 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Hymenanthera dentata 100 1 *Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. 100 1 Eucalyptus melliodora 83 1 Acacia dealbata 83 1 Acaena anserinifolia 83 1 Dichondra repens 83 1 Oxalis corniculata 83 1 •Rosa rubiginosa 83 1 Prunella vulgaris 67 1 Eucalyptus bridgesiana 67 1 Acacia mearnsii 67 1 Acacia melanoxylon 67 1 •Anagallis arvensis 67 + •Cirsium vulgare 67 1 Eucalyptus viminalis 67 1 Geranium potentilloides 67 1 •Hypochoeris radicata 67 1 Leptosperraum phylicoides 67 2 Pteridium esculentum 67 2 NO. OF SITES : 6 (8% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Occurring on the Dargo , Wentworth and Crooked Rivers in the north of the study area. ENVIRONMENT : Riparian vegetation of the higher part of this altitude range. ALTITUDE : Mean = 3A3m, Highest = 5A0ra, Lowest = 220m. STRUCTURE : Open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : AA species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 22% of species, 22% of cover. NOTES : This riparian vegetation occurs amongst otherwise dry hillsides of the Dargo region. Agriculture and mining have led to a high degree of disturbance with a number of introduced species such as Rubus fruticosus and Rosa rubiginos3 being s igni f icant . 376 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Poa australis spp. agg. 95 1 Stellaria pungens 50 1 *Hypochoeris radicata 95 1 *Trifolium repens 50 + Rumex brownii 95 + *Trifolium campestre 50 1 Echinopogon ova t us 90 1 Acacia melanoxylon 50 1 Oxalis corniculata 90 + Bursaria spinosa 50 1 *Anagallis arvensis 85 + Daucus glochidiatus 50 + Dichondra repens 85 + Lagenif era stipitata 50 + Glycine clandestine 85 + *Vulpia bromoides 50 ♦ Pteridium esc ulen turn 80 1 Cnaphalium japonic urn 80 + •Conyza bonariensis 75 *Cirsium vulgare Leptospermum phylicoides Eucalyptus melliodora Dichelachne micrantha *Sonchus asper Acaena anserinifolia Cass in ia longi folia Cheilanthes tenui folia Hydrocotyle laxiflora *Centaurium pulchellum Microlaena stipoides Luzula campestris spp. agg *Sonchus oleraceus Acacia mearnsii Agropyron scabrum Urtica incisa Carex appressa Prunella vulgaris *Hypericum perforatum •Cerastium glomeratum *Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. Danthonia racemosa Galium gaud ic baud i Hypericum gramineum Plantago debilis Eucalyptus bridgesiana *Rosa rubiginosa Poranthera microphylla Hymenanthera dentata Acacia dealbata Clematis aristata Hydrocotyle hirta Rubus parvifolius *Aira caryophyllea Dichelachne crinita Geranium retrorsum 75 75 75 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 65 65 65 65 65 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 50 50 50 NO. OF SITES : 20 {2.8% of total) DISTRIBUTION : Widespread in the central part of the study area centering on- Dargo. ENVIRONMENT : Riparian vegetation surrounded by dry hillsides. ALTITUDE : Mean = 335m, Highest = 600m, Lowest = I80m. STRUCTURE : Open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 75 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 21% of species, 20% of cover. NOTES : This sub-community represents a seriously disturbed riparian vegetation, charact- erised by a large number of native and introduced weedy species. Most of these are herbs and reflect agricultural practice in the district. Many of the farms in the area are now derelict and most of sub-community 9.2 is on land of this type. Sub-community 9.2 is floristically the richest vegetation of the study area. Although a significant proportion of its constituent species are introduced it still has the highest mean number of native species per site (60) of all vegetation types. 377 RIPARIAN FOREST CLC COMMUNITY 9 : SUB-COMMUNITY 3 j>1000m 200-1000 m <200m CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Pomaderris aspera 93 1 Dichondra repens 93 1 Poa australis spp. agg. 86 1 Geranium potentilloides 86 1 Pteridium esculent um 79 1 Adiantum aethiopicum 79 1 ‘Hypochoeris radicata 79 1 Viola hederacea 75 1 Acaena anserinifolia 75 1 Hydrocotyle hirta 75 1 Oxalis corniculata 75 + Acacia dealbata 71 1 Lomandra longifolia 71 1 Clematis aristata 68 + Cassinia aculeata 68 1 Leptospermum phylicoides 68 2 Cassinia longifolia 6A 1 Coprosma quadrifida 6A 1 Eucalyptus bridges! ana 6A 1 •Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. 61 + Acacia melanoxylon 61 1 Gnaphalium japonicum 61 + Eucalyptus viminalis 61 1 Galium gaudichaudi i 57 Stellaria flaccida 57 1 Blechnum nudum 5A 1 Pros tan the r a lasianthos 5A 1 Prunella vulgaris 5A 1 Lagenifera stipitata 5A 1 Stellaria pungens 54 1 ‘Centaurium pulchellum 50 + Lepidosperma laterale 50 1 Carex appressa 46 1 Luzula campestris spp. agg. 46 + Pimelea axiflora 46 + NO. OF SITES : 29 (A% of total) DISTRIBUTION Widespread east of Glenaladale, also in the Mt . Tambori tha area. ENVIRONMENT Riparian vegetation ALTITUDE Mean = 283m, Highest = 680m, Lowest 100m. STRUCTURE Open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 51 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 7% of species, 5% of cover NOTES. : Sub-communities 9.2 and 9.3 share a large number of species most of which are native. The major difference between these sub-comnunities is the large complement of introduced species in 9.2. Sub-community 9.2 therefore represents a disturbed (possibly re-established) form of 9.3 which has lost none of its native species. There are a number of other potential sites for this vegetation which are utilized for agriculture and possess only remnants of the original flora. F 378 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES 2 (0.27% of total) Acacia floribunda 100 1 DISTRIBUTION Both examples of this community *Cerastium glomeratum 100 1 were sampled on the banks of the *Cirsium vulgare 100 + Tambo River near Bruthen. *Conyza bonariensis 100 1 * Dactyl is glome rata 100 1 ENVIRONMENT Close proximity to an intensive *Galium aparine 100 + agricultural region and a large Geranium potent illoides 100 1 waterway . *Hypochoeris radicata 100 1 Leptospermum phylicoides 100 1 ALTITUDE Mean = 90m, Highest = 160m, Phragmi tes australis 100 1 Lowest = 20m. * Plant ago lanceolata 100 1 Poa australis spp. agg. 100 2 STRUCTURE Low shrubland Pteridium esculentum 100 1 Rubus parvifolius 100 1 MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 42 species per site *Acetosella vulgaris 100 1 *Rumex crispus 100 1 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION 39% of species, Veronica plebeia 100 + 36% of cover. *Vicia angustifolia 100 + *Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. 100 1 NOTES The sites on which this sub-community is found are highly disturbed by agriculture. It is probable that they once supported sub-community 9.3 vegetation 379 LEPTOSPERMUM MYRSINOIDES HEATHLAND GLC COMMUNITY 10 : SUB-COMMUNITY 1 200-1000 m <200m CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES 25 (3.5% of total) Epacris impressa 100 1 Bossiaea cinerea 92 1 Banksia marginata 92 1 Lomandra longi folia 92 1 Monotoca scoparia 92 1 Leptospermum myrsinoides 80 2 Leucopogon ericoides 88 1 Acacia oxycedrus 88 1 Leucopogon virgatus 88 1 Banksia serrata 83 1 Pteridium esculent urn 79 1 Caustis pentandra 75 1 Eucalyptus nitida 75 1 Leptospermum juniperinum 71 1 Hibbertia fasciculata 67 1 Hibbertia virgata 63 1 Araperea xiphoclada 58 + Hypochoeris rad i cat a 58 ♦ Lepidosperma concavum 54 1 Brachyloma daphnoides 50 1 Dampiera stricta 50 1 Dillwynia glaberrima 50 1 Drosera peltata 50 + Lomandra filiform is 50 1 DISTRIBUTION : Mainly south and west from Sperm Whale Head on podzols developed from siliceous sands. ENVIRONMENT : Flat or undulating areas beyond the influence of sea winds, on deep siliceous sands. ALTITUDE Mean = 23m, Highest = 160m, Lowest : Om. STRUCTURE Low open-woodland to Closed heath. MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 38 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 4% of species, 2% of cover • '^h*s is a representative of a distinctive floristic community dominated by the small-leafed, sclerophyllous shrub Lepto- spermum m1000 m j 200-1000 m 1 <200m » CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Viola hederacea 100 1 Billardiera scandens 90 + Lagenifera stipitata 90 1 Microlaena stipoides 90 1 Pteridium esculent urn 90 2 Cassinia longi folia 80 1 Clematis aristata 80 1 Eucalyptus globoidea 80 2 Hibbertia obtusi folia 70 + Poa australis spp. agg. 70 1 Acianthus exsertus 70 + Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 70 1 Galium gaudichaudii- 70 + Hydrocotyle hirta 70 1 Luzula campestris spp. agg. 70 + Olearia lirata 70 1 Goodenia ovata 60 1 Hibbertia aspera 60 1 Hypochoeris radicata 60 1 Lomandra longifolia 60 1 Opercularia hispida 60 + Senecio quadridentatus 60 +• Veronica plebeia 60 1 NO. OF SITES : 18 (2.5% of total) DISTRIBUTION ; Confined in the study area to the foothills within the Bruthen, Nowa Nowa and Lake Tyers region. ENVIRONMENT : Dry conditions on the undulating land system which includes the tributaries of Lake Tyers. Soils are often deep sands but occasion- ally also include clays and gravelly soils . ALTITUDE Mean = 78m, Highest = lAOm, Lowest = 20m. STRUCTURE Open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 46 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 3% of species, 2% of cover NOTES : This restricted vegetation is intermediate in composition between the more coastal heaths and the open-forests of the foothills. Throughout most of its range sub-community 11.1 shows strong signs of disturbance by fire. Most under- storey plants are small and young and Pteridiuw escv lentum is the dominant understorey species in most sites . 381 CHARACTER SPECIES Epacris impressa Gonocarpus teucrioides Lomandra longifolia Pteridium esculentum Ac rot riche serrulata Persoonia linearis Craspedia glauca Tetratheca pilosa Eucalyptus globoidea Lagenifera stipitata Xanthorrhoea minor *Hypochoeris radicata Eucalyptus sieberi Hydrocotyle hirta Phyl Ian thus hirtellus Viola hederacea Lomatia ilicifolia Stypandra glauca Hibbertia obtusifolia Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Acacia genistifolia Senecio quadridentatus Billardiera scandens Poa australis spp. agg. Hypericum gramineum Microlaena stipoides % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES : 9A 1 9A 1 9A 1 9A 2 89 1 DISTRIBUTION : 10 ( 1 .4% of total) The range of this community is effectively the same as that of 11.1 but is generally in closer proximity to water, such as Lake Tyers and the Nicholson River. 89 83 83 83 78 78 78 78 72 72 72 67 67 61 61 61 61 61 56 56 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ENVIRONMENT ALTITUDE Dry conditions on the undulating land system which includes sub-community 11.1 Mean = 127m, Highest = 270m, Lowest = 50m STRUCTURE : Open-forest MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 47 species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 2% of species, 1% of cover NOTES : This sub-community is basically a more disturbed and species-poor version of sub-community 11.1. It contains few species not found in sub- community 11.1 and lacks Eucalyptus siebezi as well as a number of ground cover species. 1 382 COASTAL BANKSIA WOODLAND GLC COMMUNITY 12 : SUB-COMMUNITY 1 □ |>1000m 200-1000 r <200m CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A Scirpus nodosus 88 1 Dichondra repens 86 1 ‘Hypochoeris radicata 86 1 Lomandra longifolia 83 1 Pteridium esculentum 76 2 Hydrocotyle hirta 69 1 Geranium potentilloides 67 1 Lagenifera stipitata 64 1 Oxalis corn icu lata 64 + •Cerastium glomeratum 64 + Crassula sieberiana 64 + Banks ia integrifolia 62 1 Ranunculus sessiliflorus 60 1 Tet ragonia implexicoma 60 1 Melaleuca ericifolia 55 2 Microlaena stipoides 52 1 Cotula australis 52 1 Poa australis spp. agg. 52 1 Glycine clandestina 50 + Rhagodia baccata 50 1 Lepidosperma concavum 50 1 Luzula campestris spp. agg. 50 + Baumea juncea 45 1 Gonocarpus teucrioides 45 + ‘Cirsium vulgare 43 + Senecio spp. 43 1 Scirpus antarc t icus 43 + Acacia longifolia 40 1 Samolus repens 40 1 •Conyza bonariensis 40 + Distichlis distichophylla 40 1 *Sonchus oleraceus 40 + NO. OF SITES DISTRIBUTION ENVIRONMENT i.3 (6% of total) Virtually all sites sampled were along the leeward side of the 90 Mile Beach dunes. Protected secondary dunes inland from community 13. Soils are virtually f)ure calcareous sand with a minimal topsoil development. Mean = Om, Highest = 20m, Lowest = Om. STRUCTURE : Low open-woodland MEAN FL9RISTIC RICHNESS : ku species per site MEAN WEED COMPOSITION 1A% of species, 10% of cover. NOTES : This sub-community consists primarily of sclerophyllous plants growing on nutrient- poor calcareous sands. Hjwever, a small number of species which are foun: almost exclusively in the two or three metres immediately adjacent to the lake (e.g. Samoius repens, Distichlis distichophyila) are usually representative of a true salt marsh community ( see Bridgewa ter , 1975 ) . This latter vegetation is poorly developed around the Gippsland Lakes and its components are therefore included in Community 12. The past history of grazing on vegetation appears to have affected its floristic composition. Many introduced species have invaded sub-community 12.1 and make up (on average) K% of its flora. 383 CHARACTER SPECIES % FREQ. C/A NO. OF SITES : 3 {0.42% of total) ^Ammophila arenaria 100 3 DISTRIBUTION : Distributed along the length of the Apium prostratum 100 + 90 Mile Beach between Seaspray and Leucopogon parviflorus 100 + Lakes Entrance. Rhagodia baccata 100 1 Scirpus nodosus 100 1 ENVIRONMENT ; Frontal dunes frequently exposed Calocephalus brown ii 67 1 to strong , salt-laden winds. Galium gaudichaudii 67 + Spinifex hirsutus 67 1 ALTITUDE : Mean = Om , Highest = Om, Tetragonia implexicoma 67 1 Lowest = Om . Acacia longifolia 67 1 Clematis microphylla 67 1 STRUCTURE : Shrubland Crassula sieberiana 67 + Dichondra repens 67 1 MEAN FLORISTIC RICHNESS : 24 species per site Hypochoeris radicata 67 + Leptospermum laevigatum 67 2 MEAN WEED COMPOSITION : 17 % of species, Olearia axillaris 67 1 21% of cover. Oxalis corniculata 67 1 Pelargonium australe 67 1 NOTES : With the exception of the introduced Act ites mega locar pus 67 1 Marram Grass { Ammoph i la arenaria), frequently Sonchus oleraceus 67 planted as a sand-binder , this well-defined community is dominated by native species. The lack of disturb-ance to this community is probably a function of its inaccessibility (e.g. the almost entirely unroaded dune region of the 90 Mile Beach) which in turn demonstrates the fecundity and dispersal ability of a. arenaria. This grass and the native spinifex hirsuta (the frequency of which seems to have decreased since the introduction of A. arenaria might be regarded among the most important species of the coastal areas. Their sand-binding ability stabilizes the dunes which afford protection from oceanic winds. DATES OF PUBLICATION OF AUSTRALIAN PHARMACY JOURNALS IN CONNECTION WITH TAXONOMY by T. B. Muir* Pharmacists today rely very little on plants as a source of their medicinal drugs, but this was not the case last century, when botanists and pharmacists had a common interest in plants with medicinal properties. Ferdinand Mueller, Government Botanist in Victoria from 1853 to 1896, was one such botanist, and some of his new species were deseribed in the various pharmacy journals published in that period. These journals are consequently of importance to present day plant taxonomists but the similarity of their titles has led to much confusion and they have frequently been misquoted in literature. Van Steenis (1950) brought welcome clarity to the situation although his paper lacked some details. The present author has examuned the journals in the library of the Victorian College of Pharmacy, Melbourne, where complete sets are held, and has written this paper in order to provide further clarity. The first Australian pharmacy journal of concern to taxonomists is Quarterly Journal and Transactions of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria. Only volumes 1 and 2 were issued, between 1858 and 1860. The next journal was The Chemist and Druggist. With Australasian Supplement, which commenced publication in 1878. It has sometimes been referred to as Victorian Chemist and Druggist, and Melbourne Chemist and Druggist. The history of this and the succeeding journals is given in van Steenis, as well as Anon. (1885), Anon. (1886), and Anon. (1934), to which reference should be made for details not ineluded here. In volume 5, number 60, dated April 1883, the title was changed to The Australasian Chemist and Druggist. Volume numbers and part numbers continued on from the previous sequence. In 1886 it was re-titled The Australasian Journal of Pharmacy, the volume numbers recommencing at 1, and in 1972 its title was changed once more, this time to The Australian Journal of Pharmacy, which is still in publication. Van Steenis wrongly stated that the latter journal began in 1883. He was apparently referring to The Australasian Chemist and Druggist. Another journal commenced in 1886, called The Chemist and Druggist of Australasia, which van Steenis wrongly recorded as still being published. Its title was changed in 1908 to The Chemist and Druggist and Pharmacist of Australasia, without any change in the sequence of the volume numbers. In 1934 it was merged with The Australasian Journal of Pharmacy. These journals are listed below, together with The Chemist and Druggist. London, which has been confused with the Australian journals. Details concerning dates of publication are given only for those issues which contain articles of taxonomic importance. These issues were examined for reports of dated events, such as meetings, births and deaths, from which it was possible to establish a date after which each was published, but not a date before which it was published. To ascertain the latter it would be necessary to obtain corroborating evidence from other sources. Nevertheless it seems that generally each issue was published on or close to the date given on it, except for regular diserepancies in The Chemist and Druggist. With Australasian Supplement, q.v. below. ♦National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Muetleria 4(4): 385-387 (1981). 385 386 Quarterly Journal and Transactions of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria. Melbourne, v. 1 — v. 2 (1858-59/60). Eight parts, published at irregular intervals. vol. no. pp. dated published after 2 5 1-56 1 April 1859 10 March 1859 2 6 57-100 1 July 1859 6 June 1859 The Chemist and Druggist. London, v. 1 (1859) -t . The Chemist and Druggist. With Australasian Supplement. Melbourne, v. 1— v. 5, no. 59 (1878/79-83). Issued monthly, at first on the arrival of the English mail, then in volume 1 number 9 it was stated that the journal would henceforth be published on the fifteenth of each month. Each part bears the month as well as the year of publica- tion, but there is ample evidence from the notices of events reported in the journal that the parts were issued at times other than the fifteenth of the month and often in the month following that printed on the cover. With the publication of volume 4 number 42 in October 1881 the journal began to appear regularly and the parts henceforth were issued in the month named on the cover, on or close to the fifteenth of the month. vol. no. pp. dated published after 3 35 81-88 March 1881 7 April 1881 4 40 25-32 Aug. 1881 9 Sept. 1881 4 42 41-48 Oct. 1881 12 Oct. 1881 4 43 49-56 Nov. 1881 16 Nov. 1881 4 45 65-72 Jan. 1882 12 Jan. 1882 4 46 73-80 Feb. 1882 15 Feb. 1882 4 47 81-88 March 1882 13 March 1882 4 48 89-96 April 1882 5 April 1882 5 50 9-20 June 1882 9 June 1882 5 51 21-28 July 1882 13 July 1882 5 52 29-36 Aug. 1882 10 Aug. 1882 5 54 45-52 Oct. 1882 19 Oct. 1882 5 55 53-60 Nov. 1882 15 Nov. 1882 5 56 61-68 Dec. 1882 13 Dec. 1882 5 57 69-76 Jan. 1883 12 Jan. 1883 5 58 77-90 Feb. 1883 14 Feb. 1883 5 59 91-98 March 1883 14 March 1883 Australasian Chemist and Druggist. Melbourne, v. 5, no. 60-v. 8 (1883-85). Published on or close to the fifteenth of each month, as stated on the title pages. vol. no. pp. dated published after 6 61 1-8 May 1883 9 May 1883 6 63 19-26 July 1883 10 July 1883 6 64 27-34 Aug. 1883 9 Aug. 1883 6 66 43-50 Oct. 1883 10 Oct. 1883 6 67 51-58 Nov. 1883 11 Nov. 1883 6 69 67-74 Jan. 1884 15 Jan. 1884 6 70 75-82 Feb. 1884 6 Feb. 1884 6 72 93-100 April 1884 13 April 1884 7 74 9-16 June 1884 8 June 1884 7 78 43-50 Oct. 1884 9 Oct. 1884 7 80 59-66 Dec. 1884 5 Dec. 1884 7 81 67-74 Jan. 1885 15 Jan. 1885 7 82 75-82 Feb. 1885 11 Feb. 1885 7 84 91-98 April 1885 12 April 1885 8 86 9-18 June 1885 10 June 1885 8 89 37-44 Sept. 1885 10 Sept. 1885 8 90 45-52 Oct. 1885 14 Oct. 1885 The Australasian Journal of Pharmacy. Melbourne, v. 1— v. 34 (1886-1919), n.s., v.l-v. 52 (1920-71). Published on or close to the twentieth of each month, as stated on the title pages. 387 vol. no. pp. dated published after 1 2 45-80 Feb. 1886 16 Feb. 1886 1 3 81-122 March 1886 14 March 1886 1 4 123-160 April 1886 14 April 1886 1 6 199-238 June 1886 12 June 1886 1 7 239-274 July 1886 14 July 1886 1 8 275-318 Aug. 1886 13 Aug. 1886 1 9 319-360 Sept. 1886 14 Sept. 1886 1 11 397-444 Nov. 1886 15 Nov. 1886 1 12 445-480 Dec. 1886 14 Dec. 1886 2 13 1-40 Jan. 1887 14 Jan. 1887 2 14 41-80 Feb. 1887 17 Feb. 1887 2 15 81-120 March 1887 16 March 1887 2 16 121-162 April 1887 15 April 1887 The Australian Journal of Pharmacy. Melbourne, v. 53 (1972) -h . The Chemist and Druggist of Australasia. Sydney and Melbourne, v. 1 — v. 23 (1886-1908). Published on or close to the first of each month, as Stated on the title pages. vol. no. pp. dated published after 2 1 1-26 1 Jan. 1887 20 Dec. 1886 2 2 27-52 1 Feb. 1887 31 Jan. 1887 2 3 53-80 1 March 1887 24 Feb. 1887 2 4 81-114 1 April 1887 27 March 1887 2 5 115-144 1 May 1887 27 April 1887 2 6 145-176 1 June 1887 27 May 1887 10 10 207-230 1 Oct. 1895 27 Sept. 1895 11 10 215-242 1 Oct. 1896 25 Sept. 1896 The Chemist and Druggist and Pharmacist of Australasia. Melbourne, v. 24 — v. 49, no. 7 (1909-34). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Mr M. Williams, Assistant Librarian at the Victorian Col- lege of Pharmacy, for his assistance. REFERENCES Anon. (1885). The “Chemist and Druggist” of London and the Pharmaceutical Society of Australasia. Auslralas. Chem. <6 Drugg. 8:61-62. Anon. (1886). “The Chemist and Druggist”, and the Pharmaceutical Society of Australasia. Chem. & Drugg. Auslralas. 1: 2-3. Anon. (1934). The journal takes a forward move. Auslralas. J. Pharm. n.s., 15: 827-828. Van Steenis, C. G.G.J. (1950). The Chemist and Druggist (Melbourne) FI. Males. Bull. 1(7): 193-194. Manuscript received 16 July 1980. NOTES ON TEMPLETONIA R.Br. (PAPILIONACEAE) by J. H. Ross* ABSTRACT The identity of Templetonia regina J. Drummond is discussed and the species is relegated to synonymy under Brachysema aphyllum Hook. Templetonia neglecta J. H. Ross sp. nov. is described from Western Australia. TAXONOMY The name T. regina, whieh does not appear in Index Kewensis and which has been overlooked since it was published, appears in extracts of one of Drummond’s letters (dated 3 Oct. 1844) published by W. J. Hooker in J. Bot. & Kew Card. Misc. 5: 312 (1853). The very brief description supplied by Hooker is as follows: “For about seventy-five miles from the Moore River, we proceeded nearly due north over a rich grassy country, which exhibited little novelty, but was gay with the flowers of my Lawrencella lanceolata, one of the loveliest of plants . . . On the summit of a low bushy hill we discovered a charming Leguminous shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, and bearing brilliant scarlet flowers, nearly 2 inehes long, varying to yellow, and which resemble those of a Templetonia more than any Australian genus I know. At present I have called it T. regina, for it is truly the queen of Leguminosae. Its seed-vessels are like those of Jacksonia.” Hooker edited Drummond’s letters fairly severely and omitted from the description some relevant information which further assists to identify T. regina. Drummond’s actual letter, which is housed in the archives of the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, reads as follows: “. . . on the top of a low bushy hill, in this grassy country we found a most beautiful leguminous shrub, growing 3 or 4 feet high with the stems of Platylobium scolopendrium, but with flowers nearly two inches long and of the most brilliant scarlet varying to yellow, they the flowers bear a greater resemblance to Templetonia than any other Australian genus I am acquainted with and although the seed vessels will no doubt supply generic distinction I for the present name the plant T. regina allied to the splendid plant, which may well be called the queen of Western Australian Leguminosae, at least in the form of the corolla, but with the seed vessels and other characters of Jacksonia, ...” “For the present ...” might be considered to imply that Drummond was not definitely accepting the name but he did not actually say so. However, it is clear from Drummond’s letter of 3 Oct. 1844 and from the following passage in a letter to W. J. Hooker dated 2 July 1847 that while Drummond accepted the plant as a new species for which he adopted the specific epithet “regina”, he was initially unsure to which genus it belonged and subsequently changed his mind. Drummond wrote: “ . . . I sent home in the collection of specimens nos. 26 & 37 two beautiful scarlet flowered leguminous plants I believe both new genera, I sent you both these plants in the last box no. 37 is the plant I called in my letter Templetonia regina, but the habit of the plant, as well as the seed vessel is quite different from Templetonia, and I wish to call it mackayii regina, in compliment to our mutual friend J. T. Mackay of the College Botanic Garden Dublin, when I lived in •National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Muelleria 4{4): 389-393 (1981). 389 390 Ireland Mr Mackay’s house was a home to me when I happened to be in Dublin, and my late Brother was under many obligations to him, it would give me great pleasure to have a fine plant of my discovering bear his name, it will also associated among our Western Australian leguminosae, with Scot & Templeton who were both friends of his own, and fellow labourers in the same field . . . ” However, Hooker did not accede to Drummond’s request as there is no mention of the name Mackayia regina in any extracts of Drummond’s letters published subse- quently. The reason for this is not known but perhaps it was because Hooker was aware of the already published genera Mackaia S. F. Gray (1821) and Mackaya Arn. (1838) or perhaps he merely overlooked the request when extracts of Drummond’s letters were published in 1853. Drummond’s letters of 3 Oct. 1844 and 2 July 1847 provide additional clues to the identity of T. regina which is fortunate in view of the brief description published by Hooker. Reference was made in Drummond’s letter of 2 July 1847 to his no. 37 being the plant he called T. regina. Drummond 4th coll. no. 37 was cited by Ben- tham, ‘FI. Austr.’ 2: 12 (1864), as Brachysema aphyllum Hook., Curtis’s Bot. Mag. t. 4481 (1849), and there are two specimens of Drummond’s 4th coll. no. 37 in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, named B. aphyllum and three in the National Herbarium of Victoria. The plate (t. 4481) of B. aphyllum accords with Drummond’s description and it is clear that T. regina is a later name for the plant described as B. aphyllum. Dr M. D. Crisp, Herbarium, National Botanic Gardens, Canberra, who is currently revising the genera Brachysema R. Br. and Leptosema Benth., has informed me that B. aphyllum is sufficiently distinct to be separated at generic level and that he intends to transfer the species to Burgesia F.Muell. However, as the required new combination in Burgesia has not yet been published for the species, T. regina is here reduced to synonymy under Brachysema aphyllum pending the publication of the new combination: Brachysema aphyllum Hook., Curtis’s Bot. Mag. t. 4481 (1849). Templetonia regina J. Drummond, J. Bot. & Kew Card. Misc. 5: 312 (1853), synon. nov. Type: Western Australia, ± 120 km from Moore River, J. Drummond 4th coll. no. 37 (K, MEL). Templetonia neglecta J. H. Ross, sp. nov., affinis incertae; ab omnibus speciebus differt. Frutex usque ad 0.9 m altus, glabra, inermis. Folia simplicia; lamina (0.45) 0.7-2. 2 (3.8) cm longa, 0.2-0. 5(0. 7) cm lata, oblonga vel plus minusve obovata-oblonga, apice apiculata, glabra, costa subtus satis obvia. Stipulae inconspicuae. Flores axillares, solitarii; pedicelli usque ad 0.7 cm long!; bracteae ad basim pedicellorum usque ad 0.5 mm longae; bracteolae usque ad 1.3 mm longae. Calyx usque ad 6 mm longus. Corolla luteola: vexillum suborbiculare, 9.5-15 mm longum, 7.5-12.5 mm latum; carina et alae usque ad 12 mm longae, unguiculatae. Stamina 10; filamenta in columnam antice Assam connata. Ovarium usque ad 6 mm longum, glabrum. Legumina oblonga, 2. 2-2. 6 cm longa, 0. 9-1.1 cm lata, glabra. Semina elliptica, 4. 5-5. 8 mm longa, 2. 6-3. 2 mm lata. Glabrous shrub up to 0.9 m high with several stems arising from a woody rootstock; young stems green, ± terete or distinctly ridged and somewhat angular, unarmed. Stipules inconspicuous, up to 1 mm long, broad basally and tapering apically. Leaves simple, articulated basally, oblong to slightly obovate-oblong, up- per surface usually somewhat concave in section, (0.45) 0.7-2. 2 (3.8) x 0.2-0. 5 (0.7) cm, glabrous, midrib raised and conspicuous beneath, projecting slightly beyond the apex of the leaf as a short mucro, with a mass of fine glandular processes in the axils. Flowers 1 per axil, on glabrous pedicels 4-7 mm long, the pedicels with a basal bract ± 0.5 mm long and a pair of glabrous bracteoles 1-1.5 mm long from about the middle to near the apex. Calyx green, up to 6 mm long, the two upper lobes fused for almost their entire length, the lowest lobe longest, glabrous except for a fringe of hairs on the apex of the lobes. Stantfa/'d orbicular, 9.5-15 mm long in- cluding a claw up to 3.5 mm long, 7.5-12.5 mm wide, reflexed, emarginate apically. 391 Fig. 1. Templetonia neglecta. a -flowering twig, x 1; b-side view of flower showing the paired bracteoles, x 3; c — calyx opened out (upper lobes on left), x 3; d — standard, x 3; e — wing petal, x 3; f-keel petal, x 3; g-staminal tube opened out, x 3; h-gynoecium, x 3, a-h from Newbey 4273 (PERTH); i — fruiting twig, x 1; j-valve of pod showing seeds, x l'/ 2 , i & j from Newbey 2775 (PERTH); k-seed, hilar view, x 5; 1 -seed, side view, x 5; m-outline of embryo showing straight radicle, x 5, k-m from A. S. George 7236 (PERTH). r 392 dull lightish brown outside with dull yellow venation, dull yellow inside with a darker yellow basal horse-shoe shaped throat surrounded by a narrow dull light brown margin (fide Newbey 4273); wings 8.5-12 mm long including a claw up to 2.5 mm long, 2. 5-4. 5 mm wide, auricled, dull light brown outside; petals lightly united, 9-12 mm long including a claw up to 3.5 mm long, 3. 5-4. 8 mm wide, auricl- ed, dull light brown outside. Stamens 10.5-12.5 mm long, the filaments joined in a sheath split open on the upper side, anthers alternately basifixed and dorsifixed. Ovary up to 6 mm long including the stipe, 4-6-ovulate, glabrous; style slender, curved, with a small terminal stigma. Pod oblong, on a stipe as long as or just ex- ceeding the persistent calyx, 2. 2-2. 6x0. 9-1.1 cm, with an acute apical beak, 3-5-seeded, valves convex, coriaceous, glabrous, splitting along both sutures. Seeds elliptic, 4. 5-5. 8 x2. 6-3. 2 mm and 1. 5-2.1 mm thick, yellowish-brown, with a small hilum surrounded by a collar-like aril, the aril with a raised lateral lip. Type Collection: Western Australia, 11 km N.W. of Black Head, 34°3TS, 118°48'E, K. Newbey 4273, 6.viii.l974 (PERTH, holo.!). Also Examined: Western Australia— near Cape Arid, Maxwell, 1875 (MEL 92091). 28 miles S. of Ravensthorpe, E. Wittwer 412, 27.viii.1965 (PERTH). W. end of Eyre Range, S. of Ravensthorpe, A. S. George 7236, 2.xi.l965 (PERTH). Eucia Division, Esperance Distr., 3 km N.W. of Young River crossing on Ravensthorpe-Esperance main road, N. N. Donner 2774, 25. ix. 1968 (AD 97118033). 22 miles S. of Jer- ramungup, K. Newbey 2775, 16. xi. 1968 (PERTH). 17 miles W. of Bremer Bay, K. Newbey 2843, 22.viii.1969 (PERTH). T. neglecta is a rare species with a restricted distribution in the Southwestern Botanical Province of Western Australia being confined to the Eyre Botanical District as defined by Beard (1980) where it has been recorded from loam, loamy clay and rocky sand (quartzite). Although the first specimen was collected by Max- well in 1875, ninety years apparently elapsed before the species was re-collected. Only seven collections of T. neglecta have been made to date and further material would be welcomed. The species lacks any outstanding characteristic which may account for it not having been described previously. According to Mr. K. Newbey plants are in- conspicuous, expecially when not in flower, and have the appearance of straggly specimens of Gastrolobium crassifolium Benth. with only a few leaves. Flowers are produced from early June to early September and individual plants are reported to flower for long periods. Regeneration is mainly by suckering after a fire or earth disturbance. T. neglecta shows no obvious affinity with any other Templetonia species in Western Australia although some sterile small-leaved specimens of T. retusa show a fairly close superficial resemblance to sterile specimens of T. neglecta. However, T. retusa is a very distinctive unrelated species which is readily distinguished from T. neglecta when in flower or fruit. T. neglecta appears to be most closely related to T. stenophylla which occurs in eastern South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria and from which it is separated by a large geographical discontinuity. T. stenophylla differs in that the plants are sometimes weak-stemmed and straggling, the leaves tend to be larger, not as congested on the stems and of a different shape and texture, the flowers are solitary or paired in the leaf axils, and the pods are usually slightly obliquely oblong-elliptic with a lateral apical beak and on a stipe up to 5 mm long which exceeds the persistent calyx. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to Mr A. D. Chapman, Bureau of Flora and Fauna, Depart- ment of Science and the Environment, Canberra, for initially drawing my attention to the name T. regina, to Mr A. S. George, Western Australian Herbarium, for 393 subsequently locating a reference to T. regina in J. Drummond’s correspondence and for suggesting the possible identity of the species; to Dr A. A. Munir, currently Australian Botanical Liaison Officer, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for copying out the relevant portions of Drummond’s letters housed in the Kew archives and for photographing some of the specimens of Brachysema aphyllum housed at Kew, to Mr Ken Newbey, Ongerup, Western Australia, for kindly providing his detailed description and field notes of T. neglecta, to Miss A. M. Podwyszynski, National Herbarium of Victoria, for preparing the accompanying illustration, and to the Curator, Western Australian Herbarium and Chief Botanist, State Herbarium of South Australia, for the loan of specimens. REFERENCE phytogeographical map of Western Australia. W.A. Herb. Research Notes 3i 37-58. Manuscript received 7 July 1980. G POLLEN-OVULE RATIOS, BREEDING SYSTEMS AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN GNAPHALIINAE (COMPOSITAE: INULEAE) by P. S. Short * ABSTRACT Pollen-ovule ratios (P/O’s) were used to determine the breeding systems of 24 species in 13 genera of the subtribe Gnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae). In many cases where P/O’s were determined for 3 or more widely separated populations within a species P/O values were very uniform and species were readily classed as either outbreeders (P/O’s = c. 1,500-6, 000) or inbreeders (P/O’s = c. 40-350). P/O variation between populations is discussed. Changes from outbreeding to inbreeding were recognized in some closely related taxa of Actinobole, Angianthus, Blennospora, Chrysocoryne, Chthono- cephalus and Pogonolepis. Character differences often associated with such changes include narrow vs wide distribution range, diploidy vs polyloidy, tetrasporangiate vs bisporangiate anthers and pentamerous vs tri- or tetramerous florets. Derived inbreeding taxa were generally widespread across much of Australia while their outbreeding congeners were restricted to parts of Western Australia. The data suggest that the inbreeding taxa originated in that state and subsequently spread eastwards. The salt lake systems of the south-west of Western Australia may have been important reservoirs from which colonization of the arid zone has occurred. The following new combinations have been made: Actinobole condensatum (A. Gray) Short, Blennospora phlegmatocarpa (Diels) Short, Pogonolepis muellerana (Sond.) Short and Siloxerous pygmaeus (A. Gray) Short. INTRODUCTION Cruden (1977), on the basis of data from 96 populations representing 80 species and approximately 30 families, has shown that pollen-ovule ratios (P/O’s) are a good conservative indicator of a flowering plant’s breeding system. Further data supporting the use of P/O’s have been presented by Lloyd (1965), Baker (1967), Gibbs et al. (1975), Cruden (1976 a, b), Schoen (1977), Cruden and Hermman- Parker (1979) and Spira (1980). Merxmuller et al. (1977) drew attention to the lack of biosystematic studies in the Inuleae. In order to complement taxonomic revisions, P/O data, and thus breeding system data, have been determined for a number of endemic Australian taxa belonging to the tribe Inuleae (Compositae). Such data, along with chromosome number determinations, have led to a new understanding of the relationships and distribution patterns exhibited by many of the species and genera examined. It is hoped that the data obtained for the Compositae will be of interest to students of this family and workers in Australian biogeography and illustrate the value of P/O’s in biosystematic and biogeographic studies. Initial taxonomic investigations of the Inuleae by the present author were cen- tred on members of the subtribe Angianthinae, one of nine subtribes recognised by Bentham (1873). Merxmuller et al. (1977) referred the majority of the members of the subtribe to an “Angianthus group” of the substribe Gnaphaliinae. While the alignment of the various genera with others such as Helichrysum Miller and •National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Miielleria 4(4): 395-417 (1981). 395 396 Helipterum DC. seems reasonable the group is nevertheless artificial, with genera be- ing grouped together primarily because of their characteristic compound heads or glomerules. This condition occurs in a number of unrelated genera in the Com- positae and is perhaps a result of selection for more efficient pollination or for a shorter life cycle. In the genera studied a reduction in life span is likely, many species being annuals living in arid or semi-arid conditions. In any case the Australasian “Angianthus group” contains genera which are probably not as closely related as current classification suggests, preliminary studies clearly indicating the need for critical revisions of the currently recognised genera of Gnaphaliinae. For example, studies in the genus Angianthus Wendl. (sensu Bentham, 1867) suggest that c.lO segregate genera should be recognized (Short, in press), a conclusion more or less in accord with a previous treatment of the Angianthinae by Gray (1851). Thus in this paper Chrysocoryne 'EnAl., Dithyrostegia A. Gray, EpUrichei:uKz., Hyalochlamys A. Gray, Pogonolepis Steetz and Siloxerus Labill. are recognised. Other genera of the “Angianthus group”, e.g. Actinobole Fenzl ex Endl., Blenhospora A. Gray and Chthonocephalus Steetz, have also been examined and P/O distribution data are outlined for members of these genera plus various other taxa belonging to the sub- tribe Gnaphaliinae. The subtribe Gnaphaliinae (sensu Merxmuller et ah, 1977) consists of perhaps 95-100 genera and has a world-wide distribution, the main centres of diversity being in South America and Australia. Smaller centres occur in South Africa and the Mediterranean. Because of the artificiality of the “Angianthus group”, elaboration of its general distribution is somewhat meaningless. However, in the sense of Merx- muller et al. (1977), the group is considered to be endemic to Australasia and it is of interest that many of the genera studied have their apparent centre of diversity in Western Australia. Indeed some, e.g. Siloxerus (3 spp.), Cephalosorus (1 sp.), Dithyrostegia (1 sp.), Epitriche (1 sp.) and Hyalochlamys (1 sp.) are endemic to the south-west of the state. The presence of some monotypic genera, of which relation- ships are at present obscure, suggests that some entities are relictual. This contrasts with the majority of taxa examined below, where it is suggested that at least the derived inbreeding species are probably of quite recent origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine pollen-ovule ratios of hermaphroditic species all pollen grains were counted in a single floret taken from, usually, each of 15 individuals of a population. Whenever possible counts were obtained from 3 or more populations, all individual counts being combined to give an average P/O for the species. To count pollen mature but indehisced anthers were removed from florets and mounted in a solution of safranin or double stain (methyl green and phloxine: Owcarzac, 1952) and glycerin jelly. On squashing, mature anthers readily discharged their pollen grains which were then counted by using a grid in the eye piece of the misroscope. The use of a cytoplasmic stain also enabled estimation of percentage pollen fertility although in the taxa examined no significant infertility was observed. As there is a single ovule per floret in the Compositae the pollen-ovule ratio in hermaphroditic species is equal to the number of pollen grains per floret. To deter- mine P/O’s of andromonoecious and gynomonoecious taxa it was necessary to determine the ratio of male or female to bisexual florets. To accomplish this the number of bisexual and unisexual florets were counted in a single capitulum of each individual from which pollen was counted and the average percentages of unisexual and bisexual florets for a population were determined. Voucher specimens of plants used for detailed pollen counts are housed in the State Herbarium of South Australia (AD). Chromosome counts were obtained from either bud material fixed in the field or root tips obtained from freshly germinated seeds. A full account of the chromosome data will be published elsewhere. 397 Distribution maps have been compiled from specimens housed in the following herbaria (abbreviations after Holmgren and Keuken, 1974): AD, BRI, CANB, CBG, K, KP (Kings Park, Western Australia), MEL, NSW, NT, PERTH and UWA. Several species found during the course of these studies are yet to be described and are referred to by capital letters, e g. Chrysocoryne sp. A. Four new combina- tions have also been required (see appendix I). Thus Calocephalus phlegmatocarpus Diels has been transferred to Blennospora A. Gray, Gnaphalodes condensatum A. Gray to Actinobole Fenzl ex Endl., Skirrhophorus muelleranus Sond. to Pogonolepis Steetz and Chamaesphaerion pygmaeus A. Gray to Siloxerus Labill. RESULTS Pollen-ovule data of species examined are summarised in table 1 and figure 1 . Table 2 contains a summary of the character differences frequently found to occur between the closely related outbreeding and inbreeding species examined. Appendix 2 contains information pertaining to individual populations from which data were obtained while appendix 3 contains t-test results from paired comparisons of the P/O’s of populations of each species. Apart from andromonoecious Helipterum pygmaeum (DC.) Benth. and gynomonoecious Helichrysum tepperi F. Muell. all species examined in this paper are hermaphroditic and, with the exception of Angianthus cunninghamii (DC.) Benth., are annuals. POLLEN-OVULE RATIO Fig. 1. Mean, range, standard deviation and standard error of pollen-ovule ratios of species of Gnaphaliinae. 398 Species Mean ± Standard Deviation Pollen-ovule ratio ± Standard Number of Error individuals Number of populations Actinobole condensatum 2,037.4 357.4 68.7 27 2, 1 in part Actinobole condensatum 373.1 70.7 16.6 18 2, only 1 in part Actinobole uliginosum 110.8 23.8 2.3 101 7 only Angianthiis pygmaeus 2,345.4 330.3 85.2 15 1 Angianthus preissianus 119.7 35.5 4.5 60 4 Blennospora phlegmatocarpa 4,119.7 762.4 113.6 45 3 Blennospora drummondii 231.0 53.7 6.2 75 5 Chrysocoryne pusilla 1,967.0 306.3 45.6 45 3 Chrysocoryne sp.B. 2,043.6 278.3 71.8 15 1 Chrysocoryne uniflora 1,777.5 354.1 91.4 15 1 Chrysocoryne drummondii 121.9 33.7 5.0 45 3 Chrysocoryne sp.A. 105.8 34.3 8.8 15 1 Chrysocoryne sp.C. 48.6 10.5 1.5 45 3 Chthonocephalus sp. afif. pseudevax 1,539.0 314.0 81.0 15 1 Chthonocephalus pseudevax 150.7 29.1 3.7 60 4 Helipterum demissum 84.6 18.1 3.3 30 2 Millotia tenuifolia 154.9 29.2 7.5 15 Myriocephalus rhizocephalus 107.6 23.1 5.9 15 1 Pogonolepis stricta 3,185.4 397.7 102.6 15 1 Pogonolepis sp.A. 3,761.4 516.7 133.4 15 1 Pogonolepis muellerana 227.2 51.8 5.4 90 6 Rutidosis multiflora 33.4 10.9 1.6 45 3 Toxanthes muelleri 86.0 19.4 5.0 15 1 Helichrysum tepperi c. 37.5 — — 15 1 Helipterum pygmaeum c. 252 - - 15 1 Table 1. Pollen-ovule ratios of species of Gnaphaliinae. Outbreeder Inbreeder Species High pollen-ovule ratio Low pollen-ovule ratio Actinobole condensatum/A. uliginosum Angianthus pygmaeus/A. preissianus Angianthus drummondii/ A. preissianus Blennospora phlegmatocarpa/B. drummondii Chrysocoryne spp. Chthonocephalus sp. aff. pseudevax/C. pseudevax Millotia spp. Pogonolepis spp. Anther sac long Anther sac c. half as long As above Anthers tetrasporangiate Anthers bisporangiate As above Florets pentamerous Florets tri- or tetramerous As above Laminae of capitula Laminae of capitular Actinobole condensatum/A. uliginosum bracts conspicuous bracts less conspicuous Inflorescence strongly Inflorescence weakly Blennospora phlegmatocarpa/B. drummondii scented scented Protandrous Protogynous ? Blennospora phlegmatocarpa/B. drummondii Diploid Polyploid Chrysocoryne spp. Pogonolepis spp. Restricted distribution Wide distribution Actinobole condensatum/A. uliginosum Angianthus pygmaeus/A. preissianus Angianthus drummondii/A. preissianus Blennospora phlegmatocarpa/B. drummondii Chrysocoryne spp. (p.p.) Chthonocephalus sp. aff. pseudevax/C. pseudevax Pogonolepis spp. (p.p.) Table 2. Summary of character differences found to occur between related outbreeding and inbreeding species of Gnaphaliinae. 399 Actinobole Fenzl ex Endl. This genus contains 2 species, A.condensatum (A. Gray) Short and A.uliginosum (A. Gray) Hj. Eichl. The former species is confined to Western Australia, occurring between latitudes c.24°S and 30°30'S and west of longitude c.ll6°E. It commonly grows in red sandy soil in open Acacia-Ptilotus shrubland but has also been collected on the coast, growing with Carpobrotus, Calandrinia etc. in white quartzite sand (Short 380). On the other hand the inbreeding A.uliginosum, with an average P/0= 110.8, is widely distributed across much of mainland Australia, occurring between latitudes c.22°S and c.38°S and west of longitude c.l51°E (fig. 2). The species frequents a variety of habitats including granite outcrops, mallee scrub and the upper margins of salt lakes. The capitular bracts of A.condensatum have larger laminae than those found in A.uliginosum. Differences in anther sac size and the occasional presence of tetramerous florets in A.uliginosum also reflect the different breeding systems displayed by the 2 species. Both species of Actinobole possess an extremely efficient method of cypsela dispersal. The pappus in both species usually consists of 5-6 stiff bristles which, in the intact capitulum, lie parallel to the corolla tube. As the capitular bracts weaken at maturity the pappus bristles suddenly reflex, shooting the cypselas from the capitulum and dispersing them around the plant. The most significant observation in the genus is the presence of 2 different P/O’s within A.condensatum. The data suggest that northern populations of the species are primarily outbreeders with average P/O’s of c.2,000. In contrast the southern populations sampled display an average P/O of several hundred. A single sample (Short 393) from a population located near the centre of the species distribution con- tig. 2. Distribution ot related outbreeding and inbreeding species of Actinobole, Angianthus, Blen- nospora and Chthonocephalus. Outbreeding species with open symbols, inbreeding species with clo.sed symbols. 400 Fig. 3. Distribution of inbreeding (closed circles) and outbreeding (open circles) populations of Actinobole condensatum in Western Australia. tains some individuals with high P/O’s and others with low P/O’s (fig. 3). P/O differences are correlated with changes in anther size but apart from this character no other differences are apparent between outbreeding and inbreeding individuals. The distribution pattern observed within A. condensatum is reminiscent of pat- terns frequently displayed by diploid and tetraploid individuals. To date only a single chromosome count for the species, n= 10, has been recorded (Turner, 1970). Turner’s voucher collection, {T5388), contains specimens with high P/O’s. Angianthus Wendl. Fifteen species are recognized within this genus (Short, in press). The majority of species have pentamerous florets but A.preissianus Steetz, with an average P/O of 1 19.7, has trimerous and tetramerous florets. Two species, A.pygmaeus (A. Gray) Benth and A.drummondii (Turcz.) Benth. (including specimens referred to A.sp.aW.drummondii, Short, in press) must be regarded as close relatives of A.pre- issianus. A.drummondii is an uncommon species and P/O data are unavailable. However, like A. pygmaeus, (with an average P/O of 2,345.4), the species contains pentamerous florets and from the few individuals examined, it appears that it too has a P/O of several thousand. Both A.pygmaeus and A.drummondii are restricted to the south-west of Western Australia. The former species is restricted to saline depressions of the Avon River System (Bettenay and Mulcahy, 1972) between latitudes c.3r30'S and 33°30'S and longitudes c.ll7°00'E and 120°00'E. The only known specimens of A.drum- mondii are from the vicinity of the Tone, Hotham, Harvey and Preston Rivers. Specimens referred to as A.sp.aS.drummondii appear, like A.pygmaeus, to favour saline locations, most collections being from the Lake King-Lake Grace region of Western Australia. In contrast the inbreeding A.preissianus grows around salt lakes and along much of the coastline of southern mainland Australia and northern Tasmania (fig. 2). 401 Apart from differences in floret lobe number and anther sac size there is nothing to indicate the differences in breeding systems exhibited by A.preissianus and the related A.pygmaeus and A.drummondii. Unlike the above-mentioned species of Angianthus, the remaining ones tend to produce large, showy compound heads and appear to have P/O’s of one to several thousand. Some of the species, e.g. A.acrohyalinus, A.milnei and A.tomentosus, which are capable of producing compound heads containing perhaps 500 to c. 2,000 two-flowered capitula, produce relatively few seeds under natural conditions. Thus even A.tomentosus, a species known to be self-compatible (G. J. Keighery, un- published data), may only set c.lOO seeds per compound head. The low actual: potential seed set ratio may be a reflection of selection for maintenance of a showy inflorescence, the prime purpose of which is to attract pollinators. In contrast to the outbreeders A.preissianus appears, as expected, to produce a full complement of ap- parently mature, viable seed. Many species of Angianthus are endemic to, and have moderately restricted distributions in. Western Australia while species occuring in central and eastern Australia tend to be distributed over a much greater area of the continent (Short, in press). It is also noteworthy that eleven of the fifteen species often grow on the margin of salt lakes, with perhaps five or six being confined to such habitats. Several of these, including the only perennial species, A.cunninghamii, also occur in coastal situations. Blennospora A. Gray The genus Blennospora is considered here to contain 2 species, B.drummondii A. Gray and B.phlegmatocarpa (Diels) Short. These species, normally referred to Calocephalus R.Br., can be readily distinguished from that genus by a number of characters, i.e. pappus type, morphology and arrangement of bracts and cypsela morphology. Calocephalus stowardii Moore is considered to be conspecific with B. phlegmatocarpa. Blennospora phlegmatocarpa, with an average P/O of 4,119.7, may be readily distinguished from its inbreeding relative, B.drummondii, (with an average P/O of 231), by its bright yellow, pentamerous florets and the presence of a strong, almost putrid odour. The latter species has brown pentamerous and occasionally tetramerous florets which emit a comparatively weak odour. Both species have a haploid chromosome number of 1 1 . Observations of style position at the time of dehiscence suggest that B.phlegmatocarpa is protandrous. In mature florets the style is exserted c.0.5-0.8 mm above the reflexed corolla lobes. However anthesis occurs well before the apparently immature style is exserted and indeed the majority of pollen is shed on the style as it grows between the anthers. The style arms remain straight as they pass between the anthers but reflex when growth stops. The high P/O and strong scent of the florets also suggests that the species is protandrous. This would be con- sistent with results obtained by Cruden (1977) for xenogamous species. Cruden (l.c.) also noted that the xenogamous species he examined were self-incompatible. This has not been checked in B.phlegmatocarpa but the recurved nature of the style arms suggests that in the event that cross-pollination does not occur the species may self- pollinate, some pollen always remaining in the floret after anthesis. In B.drummondii recurved style arms are exserted above the corolla at anthesis but never as prominently as in B.phlegmatocarpa. The low P/O and the position of the style arms at anthesis suggest that the species is protogynous. This mechanism, despite the low number of pollen grains produced, would enable some outcrossing to occur. The species is self-compatible with most, if not all, florets appearing to pro- duce mature, viable seed when pollinators are excluded. Blennospora phlegmatocarpa is almost invariably restricted to the saline, often sandy, soils on the margins of salt lakes of the Avon River System (Bettenay & Mulcahy, 1972) between latitudes c.31°S and c.33°S and longitudes I16°E and 402 119°E (fig. 2). It is commonly associated with genera such as Halosarcia, Atriplex and Disphyma, all of which tend to grow in the innermost vegetation zone of salt lakes but occasionally individuals may be found in an outer Melaleuca zone. Although primarily restrieted to salt lakes one collection {Short 654) has been made from Eucalyptus woodland near Bruce Rock and another {Short 658) from the base of granite rocks at Roe Dam. Blennospora drummondii is a widespread species occurring in the south-west of Western Australia, southern South Australia and western Victoria (fig. 2). It un- doubtedly has a much lower tolerance to salinity than B.phlegmatocarpa with only a few collections coming from the Melaleuca zone of salt lakes. Many collections of this species come from moss swards at the base of granite outcrops but it may be found in a range of woodland or mallee communities. The 2 species have never been found growing together. Chrysocoryne Endl. This genus contains 6 species, namely C.pusilla (Benth.) Endl., C. uniflora Turcz. and C. drummondii A. Gray plus 3 new species, here referred to as Chrysocoryne spp. A, B and C. Three of the species are outbreeders while the re- mainder are inbreeders (table 1, fig. 1). All occur in the south-west of Western Australia (fig. 4), with only C.pusilla and C. drummondii extending beyond that state. C.drumrrondii • 1 ig. 4. DiMiibiKion of species of Chrysocoryne. Outbreeding species with open symbols, inbreeding species \\iih solid symbols. Drainage basins in Western Australia: 1 . Murchison Di\ ision 2. Luicia Division .V Monger System 4. Avon System 5. Blackwood System 6. South Coast System 403 Members of the genus are very closely related with differences occurring in the number of lobes per floret (inbreeders have predominantly, or entirely, tri- and tetramerous florets), the number of florets per capitulum, the number of capitular bracts per capitulum and the number of capitula per species. Differences in habit, bract morphology and chromosome numbers also occur and a tentative phylogeny has been constructed (Short, unpublished data). The outbreeding C.pusilla (average P/0 = 1,967), a self-compatible species (G. J. Keighery, unpublished data), must be regarded as the species with the most primitive characteristics. Furthermore its distribution pattern contrasts with that observed in most other species examined in that it is an outbreeder widespread across much of Australia. Unlike the other species of Chrysocoryne it is also quite polymorphic. It frequents a wide range of habitats, commonly growing on the margins of saline depressions, on coastal dunes, in moss swards around granite outcrops, in chenopod steppe, or on Triodia dominated red sand-dunes of the inland. The only other widespread species, the inbreeding C.drummondii (average P/0 = 121.9), is generally morphologically uniform and occupies a number of habitats. In Western Australia it is confined to the south-west of the state, com- monly occurring on the margins of salt lakes and at the base of granite outcrops. A few isolated populations occur on southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, while it is also common in a small region of south-eastern South Australia and central- western Victoria. The remaining species, C. uniflora (average P/0= 1,777.5), B (average P/O = 2,043.6), A (average P/0= 105.8) and C (average P/0 = 48.6), are restricted to salt lakes of Western Australia. Thus all species of Chrysocoryne may be en- countered on the margins of saline depressions and indeed 2 or more commonly oc- cur in the same locality. For example, all except species B have been collected from the saline Mortlock River flats near Meckering. Specific differences are presumably maintained by a number of parameters, in- cluding differences in habitat, chromosome number and flowering time. Indeed C.pusilla is rarely observed growing amongst samphire, the common habitat of the other species, and tentative chromosome counts of n = 6, 12 and c.l3 have been ob- tained for C.pusilla and species A and C respectively. Similarly field observations suggest that species C reaches maturity some days before the closely related C. uniflora with which it commonly grows. These factors, when combined with the inbreeding nature of 3 of the species, present a formidable barrier to interspecific crossing. No evidence of hybridization has been found between any species. Mulcahy and Bettenay (1972) recognized 6 drainage divisions within Western Australia, and all species of Chrysocoryne occur within the South West Division. Both C.pusilla and C.drummondii are of course found both within and extensively outside the division. Chrysocoryne uniflora and species B and C are most common within the region while species A is in fact confined within its boundaries (fig. 4). A number of palaeo-drainage systems associated with the chains of salt lakes in the region may also be recognised within the division (Bettenay and Mulcahy, 1972). Species A is confined to the Avon System (fig. 4), the only collections coming from Lake King and the Mortlock River flats near Meckering. Although several collec- tions come from both the southern edge of the Murchison Division and from the northern half of the Avon System, C. uniflora is undoubtedly most common in the Monger System. Species B, although extending into the Eucla Division where collec- tions have been made from Lake Barlee, appears to be otherwise restricted to the up- per half of the South West Division, single collections coming from the Monger and Avon Systems. Species C barely extends into the Monger System, being most com- mon in the Avon, Blackwood and South Coast Systems. It has also been collected from two salt lakes in the south-west of the Eucla Division. Thus it appears that the major drainage divisions and their constituent systems have influenced the distribution of species of Chrysocoryne. The occurrence of a species in more than one system is probably a reflection of the fact that seed disper- 404 sal, presumably by wind, is not inhibited by any substantial barriers, such as ranges of hills, between them. The occurrence of all species on salt lakes is also reflected by the fact that they all possess scale-like glandular hairs on their stems and leaves, such hairs being characteristic of many plants growing in saline conditions. A few such hairs are always to be found on C.pusilla and C.drummondii, even when growing in non- saline habitats. This condition, plus their current distribution, strongly suggests evolution of the group in a saline environment. Chthonocephalus Steetz This genus consists of perhaps 5 species, 3 of which are undescribed. Four of the species produce uniformly pentamerous florets while one, C. pseudevax Steetz has trimerous and tetramerous florets, an average P/O of 150.7, and is widespread across much of Australia, occurring between latitudes c.25°S and c.36°S and west of longitude c.l48°E (fig. 2). It occupies a variety of habitats, commonly occurring in sandy depressions on granite outcrops or in sandy soil amongst Halosarcia and Melaleuca plants on the edge of saline depressions. The species is undoubtedly closely related to an undescribed, outbreeding species (average P/O = 1,539), here referred to as C.s'p.aS.pseudevax. This taxon is known from a single collection {Short 394) coming from Acacia linophylla-AormmXeA red sand-dunes c.lOO km N. of the Murchison River Bridge on the North West Coastal Highway, Western Australia. Like C. pseudevax it is a dwarf, stemless plant, each plant having a single compound head, c.1-2 cm in diameter, surrounded by an involucre of leaves. The 2 species may be readily distinguished on leaf shape but pseudevax, because of its pentamerous florets, also has a much more conspicuous inflorescence than C. pseudevax. Observations suggest that the 3 remaining species are predominantly out- breeders with P/O’s of several thousand. Two of the species {C.tomentellus (F.Muell.) Benth. and C.sp.aff.tomentellus sp.nov.) are restricted to the Shark Bay region of Western Australia which contains all Chthoncephalus species and is the centre of diversity of the genus. The remaining species (undescribed) extends through much of central Western Australia and into the north-west of South Australia and the south-west of the Northern Territory. Pogonolepis Steetz This genus contains a number of, as yet somewhat ill-defined, closely related outbreeding and inbreeding taxa. The genus has its centre of diversity in the south- west of Western Australia, where perhaps 6 taxa, all endemic, occtir. A single species, P.muellerana (Sond.) Short, occurs in southern South Australia, southern New South Wales and Victoria. All taxa have pentamerous florets and their general apearance gives no reason to suspect the vast differences in P/O’s obtained. Three or four outbreeding taxa, including P.stricta (average P/0 = 3,185.4) and Pogonolepis A (Average P/O = 3, 761. 4), occur in Western Australia. To date ac- curate P/O’s have not been determined but it is apparent that at least 2 iiibreeding taxa also occur in that state, one taxon having only been collected from Eclipse Lake {Chinnock 4357). The remaining inbreeder, which appears to have close affinities with P. muellerana, is more widespread in southern Western Australia. With the exception of P.stricta, which appears to be restricted to saline flats of Leschenault Inlet and the Vasse Estuary, all Western Australian taxa appear to oc- cur on the margins of salt lakes and indeed several appear to be restricted to such habitats. The widespread P.muellerana (average P/O = 227.2) occupies a variety of habitats. It is extremely common amongst Halosarcia and other chenopods on the edge of both coastal and inland saline flats but is also common in a variety of mallee habitats. . ... Chromosome numbers promise to provide useful information in this genus. Counts of n = 4, 5 and 6 have been obtained for outbreeding taxa, while counts of 405 n = 7, c.lO and c.l2 have been obtained for inbreeding taxa. The high numbers (i.e. c.lO and 12) obtained for the presumably derived inbreeders suggests that at least two taxa are of polyploid origin. Millotia Cass. Schodde (1963, 1968) recognized 5 species of Millotia. Two species, M.macrocarpa Schodde and M.tenuifolia Cass, were found to possess trimerous and tetramerous florets while the remaining three, M.myosotidifolia (Benth.) Steetz, M.greevesii F. Muell, and M.inopinata Schodde have pentamerous florets. It was also found that the terminal anther appendages of the species with pentamerous florets were more or less exserted from the corolla tube at anthesis. In contrast the anthers of the other species were enclosed, or at least barely exposed, at anthesis. Such differences suggested to the present author that quite different breeding systems were likely to be found between species. Although adequate material was unavailable for detailed determinations of P/O’s in all species, low P/O’s occur in both M.macrocarpa and M.tenuifolia, an average P/O of 154.9 being recorded for the latter species. The remaining species appear to have P/O’s of several thousand. Of the inbreeders, M.tenuifolia is widespread across much of the southern Australian mainland and extends to Tasmania while M.macrocarpa occurs in semi- arid South Australia and north-western Victoria (Schodde, 1963). In contrast to the frequently observed patterns of distribution in related outbreeding and inbreeding species both M.myosotidifolia and M.greevesii are also widespread across much of Australia. On the other hand M.inopinata is restricted to more or less central Western Australia (Schodde, 1968). Siloxerus Labill. The members of this genus, S.humifusus Labill, S.filifotius (Benth.) Ostenf. and S.pygmaeus (A. Gray) Short are restricted to the south-west of Western Australia. Florets of the latter species are trimerous or tetramerous while both S.humifusus and S.filifolius have tetramerous and pentamerous florets. Good material for accurate P/O determinations was not available, but the few anthers ex- amined suggest low P/O’s (c.200) for all species. A single specimen of S.humifusus {Short 1055) was found to have a P/O of 168. Siloxerus humifusus is primarily distinguishable from S.filifolius on differences in the size of various organs, the cypselas, capitular bracts, pappus bristles and florets of S.humifusus being approximately twice the length of the same characters in the latter species. Such features suggest that S.humifusus may be of polyploid origin. Siloxerus humifusus and S.filifolius occur in a variety of habitats, e.g. open Eucalyptus — Xanthorrhoea woodland or at the base of granite outcrops, and fre- quently occur together (fig. 5). On the other hand S.pygmaeus, occurring to the east and north of the other species, appears to grow almost exclusively on the margins of salt lakes of, mainly, the Avon System and the south-western section of the Eucla Division (Bettenay & Mulcahy, l.c.) Rutidosis DC. Usually nine or ten species are included in this genus (Burbidge, 1963). A varie- ty of characters, particularly of the cypsela, suggest that one, R. multiflora (Nees) Robinson, is generically distinct from the others. It possesses trimerous and tetramerous florets, has an average P/O of 33.4, and is widespread, occurring in Tasmania and across much of southern Australia. Toxanthes Turcz. Both species of this genus, T.perpusilla Turcz. and T.muelleri (Sond.) Benth., are widespread across southern Australia and usually have a mixture of trimerous, tetramerous and pentamerous florets in their capitula. The plants are small (several 406 cm high) and produce more or less inconspicuous capitula. P/O’s have not been determined for T.perpusilla but, like T.muelleri (average P/0 = 83.5), it should prove to be an inbreeding species. The average P/O’s of two other hermaphroditic species with tetramerous florets, *Myriocephalus rhizocephalus (DC.) Benth. (average P/0= 107.6) and Helipterum demissum (A. Gray) Druce (average P/0 = 84.6) have also been deter- mined. Both species are inbreeders and are widespread across southern Australia, with H. demissum reaching Tasmania. Both Myriocephalus Benth. and Helipterum DC. are seriously in need of revision and no attempt has been made to determine the affinities of either species. Gynomonoecious Helichrysum tepperi F.Muell. and andromonoecious Helipterum pygmaeum (DC.) Benth. are small, generally inconspicuous annuals and are widespread across southern Australia. Helichrysum tepperi, with an average P/O of 37.5, has a ratio of approximately 1 female to 1 bisexual floret. Both floret types are trimerous and tetramerous. Helipterum pygmaeum, with an averge P/O of 252, produces from 3 to 5 florets per capitulum and has a ratio of approximately 1 male to 2 bisexual florets. The latter florets are tetra- or pentamerous while the male florets, the last formed, are tri-, tetra- or pentamerous. All florets produce approx- imately the same number of pollen grains. DISCUSSION Pollen-Ovule Ratios As previously stated, Cruden (1977) has shown that P/O’s are a conservative in- dicator of a flowering plant’s breeding system, this conclusion also being supported in a number of other publications. Various factors can however result in a plant hav- ing a lower P/O than would normally be expected. For example a number of plants with clumped pollen, pollinia or polyads as in the Onagraceae, Asclepidaceae and Mimosaceae have much lower P/O’s than those suggested by their apparent out- *M.isoetes Diels is probably conspecific. 407 crossing attributes (Cruden, 1977; Cruden & Jensen, 1979). A further factor, asex- ual reproduction, may also be correlated with unexpectedly low P/O values in some plants. Thus in Wurmbea dioica (R.Br.) F. Muell. a polygamo-dioecious species of the Liliaceae which must usually, if not always, cross-pollinate, a seemingly low P/O of 818 (Short, unpublished data) may well be a reflection of this taxon’s ability to produce bulbs. However, despite the occasional exception there seems little doubt that P/O’s do reflect a plant’s breeding system. Indeed in the Gnaphaliinae examined very different P/O’s were obtained for related species with obviously different mor- phological attributes which in themselves suggested different breeding systems, e.g. differences in bract size in Actinobole condensatum and A. uliginosuni. Furthermore P/O’s have also been very useful for distinguishing taxa almost unrecognizable by macro-morphological characters but with apparently distinctly different breeding systems from related taxa. Such examples are found in the various taxa of Pogonolepis and within Actinobole condensatum. In the latter species differences in P/O’s obtained within a single population (Short 393) underline the importance of sampling individual plants within a population rather than obtaining a value from a mass sampling technique involving the lumping together of florets and/or anthers of more than one individual Few samples exist in the literature in which P/O’s for a number of populations of a species have been determined. Where this has been the case the populations usually exhibit distinctly different P/O’s which are reflected by various mor- phological characters and/or reproductive parameters such as pollinator activity and nectar production e.g. Hedeoma hispida, Caesalpinia pulcherrimma (Cruden, 1976; Cruden & Hermman-Parker, 1979) and Cilia achilleifolia (Schoen, 1977). In the data presented (table 1, appendix II) it is therefore significant that, with the ex- ception of Actinobole condensatum, in cases where 3 or more apparently macro- morphologically similar populations were examined the P/O’s were similar despite the large geographical range over which some species were sampled. That is, all populations of a species are readily referrable to either a generalized inbreeding or outbreeding class. On the other hand statistically different average P/O’s occur between popula- tions of many species (appendix II). For example in Actinobole uliginosum the average P/O’s of the populations Barker 2646 and Short 377 are significantly different (p = 0.001) from the remaining populations of the species. In yet another case significantly different values were obtained in Pogonolepis muellerana where P/O values were determined for the same population in consecutive years (Short 821, Short 870, t = 4.07, p = 0.001). Given that the results reflect a true picture of P/O values then are the differences biologically significant? Gene flow via pollen grain dispersal is influenced by parameters such as pollinator type and activity and the spacing of individual plants. Such factors make it difficult to draw any conclusions as to the significance of the P/O differences be- tween populations. However it is worth recalling that even low levels of outcrossing may greatly affect the level of heterozygosity in a population. For example, although hybrid advantage probably influenced results, it is clear from experiments such as Allard’s (1965) on lima beans that even a level of 5% outcrossing can greatly influence population structure. Furthermore Allard (l.c.) recorded that the degree of outcrossing in populations of wild oats may vary from c.1% to 10% and suggested that the degree of outcrossing is subject to ready adjustment. Perhaps then seem- ingly minor differences in pollen production reflect different degrees of recombina- tion in populations. The low P/O’s of andromonoecious Helipterum pygmaeum (37.5) and gynomonoecious Helichrysum tepperi (252) suggest that both species must be basically inbreeders. The low value obtained for H. tepperi suggests that female florets usually receive pollen from bisexual florets within the same capitulum. Perhaps female florets are retained because they are one way of enhancing occa- 408 sional, possibly beneficial, outcrossing. Such a situation has been suggested for in- breeding species of Lasthenia (Ornduff, 1966). It is difficult to comment on the significance of andromonoecy in H.pygmaeum. At this stage the relationship of the species is not elear. If derived from an her- maphroditic, self-compatible taxon then it would seem reasonable to assume that the andromonoecious condition is, as commonly suggested, a result of seleetion for a greater degree of outcrossing. On the other hand Willson (1979) has recently sug- gested that andromonoecy may be a result of sexual selection, that is that an increase in pollen grain production leads to greater competition between grains to effect fer- tilization. Whatever the reason for selection further investigation of the breeding systems of H.pygmaeum and related taxa is desirable. The P/O value cited was ob- tained for a single population containing individuals which lack laminae on the capitula bracts and are referrable to H.pygmaeum var. occidentale Benth. Other populations are comprised of individuals with more conspicuous capitula, the bracts possessing white laminae c.1-2 mm long. Evolution, Causes and Consequences of Inbreeding There is little doubt that inbreeding is generally a derived condition, the evolu- tion of autogamous taxa from predominantly outcrossing taxa being well documented in a large number of families, e.g. Gilia (Polemoniaceae: Grant & Grant, 1965, Schoen, 1977), Leaven wort/i/a (Crucfferae; Loyd, 1965), Limnanthes (Limnanthaceae: Ornduff & Crovello, 1968; Arroyo, 1973) and members of the Onagraceae (Moore and Lewis, 1965; Raven, 1979). Examples within the Com- positae include the tribe Cichorieae ( = Laetuceae) (Stebbins, 1958), Lasthenia (Heliantheae: Ornduff, 1965) and Eupatorium (Eupatorieae: Baker 1967). Various attributes of plants support this conclusion (see Stebbins, 1957). For example self- fertilizing taxa often have more specialised morphological characteristics than their outbreeding relative. Furthermore some inbreeders may possess attributes which are of use only in outbreeders e.g. floral markings and non-functional nectaries. Among the other things Stebbins (1957) has also referred to the fact that there are documented records of self-fertilizing populations orginating in recent times. This appears to be the case in Primula vulgaris and Antirrhinum majus. Ornduff (1969), when discussing the relationships of reproductive biology to systematics, outlined many character differences which are commonly related to changes from outbreeding to inbreeding. Many such differences, e.g. narrow vs wide distribution, self-incompatibility vs self-compatibility and diploidy vs polyploidy, were observed in a number of Gnaphaliinae (table 2) and generally require no further comment. It is, however, noteworthy that all species with tri- and/or tetramerous disc florets, including those with no apparent outbreeding relative, are inbreeders. Gardner (1977) has pointed out that approximately 80 genera of Com- positae contain species with such florets. He suggested that such a change was related to either selective pressure for increased seed production or, as supported here, a change from chasmogamy to autogamy. In some species studies there may well be a correlation of tri- and/or tetramerous florets with an increase in the number of florets and therefore seeds per unit area of receptacle but this factor has not been closely examined. Possible reasons for selection of inbreeding have been outlined by a number of authors and the various ideas, not necessarily mutually exclusive, have been re- viewed by Jain (1976). It has for example commonly been argued (e.g. Grant, 1958; Stebbins, 1958) that Inbreeding may be favoured when, under certain environmental conditions, it is advantageous to lower the rate of recombination, thus producing more or less genetically uniform individuals. Other hypotheses include the sugges- tion that selling is a mechanism by which a beneficial structural rearrangement in chromosomes may be isolated or is a way in which reproduction may be assured under certain conditions such as a lack of, or compeititon for pollinators. 409 Lloyd (1979 a, b) has suggested that there has in fact been over emphasis on the importance of selection for genetic recombination, suggesting instead that factors such as assured reproduction, retrieval of meiotic cost and easier colonization are of greater importance. While a discussion of the various hypotheses is beyond the scope of this paper the possible importance of pollinator availability is of interest. Arroyo (1972) sug- gested that autogamy has arisen in Limnanthes floccosa as a result of a combination of effects. Thus in the related outcrossing L.alba, which sets little seed in the absence of pollinators, the degree to which the species can penetrate into arid regions is dependent on seed production and germination. In exceptionally dry seasons population size is reduced, plants stunted and pollinators scarce or absent. Even following successful pollination ovules often fail to develop because of water stress. On the other hand populations of L.floccosa spp. californica, which inhabit the same areas as L.alba, are little affected by seasonal variation. Because this taxon is autogamous it is not dependent on pollinator activity for high seed set. Furthermore the plants flower much earlier than their outbreeding counterparts, thus enabling ovules to mature before the soil becomes too dry. In the Gnaphaliinae studied the limited data indicate that some, if not all, of the outbreeding species are self-compatible but the degree of seed set in the absence of pollinators is unknown. Nonetheless a scheme such as that outlined for Limnanthes may well explain the selection for a greater degree of selling in some taxa. On the other hand preliminary observations suggest that none of the species are adapted to specific pollinators, with flies, bees and ants possibly being responsible for the bulk of cross-pollination. In dry seasons the non-dependence on specific pollinators may be an important factor for ensuring pollination. A non-dependence on pollinators is also supported by the fact that outbreeding species of Angianthus, plus outbreeders such as Actinobole condensatum, Chrysocoryne pussilla, C. uniflora, Chrysocoryne sp. B, Chthonocephalus sp.aff. pseudevax and other outbreeding species of Chthonocephalus commonly occur in as dry or drier regions than their inbreeding counterparts. Even if pollinator activity has not been an important factor in selection for in- breeding it is nevertheless likely that reproductive assurance has influenced its selec- tion. Indeed, as mentioned above, Chrysocoryne sp.C. exhibits both a greater degree of inbreeding and as indicated by field evidence and habit differences, a shorter life cycle than the closely related outbreeder, C. uniflora. Although both species inhabit similar environments a greater degree of aridity in the past may well have favoured selection of inbreeding variants with shorter life cycles. Workers such as Solbrig (1976) and Cruden (1977) have suggested that in autogamous species there is a reduction in the amount of energy required for the development of each flower. Waller (1979) has in fact found that cleistogamous flowers of Impatiens capensis produce ripe seed in c.24 days compared to c.36 days for chasmogamous flowers. Furthermore it costs about 1.5 to 2 times as much energy, material and time resources to produce outcrossed as opposed to selfed seeds. Thus it would come as no surprise if other inbreeding Gnaphaliinae examined were to be found to have a significantly shorter life cycle than their outbreeding counterparts, presumably less energy being required to produce the smaller number of lobes per floret, anthers and/ or pollen grains found in these taxa. The various factors which regulate recombination rates have been thoroughly discussed by Grant (1958) and similarly the genetic consequences have been ex- amined by a large number of workers (e.g. Allard, 1965; Allard et al., 1968; Jain, 1976) and need not be critically discussed. Theoretically inbreeders should be much more homozygous than their outbreeding relatives. However studies have shown that successful inbreeders have extremely flexible genetic systems. On the one hand highly adapted genotypes may be produced to occupy the various microenvironmen- tal niches occupied by a population while on the other the species maintains the ability to adjust to long term changes in the environment. This is in contrast to an H 410 outbreeding species which lacks the ability to perpetuate a highly adapted genotype (Allard, 1965). The distribution of many of the inbreeding species examined across much of the Australian mainland, plus their frequent occurrence in diverse habitatSs is perhaps a reflection of this ability. However it should be stressed that inbreeding is of course not a pre-requisite for the successful spread of a species. For example Chrysocoryne pusilla, Millotia myosotidifolia, M. greevesii and some species of Angianthus are wide-spread outbreeders. Chromosome number, the possible non- reliance on pollinators and self-compatibility are some factors which may account for their success. Distribution Patterns Given that inbreeding is a derived characteristic the distribution pattern of closely related outbreeders and inbreeders can, like the distribution patterns ex- hibited by diploid and polyploid entities, provide a clue as to the centre of origin and direction of spread of taxa. In Actinobole, Blennospora, Chthonocephalus and the Angianthus pygmaeus/A.drummondii/A.preissianus group it is tempting to suggest that the inbreeding taxa have been directly derived from their outbreeding relatives. If this is so then it would appear that in all cases, even allowing for some geographical replacement of the outbreeder by the inbreeder, the inbreeding taxa have presumably originated somewhere in Western Australia and subsequently spread to the east. Disjunct distributions are well known for many species, both plant and animal. For example Green (1964) has cited 35 autochthonous species of flowering plants with marked disjunctions between south-western and south-eastern Australia. Similarly he noted that perhaps c.50 vicarious species pairs of plants existed between the two regions. Most certainly Chrysocoryne drummondii is a good example of a species with a disjunct distribution. This species, like Pogonolepis muellerana which only appears to occur in the eastern states, has undoubtedly arisen from an ancestral taxon in Western Australia. Detailed distribution maps have not been compiled for species such as Helichrysum tepperi, Helipterum demissum, Helipterum pygmaeum, Rutidosis multiflora and Toxanthes muelleri but some, if not all, will probably be found to have their otherwise continuous distribution across Australia disrupted in the Nullarbor Plain region. As pointed out by Green (l.c.) the observed plant disjunctions are unlikely to be the result of a single separation of eastern and western Australia by say the Miocene inundation of the Nullarbor Plain or alternatively late Pleistocene changes. He also pointed out that some disjunctions may well be the result of long-distance dispersal. Several of the species do possess plumose pappus structures which may aid in wind dispersal. Still others frequently occur in saline conditions which suggest that pro- pagules may well tolerate prolonged immersion in sea water. Most certainly Angian- thus preissianus is likely to be dispersed by sea. Its apparent absence from the coast- line of the Great Australian Bight (fig. 2) may indeed be a reflection of a lack of suitable habitats and/or inadequate collecting in this region. Providing suitable habitats are available then the fact that the above mentioned species are inbreeders also enhances the likelihood of their successful colonization after long distance dispersal, a single plant being capable of establishing a new colony (Baker, 1955). Many of the species belonging to Angianthus, Blennospora, Chrysocoryne, Pogonolepis and other genera examined commonly occur around the margins of salt lakes. Indeed, particularly in Chrysocoryne, it would seem that, as well as influenc- ing distribution patterns, the lake systems of south-west Western Australia have been reservoirs for speciation. In this region it is easy to envisage the isolation of populations not only between systems but presumably with any lake system as well. Even today lakes within a system may be isolated for a number of years with water only linking them in exceptionally wet years. For example Bettenay (1962) has traced water movement from Lake Brown to Quairading (Avon System), a distance of ap- proximately 160 km. The very close relationship of the various species of 411 Chrysocoryne suggests that some have evolved in quite recent times. Perhaps the wet-dry oscillations of the past 100,000 years (Bowler, 1980) would provide for the isolation of individual lakes and therefore populations, within any one system. Such oscillations have probably also played an important part in the origin of the in- breeding taxa of Actinobole, Chthonocephalus, Pogonolepis and other genera and may possibly explain the disjunct distributions of many species. Finally it is of interest to note that Burbidge (1960) suggested that extensive col- onization of the arid zone may have occurred from strand habitats. This may well have been the case for the various species of Angianthus, Chrysocoryne and Pogonolepis, all of which contain species occurring in coastal habitats as well as the arid zone. On the other hand, as mentioned above, the genera also contain species commonly found on and often restricted to, the margins of salt lakes. Such distribu- tion patterns do in fact raise the question of whether or not salinity tolerant, ancestral taxa of extant species arose in inland salt lake systems instead of strand habitats. That is, have inland salt lakes also been important reservoirs from which colonization of the arid zone has occurred? At least in Chrysocoryne the relation- ships of the species and their current distribution patterns suggest that such a hypothesis is as equally tenable as a hypothesis suggesting evolution and migration from a strand habitat. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Data for this paper were obtained while I was the recipient of a Commonwealth Postgraduate Research Award at the Flinders University of South Australia. I wish to thank my superviser. Dr B. A. Barlow, and Dr J. H. Ross for comments on the original manuscript; Dr W. R. Barker and Mr R. J. Chinnock for their collections of various species; Mr G. J. Keighery of Kings Park for allowing me to use unpublished data and Dr J. P. Jessop for providing facilites at the State Herbarium of South Australia. Field work in 1977 was made possible by the generosity of the Board of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens who allowed me to accompany Mr R. J. Chinnock of the State Herbarium of South Australia to Western Australia. Thanks are also due to Ms D. Nicholas and Mr M. Tippett for field assistance in Western Australia in 1979. The latter trip was partly financed by a grant from the Flinders University Research Com.mittee. REFERENCES Allard, R. W. (1965). 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Self fertilization and population variability in the higher plants. Amer. Naturalist 91: 337-354. Stebbins, G. L. (1958). Longevity, habitat and release of genetic variability in the higher plants. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23: 365-378. Turner, B. L. (1970). Chromosome numbers in the Compositae. XII. Australian species. Amer. J. Bot. 57: 382-389. Waller, D. M. (1979). The relative costs of self- and cross-fertilised seeds in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 66: 313-320. Willson, M. F. (1979). Sexual selection in plants. Amer. Naturalist 113: 777-790. 413 APPENDIX 1 New Combinations in the Australian Gnaphaliinae Actinobole condensatum (A. Gray) Short, comb. nov. Basionym: Gnaphalodes condensatum A. Gray, Hook. J. Bot. Kew Card. Misc. 4: 228 (1852). As pointed out by Eichler (1963) the generic name Gnaphalodes A. Gray (1852, l.c.) is illegitimate, as it is a later homonym of Gnaphalodes Miller (1754). Thus he made a new combination for the species G.uliginosum, making the latter the neotype species of Actinobole Fenzl ex Endl. Blennospora phlegmatocarpa (Diels) Short, comb. nov. Basionym: Calocephalus phlegmatocarpus Diels, Bot. Jb. 35: 614 (1905). Pcgonolepis muellerana (Sond.) Short, comb. nov. Basionym: Skirrhophorus muelleranus Sond., Linnaea 25: 486 (1853) {‘Muellerianus)’. Siloxerus pygmaeus (A. Gray) Short, comb. nov. Basionym: Chamaesphaerion pygmaeum A. Gray. Hook, J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 177 (1851). APPENDIX 2 Pollen-ovule ratios of individual populations of species of Gnaphaliinae 414 = S C/D W = So C/D w m fNi »n 03 3 ■a ’> C 4~i o u. «u E D C O 00 m r'?; V 5 \h ^ c3 ^ <3 ^ ^ (U -4»i ^ °5 "S « -■ V. ‘oS 00 o< Z> e M ® s 2-c . 00 cC ^ “ 2® CJ CD > O r) ^ ^ (N i 4 -. o < C/D ^ £ ^ 5 c« « ^ 04 6.^ - C3 O - fN ^ ' ^ O ^ <5 00 oo (L) /v-C O ■- ■- ^ -a “ '=> O S fe'J I 2 “ Si 2 ti c ^ !D 3 P 3 P -O O L. O C“i ^ re \ jD ■'3 "c A2 OJ ^ ^ iS -3 vCP So'f ^ o ■« Ji — -5 . o U .£ 5 ^ i /2 Xh i/j s 3 a> 3 _ i/2 O C X) 1> "2 •s § o Z c 're E o oo so Tt (N Tt m UD rn «n Os — m o" ;^Z- : E c/)" _ 5 ' j m i> Dl, ^ O o*" 00 o -c m (N op— < m ’5 - • . -J < i— ^5= m cj/ . . , < 2 C/D ^ re c • 5 Ns g,v "re < o CQ o -s: «s: CO CO CO 1^' iii 3 X) £ “;pq 0^0 0 °z> & eZ 1/5^ C JS:^ SJnK 00 00 ^ 0^0 ^ CO CQ CO OS ''I- so re re ffl C/D o TO re o u. C ’re 3 . o C3 TO m TD re o CQ r- re O CQ 3 0 OJ VO >. Ort 2 sS c/) i: . E X UJ O C4 UJ _3 "re S < ui ^ L. o >- . '*-' u °oo h— . rs| e?5s- '-. o ^ ^ « - d2-g I* ^ oo VO - ^ C/D ■ f • s ^ o > — rn . iso ^ S 2g^ Js °® • Cv ^ ?pt: < ^ .3 ‘O' C/D -s: - ^ CO CO i /3 ^ t; O fD O CO ■« -s: CO CO :^co sc o x> o • 3 . S = 3 C -i is 3 E 3 ^ re oo 2 ’J> ■|q: g'a < < re a re u re o o ^ ^ E 2 “ = 1 Oj O. 03 415 ir> lO — 00 o\ 0\ m ri ri GO 'Tt — 00 »/^ O 00 Tt Tt in oo m »n 00 rt Tt rn 04 ri ri o 00 — 00 r- \o \o r^' NO 00 04 r- m 04 in in O NO 04 c c (U c 2 c >> >> >s >> >5 o 2 o. E 8 « o o o 2 u n o o . o o . o B c o o — (/2 c/5 O cn t/2 . — o E c/5 3 s< Su o> ^ ^ cx ^ d fo a ^ d ^ D. CD U O U U U u Chthonocephalus sp. Shorl 394 c. 100km N. of Murchison River Bridge on northwest aff. pseudevax coastal highway, W.A. 27°00'S, 114‘’38'E. APPENDIX 2 {Continued) 416 3 > O O Dh = 2 2 ^ C/3 W -H T3 • 3 ° |,2 on S 3 a o Oh O. in */~i iri V~1 */^ »/^ LU O E CC • f u w ^ < O Q. E eO O Z 3 'E E 2 "E O in (3\ •n ON m T3 cn o o U o in o ^ NO 2 E in p m On NO r-’ r^ o < in • o ^ o : -s: -k: -s: in in in u > g3 |s V5 £ “■ u . — (U , — *o» : o. 2! 2 0> rn ■^0 — ‘c ® 13= E o CL CL Nto. Cm O C/3 E NO — < •n CT3 o c« (D J= o W .S" 0X)”“ .£ C<3’' C Q\ c ^ 3 o w a. s . Z [j « o § ? c < mro(NONfor- . lo od fo NO oo Tj- CN ^ — fO oo oo O' oo Tt NO O Q 00 O *X (N r^ 'O O rf CN| (N — « D w; NOc ^ I o < . f P On Tf q — — 1/1 m 1/1 r- «/i < O T3 c« O •3 • w w;ih On I I c '5b UJ u in in fN ?N < < in in o •"= w -Tn := :3 00 J= • m cj • 3UicL^ §w or ‘W ^ o’o^ C i'-' C PP *5 NO Cm -^(N o^ c/5 in > a^: < cj c /3 o ^ o O' I ? fl.z s | U < JN c/3*^ O, p 'Nl” ^nEsOoOqOo'^J^ ^^OqOo in -■cn eI «. 00 , 'o 00 Oo NO NO oo 00 b 00 n ^ ^ < o o COO- 'S: >c -s: -s: >s: in in in in in in o :> o o -s: -s: -s: in inn CO E S I 2 I— c/5 o>.- D. P c/5 3 — c/5 CO J= .2 j= a a 0.4/ - 4/ o CJ O o N in in E c« £ E QJ Ofl > *0 73 ^ ^ o 2 C CJ OP OD O ^ CL §< D. O = C 0/ o 2 ' 00 p o ^ Cl o 3: E ^ c«-- 3 c ^ 2 ;k; p 3: 3: /~i ^ 11 > fi > 4J to < width, ± deeply divided into 3-7 ± oblong primary lobes (0.5-)l-2(-2.5) cm long bearing 3-5 short ± triangular secondary lobes, each of which terminates in a short rigid slender prickle; lobing very variable. Upper surface of mature leaves bright green, sub- shiny, glabrous or with sparse, small, curled and twisted hairs; lower surface pale green, dull, sprinkled with similar hairs. Young leaves more strongly pubescent. Flowers in pendulous, secund, short and broad, occasionally somewhat elongated racemes (l-)2-3(-4) cm longx 2-3 cm wide, terminating a slender terete peduncle (l-)1.5-3(-5) cm long. Peduncle glabrous or occasionally sparsely pubescent, usually with a single bract arising from well above to well below its midpoint. Peduncle bent ‘National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141. Muelleria 4(4): 423-427 (1981). 423 424 Fig. 1. Grevillea floripendula. a— lower surface of leaf showing venation and twisted hairs, x 3, b- por- tion of peduncle showing bract, x 6. c — habit, x 1. Note pendulous racemes, d — section through mature flower showing oblique torus, nectary, stipitate ovary, style and pollen presenter, x 5. e — fruiting raceme, x 1. f— young flower, x 4. Note floral bract at base of pedicel, g — floral bracts, x 8. h-mature fruit showing dark longitudinal patches on dorsal and lateral surfaces, x 3. a-d, f, and g, from Smith 76/23 (MEL); e and h from Smith 76/55 (MEL). 425 or geniculate at the bract and bearing a single raceme, or occasionally paired racemes. Bract (l-)2-3(-5) mm long, usually strongly infolded, sometimes flattish, narrow lanceolate with a usually acute, sometimes trifid tip; tip occasionally ex- panded into an incipient leaf with a small lobed lamina. Rhachis densely hairy with curved, curled or twisted hairs. Floral bracts flat, gently curved or undulate, spreading, elliptic, ovate, ovate-rhombic, to ovate-oblong 1.5-2(-2.5) mm long X 1-1.5 mm wide, from about as wide as long to longer than wide, bluntly pointed to acute, densely hairy on back, glabrous on front, greenish-yellow to red- dish or purplish-tinged, from caducous (falling early from flowers) to persistent in fruit. Pedicels spreading at right angles to rhachis, 1.5-3 mm long, equalling or ex- ceeding floral bracts, hairy. Perianth 5-6 mm long (from midpoint of torus to top of arch) X 2-3 mm wide (widest point of unopened perianth); densely hairy outside with predominantly appressed hairs mixed with irregularly spreading hairs, glabrous in- side; outer surface greenish-grey to purplish-brown, with longitudinal nerves of mauve or purple, the colour partly obscured by the greyish-white hairs on body and light ferruginous hairs on limb; inner surface greenish to mauve in lower part, dark- or blackish-purple towards and around arch. Anthers 0.5-0.?> mm long, clear lemon yellow. Torus very oblique, with a prominent, thickened, semi-annular to ± horseshoe-shaped nectary. Stipe (1.5-)2-2.5 mm long, densely hairy with longish, appressed to spreading, pale grey hairs; stipe arising close to the summit of the torus and from slightly shorter to considerably longer than the ovary. Ovary prominently stipitate, densely hairy with long, erect to spreading, straight to curved or slightly twisted, pale, ferruginous hairs. Style 7-9 mm long, pale yellow, greenish-yellow, pale pink, or light red, curved, glabrous except at base where sparsely to strongly hairy, hairs occasionally extending up style for several mm. Pollen presenter (stigmatic disc) very oblique with a broad, strongly crenulate, greenish-yellow base rising to a low oblique cone with a pale yellowish stigmatic tip. Fruit prominently stipitate (8-)9-l 1(-12) mm long x 4-6 mm, densely hairy outside with a mixture of shorter, ± appressed to spreading, straight to waved hairs and much longer, spreading, curved to gently twisted hairs; hair colour grey to mauvish-grey, but blackish-purple in longitudinal bands or patches on the dorsal and lateral (and sometimes ventral) surfaces. Seed: body elliptic in outline, 5-7 mm long x 2-3 mm wide, pale yellowish-brown to blackish-purple, glabrous, smooth or minutely wrinkled, compressed, gently convex on back, ± flattened or depressed on front, surrounded by a thin, pale yellow wing from 0.5 mm wide to almost obsolete on the lateral margins, to 1-2 mm wide at top and bottom. Type Collection: Ben Major Forest Reserve, gentle W. slopes of ridge, c.l6 km N. of Beaufort, and C.300 m E. of Beaufort-Amphitheatre road, 37°18'S; 143°23'E, Central-western Victoria, R. V. Smith 76/23 (flowering collection), 15.x. 1976 (Holotype: MEL 569949. Isotypes: MEL 571180-83, and to be distributed to A, AD, BRI, CANB, HO, K, NSW, PERTH). Paratype: Ibidem, R. V. Smith 76/55 (fruiting collection from same plant as holotype), 15.xii.l976 (MEL 569950 and 571184-86, duplicates to be distributed as for isotypes). Selected Specimens Examined: Victoria (central-western) -Ibidem for holotype: R. V. Smith 76/24 (MEL 571188-89, A, .AD); R. V. Smith 76/25 (MEL 571190-91; BRI, HO, K, NSW). Ibidem for paratype: R. V. Smith 76/56 (MEL 571194-95, A, CANB, HO, 426 PERTH); R. V. Smith 76/57 (MEL 571196-97, PERTH). Near Troy’s Reservoir, C.4 km N. of Beaufort, 37°24'S; 143°2TE, R. V. Smith 65/181, 9.xi.l965 (MEL 571203-05, AD, CANB, NSW). Slopes above Cockney Gully, 6.4-8 km N. of Beaufort, 37°2TS; 143°20'E, R. V. Smith 70/39, 1 6. xi. 1970 (MEL 571 198-200, AD, CANB, NSW); Ibidem, R. V. Smith 70/42, 16.xi.l970 (MEL 571201-02, A, HO, K, NSW). Crown land E. of Beaufort-Amphitheatre road, c.6.4-8 km N. of Beaufort, Mrs J. Reid 6.xi.l970 (MEL 571192-93). Distribution and Habitat Apparently confined to a very restricted area in central-western Victoria where it is known to the author from three locations north of Beaufort and east of the Beaufort-Amphitheatre road. Molyneux (1975) also cites Mount Ben Major, a few kilometres to the north. Occurs on Ordovician formation having shallow soils with quartz fragments and outcrops on or near the surface, in several plant associations which include the following Eucalyptus dives, E. goniocalyx, E. obliqua, E. macrorhyncha. Acacia aculeatissima, A. gunnii, Correa reflexa, Daviesia ulicifolia, D. virgata, Diliwynia cinerascens, D. sericea, Epacris impressa, Gom- pholobium huegelii, Goodenia lanata, Leptospermum myrsinoides, Oxylobium pro- cumbens and Pultenaea pedunculata. Discussion Grevillea floripendula shows closest affinities with G. steiglitziana N. A. Wakefield, G. dryophylla N. A. Wakefield and G. microstegia W. M. Molyneux. From all of these species it differs most conspicuously in its pendulous racemes borne on elongated, slender, terete, wiry, glabrous or near-glabrous peduncles. It differs also from each of the above in a combination of other characters including both floral and tomentum details. The floral bracts of G. floripendula show a marked similarity to those of G. steiglitziana. In both species they are flat or gently curved or undulate, and vary in shape from ovate to elliptic-oblong; cf. those of G. dryophylla and G. microstegia which are generally smaller, strongly concave, thickened in the lower part, from ovate-rhombic to broadly rhombic, and often considerably broader than long. Although resembling G. steiglitziana in floral bracts, G. floripendula can be distinguished readily by the pendulous racemes, the shorter styles (7-9 mm long; cf. (14-)15-20(-21) in G. steiglitziana) and the tomentum (strongly curved, waved, twisted and spreading; cf. closely appressed and “directional” in G. steiglitziana). Molyneux (1975) considers that G. microstegia shows closest affinities with G. floripendula (referred to as “the undescribed Grevillea from the Ben Major area”) and gives a comparative table of differences. After making detailed observations and measurements on all 4 species discussed in my present paper I consider that G. microstegia is, instead, most closely related to G. dryophylla on floral and bract characters. For G. microstegia, Molyneux gives the length of the floral bracts as “0.25 mm” and “c.0.5 mm” and states that the ovary stipe is inserted ± certrally on the torus. However, in specimens (including type) held at the National Herbarium of Victoria, I find that the floral bract length ranges from 0.5-1. 3 mm while the ovary stipe arises on the upper part of the torus just below the summit, essentially as in G. dryophylla. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my thanks and appreciation to Dr George A. M. Scott of the Botany Department, Monash University, for preparing the latin diagnosis; to Miss A. M. Podwyszynski, National Herbarium of Victoria, for preparing the accom- panying illustration; to Mr Peter Farrington, Soil Conservation Authority, for first bringing my attention to Grevillea floripendula and for taking me to the type area in the Ben Major Forest, and finally to Mrs Jocelyn Reid of “Clover Hill” via Beaufort for taking me to the Cockney Gully area. REFERENCE Molyneux, W. M. (1975). A new Grevillea species from western Victoria. Muelleria 3: 141-145. Manuscript received 15 September 1980. A CONSPECTUS OF NEW RECORDS AND NOMENCLATURE FOR VASCULAR PLANTS IN VICTORIA 2. 1978-EARLY 1980. by Mary A. Todd* CONTENTS Introduction page 429 New Records Indigenous plants page 429 Introduced species page 43 1 Changes of nomenclature page 43 1 Corrections to Conspectus 1 page 438 Acknowledgements page 438 References page 438 INTRODUCTION This conspectus presents a comprehensive list of names, references and new reeords that have a bearing on the known vascular flora of Victoria and which update information given in Willis (1970, 1973) and in part 1 of this series (Todd, 1979, q.v.). The information given here follows the same form as that given in part 1 . Two additional grid referenees for localities are now used, i.e. 05 and 06 for the two ten- minute grid divisions into which the tip of Wilson’s Promontory falls. NEW RECORDS -INDIGENOUS PLANTS Apium annuum P. S. Short, J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 1: 230(1979). Umbelliferae. N50, 3 km SE of Laverton, T. B. Muir 5651, 25. xi. 1977 (MEL 1510745). Apium insulare P. S. Short, J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 1: 228(1979). Umbel- liferae. 06, Wattle Id. (off Wilson’s Prom.), Dr. Norman’s group (Dept. Fisheries & Wildlife) 37, late 1979 (MEL). Apium prostratum Labill. ex Vent. ssp. prostratum var. filiforme (A. Rich.) Kirk, Stud. FI. New Zealand 196(1899). Basionym: Petroselinum filiforme A. Rich., FI. Nouv.-Zelande in Lesson and Richard Voy. I’Astrolabe. Bot. 278(1832). Umbelliferae. P. S. Short (l.c. 224-227) records this for Victoria. EKNPTWZ. Apium prostratum ssp. prostratum var. prostratum is also in Victoria (Short, l.c.: 220-224). EKNT. Aristida browniana Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 54B: 63(1926) and 58: 108, t. 38(1929). Gramineae. F47, 10 km WSW of Annuello, J. Onans, 22. viii. 1979 (MEL). Baeckea ramosissima A. Cunn. ssp. prostrata (Hook.f.) G. W. Carr, Telopea 1: 416(1980). Basionym: B. prostrata Hook.f., Hook. Icon. PI. 3(2): t. 284(1840). Myrtaceae. DKOPWZ. Baeckea ramosissima ssp. ramosissima is also recorded for /Victoria by Carr (l.c. 414-415). DEHJMNRST. Caladenia pusilla W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 133(1980). Orchid- aceae. Occurs in S.A., N.S.W., Vic., and Tas. Croton verreauxii Baillon, Etude Gen. Euphorbiacees: 357(1858); Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34: 117(1865). Euphorbiaceae. Z23, beside Back Creek (between Mt. •National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria, 3141. Muelleria 4(4): 429-438 (1981). 429 430 Kaye & Noorinbee North), fV. Cane, 1972. MEL holds fruiting material collected in 1979 from a bush grown in Miss J. Galbraith’s garden at Tyers from a cutting collected by Cane at Back Creek in 1972. Danthonia monticola J. W. Vickery, Contr. N.S.W. Natl Herb. 1: 299(1950). Gramineae. Grids CDJZ including J19, Grampians, Major Mitchell Plateau, above 2,800 ft., A. C. Beauglehole ACB 16509, 10.xii.l967 (MEL). Deyeuxia decipiens (R.Br.) J. W. Vickery, Contr. N.S.W. Natl Herb. 1:70 (1940). Basionym: Agrostis decipiens R.Br., Prodr. FI. Novae Holl. 172(1810). Gramineae. K27, the Otways, Benwerrin (NNW of Lome), A.C. Beauglehole ACB 43909, 3. i. 1974 (MEL). Diplachne parviflora (R.Br.) Benth., FI. Austr. 7: 620(1878). Basionym: Trio- dia parviflora R.Br., Prodr. FI. Novae Holl. 182(1810). Gramineae. A16, 14th Street, Mildura, on a block of land on which a house has recently been built, A. Bassham, May, 71978 (MEL). Dysphania simulans F. Muell. & Tate ex Tate, Trans. c6 Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 8: 71(1886). Chenopodiaceae. A33, 21.8 km W of Nowingi, J. H. Browne, 29.vii.1979 (MEL). Haloragis eichleri A. E. Orchard, Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus. No. 10: 88 (1975). Haloragaceae. E22, Cape Nelson Park, 9 km SSW of Portland P.O., very rare, A. C. Beauglehole ACB 55368, 14.xii.l976 (MEL). Juncus aridicola L. A. S. Johnson in Black, FI. S. Aust., ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 322 (1978). Juncaceae. Grids AFGMR. Juncus continuus L.A.S. Johnson, l.c. 325. Juncaceae. Grids RSTWZ. Juncus flavidus L.A.S. Johnson, l.c. 325. Juncaceae. Grids ABCDGH JKMNPRSVWZ. Koeleria australiensis Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 65: 127(1907). Gramineae. S16, Butcher’s Spur on watershed between Macalister & Caledonia Rivers, E. A. Chesterfleld, 19. xi. 1973 (MEL). N. T. Burbidge (herbarium annotation) and J. Vickery query whether this species is truly endemic at this site. Lomandra dura (F. Muell.) A. J. Ewart, Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 28: 219 (1916). Basionym: Xerotes dura F. Muell., Trans. & Proc. Viet. Inst. Advancem. Sci. 42(1855). Liliaceae. Q46, Murray Valley Highway, between Strathmerton and Yarroweyah, T. B. Muir 4710, 8.x. 1969 (MEL). Mirbelia rubiifolia (Andr.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. Gard. Bot. 2: 126(1832). Basionym: Pultenaea rubiaefolia Andr., Bot. Repos, t. 351(1804). Papilionaceae. Z35, circa 10 km SSW of Mallacoota, Philip Smith 19. i. 1979 (MEL). Najas marina L., Spec. PL 1015(1753). Najadaceae. Z40, Swan Lake, NE of Sydenham Inlet, A. Corrick & K. Bode, 7.xii.l978 (MEL). See Aston, Viet. Nat. 96: 67(1979). Prostanthera incana A. Cunn. ex Benth., Labiatarum Genera Spec. 455(1832- 1836). Labiatae. W? 20, Macdonalds Gap Road about 4 km from Dargo, W. Cane, 18. xi. 1979 (MEL). Sclerolaena intricata (R. H. Anderson) A. J. Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 113(1978). Basionym: Bassia intricata R. H. Anderson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 48: 340(1923). Chenopodiaceae. A2, 1.6 km NW of Lake Walla-Walla, J. H. Browne, 1.x. 1978 (MEL). Sclerolaena ventricosa (J. M. Black) A. J. Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 114(1978). Chenopodiaceae. A15, 11.5 km SW of Wentworth, J. H. Browne, 8.ix.l979 (MEL 558665). Solenogyne dominii L. G. Adams, Brunonia 2: 58(1979). Synonym: Lagenophora [gunnii?] var. glabra Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 653(1929) — nom. inval. Compositae. Grids CJKMN e.g. K14, Mt. Gellibrand, F. Muell. (date ?) (MEL 36730-36732). Veronica hillebrandii F. Muell., Trans. Philos Soc. Viet. 1: 49(1855). Scrophulariaceae. E21, Portland, Bridgewater, A. Taylor (for A. C. Beauglehole) ACB 8400, x.1946 (MEL). 431 NEW RECORDS -INTRODUCED SPECIES All species listed have been found growing spontaneously in Victoria at least once in recent years. An asterisk (*) denotes those which seem to have become naturalized. *Amaranthus powellii S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10: 347 (1875). Amaran- thaceae. Grids MNVWZ, including M27, Shepparton, open paddock R. V. Smith 64/722, 19. V. 1964 (MEL). *Bidens pilosa L., Spec. PI. 832(1753). Compositae. Grids ANX, including A45, Hattah Lakes National Park (house area), G. W. Anderson, 30.ix.l969 (MEL). Cerastium semidecandrum L., Spec. PI. 438(1753). Caryophyllaceae. E12/E13/E21/E22, Portland -Bats’ Ridges, A. C. Beauglehole ACB 19959, 5.x. 1950 (MEL). Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schlecht., Linnaea 19: 261(1847). Basionym: Habrothamnus elegans Brongn. ex Neumann, Ann. FI. Pomone, 118 (1844). Solanaceae. (The specimens going under this name in Australian gardens have hairs on the outer surface of the upper part (limb) of the corolla. These hairs are not mentioned for C. elegans in Francey’s revision in Candollea 6: 123(1935)). N54, Sassafras Creek, beside Sassafras Creek Road, G. Edwards, 14. i. 1979 (MEL). *Hydrocleys nymphoides (H. & B. ex Willd.) Buch. in Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 2: 2(1868). Basionym: Stratiotes nymphoides H. & B. ex Willd. Linn. Spec. PI. 4: 821(1806). Butomaceae. Grids S45 and W37 (one population about 1 km long in a gully 17 km N of Maffra). Known to have originated from material planted upstream 10-15 years previously. See Aston & Jacobs, Muelleria 4: 285-293(1980). Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 3: 153(1789). Umbel- liferae. Z38, Cape Conran, P. Rennick, 12.xii.l978 (MEL). *Plantago australis Lam., Tableau Encycl. Meth. 1: 339(1792). Plantaginaceae. Grids K,N,T including N45, Woori Yallock Creek, ± 2 km SW of Yellingbo, A. C. Beauglehole ACB 50433, 23.iii.1976 (MEL). Pontederia cordata L., Spec. PI. 288(1753). Pontederiaceae. Grids D and P. See Aston, Viet. Nat. 96: 67-69(1979). Salvia aurea L., Spec. PI ., ed. 2, 38(1762). Labiatae. E26, Port Fairy on East beach, A. Arnold, 13 or 14. xi. 1978 (MEL). CHANGES OF NOMENCLATURE Inclusion of a name on this list does not necessarily imply that the associated nomenclatural change is taxonomically acceptable to the present author, or to other taxonomists. Acacia armata R.Br. See A. paradoxa. Acacia x grayana J. H. Willis. Confirmed as hybrids , between A. brachy- botrya Benth. and A. calamifolia Sweet ex Lindley on the basis of morphology, chemistry and ecology. See Leach & Whiffin, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 53-69(1978). Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. var. sophorae (Labill.) F. Muell. Con- sidered a distinct species, A. sophorae, q.v. Acacia paradoxa DC., Cat. PI. Horti Bot. Monspel. 74(Mar. 1813). Synonym: A. armata R.Br. in Ait., Hortus Kewensis ed. 2, 5: 463(Dec.l813), teste Pedley, Austrobaileya 1: 250(1979). Acacia sophorae (Labill.) R.Br., regarded as a separate species from A. longifolia (Andrews) Willd. by Murray, Ashcroft, Seppelt and Lennox {Austral. J. Bot. 26: 756(1978)) on the basis of differences in chemical consti- tuents. 432 Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. See Ciclospermum /eptophyllum. Arthrocnemum arbusculum (R.Br.) Moq. See Pachycornia arbuscula. Russia biflora (R.Br.) F. Muell. See Dissocarpus biflorus. Russia biflora var. cephalocarpa (F. Muell.) R. H. Anderson. See Dissocar- pus biflorus var. cephalocarpa. Russia birchii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. See Sclerolaena birchii. Russia brachyptera (F. Muell). R. H. Anderson. See Sclerochlamys brachyp- tera. Ra.ssia caput-casuarii J. H. Willis. See Sclerolaena caput-casuarii. Russia diacaniha (Nees) F. Muell. See Sclerolaena diacantha. Russia divaricata (R.Br.) F. Muell. See Sclerolaena divaricata. Russia intricata R. H. Anderson. See Sclerolaena intricata in New Rec- ords— Indigenous Plants. Russia obliquicuspis R. F(. Anderson. See Sclerolaena obliquicuspus. Russia paradoxa (R.Br.) F. Muell. See Dissocarpus paradoxa. Ra.ssia parviflora R. H. Anderson. See Sclerolaena parviflora. Ra.ssia patenticuspis R. H. Anderson. See Sclerolaena palenticuspus. Ra.ssia quinquecuspis (F. Muell.) F. Muell. See Sclerolaena muricata. Russia quinquecuspis var. villosa (Benth.) R. H. Anderson. See Scler- olaena muricata var. villosa. Russia ramsayae J. H. Willis. See Sclerolaena ramsayae. Russia stelligera (F. Muell.) F. Muell. See Stelligera endecaspinis. Russia tricuspis (F. Muell.) R. H. Anderson. See Sclerolaena tri- cuspis. Russia uniflora (R.Br.) F. Muell. See Sclerolaena uniflora. Rlakeochloa paradoxa (R.Br.) Veldkemp, Taxon 29: 296(1980). Basionym: Danlhonia paradoxa R.Br. Synonym: Plinthanthesis paradoxa (R.Br.) S. T. Blake. See Danthonia. Caladenia carnea R.Br. See C. catenata. Caladenia carnea R.Br. var. gigantea R. S. Rogers. See C. catenata var. gigantea. Caladenia catenata (Sm.) Druce in Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 611(1917). Basionym: Arethusa catenata Sm. Exot. Bot. t. 104 (1804-06). Synonym: C. carnea R. Br., teste W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 106(1980). Caladenia catenata (Sm.) Druce var. gigantea (R. S. Rogers) W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 133(1980). Synonym: C. carnea R.Br. var. gigantea R. S. Rogers. Caladenia huegelii Reichenb.f. var. reticulata (R. D. FitzG.) J. Z. Weber & R. Bates in J. M. Black, FI. S. Aust. ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 397(1978). Synonym: C. reticulata R. D. FitzG. See R. Bates in Native Orchid Soc. S. Aust. J. 3: 16(1979). Caladenia reticulata R. D. FitzG. See. C. huegelii var. reticulata. Ciclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague, J. Bot. 1923, 61: 131 in obs. (as Cyclospermum). Synonym: Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. teste Short, J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 1: 205, 206, 233(1979). Cyperus hamulosus Bieb., FI. Taur.-Caucasica 1: 35(1808). Synonym: Scirpus hamulosus (Bieb.) Steven. See Raynal, Adansonia, ser. 2, 6: 581-88(1967). Cyperus Ihotskyanus Boeck., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 5: 498(1884). Synonym: C. rutilans(C. B. Clarke) Maiden et Betche. See K. Wilson, Telopea 1: 464(1980). Cyperus rutilans (C. B. Clarke) Maiden & Betche. See C. Ihotskyanus Boeck. Danthonia Lam. & DC. Pending a revision of the genus Danthonia on a worldwide basis it seems best to continue to use this name for the 24 species that Willis (1970) placed in Danthonia and the additional species (D. monticola Vickery) which is recorded for Victoria on p. 430 of this paper. Studies by Zotov (1963) and Blake (1962) showed proposals for a number of new names to be ap- plied to 12 of these species and the situation was summarized in the first number of this Conspectus (Todd 1979: 188). Since then two major papers have been published on this subject. 433 Connor & Edgar {New Zealand J. Bot. 17: 311-337(1979)), revised the New Zealand species of Danthonia which had been placed in Notodanthonia by Zotov and referred them all to the genus Rytidosperma Steudel, an earlier valid name for Notodanthonia. They also made combinations under Rytidosperma for the Australian species which they regarded as referable to that genus. Connor & Edgar (l.c., 312) also summarized the literature published since 1963 on Dan- thonia sensu lato and noted that Conert (1971, 1975) and Kabuye & Renvoize (1975) both allude to the need for study of American taxa. The second paper (Veldkamp, Taxon 29: 293-298(1980)) included a proposal to conserve the name Notodanthonia against three earlier names {Plinthanthesis Stuedel (1853) non S. T. Blake (1972), Rytidosperma Steudel (1854) and Monostachya Merr. (1910)) on the grounds that it is best known for the genus, longest in general use and requires the fewest new combinations. Veldkamp also made the remaining new combinations required under Notodanthonia, including Australian species. He included D. pallida R. Br. in Notodanthonia while Connor & Edgar commented on the chionochlooid disposition of its lemma hairs and ex- cluded it from Rytidosperma for that reason. They did not, however, publish the appropriate combination under Chionochloa. The new name Blakeochloa Veldkamp was published (Veldkamp, l.c.: 296 (1980)) for the species that Blake referred to Plinthanthesis and the necessary new combinations made (see B. paradoxa). Worldwide revision of the genus Danthonia sensu lato may show that it is desirable to separate the genus for which it is proposed that the name Notodan- thonia be conserved. By that time it is likely that the decision regarding the con- servation of the name Notodanthonia will have been made. In the meantime the use of the name Danthonia sens. lat. for the species in Victoria is recommended. Danthonia tenuior (Steudel) Conert, Senckenberg. Biol. 56(1/3): 163(1975). Basionym: Plinthanthesis tenuior Steudel, Syn. PI. Glumac., Pars 1. Gramin. 14(1854). Synonym: D. purpurascens Vickery. Daviesia arenaria M. D. Crisp, J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 2: 163(1980). Synonym: D. ulicina Sm. var. ruscifolia (A. Gunn, ex Benth.) J. M. Black, non D. ruscifolia A. Cunn. ex Benth. Included in D. ulicifolia Andr. by J. H. Willis (1973, 258). Daviesia ulicina Sm. var. ruscifolia (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) J. M. Black. See D. arenaria. Dissocarpus biflorus (R.Br.) F. Muell., Trans. Phil. Inst. Viet. 2: 75(1858). Basionym: Sclerolaena bifiora R.Br. Synonym: Bassia biflora (R.Br.) F. Muell. teste Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89(2-3): 118(1978). Dissocarpus biflorus var. cephalocarpa (F. Muell.) A. J. Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89(2-3): 118(1978). Basionym: Sclerolaena biflora var. cephalocarpa F. Muell., Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. 8: 38(1873). Synonym: Bassia biflora var. cephalocarpa (F. Muell.) R. H. Anderson. Dissocarpus paradoxa (R.Br.) F. Muell. ex Ulbrich in Engler & Harms, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 533(1934). Basionym: Sclerolaena paradoxa R.Br. Synonym: Bassia paradoxa (R.Br.) F. Muell. teste Scott, l.c. 118. Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. See E. ciliatum Raf. ssp. ciliatum. Epilobium ciliatum Raf., Med. Repos. II. 5: 361(1808) ssp. ciliatum. Synonym: E. adenocaulon Hausskn. teste Hock & Raven, Ann. Missouri Bot. Card 64(1)- 136(1977). ■ Eucalyptus angophoroides R. T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 25: 676 t. 46, figs. 4a-c(1901). Willis (1973, 431) included this species in E. bridgesiana r! T. Baker. M. I. H. Brooker, CSIRO Div. Forest Research (pers. comm March 1979) regards the two species as distinct. Eucalyptus bridgesiana R. T. Baker. See E. angophoroides. Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. ssp. leucoxylon.- Boland, Austral. Forest Res. 9: 66(1979), has chosen a new lectotype for this species. He gives the follow- ing as synonyms: E. leucoxylon var. rugulosa F. Muell. ex Miq., Miquel, Ned. 434 Kruidk. Arch. 4: 127(1856); E. leucoxylon var. erythrostema F. Muell. ex Miq., Miquel, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 127(1856) andf. leucoxylon var. angulata Benth., FI. Austr. 3: 210(1867) pro parte. Eucalyptus leucoxylon var. erythrostema sens. Willis (1973, 422). See E. leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa. Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa Boland, Austral. Forest Res. 9: 68(1979) — “a sub-species differing from ssp. leucoxylon in the longer fruit (more than 25 mm long)”. This is from the population which J. E. Brown described as var. macrocarpa — di name which was illegitimate when published as it included the previously published taxon var. erythrostema F. Muell. ex Miq. Boland considers the latter to be within E. leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon. Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. pruinosa (F. Muell. ex Miq.) Boland, Austral. Forest Res. 9: 68(1979). Basionym: E. leucoxylon var. pruinosa F. Muell. ex Miq., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 127(1856). Synonym: E. leucoxylon var. pauperita J. E. Brown, Forest FI. S. Aust. (1883). Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 420(1826). Synonym: E. glandulosum auct. non Michx. teste Auld, J. Austral. Inst. Agric. Sci. 146-147 (Sept. /Dec. 1977). Eupatorium glandulosum auct. non. Michx. See E. adenophorum Spreng. Ferraria crispa Burm., Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. -Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 2: 199(1791) ssp. crispa. Synonym: F. undulata L., Spec. PL, ed. 2, 2: 1353(1763) — nom. superfl., teste M. P. de Vos, J. S. African Bot. 45: 341(1979). Ferraria undulata L. See F. crispa ssp. crispa. Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl in Victoria. See F. velata. Fimbristylis velata R.Br., Prodr. FI. Novae Floll. 227(1810). Synonym: F. squarrosa Vahl var. esquarrosa Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 47(1903) teste Govindarajalu, Reinwardtia 8: 509-13(1974). Victorian specimens at MEL confirm Jessop’s view (Black, FI. S. Aust., ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 273(1978)) that var. esquarrosa is the variety of F. squarrosa which is present in Australia. Gladiolus cuspidatus Jacq. See G. undulatus. Gladiolus undulatus L., Mant. Pl.l: 27(1769). Synonym: G. cuspidatus Jacq. teste Lewis et al., J. S. African Bot. Suppl. Vol. 10: 110(1972). Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Material in Victoria all appears to belong to the ssp. crinita (Mabille) W. Greater, Boissiera 13: 108(1967), (synonym: K. sieberi (Reichenb.) Dorfl.). As far as can be seen from the collections at MEL the ssp. elatine has not been collected in Victoria (R. V. Smith, pers. comm. July, 1979. Tutin et al., FI. Europaea 3: 238(1972) was consulted in coming to these conclusions). Kickxia sieberi (Reichenb.) Dorfl. See K. elatine. Leicbardtia is the correct spelling for this generic name (Bullock, Kew Bull. 1956: 287(1956)). Limonium lobatum (L. f.) O. Kuntze, Revisio Generum PI. 2: 395(1891). Basionym: Statice lobata L.f., Suppl. 187(1781). Synonym: L. thouinii (Viv.) O. Kuntze teste Erben, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Munchen 14: 395-397(1978). Limonium tbouinii (Viv.) O. Kuntze. See L. lobatum. Luzula australasica auct. non Steudel. Teste Jansen, Blumea 24: 527- 532(1978), Tasmanian material referred to L. australasica by Nordenskiold, Bot. Not. 122: 79(1969) and Edgar, N. Zealand J. Bot. 13: 781-802(1975) is referable to L. modesta Buchenau (endemic in Tasmania), while mainland material, in- cluding Victorian, referred to L. australasica by Nordenskiold, l.c., is referable to L. ovata Edgar. Luzula australasica Steudel (1855). The type has now been located in Paris and is referable to the taxon formerly known as L. oldfieldii Hook.f. (1858), a Tasmanian endemic. As L. australasica is the older name it must now be applied to this taxon, which becomes L. australasica Steudel ssp. australasica. For the names which should now be used for the taxa formerly known as L. australasica see L. australasica auct. non Steudel. See Jansen, Blumea 24: 527-32(1978). 435 Luzula australasica Steudel ssp. dura (Edgar) M. Jansen, Blumea 24: 531 (1978). Basionym: L. oldfieldiiWookA. ssp. dura Edgar, New Zealand J. Bot. 13: 789(1975). , . Luzula modesta Buchenau (a Tasmanian endemic). See L. australasica auct. non Steudel. Luzula oldfieldii Hook.f. See L. australasica Steudel. Luzula oldfieldii Hook.f. ssp. dura Edgar. See L. australasica Steu- del spp. dura. Microtis oblonga R. S. Rogers. See M. rara. Microtis rara R.Br., Prodr. FI. Novae Holl. 321(1810). Synonym: M. ob- longa R. S. Rogers, teste W. M. Curtis Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 59(1980). Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. This spelling and authority replaces N. physaloides Gaertn. Basionym: Atropa physalodes L., Spec. PI. 181(1753). See Horton, J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 1: 351-352(1979). Nicandra physaloides Gaertn. See N. physalodes. Notodanthonia Zotov. See Danthonia. Opiismenus aemulus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult. See O. hirtellus. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv., Essai Nouv. Agrost. 54, 170(1812). Basionym: Panicum hirtellum L., Syst. Naturae ed. 10,2: 870(1759). Synonyms: O. aemulus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.; O. imbecillis (R. Br.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 487(1817). Oplismenus imbecillis (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult. See O. hirtellus. Oxalis corniculata L. Lourteig, Phytologia 42: 57-198(1979), in a worldwide revision of Oxalis sect. Corniculatae DC., records the presence of this introduced species in Victoria and also that of the native O. perennans Haw. which has previously been included in O. corniculata L. in Australia. She also records the presence in Victoria of O. exilis Cunningham, Ann. Nat. Hist. 3: 316(1839), and O. radicosa A. Richard, Tentamen FI. Abyssinicae 1: 123(1847). Whether these are distinct enough to be separated from O. corniculata remains to be checked in field and laboratory studies. Pachycornia arbuscula (R.Br.) A. J. Scott, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 75: 369(1977). Basionym: Salicornia arbuscula R.Br. Synonym: Arthrocnemum arbusculum (R.Br.) Moq. Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Camel in Pari., FI. Italiana 6: 842(1885). Ssp. latifolia is the subspecies naturalized in Australia. See Hedge, Notes Roy. Bot. Card. Edinburgh 36: 11(1978). Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit., Descript. Icon. PI. Rariorum Hungariae 1:51(1801). Synonyms: P. psyllium L., nom. ambig.; P. indica L., nom. illegit. teste D. Cartier in Tutin et ah, FI. Europaea 4: 43(1976). Plantago indica L., nom. illegit. See P. arenaria. Plinthanthesis Steudel (1853) non S. T. Blake. See Danthonia. Plinthanthesis paradoxa (R.Br.) S. T. Blake. See Blakeochloa paradoxa. Prasophyllum album R. S. Rogers. Synonym: P. odoratum R. S. Rogers var. album (R. S. Rogers) R. S. Rogers. See W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 69(1980). Prasophyllum fuscum R.Br. var. fuscum. Synonym: P. gracile R. S. Rogers non Lindl. See Weber & Bates in J. M. Black, FI. S. Aust., ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 429(1978), and Bates in Native Orchid Soc. S. Aust. J. 3: 16(1979). Prasophyllum gracile R. S. Rogers non Lindl. There are differing opinions about this taxon. See P. fuscum var. fuscum. See also W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 72(1980). Prasophyllum odoratum R. S. Rogers. There are differing opinions about the status of this taxon. See P. patens var. patens. See also W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 68(1980). Prasophyllum odoratum R. S. Rogers var. album (R. S. Rogers) R. S. Rogers. There are differing opinions about the status of this taxon. See P. album and P. patens var. patens. 436 Prasophyllum patens R.Br. var. patens. Synonym: P. odoratum R. S. Rogers and P. odoratum R. S. Rogers var. album (R. S. Rogers) R. S. Rogers. See Weber & Bates in J. M. Black, FI. S. Aust., ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 434(1978), and Bates in Native Orchid Soc. S. Aust. J. 3: 17(1979). Pterostylis alata (Labill.) Reichenb.f. var. robusta (R. S. Rogers) J. Z. Weber & R. Bates in J. M. Black, FI. S. Aust., ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 437(1978). Basionyn: P. robusta R. S. Rogers. Synonym: P. scabra Lindl. var. robusta (R. S. Rogers) A. S. George. See Bates in Native Orchid Soc. S. Aust. J. 3:18(1979). Pterostylis aphylla Lindl., Genera & Spec. Orchidaceous PI. 392(1840). Considered to be distinct from P. parviflora R.Br. in Tasmania. See W. M. Cur- tis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 24(1980). Pterostylis parviflora R.Br. See P.. aphylla. Pterostylis scabra Lindl. var. robusta (R. S. Rogers) A. S. George. See P. alata var. robusta. Rytidosperma Steudel. See Danthonia. Salicornia blackiana Ulbrich. See Sarcocornia blackiana. Salicornia quinqueflora Bunge ex Ungern-Sternberg. See Sarcocornia quinque- flora. Sarcocornia blackiana (Ulbrich) A. J. Scott, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 75: 369 (1977). Basionym: Salicornia blackiana Ulbrich. Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Bunge ex Ungern-Sternberg) A. J. Scott, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 75: 368(1977). Basionym: Salicornia quinqueflora Bunge ex Ungern- Sternberg. Scirpus bamulosus (Bieb.) Steven. See Cyperus hamulosus. Sclerocblamys bracbyptera F. Muell. Synonym: Bassia brachyptera (F. Muell.) R. H. Anderson teste Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 115(1978). Sclerolaena birchii (F. Muell.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 623(1921). Syn- onym: Bassia birchii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. teste Scott, l.c. 111. Sclerolaena caput-casuarii (J. H. Willis) A. J. Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 111(1978). Basionym: Bassia caput-casuarii J. H. Willis. Sclerolaena diacantha (Nees) Benth., FI. Austr. 5: 194(1870). Synonym: Bas- sia diacantha (Nees) F. Muell. teste Scott, l.c. 112. Sclerolaena divaricata (R.Br.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 624(1921). Basionym: Anisacantha divaricata R.Br. teste Scott, l.c. 112. Synonym: Bassia divaricata (R.Br.) F. Muell. Sclerolaena muricata (Moq.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 624(1921). Basionym: Anisacantha muricata Moq., Chenopodearum Monogr. Enum. 84(1840). Synonym: Bassia quinquecuspis (F . Muell.) F. Muell. teste Scott, l.c. 113. Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa (Benth.) Ulbrich, in Engler & Harms, Natiirl Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 533(1934). Basionym: Anisacantha muricata var. villosa Benth., FI. Austr. 5: 199(1870). Synonym: Bassia quinquecuspis vsix . villosa (Benth.) R. H. Anderson teste Scott, l.c. 113. Sclerolaena obliquicuspis (R. H. Anderson) Ulbrich, in Engler & Harms, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 533(1934). Basionym: Bassia obliquicuspis R. H. Anderson teste Scott, l.c. 113. Sclerolaena parviflora (R. H. Anderson) A. J. Scott, Feddes Re- pert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 114(1978). Basionym: Bassia parviflora R. H. Anderson. Sclerolaena patenticuspis (R. H. Anderson) Ulbrich, in Engler & Harms, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 534(1934). Basionym: Bassia patenticuspis R. H. Anderson teste Scott, l.c. 114. Sclerolaena ramsayae (J. H. Willis) A. J. Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 114(1978). Basionym: Bassia ramsayae i . H. Willis. Sclerolaena tricuspis (F. Muell.) Ulbrich, in Engler & Harms, Natiirl. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 534(1934). Synonym: Bassia tricuspis (V. Muell.) R. H. 437 Anderson teste Scott, l.c. 114. Sclerolaena uniflora R.Br. Synonym: Bassia uniflora (R.Br.) F. Muell. teste Scott, l.c. 114. Solanum brownii Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 201(1813). Synonym: S. vio- laceum R.Br. (1810) non Ortega (1798) teste Hepper, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 291-292(1978). Solanum hermannii Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 212, t. 2 fig. B (1813). Synonym: S. sodomeum auctt. non L. teste Hepper, l.c. 292 and Taxon 27: 555(1978). Solanum sodomeum auctt. non L. See S. hermannii. Solanum violaceum R.Br. See S. brownii. Solenogyne bellioides Cass. var. gunnii (Hook.f.) G. L. Davis. See S. gunnii. Solenogyne gunnii (Hook.f.) Cabrera, Blumea 14: 307(1966). Synonym: S. bellioides Cass. var. gunnii (Hook.f.) G. L. Davis teste L. G. Adams, Brunonia 2: 55(1979). Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, forma bydrophilus (Boulos) Koster, Blumea 23: 165(1976). Basionym: S. hydrophilus Boulos in Eichler, Suppl. Black’s FI. S. Aust. ed. 2: 331(1965). Soncbus bydropbilus Boulos. See S. asper forma hydrophilus. Spirantbes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. The taxon found in Australia is the ssp. australis (R.Br.) Kitamura, teste W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 128(1980). Stelligera endecaspinis A. J. Scott, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 89: 115(1978). Synonym: Bassia stelligera (F. Muell.) F. Muell. Stipa compacta D. K. Hughes. See S. flavescens. Stipa elatior (Benth.) D. K. Hughes. See S. flavescens. Stipa falcata D. K. Hughes, Kew Bull. 1921: 14(1921). Teste Townrow, Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 112: 267-270(1978) this species is distinct from S. variabilis D. K. Hughes. Stipa flavescens Labill., Novae Holl. PI. Specim. 1: 4(1804) includes both S. elatior (Benth.) D. K. Hughes and S. compacta D. K. Hughes teste Townrow, l.c. 237. Stipa mollis R.Br., Prodr. 174(1810). Synonym: S. semibarbata R.Br. var. mollis (R.Br.) Benth. teste Townrow, l.c. 242. Stipa pubescens auctt. Viet, non R.Br. See S. pubinodis. Stipa pubinodis Trinius et Ruprecht, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, Ser. 6, Sci. Math. 5: 50(1843) preprinted as Species Graminum Stipaceorum, Petropol. (1842). Synonym: S pubescens auctt. Viet, non R.Br. teste Townrow, l.c. 251-255. Stipa semibarbata R.Br. var. mollis (R.Br.) Benth. See S. mollis. Thelymitra aristata sens. auct. Austr. non Lindl. See T. megcalyptra. Thelymitra carnea R.Br. var. rubra (R. D. FitzG.) J. Z. Weber & R. Bates in J. M. Black. FI. S. Aust., ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 455 (1978). Synonym: T. rubra R. D. FitzG. See Bates in Native Orchid Soc. S. Aust. J. 3: 18(1979). Thelymitra decora Cheeseman, Manual New Zealand FI. 1151(1906). Synonym: T. ixioides Sw. var. truncata (R. S. Rogers) W. H. Nicholls and T. truncata R. S. Rogers. See Weber & Bates in J. M. Black, FI. S. Aust. ed. 3, pt 1 (revised Jessop): 456(1978), and R. Bates in Native Orchid Soc. S. Aust. J. 3: 18(1979). Thelymitra ixioides Sw. var. truncata (R. S. Rogers) W. H. Nicholls. There are differing opinions about the status of this taxon. See T. decora and T. trun- cata. Thelymitra megcalyptra R. D. FitzG. Synonym: T. aristata Lindl. var. megcalyptra (R. D. FitzG.) W. H. Nicholls. The species previously known er- roneously as T. aristata has recently been referred to as T. megcalyptra. The ap- plication of the name T. aristata is not clear. The complex which contains T. aristata sens. auct. Austr., as well as T. pauciflora R.Br., T. nuda R.Br. and T. longifolia J. R. & G. Forst., is in need of further study. Thelymitra rubra R. D. FitzG. See T. carnea var. rubra. 438 Thelymitra truncata R. S. Rogers. Synonym: T. ixioides Sw. var. truncata (R. S. Rogers) W. H. Nicholls. See W. M. Curtis, Stud. FI. Tas. 4A: 45(1980). Trithuria — transferred to the new family Hydatellaceae by Hamaan, New Zea- land J. Bot. 14: 193-196(1976). Uncinia compacta R.Br., Prodr. 24 (1810). Synonym: U. flaccida S. T. Blake teste Nooteboom, Blumea 24: 516(1978). Uncinia flaccida S. T. Blake. See U. compacta. CORRECTIONS TO CONSPECTUS 1 . Erigeron conyzoides F. Muell. was given on p. 183 as an introduced species. It should have been included amongst the indigenous as Mueller described the species in 1855 from material collected “On the sources of the Murray and Snowy rivers at about 4,000-5,000 ft.” (Trans. Philos. Soc. Viet. 1: 105(1855)). Juncus kraussii Hochst. was given on p. 178 as an additional indigenous species. However, according to Dr. L. A. S. Johnson (pers. comm. 1980), the form of this species which is present in Australia has been known here previously as J. maritimus Lam. var. australiensis Buch. and is recorded under that name by Willis (1970). The new combination of the variety under J. kraussii has not yet been made. Microtis holmesii W. H. Nicholls. See M. parviflora. (Insert on p. 194). Microtis unifolia (Forst.f.) Reichenb.f., on p. 194. Alter the synonym M. bilobata to M. biloba. Solanum gracilius Herter was listed on p. 181 as indigenous. It is, how- ever, introduced, being native to South America. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have assisted in making this compilation of information possible. Mr T. B. Muir has again undertaken full responsibility for the family Orchidaceae. Others who have helped include Miss H. I. Aston, Mr A. C. Beauglehole, Dr B. G. Briggs, Mr M. I. H. Brooker, Mr Barry Conn, Mrs M. G. Corrick, Miss Jean Galbraith, Dr P. Gullan, Mr L. Haegi, Dr Surrey Jacobs, Dr L. A. S. Johnson, Dr Andrew Kanis, Mr P. F. Lumley, Dr R. F. Parsons, Dr Jocelyn Powell, Mr H. K. Airy Shaw, Mr B. K. Simon, Mr R. V. Smith, Mr P. G. Wilson and those mentioned incidentally in the text, particularly those who collected new plants. The author wishes to express her thanks to all these people. REFERENCES Churchill, D. M. and de Corona, A. (1972). ‘The Distribution of Victorian Plants’. (Melbourne). Todd, M. A. (1979). A conspectus of new records and nomenclature for vascular plants in Victoria dur- ing the period 1970-1977. Mue/leria 4: 173-199(1979). Willis, J, H. (1970). ‘A Handbook to Plants in Victoria 1, Ferns. Conifers & Monocotyledons’, ed. 2. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne). Wiliis, J. H. (1973, not 1972). ‘A Handbook to Plants in Victoria 2, Dicotyledons’. (Melbourne Univer- sity Press: Melbourne)’, Manuscript received 21 July 1980. 439 BOOK REVIEW Acacias of South Australia. D. J. E. Whibley with assistance frofti N. N. Don- ner. Illustrated by L. Dutkiewicz. Handbooks to the Flora and Fauna of South Australia. Government Printer, South Australia. 29 February 1980. 240 pp.; 40 col. & 60 b. & w. photographs; 104 b. & w. figures. Price $7.90 plus postage. The genus Acacia is one of the most widespread and important in Australia and its species form such a conspicuous feature of much of the vegetation that there is a demand for information about them. Acacias of South Australia with its infor- mative text, illustrations and photographs certainly satisfies this demand for the 97 species of Acacia recognized as occurring in South Australia at the time the book was published. The taxonomic complexity of the Australian Acacia species present formidable problems in classification and identification. Mindful of these difficulties, the author has provided an excellent illustrated key in addition to the more conventional descriptive key. The illustrated key is designed to enable the identifier to first com- pare the specimen with the illustrations in Figure 1 in which the species are divided into seven groups. After assigning a specimen to one of these groups, the identifier turns to the relevant Figure in which all of the species within that group are illustrated. Although more laborious, the descriptive key nevertheless offers a generally more reliable way of identifying a specimen. Each species is illustrated by excellent black and white line drawings and a habit photograph (many in colour), and a map showing the distribution within South Australia is provided. It would have been useful to cite in the captions the herbarium specimens from which the illustrations were drawn. Where available, common names are given along with the derivation of the specific epithet and relevant synonymy. Species descriptions are concise and notes on flowering times, habitat, cultivation, uses and related species are provided. The book also contains a useful glossary and a distribution chart recording the presence or absence of each species within the 13 phytogeographic regions into which South Australia is divided by the State Herbarium. The Egyptian thorn is referred to on p. 34 as A. arabica. However, the correct name for this plant is A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.: A. arabica is a synonym. A. nilotica is a very widely distributed and polymorphic species within which nine subspecies are currently recognized. The taxon referred to in the note at the foot of p. 218 under A. nilotica is either subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Brenan or subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan, the two subspecies being distinguished primarily on the nature of the pubescence on the young branchlets (not mentioned in the description provided). The two specimens referred to under A . arabica are likewise referable to a subspecies of A. nilotica. It is disappointing to find no reference to the existence of a new species in the north-western region of South Australia described as A. symonii Whibley, in J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 2(2): 167-169 (13 May 1980), less than three months after the publication of the book. For the sake of completeness, it would have been ap- propriate to mention this species in the book, even as Acacia sp. nov. However, tax- onomic botany is an unending synthesis and it is, of course, impossible to achieve finality, especially in a genus as large and complex as Acacia. Presumably A. symonii will be incorporated into the second edition of this very useful book along with other additions and alterations. The book was written for the professional botanist, amateur enthusiast and layman and the contents satisfy the requirements of all parties. It is well produced, inexpensive, and a convenient size (21 x 15 cm) suitable for use in the field. Acacias of South Australia is bound to stimulate further interest in this fascinating genus and the author and his colleagues are to be warmly congratulated on a fine piece of work. J. H. Ross 440 BOOK REVIEW Flora of New Zealand. Volume 3, Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. A. J. Healy and E. Edgar. Published by the Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1980. xlii. 220 pp., 3 figures including 4 coloured. Price SNZ18.50. This volume of the new ‘Flora of New Zealand’ is not the awaited treatment of the Gramineae but covers, instead, adventive monocotyledons from the families whose indigenous representatives comprised volume 2. Adventive species include those which have been introduced accidentally and grow spontaneously in New Zealand such as Juncus bufonius and also those that have escaped from cultivation and have persisted in the wild, such as Trachycarpus fortunei. Both categories contain aggressive weedy species. In their introduction, the authors discuss the treatment of adventive species in previous floras of New Zealand. They point out that these species have traditionally been omitted from accounts of the native flora, a situation they regard as unsatisfac- tory: “Ultimately a Flora of New Zealand must encompass both native and adven- tive species in the one treatment”. The present volume of 220 pages is relatively long for its intended treatment of only 168 adventives because the authors have devoted much space to ensuring that it can be used effectively as an identification manual. To this end, the general keys at the front of the volume and the family keys to genera all include both native and adventive taxa. In the eight genera which contain both native and adventive species, Potomogeton, Cordyline, Juncus, Luzula, Centrolepis, Carex, Cyperus and Scir- pus, the keys feature all species and descriptions are given of each. This makes the volume particularly useful for large difficult genera like Carex (22 adventive, 73 native species) and Juncus (31 adventive, 16 native species). In all, descriptions of 134 natives have been included. The format of the (species) descriptions is the same as in earlier volumes but descriptions of indigenous species are shortened. The first record and first collection are given for adventive species and in the case of serious weeds information about dispersal is included. Problems of nomenclature, diagnosis and variation are dealt with where appropriate. Notes are also given on species recorded as garden escapes, but not regarded as sufficiently well-established to merit full treatment. A number of useful black and white figures illustrate many confusing features such as habit and inflorescence form in Juncus. However more figures of Carex species would have been welcome. The coloured illustrations of flowers of various petalous monocotyledons are of inferior quality and might well have been omitted. The annals of taxonomic research on New Zealand Tracheophyta are continued from Volume 2 and cover the years 1969-1976; there is also a family index to the an- nals. The layout of the book is excellent, the nomenclature up-to-date and the lack of typographical errors impressive. The volume strikes a sound balance between the need for a field manual for identification and a reference work of use to tax- onomists. I look forward to a volume on Gramineae which includes both native and introduced species. Peter Lumley CONTENTS Page New species of Schoenus (Cyperaceae) and Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) -D. A. Cooke 299 Studies on Macquarie Island lichens 1 : General — RexB. Filson 305 Studies on Macquarie Island lichens 2: The genera Hypogymnia, Menegaz- zia, Parmelia and Pseudocyphellaria — RexB. Filson 317 Vegetation of the Gippsland Lakes catchment — P. K. Gullan, N. G. Walsh and S. J. Forbes 333 Dates of publication of Australian pharmacy journals in connection with taxonomy — T. B. Muir 385 Notes on Templetonia R. Br. (Papilionaceae) -J. H. Ross 389 Pollen-ovule ratios, breeding systems and distribution patterns of some Australian Gnaphaliinae (Compositae: Inuleae) -P.S. Short 395 Notes on a little known publication by Sonder on the marine algae of the New Hebrides — Doris M. Sinkora 419 A new species of Grevillea (Proteaceae) from Victoria -R.V. Smith 423 A conspectus of new records and nomenclature for vascular plants in Vic- toria 2. 1978-early 1980 — Mary A. Todd 429 Book reviews 439 ISSN 0077-1813 F. D. Atkinson, Government Printer, Meibourne