ISSN 0966-0011

PHASMID STUDIES

volume 10, numbers 1 & 2.

March & December 2001.

Editor: P.E. Bragg.

Published by the Phasmid Study Group.

Phasmid Studies issn 0966-0011

volume 10, numbers 1 & 2.

Contents

Species Report PSG 213: Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906)

Isabella C. Brey 1

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), a common red-winged phasmid in Borneo

P.E. Bragg 6

Note on Pseudodiacantha macklottii (de Haan, 1842)

Oliver Zompro 15

A new species of Phanocles from Ecuador (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae:
Diapheroraerinae: Diapheromerini)

Oliver Zompro 17

A review of Eurycanthinae: Eurycanthini, with a key to genera, notes on the subfamily
and designation of type species

Oliver Zompro 19

Reviews and Abstracts

Book Review 24

Phasmid Abstracts 24

Caledoniophasma marshallae , a new genus and species of Phasmatodea

Oliver Zompro 29

More Bornean records of Necroscia prasina (Burmeister, 1838)

P.E. Bragg 34

Menexenus exiguus alienigena Gunther, 1939 from Sulawesi

P.E. Bragg 35

Stick Insects in Baltic Amber

Oliver Zompro 41

Reviews and Abstracts

Books & Compact Disks 45

Phasmid Abstracts 46

Cover illustration: Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), drawing by P.E. Bragg.

Species Report PSG 213: Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906)

Isabella C. Brey, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea,
SA2 8PP, UK.

Abstract

Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906) came into culture within the PSG in 1999. Descriptions and
illustrations of the adults, nymphs and eggs are provided as well as information on rearing and defence mechanisms.

Key words

Phasmida, Malacomorpha jamaicana , Pseudophasmatinae, rearing, defence, Jamaica.

Taxonomy

Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906), originally described as Anisomorpha
jamaicana , and recently transferred to Malacomorpha by Zompro, belongs to the subfamily
Pseudophasmatinae (order Phasmida, suborder Areolatae, family Pseudophasmatidae). The
syntype series (from Jamaica, collected by Burr) consists of three females and one male,
housed in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, and the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles
de Belgique, Brussels respectively (P. Brock, pers. comm.).

Culture History

The founder stock consisted of two adult mating pairs and a small number of nymphs
collected by Tony James near Portland, Jamaica, in March 1999 (T. James, pers. comm.).
Due to good rearing success, the species is now becoming common within the Phasmid Study
Group.

Distribution

Malacomorpha jamaicana is endemic to Jamaica (P. Brock, pers. comm.).
Descriptions

All sizes in this section represent the mean measurements of three individuals.

The adult male (Fig. 1)

The adult male reaches a length of 36mm from the front of the head to the tip of the
abdomen. The type specimen measures 32mm (Redtenbacher, 1906: 94). Seen from above,
it reaches a width of 3mm at its widest point. The antennae measure 30mm when intact, but
are frequently broken off. The front legs are shorter than the antennae (reaching 21mm), the
middle legs are short (only reaching 16mm), whereas the hind legs reach 23mm. There are
two short cerci (< 1mm) at the tip of the abdomen.

The coloration of the sexes is similar. The adult male is a dull brown with an intricate
pattern of fine, lighter and darker brown, longitudinal stripes. There is a wider dark brown
to black stripe dorsally along the midline spanning all ten abdominal segments. It continues
on to the metathorax, where it separates into two fine parallel lines extending forward to the
front end of the mesothorax. The eyes protrude slightly and are brown with some lighter
lines across them. Behind each eye, a lighter band extends back along the head to the front
of the prothorax. The antennae show some light and dark banding. The legs also have some
banding and mottling. An interesting feature is the light coloured V-shaped mark that is
visible on each femur when seen from the front. This mark is particularly well developed
on the front and mid femora, and is also present in the female. The coxae are large and well
developed, making the insect’s body look wider than it actually is. At the front comers of
the prothorax, the openings of the secretory glands are visible as raised circular areas.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 1

P.S.G. 213: Malacomorpha Jamaicans (Redtenbacher, 1906)

The adult female (Fig. 2)

The adult female is considerably larger than the male, reaching a length of 58mm and
a width of up to 8mm when egg laying. Interestingly, the mean length of the type specimens
is given as only 49.5mm (Redtenbacher, 1906: 94). The antennae reach 40mm and are
usually intact. The front legs are shorter than the antennae (30mm), the middle legs are the
shortest (24mm) and hind legs the longest (32mm). The female also possesses two short cerci
( < 1mm) on the tip of the abdomen.

Although the coloration of the adult female is similar to the male, she tends to be
lighter. There are small light markings on the rear corners of each abdominal segment.
Dorsally in the centre of each abdominal segment, towards its hind margin, there is a small
tubercle with a light coloured tip. On each side of the metathorax there is a light coloured
oval area with a rugged edge. The banding and striping is essentially the same as described
for the adult male. Again, the coxae are large and the openings of the prothoracic glands are
clearly visible.

Nymphs

Newly hatched nymphs are uniformly dark brown in colour. They measure 9mm from
the front of the head to the tip of the abdomen and are 1mm wide. The antennae reach 5mm.
The front, middle and hind legs measure 9, 7 and 8mm respectively. From the second moult,
lighter brown patches start to develop. Hatching seems to take place exclusively at night.

Eggs (Figs. 3 & 4)

The eggs are roughly cylindrical measuring approximately height 3mm, length 2mm,
width 1.5mm. Their colour ranges from greyish green to greyish brown. The surface is
rough with more or less well developed granules forming a pattern in places. The contents
of the eggs are a reddish purple.

Figures 3 & 4. Egg of Malacomorpha jamaicana, 3. Lateral view; 4. Dorsal view.

Phasmid Studies. 10 ( 1 ): 3

Isabella C. Brey

Defensive behaviour

Malacomorpha jamaicana is capable of producing a powerful defensive secretion from
a pair of prothoracic glands. This milky secretion can be sprayed as a fine (nearly invisible)
mist and causes strong irritation of the eyes and nasal mucosa up to one metre away from the
insect. The secretion is so strong that it proves noticeable from a nymph's first moult. In
one instance* where the secretion was not washed off the skin, blistering occurred.
Malacomorpha jamaicana is considered more potent and more likely to spray than members
of the related genus Anisomorpha by some, less so by others (I. Abercrombie* pers. comm.*
T. James, pers. comm.). The author has found the species highly irritable and the spray
extremely potent.

If handling becomes necessary, it has been found easiest to provoke an ‘all-out attack’
on a rubber gloved hand by quickly placing it over and around the insect’s thorax, thereby
confining the spray, which can then easily be wiped off the glove, It seems that, for at least
one hour afterwards, the insect is unable to spray again and can be handled fairly safely.

If the spray fails to deter a predator, or a well meaning keeper, A. jamaicana will try
to escape by running away very fast for quite some distance before freezing. It seems to
prefer a dark background for this immobility response.

In cases of minor disturbance, slight swaying motions, similar to those found in
Carausius morosus (Singly), have been observed.

Rearing

A hatch rate of 100% was achieved by placing the eggs in a ventilated plastic box lined
with tissue paper and spraying the lid twice weekly with lukewarm water. During incubation,
the box was maintained at room temperature (20-25 °C). Eggs took between four and six
months to hatch.

The nymphs accepted privet (Ligusrrum sp.) readily and reached adulthood within four
to five months.

Adult males appear to have a shorter lifespan than females, with few reaching an age
of more than six months (females have been recorded to live up to eight months). On
average, females lay around 15 eggs per week, which are dropped to the bottom of the cage.
Males tend to associate themselves with a female when adult by sitting on her back, but this
association does not seem to be lifelong as in Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard (Hoskisson,
2001 ).

While actually mating, it seems to be very difficult for the male to detach itself from
the female when disturbed. Males were observed being dragged along behind the female as
she was trying to escape. One should therefore avoid disturbing mating pairs wherever
possible.

The fact that the majority of males show severely shortened antennae gives rise to the
question whether this may be the result of fights between rival males, one attempting to
dislodge the other from a female's back.

All stages seem to appreciate reasonably high humidity, such as in a propagator. If they
are kept in airier cages, the food plants should be sprayed regularly. Room temperature
seems adequate for successful development of nymphs and maintenance of adults.
Malacomorpha jamaicana does not appear to like being exposed to a heat source, such as a
lamp, generally causing them to move away. Light alone does not result in such a response.

Both nymphs and adults are gregarious and gather together in tight bundles, somerimes
several insects thick, during the day.

Unlike the majority of stick insects, they produce fairly sticky droppings, so lining the
cage with paper will facilitate the cleaning process.

Pluimitl Studies. 10(1): 4

P.S.G. 213: Malacomorpha jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906)

Overall, this is a straightforward species to keep and rear with very good hatch rates
and low mortality of nymphs. Due to its defensive spray, however, it can not be
recommended in those cases where children could come into contact with it or where the
rearer is prone to asthma or allergies.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Paul Brock for all his patience and support during the creation of this
report. Thanks also to Ian Abercrombie and Tony James for interesting discussions and
information supplied.

References

Hoskisson, P.A. (2001) Species Report PSG 122, Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard. Phasmid Studies, 9(1 &2): 1-3.
Redtenbacher, J. (1906) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, Volume 1. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 5

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), a common red-winged phasmid in Borneo

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottingham, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Abstract

Necroscia prasina is a widespread, common species of phasmid in Borneo. Although brightly coloured, identification
is not simple. The male, female and egg are described and illustrated. Illustrations of the similarly coloured West
Malaysian Necroscia inflata are provided for comparison.

Key words

Phasmida, Necroscia prasina , Borneo.

Introduction

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister) was the first species of phasmid to be described from Borneo.
It is common and widespread in Borneo, and it has also been recorded from Java, Sumatra,
the Philippines, Singapore and West Malaysia. The typical coloration of green body and red
wings is very striking but there are a number of similarly coloured species in Borneo, in
addition the coloration is variable and there are several similarly sized and proportioned
species. Brock’s key to West Malaysian species of Necroscia (Brock, 1999: 93) uses the
coloration of the wings to distinguish this species from the similarly coloured Necroscia
inflata (Redtenbacher) . The coloration of my own Bornean material of N. prasina is such
that it can not be used to distinguish it from my West Malaysian and Singaporean specimens
of N. inflata . Colour is therefore only of limited value in identifying this species.
Examination of the terminal abdominal segments is a reliable method of distinguishing both
the males and female of these two species (Figs. 1-4).

Figures 1-4. Apex of abdomen: 1. Necroscia prasina , male; 2. Necroscia inflata , male;
3. Necroscia prasina , female; 4. Necroscia inflata , female.

Taxonomy

Necroscia prasina belongs to the Necrosciinae, the largest group of phasmids in Borneo.
This species has been described as new by three different authors: Burmeister (1838).
Audinet-Serville (1838) and Redtenbacher (1908).

The valid name for the species is Necroscia prasina (Burmeister) since Burmeister’s
publication of 1838 pre-dates Audinet-Serville’ s publication of Phasma roseipennis (which
was in the last week of December 1838). However, for many years most authors used the
name Necroscia roseipennis.

Burmeister described his species in the genus Phasma , as Phasma prasinum. Audinet-
Serville described a different species, from South America, and gave it the same name.
These two are therefore homonyms (two different species with the identical name).
Westwood (1859) recognised this and proposed the replacement name Necroscia burmeisieri ,
for Phasma prasinum Burmeister; however, this is invalid because he replaced the senior
name when he should have replaced the junior name. Phasma prasinum Audinet-Serville has

Phasmid Studi es. 1 0( 1 ) : 6

Ntcroscm prasina f&urmeister), a common red -winged phasmid in Borneo

Figures 5*6, Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), 5. Female; 6. Male.

Phasmid Studies. 1 Of 1 >: 7

PE. Bragg

recently been replaced with Citrina servillei Zompro (2000: 94).

Necroscia prasina has been mentioned in the literature on numerous occasions, although
often as Necroscia roseipennis; a complete list of references is given in the synonymy below.

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister, 1838)

Phasma prasinum Burmeister, 1838: 586. Lectotype 9 (ZMHB) Borneo; Paralectotype 9 (not
located by Brock, 1996a) Java [Lectotype designation by Brock, 1996a: 91].
Necroscia prasina (Burmeister); Brock, 1999: 97, figs 60a-b (£), 60c-d (9); Bragg, 2001:
573, figs 227 A (8), 227B (9), 227C-D (egg).

Necroscia burmeisteri Westwood, 1859: 151; Kirby, 1904: 376. [An invalid replacement
name for Phasma prasinum Burmeister, not P. prasinum Audinet-Serville].

Necroscia roseipennis Audinet-Serville, 1838: 252; Westwood, 1859: 151; Kirby, 1904a:
437; Kirby, 1904b: 376; Kamy, 1923: 241; Gunther, 1943: 165; Hausleithner, 1991:
221; Seow-Choen et al. , 1994a: 11 fig 2 (<5); Seow-Choen et al. , 1994c: 71, pi. OO.l
(9), 00.2 (9), PP.3 (8 & 9), PP.4 (8)\ Seow-Choen et al. , 1994d: 394, fig (8 & 9);
Brock, 1996a: 91. Syntypes 8 & 9 (Audinet-Serville’s collection) Java. Synonymised
by Redtenbacher, 1908: 526 [using roseipennis as the senior name].

Phasma (Necroscia) roseipenne Audinet-Serville; de Haan, 1842: 121.

Aruanoidea roseipennis (Audinet-Serville): Redtenbacher, 1908: 526. pi. 27.10a-b (9);
Werner, 1934b: 3.

Aruanoidea connexa Redtenbacher, 1908: 525. Holotype 9 (NHMW, 1032) Malaysia, coll.
Jachau. Synonymised by Brock, 1996a: 91.

Material examined

In the following list SMSM refers to the Sarawak Museum in Kuching. PEB refers to
material in my own collection, these specimens were collected by myself unless otherwise
indicated. The SMSM material has been used solely for the distribution map; the descriptions
are based on my own material only. Measurements in table 1 are taken from my longest and
shortest specimens.

BRUNEI

Locality not specified: 9 (SMSM -335) Waterstradt van der Poll (no date].

Badas: d (PEB-2365) 31.x. 1994: 9 (PEB-236I). d (PEB-2364) 01.xi.1994.

Teraja, waterfall trail: 9 (PEB-2363) 03. xi. 1994.

SABAH

Mi Kinabalu Park, near Park HQ. 1580m: 6 (PEB- 1709) 30.viii. 1992.

SARAWAK

Lundu: 9 (SMSM-332) 24. xi. 1915.

Trusan: 9 (SMSM-333) xi. 1902.

Kuching: d (SMSM-334) 01 .ii. 1896.

Samubong: d (SMSM-487) 20. iv. 1970: 9 (SMSM-488) 15. iv. 1970.

Bengoh: d (PEB-1044) 28.vii.1989.

43km NE of Selangau: 6 (PEB-2347). 9 (PEB-2348). 9 (PEB-2362) 26.x. 1994.

Mi Serapi. 90m: 9 (PEB- 1601). eggs (PEB- 1602) 05.viii.l992
Mt Serapi. 120m: 9 (PEB-897) 26.vii.199I.

Mi Serapi. 240in: 9 (PEB-894) 28.vii.1991.

Mi Serapi. 600m: 9 (PEB-893) 13 viji. 1990.

Mi Serapi. 670m: d (PEB-896) 27.vii.199J.

Mi Serapi, 700m: 9 (PEB-898) 27.vjj.1991: 9 (PEB-1575) 14.viij.I992.

Mi Serapi: 9 (PEB-1043) I2.viii. 1989: 9 (PEB- 1875) collected by Ricky Lee, viii.1992
Simunjan: 9 (PEB-895) ]7.viii. 1991 .

Phasmui Studies. 10(1): 8

Necroscia prasina (Burmeisier), a common red -winged phasmid in Borneo

Distribution (Fig. 7).

This species has quite a widespread
distribution; it has been recorded
from Java, Borneo, Sumatra, the
Philippines, West Malaysia, and
Singapore. Within Borneo it has
previously been recorded from
Babaggon (Hausleithner, 1991),

Pontianak and Barito River (de
Haan, 1842), and Mahakam
(Gunther, 1943). Although it
probably relates to the region
around Banjarmasin, de Haan’s
record for Barito River is not
plotted on the distribution map
since it is very long, almost
bisecting Kalimantan; Gunther’s
record for the Mahakam river
relates to somewhere within, or
close to, the large circle (Bragg,

2001:47).

Female (Figs. 3, 5 & 8-14).

Head, body, legs and costal region of the wings usually mid-green, occasionally brown; the
portion of the abdominal nota covered by the wings is reddish; anal region of wings pale pink
to red, occasionally overlaid with a greyish tinge. Head with a longitudinal pale, almost
white, line running from the back of each eye; this continues along the lateral margins of the
pronotum but is present only very indistinctly on the mesonotum; the radial vein of the hind
wing tends to be paler than the rest, giving the impression that the pale stripe continues along
the whole insect. In live specimens the underside of the body may appear to be white. Eyes
are brown or reddish brown. Antennae dark, becoming slightly lighter distally. Mesothorax
granulose, rest of body smooth. Body length 71-81mm, full measurements in table 1. width
of middle of mesonotum about 2.2mm.

Head flat, with eyes projecting prominently from the side. Head about one fifth longer
than wide (excluding the eyes), of similar width if the eyes are included. Head with a slight
longitudinal furrow and three ocelli. Basal segment of antennae twice as long as wide,
flattened; second segment cylindrical, almost half as long as first and only slightly narrower;
remainder half as wide as second, indistinctly segmented.

Pronotum (Fig. 13) one-and-a-half times longer than wide, broadest at the anterior,
narrowest in the middle, anterior margin slightly indented; with a curved transverse groove
just anterior of the mid point, with a slight longitudinal groove. Mesonotum granulose,
granules extending the full width at the anterior but restricted to an area close to the centre
line at the posterior (Fig. 11); mesonotum with a raised central longitudinal ridge and raised
granulose margins. Mesopleurae with a narrow longitudinal band of granules. Mesostemum
sparingly granulose. Metanotum and median segment usually obscured by the elytra and
wings, metanotum very' slightly longer than median segment.

Segments 2-7 of almost uniform width (about 3.5mm); 2-6 of equal length, 7th about
two-thirds as long. Segments 8-10 narrowing, 8th and 10th only slightly longer than wide,
9th as wide as long. Postero-lateral corners of 10th projecting (Figs. 3 & 8). Lamina

Phasmid Studies. 10H): 9

P.E. Bragg

Figures 8-14. N . prasina , female. 8-10. Abdomen: dorsal, lateral & ventral views;

11. Mesonotum; 12. Right fore femur, dorsal view; 13. Pronorum:
14. Left elytron.

Phasmid Studies. 10 ( 1 ): 10

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), a common red-winged phasmid in Borneo

supraanalis rounded, projecting just beyond the postero- laterals of the 10th segment.
Operculum reaching almost to the posterior of 10th tergum, with anterior end almost semi-
circular in cross-section, reducing in height towards the rear, with a "V" shaped notch in the
posterior margin (Fig. 10); there is a depression near the proximal end of the dorsal margin.
Cerci prominent, projecting beyond the end of the abdomen, rounded, swollen towards the
posterior.

Base of fore femora compressed and curved (Fig. 12). All five carinae are very distinct
on the fore legs but rather indistinct, particularly ventrally, on the mid and hind legs.
Femora and tibiae all without spines, but with a row of setae on the carinae, these are
particularly strong on the fore legs. Basal tarsomere of similar length to combined length of
tarsomeres 2-5: slightly longer on fore leg, slightly shorter on middle and hind legs. Elytra
rhomboidal when viewed dorsally (Fig. 14), fairly flat. Wings reaching to halfway along
7th segment (slightly variable), radial vein unbranched; anal region with all veins red or pink,
the membrane between paler pink.

Tabic 1 . NeCfOSClCl prasina — measurements in mm.

6 9 6 9

Total length

49-56

71-81

Fore femora

16.5-19

21-23

Antennae

51-62

70-78( + ?)

Fore tibiae

15-17.5

19-22.5

Head

2. 3-2. 5

3. 1-3.9

Fore tarsi

8- L0

10.5-11

Pronotum

2, 1*2.3

3. 8-4.0

Mid femora

11-13.5

13-15

Mesonotum

7. 8-8. 7

21-22.5

Mid tibiae

9.5-11.5

11-13.5

Metanotum

3. 6-4. 8

6. 5-7. 5

Mid tarsi

5-6

6. 5-7.0

Median segment

3. 4-4. 2

6.0-6 .5

Hind femora

15.5-17

18-20

Elytra

3.0-3. 6

5.2-6. L

Hind tibiae

14-17

15.5-17.5

Hind wing

26-30

45-47

Hind tarsi

7-7.5

8-8.5

Male (Figs. 1, 6 & 15-18).

Coloration as in the female, but one male has green eyes. Body proportions similar to female
but more slender, width of middle of mesonotum about 1 .5mm. Body length 49-56mm, full
measurements in table 1 .

Head about one-and-a-half times longer than wide (excluding eyes), as long as wide
with eyes included. Otherwise as in female.

Thorax, including granulation, as in female.

Abdominal segments 2-6 of equal length and nanowing only very slightly, about four
times longer than wide; 7th of similar width but only about half as long. Segments 8th
widening to almost double the width of 7th; 9th and 10th of equal width to posterior of 8th.
Segments 8 & 9 slightly shorter than 7th. Tenth segment only slightly more than half the
length of 9th, postero- lateral corners project greatly, at the centre line the 10th segment is
only one quarter as long as 9th segment. Postero- lateral comers of 1 0th with about 20
hooked teeth on the ventral surface. The joints between segments 7-10 have a rounded
depression, usually brown in colour. Lamina supraanalis semi-circular with a longitudinal
carina, usually clearly present but not projecting beyond the postero -lateral comers of the
10th segment; in preserved material at least the lamina supraanalis may be folded under the
10th segment. Poculum reaching to the end of the 9th dorsum, rounded, smooth. Cerci not
as prominent as in the female, swollen, club-like.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 11

PE . Bragg

Legs as in female, except basal tarsomeres which are slightly longer than tarsomeres
2-5 on both the fore and hind legs, slightly shorter on mid leg. Wings reaching to half way
along 6th segment, otherwise as in the female.

17

Figures 15-18.

Necroscia prasina, male; 15-17. Apex of abdomen; dorsal, lateral &
ventral views; 18. Pronotum.

Egg (Figs. 19-20).

Capsule cylindrical with polar end almost conical, dorsal surface straight, ventral surface
curving at each end. Opercular angle about +90°. Capsule and operculum almost smooth
(very finely punctate); polar end with three short ridges. Capsule light grey, darker at the
opercular end of dorsal surface, ridges at polar end black. Micropylar plate close to polar
end, long and slender with a groove in the capsule on each side of the plate. Capsule length
7.0mm, height 1.0mm, width 1.0mm.

Comments

Seow-Choen et ai. (1994c) report various colour forms in West Malaysia but do not state the
frequency of the different forms. Only one of the 19 specimens in my collection is brown;
I have found more green specimens than I have collected, but I have only found the single

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 1 ): 12

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), a common red-winged phasmid in Borneo

Figures 19-20. Egg of Necroscia prasina , 19. Dorsal view. 20. Lateral view.

brown specimen, a female (PEB-2348) from roadside vegetation 43km NE of Selangau. My
green bodied specimens have wings with variously coloured anal regions, ranging from pale
pink to the more common red, one male (PEB-2347) has an equal mixture of grey and pink,
a green female (PEB-2362) from the same locality also has some grey mixed with the pink.
Seow-Choen et al. also clearly state, and show in colour photographs, that the antennae have
seven white bands distally. These bands do not occur in my preserved Bornean material and
are not present on any of my photographs of live material in Borneo; it is possible that this
is a geographical variation.

My materia] has been collected at various altitudes, from 90- 1580m. Altitude does not
appear to have any effect on size, the specimen from 1580m falls within the range of sizes
found in lowland areas. I have found this species in most areas where I have collected for
more than one night, including on the fringes of peat-swamp forest at Simunjan; however,
I did not find this species during a two-week stay in a peat-swamp at Kelambenkari in
Kalimantan Tengah in 1993 although another red-winged species Marmessoidea quadriguttata
(Burmeister) was common in the area. Similarly, I did not find this species during a 12 night
stay in primary lowland forest at Kuala Belalong in Brunei. It is possible that this species
prefers secondary forest, one of the foodplants, wild cinnamon only reaches about 10m in
height (Seow-Choen et al . , 1994c); cinnamon is therefore likely to be more common in
secondary forest.

In my own Bornean collection there are eight other similarly coloured species (i.e.
green with pink or red wings) of various sizes. At least two of these have females which
could easily be confused with Necroscia prasina : one of these also has almost identical
terminal segments but may be distinguished, with the aid of a microscope, by the shape of
the operculum, head, and base of the fore legs.

One would expect brightly coloured phasmids to be easily to identify compared to the
more common dull species. Whilst identification of such species is relatively easy, there are
still problems caused by variation in coloration and by original descriptions and illustrations
which are inadequate for distinguishing similar species.

References

Audinet Serville, J-G. (1838) Hisioire Naturelle des Insectes. Onhopteres . Paris.

Bragg, P.E. (2001, in press) Phasmids of Borneo . Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Sabah.
Brock, P.D. (1996a) Catalogue to stick and leaf-insects (lnsecia: Phasmida) associated with Peninsular Malaysia and
Singapore. Malayan Nature Journal , 49(2): 83-102. (Journal is dated November 1995 but was published 26. ii. 1996]
Brock, P.D. (1999) Stick and Leaf Insects of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Malaysian Nature Society. Kuala
Lumpur.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 13

P E. Bragg

Burmeister, H. ( 1 8S8> Handbuch der Entomologie , Volume 2. Berlin.

Gunther, K. (1943) Die Phasmoiden (Onhoptera) der "Borneo-expedition Dr. Nieuwenhuis" aus dem Siromgebiet
des oberen Mahakam. Eos Madrid, 19: 149-172.

Haan, W. de (1842) Bijdragen ioi de Kennis Orthopiera. in C.J. Temminck, Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke
Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen. volume 2.

Hausleithner, B. (1991) Eine Phasmidenausbeut aus dem Gebiet des Mount Kinabalu, Borneo (Phasmatodea).
Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Frankfurt , N.F. 11(4): 217-236.

Karny, H.H. (1923) Zur Nomenklarur der Phasmoiden. Treubia , 3(2): 230-242.

Kirby, W.F. (1904a) Notes on Phasmidae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), South
Kensington, with descriptions of new genera and species. - No. M. Annales and magazine of natural History , (7)13:
429-449.

Kirby, W.F. (1904b) A synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. 1. London.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 3. Leipzig.

Seow-Choen, F., Brock, P.D. & Seow-En, 1. (1994a) The Stick Insects of Singapore. Singapore Scientist, 70: IQ-
14.

Seow-Choen, F., Brock, P.D. & Seow-En, I. (1994b) An introduction io the stick and leaf-insects of Singapore.
Malayan Naturalist, 48: 7-11.

Seow-Choen, F., Brock, P.D. & Seow-En, I. (1994c), Colour variations of the stick insect Necroscia roseipennis
Serville (Phasmida = Phasmatodea) in Singapore. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 53(393): 71-73,
pi. OO & PP.

Seow-Choen F., Tay, E.P., Brock, P.D. & Seow-En, I. (1994d) Foodplanis of some Stick-insects (Phasmida =
Phasmatodea) from Singapore. Malayan Nature Journal , 47(4): 393-396.

Zompro, O. (2000) Designation of type-species of 13 stick-insect genera described by J. Redtenbacher (Insecta:
Orthoptera: Phasmatodea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wein, 102B: 93-96.

Phasmid Studies, 10(1): 14

Note on Pseudodiacantha macklottii (de Haan, 1842)

Oliver ZomprO) Max-Plank-Institul fill Limnologie, AG Tropenokologie, August-Thienemannstra^e 2,
24306 Pliin, Germany.

Abstract

The type species of Lamachus Still, 1877, Lamnrchinus Uvarov, 1940, Lopaphus Redtenbacher, 1908 (noi Lopaphus
Westwood, 1859), Lopaphodes Karny. 1923. Orxines SiAl, 1875, Pseudodiacantha Redtenbacher are reviewed, with
the result that Lamachus and Lamnrchinus are found to be new synonyms of Orxines and that the correct name of
one of the most famous phasmids has to be corrected into Pseudodiacantha macklottii (de Haan, 1842).

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Onrme^Stiil.Zia/nflchicf StAl, Pseudodiacantha Redtenbacher, type species, Pseudodiacantha
macklottii (de Haan, 1842), new synonyms.

The lichen-iike phasmid Orxines macklottii (de Haan, 1842), is one of the most famous
phasmids. During his research on Philippine phasmids the author came across a striking
mistake which Rehn (1904: 71) made when selecting a type species for Orxines StAl, 1875,
caused by ignoring or not understanding Stal’s reasons for the establishment of his new genus
Lamachus Si21, 1877. The selection of Anophelepis xiphias Westwood as type species of
Orxines Stal by Rehn (1904: 71) was founded just on the fact that this species was figured
by Westwood.

In Orxines its author, St£l, originally included Anophelepis xiphias Westwood, 1859:
71, pi 4.4 & 4.5. Necroscia zeuxis Westwood, 1859: 151, pi. 28.5 & 28.6 and Phasma
(Lopaphus) macklottii de Haan, 1842: 126, pi. 11.1 & 11.2. When establishing Lamachus,
Stal (1877: 41) pointed out that the new genus differs from Orxines in the body being
"longiore et graciHore" (longer and slenderer) and included the newly described L. semperi
and L. xiphias (Westwood). So it was obvious that his intention was to separate the slender,
stick- 1 ike species from the lichen-like macklottii and zeuxis.

Redtenbacher (1908: 552) erected Pseudodiacantha for P. obscura , a species that Brock
(1998: 8) found to be a synonym of O. macklottii (de Haan, 1842), so this is an available
genus to include the species Stal wanted to place in his Orxines.

Because of Rehn’s decision, Lamachus becomes a synonym of Orxines , which includes
the species O. xiphias (Westwood) and O . semperi (Stal) and some other species, while
Pseudodiacantha includes P. macklottii (de Haan) and P. zeuxis (Westwood): consequently
Lopaphus Redtenbacher (not Lopaphus Westwood) and Lopaphodes Kamy are synonyms of
Pseudodiacantha. This means that one of the most famous phasmids from the PSG culture
list: PSG 2, Orxines macklottii , has to change its name into Pseudodiacantha macklottii (de
Haan, 1842).

The synonymies of Orxines and Pseudodiacantha are as follows:

Orxines Stal, 1875: 43. Type species: Anophelepis xiphias Westwood, 1859: 71, pi. 4.4 Sc
4.5, by subsequent designation of Rehn, 1904: 71.

Lamachus Stal, 1877: 41, n.syn, Type species: Lamachus semperi Stal, 1877, by present
designation. Preoccupied by Lamachus Foerster, 1868 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).
Lamarchinus Uvarov, 1940: 175, n.syn. Type species: Latnachas semperi Si&l, 1877, by
indication. Replacement name for the preoccupied Lamachus Stil, 1877.

Pseudodiacantha Redtenbacher, 1908: 552. Type species: Pseudodiacantha obscura
Redtenbacher, 1908: 552, by monotypy; a synonym of O. macklottii (de Haan, 1842),
synonymised by Brock, 1998: 8.

Lopaphus Redienbacher, 1908: 491. Type species: Necroscia zeuxis Westwood, 1859, by

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 15

Oliver Zompro

monotypy. Preoccupied by Lopaphus Westwood, 1859: 99 (Phasmatodea), replaced by
Lopaphodes Kamy, 1923: 241.

Lopaphodes Kamy, 1923: 241 (Replacement name for Lopaphus Redtenbacher (not Lopaphus
Westwood). Type species: Necroscia zeuxis Westwood, 1859: 151, pi. 28.5 & 28.6,
by original designation. Synonymised erroneously with Orxines Stal by Gunther, 1934:
530.

References

Brock, P.D. (1998) List of type specimens of stick-insects in the Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Phasmid Studies, 7(1): 6-10.

Haan, VV.de. (1842) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C.J.: Verhandelingen Zoologie vol. 2:
95-138.

Karny, H.H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Treubia , 3(2): 230-242.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phosmiden. Ill . Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini,
Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Leipzig.

Rehn, J.A.G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, 56: 38-107.

Still, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthopteres dScrits par Linn£, de Geer ei Thunberg.
P.A. Norsiedt & Soner, Stockholm.

Still, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex insulis Philippinis. OJversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar,
JO: 33-58.

Uvarov, B.P. (1940) Twenty eight new generic names in Orthoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History , (11)5:
173-176.

Westwood, J.O. (1859) Catalogue of the Orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part l.
Phasmidae. British Museum, London.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 16

A new species of Phanocles from Ecuador (Phasmatodea:
Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae: Diapheromerini)

Oliver Zompro, Max-Plank-lnstitut fur Lininologie, AG Trope no kologie, Augiist-ThienemannstrajSe 2,
24306 Plon, Germany.

Abstract

A new species of Phanocles Stii, 1875, P. decorus n.sp. from Ecuador, is described from the collection of the
Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat in Berlin, Germany.

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phanocles decorus n.sp., Ecuador.

Introduction

While examining material of Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae in the Zoologisches Museum der
Humboldt-Universitat in Berlin, Germany, the author’s attention was drawn to a species of
Phanocles Stal, 1875, with striking morphology of the mesothorax and meso- and
metafemora. Further research proved that it is a species new to science.

Phanocles decorus n.sp.

Holotype: Female, 71; Ecuador (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin).
[The 71 appears to be a number used when the specimen was loaned to Brunner.]

Diagnosis

A typical Phanocles species, differing from the others by the spination of the mesothorax and
the spinose Jobes on the ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora.

Description (Figs. 1-2)

The specimen was reset by the author to reduce the risk of further damage, a colour print of
the original setting is included with the specimen. The type shows some damage caused by
anthrenids. Left protibiae and right foreleg missing in the only specimen. Left midleg
regenerated.

Average sized member of Phanocles , general colour brown in the preserved specimen.
Head oval, vertex raised with two prominent spines behind eyes; with two small tubercles
and a transverse impression before them. Eyes projecting hemispherically, between them is
another small tubercle. Scapus flat, rectangular, anteriorly thickened, laterally with broad
margins. Pedicellus two thirds as wide and half as long as scapus, cylindrical. Following
segments elongated. Antennae reaching back beyond median segment.

Prothorax rectangular, narrower and shorter than head, granulose, with distinct anterior
and lateral margin, median line and deep mediotransverse impression, and a small tubercle
posteromedialy. Mesothorax strongly elongate, almost six times as long as prothorax, each
side with a row of three large spines submedially and a row of several smaller spines or
tubercles laterally. Mesonotum tectiform, mesostemum tuberculate. Metathorax short,
neither tuberculate nor spinose.

Profemora strongly compressed basally, triangular in cross-section, with a very
prominent dorsal carina, two smaller interior carinae and an indistinct ventral one.
Mesofemora trapezoidal in cross-section, with distinct dorsolateral and ventrolateral carinae,
ventrolateral carinae produced as large spines apically. Ventrolateral carinae bearing large,
spinose lobes (Fig. 2), which show a gap in their middle. Some of the spines have more than
one apex. Mesotibiae also trapezoidal in cross-section, the anterior third with a rounded lobe

Phasmid Studies, 10(1): 17

Oliver Zompro

Figures 1-2. Phanocles decorus, female; 1. Apex of abdomen, lateral view.
2. Left metafemora, dorsal view.

on the ventrolateral carinae; dorsal carinae diverging apically. Mesobasitarsus with
prominent triangular crest, as long as following three tarsites combined, these also carinate.
Second tarsite twice as long as third, fourth half as long as third. Terminal segment curved,
as long as first tarsite. Hindlegs as midlegs, but metabasitarsus longer than following three
segments combined.

Median segment longer than metanotum. Abdominal segment II as long as median
segment, II to V increasingly longer, VI to VII shorter and narrower. Sternum of II with
four spines. VII with praeopercular organ. Lateral margins of abdominal segments II to VIII
with a pair of parallel ridges. VIII half as long and narrower than VII. X shorter, but longer
than IX. Posterior margin of X roundly, posterior half tectiform dorsally. Cerci short,
straight, simple. Subgenkal plate projecting X almost by length of VII to X combined, with
median carina ventrally, apex acute. Genital valves almost as long as projecting pan of
subgenital plate (Fig. 1).

Measurements (mm): Body: 171.0; head: 9.2; prothorax: 6.5; mesothorax: 36.1;
metathorax: 9.7; median segment: 12.1; subgenital plate: 28.9; antennae: 76.0; profemora:
38.9; protibiae: ?; mesofemora: 26.8; mesotibiae: 31.3; metafemora: 29.8; metatibiae: 41.6.

Etymology

From the Latin ''decorus " , drawing attention to the spines on the meso- and meiafemora and
the spination of the thorax, which divides it from the other species of Phanocles.

References

Slat, C. (1875) Reeensio Onhopierorum. Revue critique des Onhopteres decrits par Linne. de Geer ei Thunberg.
P. A. Norsiedt k Soner, Stockholm.

Zompro. O. (2001) A generic revision of the insect order Phasmaiodea: The New World genera of the stick insect
subfamily Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae = Heteronemiidae: Heteronemiinae sensu Bradley k Galil, 1977.
Revue suisse de Zoologie, 108(1): 1-67.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 18

A review of Eurycanthinae: Eurycanthini, with a key to genera, notes on
the subfamily and designation of type species

Oliver Zompro, Max-Plank-Institut flJr Liranologie, AG Tropenokotogie, August-Thienemannstra^e 2,
24306 Plon, Germany.

Abstract

The genera of Eurycanthinae are a clearly separated group because of the morphology of their genitalia and eggs.
The genus Cnipsus Redtenbacher. 1908, is possibly a member of Xeroderinae. A key is provided to the genera, and
a list with their synonymy included.

A new genus, Erinaceophasma . is erected for Promachus vepres Brunner von Wanenwyl, 1907. and related
species. Three iype species of genera are designated: Trapezaspis batmen Redtenbacher, 1908, for Trapezaspis
Redtenbacher. 1908; Eupromachus acutangulus Brunner von Wanenwyl, 1907, for Eupromachus Brunner von
Wattenwyl, 1907; and Acanthoderus rachis Saussure. 1868, for Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908.

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Eurycanthinae, Eurycanthini, Erinaceophasma n.gen. , genera, type species, synonymy, key.

Introduction

During research into phasmids from New Guinea in the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-
Universitat zu Berlin (ZMHB) the author examined several species of Neopromachus Giglio-
Tos, 1912. The Museum material includes by far the most important collection of New
Guinea phasmids in existence, and most of the species of this genus are present.

It became obvious that Neopromachus clearly consists of two groups: species with
basally curved profemora, and species with basally straight profemora. Further examination
showed that the straight profemora are characteristic for the genera closer related to
Eurycantha Boisduval. 1835. As no intermediate morphology of the profemora is found in
any species, generic rank seems justified.

Gunther (1929) removed several species from Neopromachus , mostly those from
mainland Asia, and stressed that dividing the remaining species in several genera could be
necessary (1929: 715), Particularly for Neopromachus vepres Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907.
he recommended the erection of a new genus (1929: 717). Nevertheless, he based his
statements on characteristics in the spination only and did not once, even in his keys, draw
attention to the morphology of the profemora. This is unsatisfactory as culturing of phasmids
has shown in many cases that the spination is quite variable. Gunther accepted
Neopromachus as a member of Lonchodinae, but supposed a close relation to the
Eurycanthinae (1953: 561).

Eurycanthinae

Several of the genera included in the Eurycanthinae by Gunther (1953: 555-556) are of
unclear systematic position. In this paper only genera with the typical female ovipositoring
apparatus consisting of an elongate supraanal plate, which is always projecting beyond an also
elongate subgenital plate and a bullet-shaped egg with cordiform micropylar plate and a
round, flat operculum lacking a capitulum are accepted as Eurycanthinae.

The genus Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908: 350, included by Gunther (1953: 556), does
not agree with these characters and is possibly a member of Xeroderinae. Its type species
is Acanthoderus rachis Saussure, 1868: 64, by present designation.

The Eurycanthini show a clear line in development to more specialized forms. The
most primitive member seems to be Brachyrtacus, which looks like a member of related
phasmids with a stick-like body, but exhibits the same morphology of the genitalia.
Eupromachus , Asprenas and Neopromachus have curved profemora and a rough sternum, this
is present in Erinaceophasma and Oreophasma also, but the profemora are straight. The

Phasmid Studies, 10(1): 19

Oliver Zompro

straight profemora are a character common to the remaining genera, which agree in their
smooth sternal segments. The males of most species of the genera Canachus, Eurycamha ,
Thaumatobactron and Dryococelus have broadened and often strongly spinose metafemora.
In Thaumatobactron and Dryococelus the ovipositoring apparatus of the females is secondarily
reduced, members of these genera have a strikingly shiny body.

Erinaceophasma n.gen.

Type species: Promachus vepres Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 298, pi. 13.6a & 13.6b, by
present designation. Lectotype designated by Brock, 1998: 64. Egg described and figured
by Zompro, 1997: 2.

Diagnosis

Erinaceophasma n.gen. is very similar to Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912, but differs in the
straight profemora.

Description

Body with prominent spines. Head rounded rectangular, vertex slightly raised, spinose.
Eyes projecting hemispherically. Scapus rounded rectangular, slightly flattened, pedicellus
half as long and two thirds as wide. Antennae projecting (laid back) beyond abdominal
segment III, consisting of more than 26 elongate segments.

Prothorax subquadrate, with deep mediotransverse impression, spinose. Mesothorax
subtrapezoidal, lateral margins slightly concave (male) or convex (female), more than three
times as long as prothorax. Metathorax subquadrate to transverse, slightly longer than
prothorax.

Profemora straight, basal ly not curved, subquadrate to trapezoidal in cross-section,
ventral and dorsal carinae serrated. Protibiae longer than profemora, quadrate in cross-
section, edges only slightly serrated. Probasitarsi as long as following four tarsites without
claws combined, carinate dorsally. Second tarsite longer than third, third longer than fourth,
terminal segment as long as previous three combined. Meso- and metafemora trapezoidal in
cross-section, ventral and dorsal carinae serrated, meso- and metatibiae considerably longer
than femora, quadrate in cross-section, edges serrated. First to fourth tarsite carinated.
Meso- and metabasitarsi slightly shorter than following four segments combined. Second
tarsite longer than third one, twice as long as fourth, fifth segment as long as previous three
segments combined.

Median segment as long as metathorax, transverse. Abdominal segments II to VII in
male slightly longer than wide, of similar length; in female also of similar length, transverse,
II to IV increasingly broader, IV widest segment, V to VII narrowed. In male VIII longer
than IX, X longer than IX. IX wider than VIII and X, X wider than VIII, medially divided
by half of its length. Subgenital plate short, only slightly projecting beyond IX. In female
VIII as long as IX, but wider, X narrower than IX, fused with supraanal plate, the latter
strongly elongate, carinate dorso medially and acute at its apex. Subgenital plate strongly
elongate, but always shorter than supraanal plate. Cerci in both sexes very short and slender.

Egg typical for Eurycanthinae, bullet-like, capsule irregularly carinated, micropylar
plate cordiform, operculum round, flat, capitulum absent.

Etymology

Erinaceophasma is taken from the scientific name of the hedgehog, drawing attention to the
strong spination.

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 1 ): 20

A review of Euiycamhinae: Eurycanthini

Genera of Eurycanthini

Asprenas StAl, 1875: 45. Type species: Asprenas femoratus StAl, 1875: 89, by monotypy.

~ Acanthodyta Sharp, 1898: 85. Type species: Acanthodyta spiniventris Sharp, 1898: 86, pi.
8.11, by monotypy, synonymised by Redtenbacher, 1908: 349.

= Neanthes Stfil, 1875: 45. Type species: Neanthes brunneri StAl 1875: 90, by monotypy,
synonymised by Kirby, 1904: 367; preoccupied by Neanthes Kinberg, 1865 (Vermes).

Brachyrtacus Sharp, 1898: 84. Type species: Brachyrtacus celatus Sharp, 1898: 84, by
monotypy.

Canachus S\£l % 1875: 47. Type species: Canachus crocodilus StAl, 1875: 90, by subsequent
designation of Kirby, 1904: 396.

Catiius Uvarov, 1939: 458. Type species: Brachyrhamphus fecundus Carl, 1915: 189, by
indication; replacement name for Brachyrhamphus Carl, 1915: 175, 188. Type species:
Brachyrhamphus fecundus Carl, 1915: 189, by subsequent designation of Hennemann &
Conle, 1999: 9; preoccupied by Brachyrhamphus Bertoni, 1901 (Aves), and
Brachyrhamphus Brandt, 1837 (Aves).

Dryococelus Gurney, 1947: 384. Type species: KQrabidion australe Montrou 2 ier, 1855: 81,
by original designation.

Erinaceophasma Zompro n.gen. Type species: Promachus vepres Brunner von Wattenwyl,
1907 : 298, pi. 13.6a & 13. b, by original designation.

Eupromachus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 300. Type species: Eupromachus acuiangulus
Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 300, by present designation.

Eurycantha Boisduvat, 1835: 647. Type species: Eurycantha horrida Boisduval, 1835: 647,
by monotypy.

= Karabidion Momrouzier, 1855: 82; unnecessary replacement name for Eurycantha
Boisduval. Type species: Eurycantha horrida Boisduval, 1835: 647, by indication.

Labidiophasma Carl, 1915: 174, 186. Type species: Labidiophasma rouxi Carl, 1915: 187,
by monotypy.

Microcanachus Donskoff, 1988: 56. Type species: Microcanachus matileorum Donskoff
1988; 57, by original designation.

NeopromachusG'ig\\o-Tos t 1912:94. Type species: Acanthoderus wallacei Westwood, 1859:
181, pi. 40.7 & 40.8, by indication; replacement name for Promachus SlAI, 1875: 17.
Type species: Acamhoderus wallacei Westwood, 1859: 181, pi. 40.7 & 40.8, by
subsequent designation of Kirby, 1904: 326; preoccupied by Promachus Loew, 1848
(Diptera); Promachus Cresson, 1887 (Hymenoptera) is another junior homonym.

= Giglotosea Auimann. 1918: 47. Type species: Acanthoderus wallacei Westwood, 1859:
181, pi. 40.7 & 40.8, by indication; unnecessary replacement name for the preoccupied
Promachus StAl, 1875.

Oreophasma Gunther, 1929: 659. Type species: Oreophasma polyacanthum Gunther, 1929:
659, by original designation.

ParacanachusCttX, 1915: 174, 181. Type species: Canachus circe Redtenbacher, 1908:347,
by original designation.

Symetriophasma Hennemann, 1996: 457. Type species: Symetriophasma brevitarsa
Hennemann 1996: 459. fig. 1-5, by original designation.

Thaumatobactron Gunther , 1929:663. Type species: Thaumatobactron poecilosoma Gunther,
1929: 663, pi. 7.1 & 7.2, by original designation.

= Poecilobactron Gunther, 1953: 556, misspelling of Thaumatobactron Gunther, 1929.

Trapezaspis Redtenbacher, 1908: 348. Type species: Trapezaspis kaiman Redtenbacher, 1908:
348, pi. 16.5, by present designation.

Phasmid Studies, 100 ); 21

Oliver Zompro

Key to the genera of Eurycanthinae

1. Profemora basally curved 2

— Profemora straight ■ • • 5

2. Dorsal surface of body, pro-, meso- and metastemum smooth or carinate, not

armed Brachyrtacus

— Pro-, meso- and metastemum at least slightly granulated, never smooth or carinate,

dorsal surface of body spinose or tuberculate 3

3. Pro-, meso- and metastemum carinate Eupromachus

— Pro-, meso- and metastemum not carinate, body spinose 4

4. Very elongate, winged Asprenas

— More compact, apterous Neopromachus

5. Pro-, meso- and metastemum rough, tuberculate or spinose 6

— Pro-, meso- and metastemum smooth 8

6. Antennae not longer than head and thorax, consisting of about 21 segments

Oreophasma

— Antennae considerably longer than head and thorax 7

7. Pronotum subquadrate Erinaceophasma

— Pronotum trapezoidal Paracanachus

8. Mesothorax broadest anteriorly, or with posterolateral edges projecting 9

— Mesothorax narrower anteriorly than posteriorly 12

9. Mesothorax trapezoidal, broadest anteriorly Trapezaspis

— Mesothorax subquadrate to rectangular 10

10. Abdomen broadest in the anterior segments Labidiophasma

— Abdomen broadest in the middle 11

11. Body strongly spinose Symetriophasma

— Body unarmed Microcanachus

12. Abdomen spinose laterally 13

— Abdomen not armed, smooth 14

13. Rudiments of tegmina present Canachus

— Rudiments of tegmina absent Eurycantha

14. Edges of femora and tibiae distinctly keeled Thaumatobactron

— Femora and tibiae almost cylindrical, edges indistinctly keeled Dryococelus

References

Aulmann, G. (1918) Neuer Phasmiden-Gattungsname. Emomologische Rundschau, Stuttgart , 35: 47.

Boisduval, J.A. (1835) Voyage de decouvertes de l 'Astrolabe. Execute parordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 -
1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urxille. Faune Entomologique de I’Ocean Pacifique,
avec /' illustration des Insect es nouveaux recuellies pendant le voyage. J. Tastu, Paris, i-vii. 647-650, pi. 2.
Brock. P.D. (1998) Catalogue of type specimens of Stick- and Leaf-Insects in the Naturhistorisclies Museum Wien
(Insecta. Phasmida). Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 13(5):
1-72.

Brunner von Wattemvyl, C. (1907) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. II. Phasmidae Anareolatae iClitumnini.
Lonchodini, Bacunculini). Leipzig.

Carl, J. (1915) Phasmiden von Neu-Caiedonien und den LovaLty-lnseln. In: Sarasin, F. & Roux. J,: Forschungen
in Neu- Caledonia. Zoologie , (2)2(9): 173-194.

Donskoff, M. (1988) Phasmatodea de Nouvelle-Caledonie. 1. Nouvelles signalisations et description de
Microcanachus n. gen. In: Tillier, S. (ed ). Zoologia Neocaledonica, l. Memoires, Museum national d'Histoire
not u relic, Paris. (A) 142: 53-60. fig. M3.

Phas/nid Studies , 10(1): 22

A review of Eurycamhinae: Eurycanthini

Giglio-Tos, E. (1912) Specie nouve di Fasmidi raccolti dal Prof. L. Schultze nella Nuova Guinea. Entomologische
Rundschau, Stuttgart, 29(8): 93*94.

Gunther, K. (1929) Die Phasmoiden der Deutschen Kaiserin Augusta-Fluss-Expedhion 1912/13. Ein Beitrag zur
Kenmnis der Phasmoidenfauna Neuguineas. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum, Berlin, 14: 600-747, pi.
1-7.

Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreirung der Insektenordnung der
Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin , 3: 541-563.

Gurney, A.B. (1947) Notes on some remarkable Australasian walkingsiicks, including a synopsis of the genus
Extatosoma (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 40: 373-396.
Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (1996) Symetriophasma brevitarsa n.gen., n.sp. - eine neue Phasmidae aus
Neuguinea (Phasmatodea: Eurycanthinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 106(11): 457-460.

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (1999) Typenmaterial im Naturhistorischen Museum Basel. Entomologica
Basiliensia, 21: 5-12.

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera . 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria.
(Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). British Museum, London.

Montrouzier, P. (1855) Essai sur la faune de Pile de Woodlark ou Moiou. Annates des la Societe d'agriculture de
Lyon , (2)7: 1*5, 79-90.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini,
Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Leipzig.

Saussure, H.de (1868) Phasmidarum novarum species nonullae. Revue et Magazine de Zoologie , (2)20: 63-70.
Sharp, D. (1898) Account of the Phasmidae, with notes on the eggs. In: Willey, A. : Zoological Results 2. Cambridge
University Press, pp. 75-94, pi. 7-9.

Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthopteres decrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg.
P.A. Norstedt & Soner, Stockholm.

Uvarov, B.P. (1939) Twenty-four new generic names in Orthoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
London , (11)3: 457-459.

Westwood, J.0. (1859) Catalogue of the Orthopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. British
Museum. London.

Zompro, 0. (1997) Beschreibung der Eier einiger Phasmatodea. Arthropoda 5(4): 1-3.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 23

Reviews and Abstracts

Book Review

A complete guide to breeding stick and leaf insects by Paul D. Brock (2000). Published
by TFH Publications. Hardback, 180mm x 220mm, 64 pages, 83 colour illustrations. Price
£12.95. ISBN 1 85279 124 1. — Reviewed by Phil Bragg.

Yet another book on rearing phasmids! This one, however, has some pleasing
differences in style from most of the others on the market. Unlike some other books from
this publisher, the photographs have been produced at a high quality, although there are still
a number printed sideways to fit the publisher’s conception of how books should be laid-out!
The text is refreshingly different, 1 particularly liked the trivia, "Twelve facts about
phasmids” in chapter one, and the trouble shooting section in chapter six. The intervening
chapters cover the usual topics: cages, obtaining stock, feeding, breeding etc. A nice break
from the usual pattern of such books is to have the morphology near the middle of the book
rather than on the first few pages. The last half of the book deals with different species,
mainly the brightly coloured or spiny species. Although more expensive than other books
on rearing phasmids this one scores heavily for the good quality of production and for style:
overall it is probably the best value for money.

Ten year index to Phasma

This was issued with Phasma volume 10, issue 40 in November 2000. All issues of Phasma
from issue one in 1991 to issue 40 in 2000 are included. Pages 1-8 give the contents of each
issue in chronological order. Pages 9-16 is index to topics and scientific names. In addition
to indexing species by scientific name, the species are indexed by PSG number.

Phasmid Abstracts

The following abstracts briefly summarise articles which have recently appeared in other
publications. Some of these may be available from local libraries. Others will be available
in university or college libraries, many of these libraries allow non-members to use their
facilities for reference purposes free of charge.

The editor of Phasmid Studies would welcome recent abstracts from authors so that they may
be included in forthcoming issues. In the case of publications specialising in phasmids, such
as Phasma , only the longer papers are summarised.

Blackmore, P. (2000) Feeding stick insects. Veterinary Invertebrate Society Newsletter ,
2(16): 12-13.

Brief notes on rearing phasmids, with a table of foodplants for some of the commonly
reared species.

Bradler, S. (1999) The vomer of Timema Scudder, 1895 (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and its
significance for phasmatodean phylogeny. Courier Forschungsinstirut Senckenberg , 215:
43-47.

As widely accepted the small Nearctic Timema Scudder, 1895 is the sister-group of all
other Phasmatodea. A male postgenital clasper, the so-called vomer, which is common
within the Phasmatodea, is described for the first time for Timema. This structure is
interpreted as belonging to the phasmatodean ground plan. As the taxon "Phylliidae" sensu

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 24

Key (1991) is only founded on the possession of the vomer, it is doubtfully monophyletic,
the vomer probably being plesiomorphic for the "Phylliidae". The tibial area apicalis, on
which the "Areolatae" (= "Phylliidae” sensu Kamy, 1923 [non sensu Key]) have been based,
is considered to be plesiomorphic for the "Areolatae" because it already occurs in Timema .
Therefore the "Areolatae" are likely to be paraphyletic. This assumption is also supported
by autapomorphies of a taxon comprising the areolate Bacillus Latreille, 1825 and several
anareolate taxa. The "Anareolatae" (= "Phasmatidae") form a polyphyletic assemblage. It
is hypothesised that the area apicalis was reduced at least twice within the Phasmatodea. The
name Euphasmatodea is proposed for the adelphotaxon of Timema.

Biihler, M. (1999) Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher, 1906) Die Kleine Domschrecke.
Arthropoda , 7(4): 5-6. [in German]

Some brief notes on Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher).

Cheeseman, V. (2000) Stick insects. Veterinary Invertebrate Society Newsletter , 2(16): 17.
A brief introductory guide to rearing phasmids.

Cliquennois, N. & Rabaey, K. (2000) Myronides trilineatus Carl, PSG nr 217. Phasma ,
10(40): 88-89. [in Dutch]

Notes on rearing Myronides trilineatus Carl, 1915. This species is in culture as PSG
217. The male, female, and the egg are illustrated.

Conle, O. & Hennemann, F.H. (1999) Bemerkungen zu Agathemera crassa (Blanchard,
1851) aus Chile nebst Beschreibung ihrer Eier (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae).
Entomologische Zeitschrift, 109(2): 82-85. [in German]

In this paper some notes on the biology and on breeding experiences concerning
Agathemera crassa (Blanchard, 1851) are made, including a list of alternative foodplants
used. Besides the description of the eggs, some notes on the synonymy of this species are
given.

D’Hulster, K. & Abercrombie, I. (2001) Gestreepte en gevlekte Heteropteryx dilatata' s.
Phasma , 11(41): 12. [in Dutch]

The first PSG cultures of Heteropteryx dilatata (Parkinson) from Tapah Hills produced
plain brown nymphs and adult males. Further stocks from other West Malaysian regions
produced brown male nymphs with white markings on the abdomen. Sarawak stock has
males with a white dorsal stripe. Cultures kept now are a mixture of these colour variations
and the offspring sometimes have combinations of white markings and stripes.

Grosser, D. (1999) Bemerkung zu Phyllium giganteum Mannchen (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae).
Arthropoda , 7(1): 22, plates 1 & 2. [in German]

Notes and illustrations of the male of Phyllium giganteum Hausleithner; two colour
photographs and one line drawing.

Hennemann, F.H. (1999) Phasmidensteckbrief Nr. 6, Lopaphus sphalerus (Redtenbacher,
1908) (PSG 174). Arthropoda , 7(1): 19-20. [in German]

A report on rearing Lopaphus sphalerus (Redtenbacher). With illustrations of the male
and female.

Hoskisson, P. (2001) Soortbeschrijving Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard, PSG nr. 122.
Phasma , 11(41): 2-4. [in Dutch]

A translation of the report on breeding Anisomorpha monstrosa (Hebard) which

Phasmitl Studies. 10(1): 25

Phasmid abstracts

originally appeared in Phasmid Studies* 9(1&2): 1-3 in January 2001.

Fritzsche, L (1999) Ein Beispiel fur die artspezifische Differenzierung eines Habitats in den
nordlichen Auslaufern des Khao Yai, Thailand, anhand einiger Phasmiden (Phasmatodea).
Entomologische Zeitschrift, 109(2): 78-81. [in German]

A phasmid habitat in Thailand is described, with notes on the characteristics of its
different zonation. Specific observations on phasmids are recorded and the foodplants of
some species are listed,

Fritzsche, I. (1999) Freilandbeobachtungen an Baculum thaii Hausleithner, 1986 bei
einsetzendem Regen (Phasmatodea). Etuomologische Zeitschrifi, 109(2): 88. [in German]
Observations on the behaviour of Baculum thaii Hausleithner, 1986 when rainfall is
starting.

Fritzsche, I. (1999) Phasmidensteckbrief Nr. 5, Candaules spec. Thailand. Arthropoda , 7(1):
8. [in German]

A brief note on a species of Candaules collected Nakhon Ratchasima Province,
Thailand.

Fritzsche, L (1999) Phasmidenstreckbrief Nr. 7, Lonchodes brevipes Gray, 1835.
Arthropoda , 7(2): 13, [in German]

Brief notes on rearing Lonchodes brevipes Gray .

Marchese, S,, Angeli, S., Andolfo, A., Scaloni* A., Brandazza, A M Mazza, M.,
Picimbon, J.F., Leal, W.S. & Pelosi, P. (2000) Soluble proteins from chemosensory organs
of Eurycantha calcarata (Insects . Phasmatodea) . Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,
30(1 1): 1091-1098.

Three related nucleotide sequences, encoding mature proteins of 108-113 amino acids,
have been obtained from antennal cDNA of the phasmid Eurycantha calcarata. Among these,
one is also expressed in the tarsi as demonstrated by N-terminal sequence and mass
spectrometric analyses of protein samples isolated from both organs. PCR experiments
performed with specific primers, showed that this species is also expressed in the mouth
organs and in the cuticle, while the other two are antennal specific. All three isoforms are
similar to Drosophila OS-D and other proteins reported in several insect orders, but one of
them is significantly different from the other two. The best conserved elements are the N-
terminal region and the four cysteine residues. Accurate ESMS measurements indicated that
all cysteines are involved in two disulphide bonds and ruled out the occurrence of additional
post -translational modifications. Polyclonal antibodies, raised against the purified protein,
did not react with proteins of the same class expressed in another phasmid species, Carausius
morosus. and in the onhopteran Schistocerca gregaria t nor did antibodies against these
proteins recognise those of E. calcarata.

Potvin, W. (2000) Soortbeschrijving van Pseudophasma acamhonota (Redtenbacher), PSG
nr. 189. Phasma, 10(40): 81-83. [in Dutch]

Brief descriptions of Pseudophasma acanthonota (Redtenbacher) (PSG culture 189) are
given. Their defensive behaviour is explained and housing, feeding, care and breeding of this
winged species are discussed.

Phasmid Studies, 1 0{ 1 ): 26

Phasmid abstracts

Potvin, W. (2000) Nieuw: een Asceles- soon uit Ko Tau, Thailand. Phasma , 10(40): 90-91.
[in Dutch]

An Asceles species from Thailand was introduced into captivity. This species pierces
leaves to lay its eggs and feeds on Hypericum and Rhododendron. Although the first
generation was successful, the author failed to breed them for a second generation, the
nymphs always died in their first, second, or third instar. The eggs are illustrated with a
colour photograph.

Rabaey, K. (2001) Hypericum als voedselplant voor wandelende takken. Phasma , 11(41):
13-15. [in Dutch]

This article first appeared in January 2001 the Phasmid Study Group Newsletter , 85:
7-8. The author suggests Hypericum as a very useful foodplant for numerous phasmid
species. She has offered Hypericum as a supplementary foodplant to her stick insects and
several species preferred this plant, hardly eating anything else.

Rabaey, K. & van Herwaarden (2000) Een nieuwe Sipyloidea- soon uit Nieuw Guinea.
Phasma, 10(40): 84-87.

On a collecting trip in Irian Jaya, Indonesia, Heinz van Herwaarden and Oscar van
Gorkom found a species of Sipyloidea close to the city of Sentani. Eggs of the species were
transferred to Europe, and successfully brought into culture by Kristien Rabaey. The species
can be cultured at 22-25°C with modest to high humidity and feeds best on Hypericum spp.
The nymphs are very small and fragile and usually suffer high mortality rates. The male,
female, and the egg are illustrated.

[Editor’s note: this species has been added to the PSG culture list as PSG 222.]

Schmitz, A. & Perry, S.F. (1999) Stereological determination of tracheal volume and
diffusing capacity of the tracheal walls in the stick insect Carausius morosus (Phasmatodea,
Lonchodidae). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , 72(2): 205-218.

First instars of Carausius morosus provide a good model for morphometric evaluation
of the diffusing capacity between the tracheal system and haemolymph: air sacs are lacking,
tracheoles do not penetrate the organs and muscles, and entire animals can be evaluated
electron microscopically without subsampling. The tracheal volume makes up 1.3% of the
volume of the whole insect excluding appendages. The authors calculated the lateral diffusing
capacity for oxygen and carbon dioxide for five classes of tracheae according to their
diameters, from 0.2/zm to 35/rni. The harmonic mean thickness of the tracheal epithelium
is lowest in smallest tracheae and increases with increasing tracheal diameter. Although the
smallest tracheae make up 70% (0 2 ) and 60% (C0 2 ) of the total diffusing capacity, the
proximal four classes may also be significant in diffusion of oxygen and particularly of carbon
dioxide. The suppression of the development of respiratory pigments in the evolution of
terrestrial insects may have increased the relative importance of small tracheal elements for
local oxygen consumption.

Zompro, O. (1999) Insekten im Terrarium Sungaya inexpectata. VDA-aktuell , 99(1): 46-47,
[in German]

Notes on rearing Sungaya inexpectata Zompro, from the Philippines, with photographs
of the female and eggs.

Phasmid Studies. 10(1): 27

Phasmid abstracts

Zompro* O. (2000) Die Stabschrecken Rhamphosipyloidea gorkomi und Lonchodes
mindanaense . VDA-aktuell % 2000(1): 53-55. [in German]

Notes on Rhamphosipyloidea gorkomi (Hausleithner, 1990) and Lonchodes mindanaense
(Brunner, 1907), with photographs of the eggs and adult females of both species.
Parahyrtacus gorkomi Hausleithner is transferred from Parahyrtacus Hausleithner, 1990 to
Rhamphosipyloidea Redtenbacher, 1908.

Zompro, O. & Fritzsche, I. (1999) Dares uegleri n.sp,, eine neue Phasmide aus Thailand
(Phasmatodea: Heteropteryginae: Obriminae: Datamini). Arthropoda , 7(1): 10-12 & plate 3.
[in German]

A new species of Dares St&l, 1875 (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Obriminae:
Datamini) is described from Thailand. This species is isolated within the genus and differs
from the other species of this genus by the morphology of the antennae and the egg. Includes
one colour photograph of the female, and line drawings of the female’s abdomen and egg.

Phas/nid Studies, 10 ( 1 ): 28

Caledoniophasma marshallae , a new genus and species of Phasmatodea

Oliver Zompro, Max-PJanck-Institut fQr Limnologie, AG Tropendkologie, August ThienemannstraGe 2,
24306 Plon, Germany.

Abstract

A new genus and species of Insecia; Phasmatodea from New Caledonia is described. The taxonomic position of
Caledoniophasma marshallae n.gen., n.sp. is uncertain, it appears to be closest related to the Eurycanthinae or
Xeroderinae, but differs strikingly in the morphology of the genitalia. The type is housed in the Natural History
Museum, London (BMNH).

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Caledoniophasma marshallae n.gen. n.sp., New Caledonia.

Introduction

The Phasmatodea-fauna of New Caledonia is comparably well researched, but even as
recently as 1988 a new species and genus of walking stick from this island, Microcanachus
matileorum , has been described by Donskoff. A close relationship to New Guinea is obvious,
as many of the species belong to the Eurycanthinae, which have their main distribution in
New Guinea. So it was not too surprising when the author discovered a striking new species
also representing a new genus in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London
(BMNH). On the first view it looked similar to several members of Heteropterygidae, but
it is actually a member of Anareolatae since the tibiae do not exhibit an area apicalis. The
actual systematic position is unclear since the genitalia differ considerably from those of the
Eurycanthinae (as revised by Zompro (2001)) and Xeroderinae; both appear to be suitable
subfamilies for this species.

Caledoniophasma n.gen.

Diagnosis: Medium sized anareolate phasmids of unclear systematic position, possibly related
to Eurycanthinae or Xeroderinae, but differing in the morphology of the female’s genitalia
with the subgenital plate being strikingly flattened and bulbous. The male is unknown.

Female: Head rounded rectangular, flattened dorsoventrally, eyes projecting less than
hemispherically. Scapus flat, rectangular; pedicellus one quarter of the scapus length, half
as wide, cylindrical. Pronotum trapezoidal, granulated and spinose. Mesonotum more than
twice as long as pronotum, median line indistinct. Metanotum shorter than pronotum.
Tegmina present, with pointed shoulders. Wings (if present) are hidden by the tegmina.
Meso- and metafemora and tibiae trapezoidal in cross-section, serrated ventrally; basitarsi
short, slightly longer than second tarsite, this longer than third, first to third tarsite carinate,
fourth shorter than third, not carinate, terminal segment as long as second to fourth
combined, curved. Median segment as long as pronotum, quadrate. Abdominal segments
II to VII of equal length, from II to IV increasingly broadened, V to VII narrower. Margins
of II to VIII expanded, flat, each almost measuring half diameter of segments. VIII longer
than VII, with broad, rounded lateral margin, IX and X narrower, not raarginated like
previous segments. Cerci short, flat, triangular, not projecting beyond X. Subgenital plate
prominent, curved, with strong, median keel, not projecting beyond X.

Etymology: Named after the country of origin, New Caledonia.

The type species is Caledoniophasma marshallae n.sp.

Phasmid Studies, 10(2): 29

Oliver Zompro

Caledoniophasma marshallae n.sp.

Material: Holotype; 9. Data labels read as follows: Loc. Hovailou R, Date 3.12.11, Sex,
Coll. P.D. Montague, New Caledonia Exped.; New Caledonia. P.D. Montague.
1918-87 [BMNH] .

Description of female: A striking Phasmid of medium size. General colour different shades
of brown. The forelegs, antennae, right midleg and left hindleg are missing.

Head rounded rectangular, flattened dorsoventrally, with a transverse elevation between
eyes, both halves of this elevation slightly curved and triangularly raised. Vertex and genae
with several small tubercles. Eyes projecting less than hemispherically. Scapus very flat,
trapezoidal, anteriorly narrowed, with two flat carinae submedially, and a broad, elevated
median line ventrally. Pedicellus one quarter of the scapus length, half as wide, cylindrical.

Pronotum granulose, almost quadrate, slightly dilating posteriorly, with distinct
mediotransverse impression. Anterior margin produced, with two prominent spines
submedially and a smaller one beside each of them. Behind the latter is a small, deep
impression; posterior half of the pronotum with two prominent, submedian spines. Posterior
margin flat.

Prostemum with two spines standing close to each other medianly in the anterior half,
in the posterior one with two spines.

Mesonotum two times as Jong as pronotum, almost parallel sided, with distinct median
line, granulose, and two prominent spines behind anterior margin submedianly. Two small
median tubercles standing slightly before the broad and flat posterior margin. Scale-like
tegmina present, from dorsal view almost round, with pointed shoulders, turned downwards
exteriorly, tegmina slightly projecting beyond metanotum. Mesostemum granulose, with two
rows of three distinct spines submedially.

Metanotum slightly shorter than pronotum, less granulose than mesonotum, largely
covered by tegmina. Metaepistemum with prominent spine in the middle, followed by
smaller ones posteriorly. Metastemum with some small spines and a deep impression before
each coxa.

Mesofemora trapezoidal in cross-section, dorsal and ventral edges with saw-like teeth;
dorsally with two small teeth in middle of basal half, a prominent pair in middle and a small
pair in middle of apical half; ventrally with several small teeth in basal half, a prominent pair
slightly distal of the middle, and another prominent pair slightly before the apex. Mesotibiae
triangular in cross-section, serrated ventrally. Tarsites one to three distinctly triangularly
carinated dorsally. Mesobasitarsus short, slightly longer than second tarsite, third shorter
than second, fourth shorter than third, not carinated. Fifth as long as second to fourth
combined, slightly curved, unguis curved, as long as mesobasitarsus, arolium prominent.
Metafemora also trapezoidal in cross-section, irregularly serrated. Meta-tibiae and tarsites
as in midleg.

Abdomen: Median segment almost quadrate, slightly granulated; the anterior half with
prominent, double median line, this indistinct in posterior half. Segments I to VI of similar
length, dorsally more or less flat, with obtuse median line. II to IV strongly dilating, V to
VI narrowed. Margins of II to VIII projecting, broad, flat, almost measuring half the
diameter of abdominal segments. Median segment with two spines posteriorly, II to IV with
two pairs of spines, V with one pair anteriorly, VI unarmed. Tergite VIII as long as median
segment, with rounded margins, a double median line and an impression exterior of median
lines anteriorly. IX slightly shorter and half as wide as VIII, with two elevated tubercles
posteromedianly, X as long as VIII and as wide as IX, lateral margins produced as an acute

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 2 ): 30

Caledoniophasma marshaltae, a new genus and species of Phasmatodea

Oliver Zompro

triangle, posterior margin laterally with two curved elevations, these covering the short, flat,
triangular cerci. Subgenital plate (fig. 2) with a very prominent sharp keel along its whole
length, plate strongly curved, but not projecting beyond X.

1 Caledoniophasma marshallae n.sp. measurements in mm.

Body length

94.4

Tegmina

8.9

Head

8.1

Wing

?

Pronotum

7.1

Mesofemora

19.2

Mesonotuni

16.0

Mesotibiae

16.9

Metanotum

5.5

Metafemora

23.8

Median segment

8.0

Metatibiae

24.9

Figure 2, Caledoniophasma marshallae n.sp. , terminal abdominal segments, lateral view.

Etymology

Dedicated to Mrs. Judith Marshall, British Museum (Natural History), London, England,
without whose support the author’s visit to the British Museum would have been much less
successful.

Acknowledgements

The author wants to thank Mr. Ian Abercrombie (Ashford, Kent, England) and the Waddicor
family (Swindon, England) for their hospitality, Mrs. Judith Marshall (British Museum,
London, England) for a pleasant and successful visit to the British Museum, Mrs. Anke
Teschke (Berlin, Germany) and Dr. Phil Bragg for proof-reading the manuscript, and Prof.

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 2 ): 32

Caledoniophasma manhallae , a new genus and species of Phasmatodea

Dr. Joachim Adis and Dr. Wolfgang Junk (both Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Plon,
Germany) for supporting the author’s trip to the British Museunv

References

Donskoff, M. (1988) Phasmatodea de Nouvelle-Caledonie. I. Nouvelles signal Nations et description de
Microcanachus n.gen. In: Tillier, S. |ed.] p Zoologia Neocaledonica, 1. MStnoires, Museum national d’Histoire
naturelle. Pahs (A) 142: 53-60, fig. 1-13.

Sharp, D. (1898) Account of the PLiasmidae, with notes on the eggs. In; Willey, A.: Zoological Results 2.
Cambridge University Press , pp. 75-94, pi. 7-9.

Zompro, O. (2001) A review oT Eurycanthinae: Eurycamhini , with a key to genera, notes on the subfamily and
designation of type-species. Pbasmid Studies, 10(1): 19-23.

Rearing Praying Mantids

A5 softback, 16 pages, 10 figs. ISBN 0-9531195-0-5.

Thh book describes methods of rearing and breeding praying maniids.
The headings include: An introduction to praying maniids, Types of
nianiids, Simcture of maniids. Mantids in captivity, Cages, Feeding,
Breeding. Sexing, Mating. Egg laying. Identification, Preserving mantids.
Obtaining maniids. Distributing innntids. and Sources of further
information.

The hook is illustrated with 10 black and while drawings, plus
one on ihe front caver. The drawings illustrate six different species of
maniids. how to distinguish the sexes, details of the fore leg, and an
internal view of an egg case.

Aa Introduction to

Rearing Cockroaches

by

Phil E. Bragg

An introduction to
Rearing Cockroaches

A5 softback, 16 pages, 14 figs. ISBN 0-9531195-1-3.

This book is intended as a beginners' guide to rearing cockroaches. Il is
illustrated with 14 black and while drawings, plus one on the front cover.
The drawings illustrate eight different species of cockroaches and show
how to distinguish tltc sexes.

There is a general introduction to cockroaches with information
on the structure and different types. The commonly available species arc
grouped according to general type and their suitability for culturing.
Cages, feeding, sexing and preserving are alt discussed. There arc
suggestions on obtaining and distributing cockroaches, and there is a list
of books offering further information.

Price: £2.50 each. Postage should be added at the following rates: UK 20p, Europe 70p, Elsewhere £1.10.

Orders and payment in pounds sterling should be sent lo:

P,E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworlh, Nottingham, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Pbasmid Studies, 10(2): 33

More Bornean records of Necroscia prasina (Burmeister, 1838)

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottingham, NG16 2QP, UK.

Abstract

Necroscia prasina (Burmeister) is recorded from a number of new localities in Sabah.
Key words

Phasmida, Necroscia prasina, Borneo, Sabah, Distribution.

I recently (Bragg, 2001) published records of Necroscia prasina (Burmeister, 1838) in
Borneo; most of those records were from Sarawak. 1 have recently returned from a visit to
Sabah during which I collected more material and recorded data from the collection of the
Forest Research Centre at Sepilok (FRCS). Since the only previous records from Sabah were
for Kinabalu National Park and Babaggon, the new records below add significantly to the
known distribution of this species.

Material

SABAH.

Ranau, Marakau.

299, 4 88 (FRCS) Entomology Staff, January 1994.

Tawai Forest Reserve (near Telupid).

9 (FRCS) Entomology Staff, 1-13. ix. 1994.

9 (FRCS) Entomology Staff, June-July 1994.

Sandakan, Kolapis A.

9 (FRCS) Arthur Chung, I6.iv.1994.

Sepilok.

9 (FRCS) Jafar & Abdullah, 7.ii.l978.

8 (FRCS) S.C., C.L.C, A. Chung, 17.vi.1994.

Sepilok Research Centre.

9 (FRCS) Jafar, 2.xi.l977.

8 (FRCS) P.E. Bragg & M.L.T. Bushell, 6. viii.2001.

Sepilok Forest Reserve, Orang Utan Centre. N005° 5 1 ' 37" El 17° 56’ 31", altitude 50m.

8 (PEB-3104) 6. viii.2001 .

Kinabalu National Park, Silau Silau Trail. N006° 00* 08" El 16° 32* 48", altitude 1592m.

8 (PEB-3I70) P.E. Bragg, 15.viii.2001.

Kinabalu National Park, on window of hostel.

9 (PEB-3188) P.E. Bragg, 16. viii.200 1 .

Tenompok Forest Reserve. N006 1 * 00’ 58" El 16° 30* 18", altitude 1356m.

8 (M. Bushell) M. Bushell, 12. viii.2001.

Near Babaggon. NOOS 0 54’ 22" El 16" 10’ 16", altitude 96m.

9 (PEB-3082), 8 (PEB-3083) P.E. Bragg, 31.vii.2001.

Near Moyog. N005° 52’ 38" El 16° 14’ 23", altitude 419m.

8 (PEB-3090) P.E. Bragg, 31.vii.200L

The specimen (PEB-3188) found on the window of the hostel in the morning had presumably
been attracted by lights during the night. Latitude, longitude and altitude measurements were
made at one point of each collecting area or trail using a hand-held GPS unit; values of
latitude and longitude have been rounded off to the nearest second.

Acknowledgements

My thanks go to FRCS staff for providing access to the collection, and to Mark Bushell for
assisting with the recording of data.

References

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Necroscia prasina (Burmeister), a common red- winged phasmid in Borneo. Phasmid Studies ,
10(1): 6-14.

Phasmid Studies, 10(2): 34

Menexenus exiguus alienigena Gunther, 1939 from Sulawesi

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottingham, NG16 2QP, UK.

Abstract

The Royal Entomological Society expedition to Sulawesi in 1985 collected a number of phasmids. One of these was
reared in captivity for several generations. This species has recently been identified as Menexenus exiguus alienigena
Giinther, 1939. The adults and eggs are described and illustrated, the female and eggs were previously undescribed.

Key words

Phasmida, Sulawesi, Royal Entomological Society expedition, Menexenus exiguus alienigena.

Introduction

In 1985 the Royal Entomological Society of London (RESL) organised a year-long expedition
to Sulawesi under the title "Project Wallace". The expedition was based at Dumoga-Bone
National Park in Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi). Jonathan Cocking was a member of the
expedition and collected a number of phasmids, one of these species was successfully reared
in the UK and was designated as PSG 92 on the Phasmid Study Group’s culture list. In
addition to those collected by Jonathan Cocking, quite a few preserved specimens of phasmids
were collected by expedition member R.K. Butlin. The descriptions below are based on
reared material and the specimens collected by Cocking and Butlin. The standard
abbreviations of Arnett et al (1993) are used for museums.

Menexenus exiguus alienigena Gunther, 1939

Menexenus exiguus alienigena Giinther, 1939: 73, fig 12(6). Holotype 6 (NHMB), Paratype
6 (SMTD), North Sulawesi, Minahassa, Gunung Lokon & Tomohon.

Gunther described Menexenus exiguus , with two subspecies, in the same paper: M. e. exiguus
and M. e. alienigena. They differ mainly by the position of the spines on the mesonotum,
those of alienigena are in the middle of the mesonotum, those of exiguus exiguus are
positioned closer to the posterior of the segment. The material described here was compared
with specimens of exiguus exiguus during a brief visit to Dresden (SMTD) in May 2001; the
paratype specimen of alienigena was overlooked and not examined. I have since examined
photographs of both the holotype and paratype. Gunther’s paper listed two specimens but did
not specify a holotype and paratype; however, the specimens are clearly labelled as such,
apparently by Gunther. The material from the Project Wallace Expedition will be divided
between the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) and the Museum Zoologicum
Bogoriense, Bogor (MBBJ).

Material examined

Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Poniki summit.

599 (BMNH/MBBJ) R.K. Butlin, 1985.

Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, BM plot C.

56 , 49 (BMNH/MBBJ) R.K. Butlin, 1985.

Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Muajat 900m.

9 (BMNH/MBBJ) J. Cocking, 1985.

Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Captive reared in U.K.

399 (PEB-538; PEB-541; PEB-542), 2 6 6 (PEB-539; PEB-540) eggs (PEB-543;

PEB-544) P.E. Bragg, 1989.

eggs (PEB-2110) P.E. Bragg, 1990.

1st instar nymph (PEB-1449), 6 (PEB-1882) P.E. Bragg, 1992.

6 (PEB-1959) P.E. Bragg, 1993.

Phasmid Studies, 10(2): 35

P E. Bragg

Figures 1-2. Menexenus exiguus alienigena , dorsal view; 1. Female. 2. Male.

There is considerable size variation amongst the wild-caught specimens; in both sexes the
smallest specimens are from Poniki summit; the Muajat specimens are similar in size to those
from Poniki summit. There is little size variation in my captive reared specimens and their
size suggests that they are derived from the specimens collected at BM plot C; this has been
confirmed by Jonathan Cocking (personal communication).

Female (Figs. 1, 3-5)

A typical slick-shaped phasmid, with pro- meso- and metapleura projecting where the legs
join the body. Whole insect uniformly dark brown. Body and head roughly granulose,
almost tuberculate; wild-caught specimens more obviously granulose than reared specimens.
Femora with distinctly tuberculate carinae, some almost like blunt spines; tibiae and tarsi with
short setae, femora and prosternum sparingly setose. Body lengths; wild-caught 30-50mm,
reared 44.5-50mm. The following description is based on the specimens from plot C and

Phasmid Studies. 10 ( 2 ): 36

Menexenits exiguus alienigena Gflntiier, 1939 from Sulawesi

reared specimens.

Head rectangular, one and a half times longer than wide, with a small pair of spines
directly between the eyes on a slightly swollen base. Antennae almost as long as the fore
legs; scape and pedicel each twice as long as wide, scape flattened, pedicel rounded and only
half as long as scape.

Figures 3-5. Female.

3. Head, pro- and meso-thorax. 4. Apex of abdomen, lateral view.

5. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

Pronotum a trapezium, as long as width of posterior; with a pair of small blunt spines
on the anterior margin and a similar pair on the posterior margin. Mesonotum slightly
widening towards posterior, about three times longer than width at mid-point; with a pair of
spines on a swollen mound near the middle of the segment, these spines vary in size but the
location is characteristic of the subspecies (those of M. exiguus exiguus are positioned one
third of the way from the posterior margin). Mesonotum with about five distinct tubercules
on each lateral margin. Metanotum and mesonotum with a broad, rather indistinct,
longitudinal carina. Metanotum about as wide as long. Median segment with three obvious
tubercules on the posterior margin, the central one larger than the others; abdominal segments

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 2 ): 37

PE. Bragg

2-9 each with similar tubercules, but often smaller and the outer pair may be absent on
segments 7-8, the central tubercule on 8-9 has a swollen base; abdominal segments may also
have a second pair of very small tubercules on the posterior margin near the lateral margin
but often these are almost indistinguishable from granules on the body surface. Segments 2-6
of equal size, rectangular, about one and a half times wider than long; 7th segment
narrowing; 7th and 8th narrower than 2-6 and about one and a quarter times wider than long;
Segments 8 and 9 almost rectangular; 9th and 10th almost as wide as long. Lamina
supraanalis very short. Mesopleura and metapleura with a row of tubercules near the ventral
margin. Prostemum and mesostemum tuberculate. Abdominal stemites 2-6 with a single
pair of tubercules near the anterior margin and with a slightly raised posterior margin.
Praeopercular organ a single blunt spine on a slightly raised mound. Operculum deep,
rounded, rugose, posterior margin almost straight. Cerci hidden.

All femora with about eight rounded tubercules on each dorsal carina; middle and hind
femora with 4-5 rounded tubercules on ventral carinae, fore femora with slightly uneven
ventral carinae, but without obvious tubercules. All femora with a triangular lobe near the
apex of the ventroposterior carina; middle and hind femora with a triangular lobe near the
apex of the ventroanterior carina. Fore and mid tibiae with very slight tubercule-like
irregularities on dorsal carinae; dorsal carinae indistinct on hind tibiae, ventral carinae
indistinct on middle and hind tibiae. Basal tarsomere of mid tarsus about as long as
tarsomeres 2-4 combined, very slightly longer on fore and hind tarsi.

Specimens from Poniki summit are considerably broader in comparison to their length
e.g. for the smallest specimen: mesonotum only slightly more than twice as long as wide (c.f.
three times as long), abdominal terga 2-6 two and a half times wider than long (c./. one and
a half times wider than long). The specimens from Muajat are similar to those from Poniki
but the spines on the pronotum and metanotum are much smaller, in one specimen the
mesonotal "spines" are only tiny tubercules on a slight swelling.

Menexenus exiguus alienigena

6

?

(Measurements in mm)

Fore femora

6.7-10.0

7.6-11.1

6

$

Fore tibiae

7.6-11.7

7.6-11.9

Total length

25-37

30-50

Fore tarsi

2.7-3.0

Antennae

(> 12)-20.5

(> 10)-17.5

Mid femora

5. 7-9.0

6.0-9.6

Head

2. 4-3.0

3.04.3

Mid tibiae

S.7-9.4

6.0-9. 7

Pronotum

1.9-2. 3

2. 3-3.4

Mid tarsi

2. 3-2. 7

2.6-3. 1

Mesonotum

6. 4-9.0

7.1-12.6

Hind femora

7.1-11.1

7.9-12.3

Metanotum

2.7-4. 1

2.94.9

Hind tibiae

8.1-13.7

8.9-13.6

Median segment

1. 1-1.6

1. 3-2.1

Hind tarsi

3.3-4. 1

Male (Figs. 2 & 6-8)

Uniformly mid brown. Body and head with very few granules, but tubercules and spines on
the body and legs are arranged as in the female. Body lengths: wild-caught 25-35mm, reared
35-37mm. The following description is based on specimens from BM plot C and reared
specimens.

Head and antennae as in female. Pronotum very slightly longer than wide, otherwise
as in female. Mesonotum four times longer than wide. Metanotum one and two thirds as
long as wide. Median segment wider than long. Abdominal terga 2-7 of uniform width and
as long as wide; 8-9 trapezoidal: 8th widening, 9th narrowing, 10th deeply spilt into two

Phasmid Studies , 10(2): 38

Menexenus exiguus alienigena Gunther, 1939 from Sulawesi

almost triangular lobes. Underside of thorax and abdomen as in female. Poculum rounded,
reaching to end of 9th lergum, with a few tubercules. Cerci very short, blunt.

Legs as in female, except the basal tarsomere of fore tarsi are only just as long as
segments 1-3 combined.

Figures 6-8. Male.

6. Head, pro-thorax and mesothorax; 7. Apex of abdomen lateral view;
8. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

Egg (Figs 9-11)

The following description is based on reared material only.

Whole of capsule, including operculum and micropylar plate, uniformly light or mid
brown, except for a dark brown depression in the operculum. Capsule and operculum
covered in tubercules and short irregular ridges. Capsule a rough cuboid, longer than high
and higher than wide; capsule swollen at each end of the micropylar plate, and at the
opercular end of the lateral surfaces; polar mound large but with a small indentation.
Micropylar plate deeply sunken into the capsule, with irregular tubercules. Operculum oval.

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 2 ): 39

PE. Bragg

higher than wide; with a broad lip and a central oval depression. The egg lacks an opercular
collar or capitulum.

Measurements of a typical egg are: length 2.7mm, height 2.1mm, width 1.6mm.

1mm

Figures 9-11. Egg: lateral, dorsal and opercular views.

Rearing

In captivity this species fed on bramble and oak. Females laid about 10-15 eggs per week
but the eggs were very fragile and the hatch rate was low, usually Jess than 20%. Incubation
took 3-4 months. The survival rate of the nymphs was high in humid conditions, most
survived to adult. Nymphs were green on hatching but became brown within a few weeks.
They reached adult in about 4-5 months. Some adults lived for over a year.

The culture of this species died out in the mid-1990s.

Acknowledgements

I thank the following people: Bruno Kneubuhler for supplying eggs and notes (incorporated
above) on rearing this species in 1988; Jonathan Cocking for the loan of the RESL material
which will be deposited in the Natural History Museum (BMNH) and Museum Zoologicum
Bogoriense (MBBJ), and for checking details in this paper; Dr R. Emmrich for access to the
SMTD collection; Oliver Zompro for the loan of photographs of the type specimens.

References

Arnett, R.H., Samuelson, G.A. & Nish id a, G.M. (1993) The Insect and Spider Collections of the World. Flora
& Fomin Handbook No . 11. [2nd edi(ion|, Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida.

Giinther, K. (1939) Orthuptera Celebica Sarasiniana. II. Phasmoidae. Verftandlungen der Natmforschenden
Gesellschafi in Basel , 49: 54-92,

Phnsmid Studies, 10(2): 40

Stick Insects in Baltic Amber

Oliver Zompro, Max-Planck-lnstitut fur Limnologie, AG Tropenokologie, August Thienemaniistralk 2,
24306 PISn, Germany.

Abstract

This paper summarises the knowledge of Phastnatodea In Baltic Amber. Samples of all taxa are figured. A key to
subfamilies, tribes, genera and species is included.

Key words

Phasmida. Phasmatodea, Archipseudophasmatidae, Baltic Amber.

This paper summarizes a recent publication about stick insects in Baltic amber (Zompro,
2001). The Baltic amber developed in the forests of the Baltic region of the Eocene more
than 40,000,000 years ago. Only three species of phasmids have been described previously;
all descriptions were based on nymphs though.

The majority of the stick insects in Baltic amber belong to the extinct family
Archipseudophasmatidae. This family is closely related to the Recent Pseudophasmatidae.
Further research is in progress: the results will be published by the author in another paper,
after a revision of the Heteronemiidae and Pseudophasmatidae. The relationship to the South
East Asian Heteropterygidae, which are also being revised by the author at present, is not
clear; the Archipseudophasmatidae lack the ventroapical spine of the area apicalis and sensory
areas on the prostemum which are present in Heteropterygidae, furthermore, all specimens
examined lack spines on the body and are very slender and not spinose and broad like the
Heteropterygidae. The relationship to the Asian group Aschiphasmatidae is also unclear.
They have been allotted family rank by Bragg (2001) based on wing venation and usually the
presence of serrated claws, a trait not exhibited by any specimen examined from Baltic
amber.

The Archipseudophasmatidae feature several characters which are not found in any
Recent phasmid:

The tegmina are fully developed, as long as the alae and covering the full length of the

abdomen.

The third antennomere is strikingly elongated and at least twice as long as the length

of scapus and pedicellus combined.

It includes two subfamilies, the Archipseudophasmatinae and an unnamed second subfamily,
the latter being only recorded from young nymphs which are useless to describe and name .

The Archipseudophasmatinae feature profemora which are straight basally. They are
divided into two tribes. The Archipseudophasmatini are characterized by their basi tarsus,
which is distinctly longer than the first two tarsomeres combined. There are two genera.
Archipseudophasma Zompro, 2001 is easily recognizable by the structured pronotum, which
exhibits lateral margins which are deeply concave in the middle; the probasitarsus is as long
as the following four segments combined. It includes only one species, Archipseudophasma
phoenix Zompro, 2001, known from two adult males. Pseudoperla Berendt & Pictet, 1854,
features a flat and almost quadrate pronotum. The probasitarsus is at best as long as the
following three tarsomeres combined. It includes Pseudoperla gracilipes Pictet & Berendt,
1854, known from a male nymph of stage IV.

The second tribe, BaJticophasmatini, features a probasitarsus which is shorter than the
following two segments. It includes the genus Balticophasma Zompro, 2001, with the only
species Balticophasma lineata (Pictet & Berendt, 1854). The nymphs are easy to recognize
by two strongly sclerotized "plates 1 ' on the thoracic segments.

The unnamed second subfamily features profemora which are compressed and curved
basally. It includes strongly elongated phasmids, with long, slender legs. The edges of the

Phasmid Sntdies, 10(2): 41

Oliver Zoinpro

femora and the tibiae bear long bristles. As it is only known from nymphs, a naming is
useless.

Figures 1-4.

1. Archipseudophasma phoenix Zompro, 2001. The holotype, an adult male.

2. Pseudoperla gracilipes Pictet & Berendt, 1854. The holotype, a male nymph of stage IV.

3. Balticophasma lineata (Pictet & Berendt, 1854). The holotype, a nymph of stage II of

undetermined sex.

4. The second, unnamed subfamily. A young nymph of undetermined sex.

The Pseudophasmatidae are present in Baltic amber by Electrobaculum gracile Sharov,
1968, belonging to the Pseudophasmatinae: Eiectrobaculini. Members of this group are very
rare in Baltic amber.

Phasmid Studies, 10(2): 42

Slick Insects in Bailie Amber

Only very few specimens are recorded from the suborder Anareolatae, which includes
the majority of the genera and species today. The young nymphs do not allow further
conclusions.

Key to subfamilies, tribes and genera of Archipseudophasmatidae

1. Profemora straight, not or only sightly depressed basally. Archipseudophasmatinae..2

Profemora distinctly depressed and curved basally Second Subfamily.

2. Basitarsus at least as long as following three segments combined

Archipseudophasmatini . . 3

Basitarsus only slightly longer than second tarsomere

Balticophasmini: Balticophasma Zompro.

3. Lateral margins of pronotum straight Pseudoperla Berendt & Pictet.

Lateral margins of pronotum distinctly concave in the middle

Archipseudophasma Zompro.

Figures 5-7.

5. Electrobaculum gracile Sharov, 1968. A female nymph of stage V. After Sharov, 1968.

6. Anareolatae species. A young female nymph.

7. Raptophasma kemeggeri Zompro, 2001. The adult male holotype.

Other material

About 20 specimens examined by the author did not belong to Phasmatodea, and it is
impossible to attach them to any insect order known to science because several characters
distinguish them distinctly. The form of the genitalia and the one-segmented cerci place them
near the Phasmatodea or Grylloblattodea. Nevertheless, in many characters they do not agree

Phasmid Studies , 10 ( 2 ): 43

Oliver Zompro

with these groups. In all probability they belong to a new order of insects. They are
represented by the genus Raptophasma Zompro, 2001, with the only species Raptophasma
kerneggeri Zompro, 2001. Recently the author discovered an adult male from Tanganyika
(1950) and an adult female from Namibia (1909), belonging to a different genus and species.
So these striking insects have survived up to our time.

Acknowledgements

The author wants to thank Ms. Anke Teschke (ALIAS, Berlin, Germany) for arranging
and digitalizing the drawings and Dr. P.E. Bragg (Nottinghamshire, England) for comments
on the manuscript.

References

Arillo, A., Ortufto, V.M. & Net, A. (1997) Description of an enigmatic insect from Baltic amber. Bulletin de la
Societe Entomologiqtte de France , 102(1): 11-14.

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Pha smids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. ISBN 983-812-027-8.
Germar, E.F. & Berendt, G.C. (1856) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Hemipteren und Orthopteren der Vorwelt.
In: Berendt, G.C. (1845-1856): Die im Bernstein befindlichen organischen Reste der Vorwelt . 1-2. Berlin.

Pictet, F. J. (1854) Trade de Paleontologie ou Histoire Naturelle desAnimaux Fossiles considers dans leurs rapports
Zoologiques et Giologiques. 11. 2 nd edition., Paris, J.-B. Bailliere. 727 pp. & Allas, 110 pi.

Pictet, F.J. & Hagen, H. (1856) 111. Phasmodea. In: Berendt, G.C. (1845-1856): Die im Bernstein befindlichen
organischen Reste der Vonvelt. 1-2. Berlin.

Sharov, A.G. (1968) Filogeniya ortopteroidnykh nasekomykh. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 118: 1-216.
Zompro, O. (2001) Tlie Phasmatodea and Raptophasma n. gen., Orthoptera incertae sedis, in Baltic Amber (Insecta:
Orthopiera). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paldontologischen Institutes der Universitdt Hamburg , 85: 229-261.

An Introduction to Rearing Praying Mautids

by P.E. Bragg.

An Introduction to Rearing Cockroaches

by P.E. Bragg.

Prices: £2.50 each plus postage (20p UK; 70p Europe, £1.10 worldwide).
Order from: P.E. Bragg, 8 The Utie, Awswonli, Nottinghamshire, NGI6 2QP, U K.

Phasmid Studies, 10(2): 44

Reviews and Abstracts.

Books & Compact Disks

An illustrated guide to the stick and leaf insects of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore
by Francis Seow-Choen (2000). Published by Natural History Publications (Borneo).
Hardback, size 26cm x 19cm, 173 pages, 127 plates of black-and-white illustrations.
ISBN 983-812-029-4. Available from P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottingham,
NG16 2QP, U.K. Price including postage: £20 (U.K.), £22 (worldwide).

The text is limited to the length and foodplants for each species, and descriptions of new
taxa or the previously undescribed sex of known species. This includes the description of two
new genera: Sceptrophasma Brock & Seow-Choen and Lobonecroscia Brock & Seow-Choen,
and of seven new species (not six as stated in the introduction): Carausius tanahraiaensis
Seow-Choen, Lopaphus suwinae Seow-Choen, Lobonecroscia subflava Brock & Seow-Choen,
Presbistus fragilis Seow-Choen, Sceptrophasma tangkawicensis Brock & Seow-Choen,
Sipyloidea perakensis Seow-Choen, Sosibia brocki Seow-Choen. Keys are given for the
species in each genus but there are no keys to distinguish the genera. The bulk of the book
comprises 127 pages of drawings, with one species illustrated per page.

Phasmids of Borneo by P.E. Bragg (2001). Published by Natural History Publications
(Borneo). Hardback, size 26cm by 19cm, 772 pages, 800 line drawings, 24 colour plates,
ISBN 983-812-027-8. Available from P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottingham,
NG16 2QP, U.K. Price including postage: £105 (U.K.), £120 (worldwide).

Borneo is the third largest island in the world and much of it is still largely unexplored
and covered in tropical rainforest. With more than 10% of the world’s species being found
on this one island, Borneo is arguably the best habitat for stick insects.

In 1838 Hermann Burmeister described the First Bornean stick insect. During the next
100 years almost 300 species were recorded from Borneo There was then a gap of almost
50 years when no new species were recorded from Borneo. However, during the last decade
53 new species have been described: 48 by the author of this book, including 32 which are
described here for the first time.

This is the first book to deal specifically with phasmids of Borneo. There axe over 800
illustrations of stick insects and their eggs. With keys for the identification of species in all
the smaller subfamilies, it is invaluable to anyone interested in identification of this group of
Bornean insects. The book contains comprehensive synonymies for all the species recorded
from Borneo and highlights a number which have been recorded by mistake. In addition the
book includes a world wide check list of phasmid genera with all the type species listed.

New taxa described include the family Aschiphasmatidae, the tribe Dajacini, six genera
and subgenera: Anoplobistus, Chlorobistus, Eurybisius, Kerabistus (Kerabistus ) , Kerabistus
(Rhadinobistus ) , Yongtsuius , and 32 new species and subspecies; one of the new species is
described from India. Type species are selected for two genera: Prosemoria and
Dinophasma. Lectotypes are designated for 14 species. Fourteen new synonyms are
recorded and two invalid synonyms are corrected.

Phasma Newsletters The first 40 newsletters of the Dutch publication Phasma (1991-2000)
have been put on a CD-rom, each page separately scanned. An index has been included.
Additionally 34 websites about stick and leaf insects have been included. The CD-rom can
be obtained from Wim Potvin, Brusselbaan 7, 1600 St.-Pieters-Leeuw, Belgium. Price E 15,
excluding postage and packing.

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 2 ): 45

Ptmmid abstracts

Wandelnde Blatter. Ein Katalog alter bisher beschriebenen Pbylliinae-Arten und deren
Eier mit drei Neubeschreibungen by Detlef Grower (2001). Published by Edition Chimaira,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Hardback, 15cm by 21.5cm, 119 pages, 136 Figures,
including 69 colour illustrations. [In German with English and Japanese summaries]. Price
DM48. ISBN 3-930612-46-1. Reviewed by Oliver Zompro.

This book is the first comprehensive publication about the walking leaves, one of the
most striking groups of the Phasmatodea. The author, Detlef Grower, is the most accepted
expert in this group, and this is obvious on every single page. All species of the four genera
of the family: Chitoniscus Still, 1875, Microphyllium Zompro, 2001, Nanophyllium
Redtenbacher, 1906 and Phyllium Illiger, 1798 with its subgenus Pulchriphyllium Griffmi,
1898 are figured, and the majority in excellent half or full page colour illustrations.

The book starts with a short characterization of this group, followed by distribution
maps and a well illustrated chapter on morphology, which makes it possible for non-
specialists to understand the more scientific parts of the book. The stridulation in this group
is discussed, and the stridulatory organs of several species are figured for the first time. The
wing venation is briefly discussed: the figure contains one of the few errors, the vein named
"cubitus" should read "radius". Nymphs of several species are figured in colour, including
a sequence of a moulting. The chapter on colour variation includes some very striking forms
from Detlef Grower’s cultures, also in excellent colour pictures. The species section includes
pictures of both sexes and the egg, if known, many are figured in full page colour. Three
species are described and figured for the first time: Phyllium ( Pulchriphyllium ) exsectum
Zompro, P. (Phyllium) palawanensis Grower, and P. (Phyllium) zomproi Grower.

The appendix includes a list of the museums where the type material of Phylliidae is
housed, English and Japanese summaries, a reference list, and a catalogue of all species
described, including the synonyms.

All in all it is one of the nicest publications in recent years and, considering the number
and quality of the pictures, at a very modest price. Specialists and enthusiasts should not
miss this unique book.

Phasmid Abstracts

The following abstracts briefly summarise articles which have recently appeared in other
publications. Some of these may be available from local libraries. Others will be available
in university or college libraries, many of these libraries allow non-members to use their
facilities for reference purposes free of charge.

The editor of Phasmid Studies would welcome recent abstracts from authors so that they may
be included in forthcoming issues. In the case of publications specialising in phasmids, such
as Phasma , only the longer papers are summarised.

Brock, P.D. (2000) A new species of Dajaca Brunner (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae) from
Vietnam. Journal of Orthoptera Research , 9: 1-3.

Dajaca napolovi sp.nov. is described and illustrated. The species is based on two pairs
collected from North Vietnam in 1998 which differ from existing taxa by distinctive
coloration. A key is given to distinguish the Dajaca species.

Phasmid Studies, 10(2): 46

Phasmid abstracts

Brock, P.D. (2000) Studies on Australian stick-insects of the family Heteronemiidae,
subfamily Lonchodinae, including the description of a new genus. Journal of Orthoptera
Research, 9: 51-55.

A lectotype has been designated for Carausius australicus Brunner, 1907, which is listed
as a new synonym of Carausius mercurius Still, 1877. This species and Lonchodes
nigropunctatus Kirby, 1896 (so far only reported from Queensland) have been transferred to
a new genus, Austrocarausius , withL. nigropunctatus designated as the type species. Adults
are redescribed. Eggs of both species are described for the first time. Figures of adults and
eggs are given.

Chen S., Chen P. & Wang J. (1999) A study on the regeneration of artus in genus
Sinophasma Gunther. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 42(2): 159-165. [in Chinese]

Phasmatodea is a group of insects with strong regeneration ability of leg autotomy.
Results of our experimental studies on 3 species of genus Sinophasma Gunther indicate that
this ability is closely related with time and number of legs amputated: (1) If 1 or 2 legs were
amputated at 1st to 4th instar, length of the regenerated legs of the adults or of the last instar,
are close to those of the normal insects (the control); (2) If the same amputation (1 or 2 legs)
was done at beginning of 5th instar, lengths of the regenerated legs of the adult insects are
shorter than those of the control; (3) If legs were amputated at 6th instar or adult stage no
regeneration is possible, (if at 6th instar legs regenerated as usual, the nymph stage will
prolong to 7th instar). Other results are: (1) When 3 or more legs amputated, the insects can
not survive, death follows within 2 or 3 days. (2) Rate of growth of the regenerate legs is
faster than that of the normal legs and rate increases with the increase of instar stage. (3)
Either regenerated or normal legs elongate only when moulting.

Chen S* & Chen P. (1999) A new species of the genus Sinophasma from Viet Nam
(Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica , 42(3): 300-302. [in Chinese]

A new species of the genus Sinophasma GQnther from Vietnam, Sinophasma
vietnamense sp.nov. , is described. Type specimens are preserved in the Institute of Zoology,
Academia Sinica.

Chen S.C. & He Y.H. (2000) Two new species of Phasmatodea (Phasmatodea: Anareolatae)
from South China. Enlomotaxonomia , 22(1): 17-19. [in Chinese]

This paper deals with two species belonging to Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae,
collected from Jiangxi and Guangxi, China are reported as new to science. The type
specimens are kept in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. The new species are
diagnosed as follows. 1 . Paraentoria lushanensis , sp.nov. (Figs. 1, 2). This new species is
allied to P. sichuanensis Chen & He, it differs from the latter in body covered with sparse
setae, lobes on the base of middle femur not divided and with distinct dorsal lobes near base
on hind femur and tibia. Male: unknown. Holotype female, Mt. Lushan, Jiangxi, July 16,
1936, collected by O. Piel; Paratype female, locality same as holotype, but with no date and
collector. 2. Sinophasma atratum , sp.nov. (Figs. 3, 4). This new species is close to 5. largum
Chen & Chen, but the colour pattern of body and legs different, granules on mesonotum
concentrated mainly on side of longitudinal carina, subgenital plate with nearly two
symmetrical valvulae backward. Female: unknown. Holotype male, Napo Co., 1300m,
Guangxi, 15viii. 1998, collected by Huang Fusbeng.

Phasmid Studies, 10 ( 2 ): 47

Phasmid abstracts

Heer, JL de (2001) Enige korte notities over het voedsel van PSG 89 Sosibia parvipennis en
PSG 222 Sipyloidea sp. Papua Nieuw-Guinea. Phasma , (11)42: 45. [in Dutch]

Newly hatched nymphs of Sosibia parvipennis StAl (PSG 89) need Hypericum as food
to grow, otherwise a lot of nymphs will die; they accept bramble when larger. Sipyloidea
sp. from New Guinea (PSG 222) readily accepts bramble from the first instar without
significant mortality although they really like Hypericum.

Mantovani, B., Passamonti, M. & Scali, V. (2001) The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
II gene in Bacillus stick insects: Ancestry of hybrids, androgenesis, and phylogenetic
relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19(1): 157-163.

Sequencing of a cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene fragment in Bacillus taxa provided
evidence that the bisexual B. rossius is the maternal ancestor of the hybridogenetic B. rossius-
grandii strains and revealed the same ancestry for both parthenogenetic hybrids: the diploid
B. whitei (B. rossius /grandii grandii) and the triploid B . lynceorum (B. rossius/grandii
grandii/ atticus). Present data clearly demonstrate that all Bacillus unisexuals arose through
asymmetrical hybridization events and realized a paraphyletic derivation from the B . rossius
redtenbacheri subspecies. The invention of B. rossius mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in
specimens with B . grandii grandii nuclear genomes revealed the occurrence of androgenesis
in nature. Natural androgens represent a peculiar escape from hybridity and can help maintain
the hybridogenetic system through the production of the fathering taxon via hybrid females.
Results from the COII gene support the phyletic relationships among taxa suggested by
previous taxonomical approaches, but also indicate a departure of B. grandii subspecies from
the established taxonomy. Assuming the existence of a molecular clock, the evaluated
substitution rate brings the splitting between B. rossius and B . grandii/B. atticus back to
22.79 ±2.65 myr before present, while the origin of hybrids appears to be much more
recent (1.06 ± 0.53 myr).

Potvin, W. (2001) Dryococelus australis bestaat weer . . Phasma , 1 1(42): 28-29. [in Dutch]

Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier) from Lord Howe Island appeared to be extinct due
to imported rats, but some scientists recently found three females and some eggs on rocky
coastline. They intend to breed this stick insect in captivity and reintroduce it on Lord How
Island, after exterminating the rats.

Potvin, W. (2001) Soortbeschrijving van Phaenopharos struthioneus (Westwood), PSG nr.
205. Phasma , 11(42): 42-44. [in Dutch]

Brief descriptions of the adults and eggs of Phaenopharos struthioneus (Westwood)
(PSG culture 205) are given. Their typical defensive behaviour is explained and housing,
feeding, care and breeding of this wonderful large species are discussed. Possible colour
variations due to the influence of light and humidity are given. The paper includes drawings
of both sexes and photographs of eggs and the female.

Potvin, W. (2001) Soortbeschrijving van Phenacephorus auriculatus (Brunner, 1907), PSG
nr. 162. Phasma , 11(43): 76-78. [in Dutch]

Brief descriptions of the adults and eggs of Phenacephorus auriculatus (Brunner, 1907)
(PSG 162) are given. Their defensive behaviour is explained and housing feeding, care and
breeding of this small species are discussed. This species seems to disappear in captivity and
needs some extra attention. It can be an easy species to breed if given the correct conditions.
With colour photographs of the male and female, and black-and-white photograph of the egg.

Phasmid Srudies , 10 ( 2 ): 48

P has mid abstracts

Rabaey, K. (2001) Kweekbeschrijvingen van Medaura jobrensis Brock & Cliquennois, 2000,
PSG-nr. 202 en Medaura scabriuscula (Wood-Mason, 1873), PSG-nr. 216, met een
vergelijking tussen beide soorten. Phasma , 11(43): 71-75. [in Dutch]

Nicholas Cliquennois has collected phasmids during his two year stay in Bangladesh.
The author obtained all his collected species and managed to bring them into culture. She
gives a short description of the two Medaura species, describes how to breed them in
captivity and compares both species,

Wright, K. (2001) The fantasmagoric Australian giant prickly stick-insect, Extaiosoma
tiaratum (Macleay). Insecta , 1: 16-23.

Notes on rearing Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay), with 12 colour photographs.

Zompro, (X (2000) Designation of type-species of 13 stick-insect genera described by J.
Redteribacher (Insecta: Orthoptera: Phasmatodea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums
in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie , 102B: 93-96.

Type-species of several genera of the insect order Phasmatodea, described by
Redtenbacher, are designated. The genera are: Agr ostia, Anisacantka , Anlongilia, Brizoides ,
Citrina , Eucles , Euphasma , Hypocyrtus , Mirophasma, Neophasma, Paraphasma ,
Paraprisopus , Perliodes.

Zompro, O. (2001) A new species of stick insect (Phasmatodea: Heteropterigidae:
Obriminae: Obrimini) from Cebu Island, Philippines. Philippine Entomologist, 15(1): 23-26.

A new species of Theramenes StAl, 1875, Theramenes mandirigma Zompro & Eusebio
(Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Obrimininae: Obrimini) is described and illustrated from
the Philippine island of Cebu. It differs from the only other species in the genus, P
olivaceus (Westwood, 1859) by the number of tubercules on the tergum and the smaller size.

Zompro, O. (2001) A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The New World
genera of the stick insect subfamily Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae = Heteronemiidae:
Heteronemiinae sensu Bradley & Galil, 1977. Revue Suisse de Zoologie , 108(1): 189-255.

The North and South American genera of the phasmatodean subfamily Diapheromerinae
= Heteronemiinae sensu Bradley & Galil are revised. All genera are redescribed, type
species are mentioned or designated, and synonyms listed. Two new tribes, Ocnophilini and
Oreophoetini, are established, and the Libethrini are synonymized with Diapheromerini.
Genitalia, eggs and important other characters of most genera are figured. Ten new genera
are introduced and five new species are described. Previously unknown males, females and
eggs of several species are described. The genera are arranged in groups, with separate keys
to alt tribes and generic-level groups, including males, females, and eggs to the extent
currently known.

The author has sent the following note to Phasmid Studies : The paper includes a
mistake. I overlooked that Kirby (1904: 431) selected Caulonia bifolia Sill, 1875 as type
species for Caulonia StAl, 1875, so HebanTs designation (1919) of Ceroys rabdota
Westwood, 1859 was antedated and is therefore invalid. Caulonia is preoccupied by
Caulonia Loriol, 1873, a genus of Echinodeimata. Caulonia is not synonymous with
Libethra StAl. 1875 as stated by most authors and therefore needs a replacement name.
Caulonia bifolia and C. rabdota are congeneric. Rugosolibethra Zompro, 2001 is the only
available (subjective) synonym and therefore becomes valid.

Phasmid Sntdies , 10 ( 2 ): 49

Phasmid abstracts

Zompro, O. (2001) Philippine phasmids from the collection of the Staatliches Museum fur
Tierkunde, Dresden (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Reichenbachia , 34(5): 49-56.

The male and egg of Hoploclonia armadillo (Redtenbacher, 1906) are described and
figured for the first time. A new genus of Phylliidae, Microphy Ilium , is erected for
Microphy Ilium spinithorax n.gen., n.sp., the smallest member of the family. The new genus
is closest related to Chitonischus Stal, 1875. A lectotype is designated for Dares
haematocanthus Redtenbacher, 1906, which is transferred to Hoploclonia St&l, 1875. The
egg of Lonchodes mindanaense (Brunner, 1907) is described for the first time.

Zompro, O. & Henneinann, F. (2001) A new species of Autolyca Stal, 1875 from El
Salvador (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Anisomorphini). Nachrichten des

entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 22(3): 175-176.

The male, female and egg of a new species of Phasmatodea, Autolyca daemonia n.sp.,
are described from El Salvador. It is closely related to the type species, Autolyca
pallidicornis Stal, 1875, but differs in its annulated antennae and the comparatively shorter
legs. The holotype male is housed in the Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg,
Frankfurt am Main (SMF-no. Phasm-8).

PHASMIDS of BORNEO

by P.E. Bragg
ISBN 983-812-027-8.

26cm x 19cm, 772 pages, 800 drawings, 24 colour photographs, 148 maps.

An Illustrated guide to the Stick and Leaf Insects of
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore

by F. Seow-Choen
ISBN 983-812-029-4.

26cm x 19cm, 173 pages, 127 black-and-white plates.

Price, including postage: £20 (U.K.), £22 (worldwide).

Available from: P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awswortli, Nottingham, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Phastmd Studies, 10(2): 50

Contributions

1. Articles are welcome from anyone and (he editor is prepared to offer advice and help to contributors. The
editor would like to encourage people with no previous experience to write articles for the Phasmid Studies,

2. .Articles should generally be between 500 and 10000 words long although articles shorter or longer will be
considered,

3. Articles arc reviewed by independent referees at the discretion of die editor.

4. Articles are accepted for publication in Phasmid Studies On the understanding that they may he translated and
reproduced in Phasmn.

5. Authors will be provided with 25 offprints.

6. Contributions should be addressed to; Dr. P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, A ws worth, Nottinghamshire,
NGI6 2QP, U.K.

Instructions to authors

Articles for publication in Phasmid Studies should initially be submitted in primed form only, and with double line

spacing; disks will be requested at a later stage. Refer to a recent copy of 'Phasmid Studies tor layout of articles.

In particular die following point's should be noted.

1 . The title should he followed by the authors) name and address, an abstract, a list of key words, an introduction
(if necessary), the main article, and finally a list of references.

2. The abstract should briefly summarise the article. For short articles one or two sentences should suffice; for
longer articles the abstract should not exceed 400 words.

3. A list of key words should he given. These should cover die main topics in the article but there should not be
more than 25 key words.

4. AH titles and headings should be in bold print and not underlined. The main title and all side-headings should
he aligned on the left hand side of the page. If die article is lengthy major headings may be created by using
centred headings in bold print.

5. Paragraphs should be indented using a single tab setting (not character spaces),

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sentence should be followed by a single space.

7 Scientific names should be in italics (or underlined if italics arc not available). On the first usage names should
be given in full, followed by the name of the author. On subsequent occasions the genus should he abbreviated
to a single letter followed by a full stop, and the author should be omitted,

8. English, not American, spellings should be used throughout.

9. Numbers between one and ten should be spelled out while numerals should be used for 1 1 and above; the
exceptions to this are where measurements arc involved, or in descriptions of insects, in both cases numerals
may be used throughout.

10. Where measurements are given a space should not be left between numerals and units e,g. 6mm, not 6 mm

1 1 . References in the text should include the author and date, and page number if appropriate, these should be given
tn the form Smith (1982; 123), or (Smith. 1982; 123). In the references section, the names of authors and the
volume numbers of journals should be printed in bold, journal titles and book titles should be given in frill (nor
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12. Illustrations should have primed (noi handwritten) labels.

13. Drawings should be in black ink and on separate sheets of paper, not with the text of the article. The size of
reproduction will usually be determined by the editor. Usually drawings took better when reduced to about half
their original size and contributors should bear this in mind, Scale lines must be used, not the magnification
of the original drawing.

14. Proofs will be sent to the author to be checked before publication.

15. The abbreviation PSG may be used to refer to the Phasmid Study Group: with this exception, the full titles
should be used for all organisations and publications.

1 6. Disk copies should conform to the following:

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17. If the wordprocessor used does not have a table facility then tables of measurements etc. should be laid out
using tab settings (not character spaces).

Phasmid Studies issn 0966 -oon

volume 10, number 2.

Contents

Caledotuophasma marshallae , a new genus and species of Phasmatodea

Oliver Zompro . * , , . . - . . 29

More Bornean records of Necroscia prasina (Burmeister, 1838)

P.E. Bragg . 34

Menexenm exiguus alienigena Giinlher, 1939 from Sulawesi

P,E. Bragg 35

Slick Insects in Baltic Amber

Oliver Zompro ; 41

Reviews and Abstracts

Books & Compact Disks 45

Phasmid Abstracts , . , 46

Cover ii lustration: Necroscia prastna (Burmeisier). drawing by P.E. Bragg.