Printed ISS N 0 9 6 6- 0 011
Online ISS N 17 5 0 -3329

PHASMID STUDIES

Volume 17, numbers 1 & 2.

April 2008 & June 2009.

Editor: Dr. P.E. Bragg.

Produced by the Phasmid Study Group

Phasmid Study Group.

The Phasmid Study Group (PSG) was formed in
1980 to foster the study of phasmids. The group
currently has several hundred members worldwide.

The membership ranges from young children to
professional entomologists. The PSG holds regular
meetings and presents displays at all the major
entomological exhibitions in the U.K. The PSG
places emphasis on study by rearing and captive
breeding and has a panel of breeders who distribute
livestock to other members. The PSG produces two
publications which are issued free to members.

The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter is issued quarterly and contains news items, livestock
information, details of exhibitions and meetings, and a variety of short articles on all aspects of
phasmids.

Phasmid Studies is issued on-line and in print. PSG members wishing to receive printed copies
should submit a request to the Membership Secretary; electronic copies may be downloaded from
the PSG website. Typically Phasmid Studies is produced biannually, in March and September. It
contains longer articles on all aspects of phasmids, with an emphasis on natural history, captive
breeding, taxonomy, and behavioural studies. Each issue contains abstracts of papers from other
recent publications. Electronic copies of Phasmid Studies are deposited in the following libraries:
British Library, U.K.; Hope Library, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK;
Nottingham University Library, UK.; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; Nationaal
Natuurhistorische Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Phasmid Study Group Website: http://phasmid-study-group.org/

Details of membership may be obtained from the Treasurer and Membership Secretary, Paul
Brock, 2 Greenways Road, Brockenhurst, Hampshire, S042 7RN, U.K.

Annual subscription rates are currently: U.K. £12.00; Europe £14.00; Worldwide £15.00.

Phasma.

This is a Dutch-Belgian group with similar aims to the Phasmid Study
Group. It produces a quarterly newsletter, Phasma , which is published
in Dutch. Regular meetings are held in Belgium or the Netherlands.
Phasma Website: www.phasma.eu

Details of Phasma may be obtained from Kristien Rabaey,
Nieuwpoortkeiweg 39, B-8630 Veurne, Belgium.

Email: kristien.rabaey@skynet.be

Contributions

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editor would like to encourage people with no previous experience to write articles for Phasmid Studies.

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and reproduced in Phasma.

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NG16 2QP, U.K. or emailed to Pbragg@aol.com with “Phasmid Studies” in the subject box.

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10. Where measurements are given a space should not be left between numerals and units e.g. 6mm, not 6 mm.

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18. Where museums are abbreviated standard codens should be used, as defined in Arnett, R.H., Samuelson, G.A. &
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Gainesville, Florida. [Codens are available online at http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/ ].

Phasmid Studies

Volume 17, numbers 1 & 2.

Contents

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 7. James Wood-Mason.

P.E. Bragg 1

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 8. Robert Walter Campbell Shelford.

P.E. Bragg 8

New record of Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, with notes on its life history (Phasmatodea:
Phasmatidae).

Marco Gottardo 11

Notes on Necroscia affinis (Gray, 1835), Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908) and
Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908).

P.E. Bragg 16

Notes on Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904 from Borneo, including a new synonym.

P.E. Bragg 27

Lectotype designation for the type species of Colossopus, C. grandidieri Saussure, 1899
(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae).

M. Unal & G.W. Beccaloni 34

Reviews and Abstracts

Phasmid Abstracts 36

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 9. Morgan Hebard.

P.E. Bragg 51

A spectacular new species of Ophicrania Kaup, 1871, from Mindanao, Philippines
(Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Platycraninae).

Joachim Bresseel & Mark Bushell 59

Reviews and Abstracts

Phasmid Abstracts 66

Cover illustration: Cotylosoma dipneusticum Wood-Mason, 1878 - drawing by Woodhouse, 1895.

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 7. James Wood-Mason.

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottinghamshire, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Abstract

James Wood-Mason was a British zoologist who worked in the Indian Museum at Calcutta from 1877 to 1893.
He started as an assistant to Professor John Anderson and later succeeded him as Director of the Museum. He
made many collections of marine animals and Lepidoptera. He is best known in the entomological world for his
work on mantids and phasmids. His life and phasmid work is outlined. He described 24 new species of
phasmids and named three new genera.

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatologist, Biography, Indian Museum, Calcutta, James Wood-Mason.

James Wood-Mason (December 1846- 6 th May 1893)

James Wood-Mason was bom in Gloucestershire in December 1846. His father was a medical
doctor. James attended Charterhouse School and then Queen’s College Oxford where he was a
pupil of J.O. Westwood. He was interested in Natural History and Geology and in 1869 he went
to India to become Assistant Curator at the Indian Museum in Calcutta. He was a Fellow of the
Royal Entomological Society of London and remained a great admirer of Westwood’s work.

Perhaps because he spent most of his adult life in India, it has been difficult to find
information about Wood-Mason’s private life. There were two brief anonymous obituaries in
British entomological publications when he died (Anon, 1893a, 1893b), and a more detailed
mention of his work in an obituary by his successor Alfred Alcock (1893) in the Proceedings of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal that was subsequently reproduced in a book about the Indian
Museum (Annandale, 1914). One obituary (Anon, 1893b) mentions that he was married and had
“several children”. None of the sources give his date of birth, and only one refers to his month of
birth (Alcock, 1893). I have been unable to trace a picture of him. He died before celluloid
photographic film was invented, so cameras were still rare, particularly outside Europe and
the USA, and it is possible that he was never photographed or painted.

Shortly after his arrival in India, Wood-Mason joined the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the
leading scientific society in India. He was a regular contributor to the Society’s journal until he
became ill toward the end of his life. In 1873 he became the society’s Natural History Secretary
and edited the Natural History section of the journal for most of the following 16 years. In 1887
he was elected vice-president of the society. He became Professor of Zoology and Comparative
Anatomy in the Medical College of Bengal and in 1888 he was made a Fellow of the
University of Calcutta.

In 1808 the Asiatic Society formed the first museum in India. In 1866 the British
government turned the Asiatic Society Museum into the Imperial Museum by an Act of
Parliament and soon it was renamed the Indian Museum. It moved to new buildings in 1875.
The task of re-organising it as a multipurpose museum was entrusted to the Superintendent
Dr. John Anderson and his assistant, James Wood-Mason. Having started as Assistant
Curator in 1869, he became Deputy Superintendent, and when Dr. John Anderson retired in
1887, he became Superintendent of the Indian Museum, a position he held until his death.

James Wood-Mason became ill with Bright’s disease, a kidney disease which causes back
pain, vomiting, fever and oedema. Over a period of several years the effects on Wood-Mason
became more severe and incapacitating, and on 5 th April 1993, in a critical state of health, he left
Calcutta to return to England. On the journey back to England, he died at sea on 6 th May 1893 at
the age of 47.

Wood-Mason was involved in several explorations. In 1872 he went to the Andaman
Islands, working mainly on marine fauna, but he also collected at least two species of
phasmids which he described the following year: Bacillus hispidulus and Bacillus westwoodii.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 1

P.E. Bragg

In March 1873 he set out to the Nicobars and other islands in the Bay of Bengal with the
famous ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume, and with the geologists Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka
and Dr. Dougall.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 2

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 7. James Wood-Mason

Wood-Mason travelled on Her Majesty’s Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator in
1888, and worked on Crustacea in the latter part of his life. He described some new species
of Crustaceans collected by the Investigator, some of which were not published until after his
death. At least ten marine organisms have been named after Wood-Mason, many
posthumously: Bathybembyx woodmasoni Smith, 1895, Erugosquilla woodmasoni (Kemp,
1911), Scalpellum woodmasoni Annandale, 1906, Verum woodmasoni (Annandale),
Rectopalicus woodmasoni (Alcock, 1900), Heterocarpus woodmasoni Alcock, 1901,
Coryphaenoides woodmasoni (Alcock, 1890), Ichnopus woodmasoni (Giles, 1890),
Bopyrione woodmasoni (Chopra, 1923), Thalamita woodmasoni Alcock, 1899.

In addition to his work on phasmids, Wood-Mason published at least 20 papers on mantids,
one of which also contained work on phasmids (Wood-Mason, 1877b). His last publication on
phasmids was in 1879, but he continued publishing work on mantids almost until he died; his
catalogue of mantids in the Indian Museum (Wood-Mason, 1889 & 1891) was his last mantis
publication. He described at least 60 species and 14 genera of mantids, and created the valid
family Eremiaphilidae.

Phasmids of Wood-Mason

Wood-Mason described a total of 24 species
and 3 genera of phasmids. Three of the new
species that he described were named after
J.O. Westwood. The majority of Wood-
Mason’s new species were from India and the
neighbouring region, but he also described
species from Australia (1), New Britain (2),
Madagascar (2), Peninsular Malaysia (1) and
“Borneo” (in error, actually Fiji). Almost all
his species were illustrated until 1876, after
1876 only one paper was illustrated (Wood-
Mason, 1877e) and the illustrations were not
of new species.

All but three of Wood-Mason’s phasmid
publications described new species. Two of
his papers (1873b & 1873c) just described the
male of what is now known as Cuniculina
insignis (Wood-Mason, 1873): he had

described the female earlier in the same year.
The third publication (1877f) is an
announcement of the discovery of stridulating
organs in phasmids.

Cotylosoma dipneusticum Wood-
Mason, 1878 is an interesting species in
several respects. Firstly, the name of this
species is credited to Wood-Mason, but he did
not formally describe it; secondly, it was for
many years reputed to be semi- aquatic; thirdly,
it was described with what is probably the
least precise measurement ever used for a
phasmid; and finally, the locality he gave was
completely wrong. Wood-Mason gave it the

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 3

P.E. Bragg

name but made no more than a brief mention of the insect, and said that it was in the British
Museum and came from Borneo.

The actual descriptive content of Wood-Mason’s mention of this species consists of only
one full sentence and part of two others: “The insect in question is closely related to the Prisopi ”,
“From each side of the body, in fact, along the lower margins of the sides of the metathorax, there
stand straight out five equal small but conspicuous ciliated oval plates”, the sentence goes on to
speculate about their function as gills, and “The insect, which is a female with rudimentary
organs of flight, is between three and four inches in length.” Nowadays such a description would
not be valid - the description has to be sufficient to distinguish it from other known species - but
for names created prior to 1931 the rules are not as strict so Wood-Mason’s description is
acceptable.

Figures 3-5.

Cotylosoma dipneusticum

3 & 4. Male.

5. Female holotype (right side
of metathorax ).

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 4

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 7. James Wood-Mason

The specimen was only really described by Waterhouse (1895) - 17 years later - and
even that was an illustration (see figure 2, above), not a written description. Waterhouse
corrected the locality of the specimen: it is from Taviuni in the Fiji Islands. Waterhouse also cast
doubt on the semi-aquatic nature of the insect. The first written description of the female was
published by Redtenbacher (1908), thirty years after Wood-Mason’s few words. The male (figs 3
& 4) remained unknown until it was described by Ragge in 1956. Wood-Mason’s original
specimen is in the Natural History Museum, London; all other specimens of phasmids described
by Wood-Mason were originally in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Unfortunately, getting
information about the collection is difficult and has led to the erroneous assumption that all the
type material had been lost. Recently, however, I have been able to confirm that some of Wood-
Mason’ s original specimens are still present in the museum; work to trace other specimens is on-
going.

Wood-Mason’s last published work on phasmids was in 1879; from 1880 to 1883 he
worked almost exclusively on Lepidoptera (Alcock, 1893).

Although no new species of phasmid has ever been named after Wood-Mason, he does
have a genus named after him: Woodmasonia Brunner, 1907, with the type species Bacillus
oxytenes Wood-Mason, 1873.

Genera of phasmids described by Wood-Mason

Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878: 102.

Menaka Wood-Mason, 1877e: 342.

Parectatosoma Wood-Mason, 1879:1 17.

Menaka is considered to be a synonym of Medaura Stal, 1875; Cotylosoma and Parectatosoma
are both valid genera. It is interesting to note that Wood-Mason’s valid genera are not from
India.

Lists of Wood-Mason’s 24 species grouped alphabetically within each year
1873

furcillatus (Baculum) 1873: 54, pi. 5.6 & 5.6a (5).

fuscolineatus (Bacillus) 1873a: 46, pi. 5.7, 5.7a-b (c?).

hispidulus (Bacillus) 1873a: 47, pi. 7.2, 7.2a-c (c?) & 7.3(5).

insignis (Bacillus (Baculum)) 1873a: 51, pi. 5.1, 5.1a-b (5) & 5.2 (5).

laevigatus (Bacillus) 1873a: 49, pi. 5.4, 5.4a-c (5 nymph).

oxytenes (Bacillus) 1873a: 48, pi. 5.3 & 5.3a (5).

penthesilea (Bacillus (Baculum)) 1873a: 52, pi. 5.5 & 5.5a (5).

scabriusculus (Bacillus) 1873: 55, pi. 7.1 & 7.1a (5).

westwoodii (Bacillus) 1873a: 50, pi. 6.3, 6.3a-b (5).

1875

austeni (Lonchodes) 1875: 261.

westwoodii (Phibalosoma) 1875: 216.

westwoodii (Phyllium) 1875: 218, pi. 17 (5).

The holotype of Lonchodes austeni was illustrated by Wood-Mason, 1977 e, pi. 3.4, 3.4a-b (c?).

1876

Lonchodes verrucifer 1876b: 47, pi. 11. 1-4 (c?) 11.5-6 (5).

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 5

P.E. Bragg

1877

annamallayanum (Phibalosoma)

frenchi ( Bacteria )

godama (Lonchodes)

menaka (Necroscia)

novae-britanniae ( Phibalosoma )

novae-britanniae (Phy Ilium)

valgus ( Lonchodes )

sinkiebensis ( Bacteria )

1877d: 161.
. 1877b: 74.
1877d: 162.
1877c: 130.
. 1877b: 75.
. 1877b: 75.
1877a: 487.
1877e: 343.

1878

dipneusticum ( Cotylosoma ) 1878: 101.

1879

echinus ( Parectatosoma ) 1879:118.

hystrix (Parectatosoma) 1879: 117.

Figure 6. Wood-Mason’s specimen label from the type of Bacillus (Baculum)
insignis Wood-Mason, 1873. [Photo - Dr. T. Mukherjee].

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the RESL librarian for locating the two British obituaries, to Dr Mukherjee
(Kolkata) for locating the longer obituary and for providing the photograph of Wood-Mason’s
specimen label. I thank Martin Stiewe for information on the mantids described by Wood-
Mason, and Judith Marshall for the illustration of Phyllium westwoodii.

References

Alcock, A.W. (1893) Obituary of James Wood-Mason. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, p. 110-113.

Annandale, N. (1914) The Indian Museum 1814-1914. The Trustees of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.

Anon (1893a) [Obituary of Professor Wood-Mason], Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of London, 1893: lvi.

Anon (1893b) Obituary, Professor James Wood-Mason. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine , 29:
145-146.

Ragge, D.R. (1956) The male of Cotylosoma dipneusticum Wood-Mason, 1878 (Phasmida:
Phylliidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, (B)25: 1-2 & pi. 1.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 6

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 7. James Wood-Mason

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann,
Leipzig.

Waterhouse, C.O. (1895) Observations on the supposed semiaquatic phasmid, Cotylosoma
dipneusticum, W.-M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History , (6)15: 498-499.

Wood-Mason, J. (1873a) On new or little known species of Phasmidae. Part 1. - Genus Bacillus.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 42(2): 45-56. pi. 5-7.

Wood-Mason, J. (1873b) Note on certain species of Phasmidae hitherto referred to the genus
Bacillus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4)12: 347-348.

Wood-Mason, J. (1873c) Note on certain species of Phasmidae hitherto referred to the Genus
Bacillus. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, [July 1873] p. 148-150.

Wood-Mason, J. (1875) On new or little-known species of Phasmidae, with a brief
preliminary notice of the occurrence of a clasping apparatus in the males throughout the
family. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 44(3): 215-220, pi. 16 & 17.

Wood-Mason, J. (1876a) Description of a new Phasmideous insect from the Andamans.
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, [May 1876] p. 95.

Wood-Mason, J. (1876b) Description of a new species of Phasmidae. Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, 45(1): 47-49, pi. 11.

Wood-Mason, J. (1877a) Description of a new species of Phasmidae from the Malay
peninsula. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4)19: 487-488.

Wood-Mason, J. (1877b) On a small collection of Orthopterous insects of the families
Phasmidae & Mantidae from Australia & New Britain, with descriptions of four new species.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4)20: 74-77.

Wood-Mason, J. (1877c) Description of a new species of Phasmidae from India. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, (4)20: 130-131.

Wood-Mason, J. (1877d) New and little known insects collected in Upper Tenasserim.
Orthoptera, Phasmidae. Orthoptera. Fam. Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, [July 1877] pp. 160-163.

Wood-Mason, J. (1877e) Notes on Phasmidae. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
46(4): 342-352, pi. 2-3.

Wood-Mason, J. (1877f) [Untitled note on the discovery of stridulating organs in a species of
Pterinoxylus]. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1877, p. xxviii-xxix.
Wood-Mason, J. (1878) Preliminary notice of a species of Phasmidae apparently possessing
all the structural arrangements needed both for aerial and aquatic respiration. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, (5)1: 101-102.

Wood-Mason, J. (1879) Preliminary notice of a new genus (P are ctato soma) of Phasmidae
from Madagascar, with brief descriptions of its two species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 48(2): 117-118.

Wood-Mason, J. (1889) Catalogue of Mantodea, with descriptions of new genera and species,
and an enumeration of the specimens, in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 1: 1-48.
Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Wood-Mason, J. (1891) Catalogue of Mantodea, with descriptions of new genera and species,
and an enumeration of the specimens, in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 2: 49-66.
Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 7

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 8. Robert Walter Campbell Shelford.

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottinghamshire, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Abstract

Although little of his published work was on phasmids, Robert Shelford’ s work is significant because of the
large number of Bornean phasmid specimens that he collected for the museums in Sarawak, Oxford and
Cambridge. His life and phasmid work is outlined.

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatologist, Robert Walter Campbell Shelford, Biography, Sarawak Museum.

Robert Walter Campbell Shelford (1872-1912)

Born 3rd August 1872 in Singapore, the son of a prominent British merchant. As a child,
after an accident at the age of three, he developed a tubercular hip joint that incapacitated him
for several years as a child. He became more mobile after an operation but was never able to
participate in active sports as a child, although as an adult he enjoyed playing golf. The
tuberculosis recurred in later life, and was the eventual cause of his death at an early age.

Shelford studied at King’s College,

London, and then at Emmanuel College,

Cambridge. After graduating from Cambridge
in 1895 he went to Yorkshire College in Leeds
as a demonstrator in Biology. In 1897 he went
to Sarawak as the Curator of the Sarawak
Museum, a post he held for seven years. While
he was at the Sarawak Museum quite a lot of
specimens were sent to his old university at
Cambridge.

In 1905 he left Sarawak Museum and
returned to England. He went to Oxford and
became an Assistant Curator of the Hope
Department of Zoology at the University
Museum. On his way back to England he
collected many specimens which he gave to the
Hope Collection in Oxford, in addition to “the
vast collection of Bornean insects which he had
presented [to the Hope Collection] during
1899-1901 while Curator of the Sarawak Museum” (Smith, 1986: 58).

It was at Oxford that he did most of his published research on phasmids. Most of his
work at Oxford was on cockroaches, but he also worked on the other insects he had brought
back from Borneo, and assisted in the library.

Shelford married Audrey Gurney from Bath on 25th June 1908. In April 1909 he
slipped and the tubercular disease flared up and severely limited his work throughout the final
three years of his life. Robert Shelford died at the age of 39 on 22nd June 1912.

Shelford’ s best-known publication, his book A Naturalist in Borneo (Shelford, 1916),
was published several years after his death, having been completed by his Oxford colleague,
Edward Poulton. The book was popular when originally published, and was reprinted in
paperback by Oxford University Press in 19 85.

Species named after Shelford

Shelford has had several Orthopteroid insects named after him. These include one Bornean
mantis: Deroplatys shelfordi Kirby, 1903, one Bornean phasmid: Baculofractum shelfordi
Bragg, 2005, two genera of cockroaches: Shelfordella Adelung, 1910 and Shelfordina

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 8

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 8. Robert Walter Campbell Shelford

Hebard, 1929, and 17 species of cockroaches.

Shelford’s phasmids

The vast majority of phasmid specimens in the Sarawak Museum in Kuching (SMSM) were
collected during Shelford’s time as curator, this is probably also the case for the majority of
insect groups in the collection. Many of the Bornean specimens in both Oxford (OXUM) and
Cambridge (CUMZ) University collections are also specimens collected during Shelford’s
time in Sarawak.

In 1901, Shelford briefly described the eggs of some phasmids that he referred to as
“Necroscia, Marmessoidea and Agondasoidea” . He also commented that “Phasmidae,
notwithstanding their wonderful protective resemblance to sticks and leaves, are the staple
form of diet of Trogons” [A family of birds] .

In 1908 Shelford produced a catalogue of Central American phasmid species. This was
based on Brunner (1907) & Redtenbacher’ s (1906 & 1908) publications, but includes some
species that they omitted from their work.

Shelford only described five new species of Phasmida, based on work he did in Oxford.
All were from South America and the descriptions were published in 1913, shortly after his
death. These species are listed below.

Autolyca affinis Shelford, 1913: 61, pi. 3.7 & 3.8.

Autolyca riveti Shelford, 1913: 60, pi. 3.6.

Libethra intermedia Shelford, 1913: 61.

Ocnophila nana Shelford, 1913: 61.

Ocnophila riveti Shelford, 1913: 62.

His book, A Naturalist in Borneo, Shelford (1916: 147-155, 215, & 315) includes several
references to phasmids. Shelford’s observations of Bornean insects are based on both
observation in the wild, and in captivity. He comments on the nocturnal habits of many

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 9

P.E. Bragg

phasmids, and refers to his observations on “some that I have kept in captivity”. He then goes
on to say that “Most of the winged species of Phasmidae, especially some with brightly
coloured wings, are diurnal feeders, or at any rate feed as readily during the day when in
captivity as during the night”. He makes several observations about eggs of phasmids in
Borneo, and also reveals that he was keeping in England “a small colony of an “Indian Stick-
Insect that has bred parthenogenetically for several generations” at the time he was writing his
book.

Acknowledgement

I thank Dr. A. Chung for providing figure 6, the photograph of Baculofractum shelfordi.

References

Shelford, R. (1901) Notes on some Bornean Insects. Report of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1901, p. 689-690.

Shelford, R. (1908) Family Phasmidae. in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Orthoptera., Yol. 2.
[The Phasmidae: 343-377, pi. 5-8.]

Shelford, R. (1913) Orthopteres. Blattides, Mantides et Phasmides. Mission du Service
Geographique de LArmee pour la Mesure d'un Arc de Meridien Equatorial en Amerique du
Sud sous le controle scientifique de LAcademie des Sciences, 1899-1906. Volume 10(1): 57-
62, pi. 3.

Shelford, R.D. (1916) A Naturalist in Borneo. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London.

Smith, A.Z. (1986) A History of the Hope Entomological Collections in the University
Museum, Oxford with lists of Archives and Collections. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Biologia Centrali-Americana is available online at:
http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/bca/bca_20_02_00/

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 10

New record of Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, with notes on its life history
(Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae).

Marco Gottardo, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, Via De Pisis 24, 1-44100
Ferrara, Italy. E-mail: m-gottardo@libero.it.

Abstract

The Philippine endemic phasmid Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, 1997 is newly recorded from
Mindanao island (Mount Apo). Furthermore, egg, nymphal and adult stages are briefly
described along with some notes on the life history of the species in laboratory conditions.
The female has an 9-instar developmental cycle, and a high total egg production (2375 eggs).
The male is still unknown.

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Hermarchus leytensis , morphology, biology, developmental stage,
instar, Philippines.

Introduction

The phasmid Hermarchus leytensis was described by Zompro (1997) based upon a single
female specimen from Mount Balocaue, in the Philippine island of Leyte. The species has so
far never been found after the original description, and represents the only Philippine species
currently in the genus Hermarchus Stal, 1875, which is primarily restricted to Melanesia
(Hennemann & Conle, 2006). Here H. leytensis is recorded for the first time from southern
Mindanao, where populations occur in montane forest habitats. Beyond the examination of
preserved specimens, several eggs were obtained from wild captured females by the Cabale
family (Bacolod, Philippines), and rearing took place in order to describe some aspects of the
reproductive biology of the species.

Eggs were kept on a layer of humid soil; the insects were reared in ventilated cages in the
laboratory. The species taxonomy and scientific nomenclature follow Brock (2007).
Abbreviations for collections (according to Evenhuis & Samuelson, 2007): MCFS = Museo
Civico di Storia Naturale, Ferrara, Italy; MGC = Marco Gottardo personal collection, Rovigo,
Italy; MSNG = Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova, Italy.

Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, 1997 (figs 2-4)

Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, 1997: 38; Otte & Brock, 2005: 155.

Material

75$ and several eggs (MGC), 5 (MCFS), $(MSNG) Philippines, Mindanao Island, Mt. Apo,
1300m, 27.iii.2006-10.iv. 2006, leg. R. Cabale. $ and several eggs (MGC) reared by M.
Gottardo, origin Mt. Apo.

Distribution

This species is only known from the Philippine islands of Leyte: Mount Balocaue (Zompro,
1997) and Mindanao: Mount Apo (fig 1).

Egg (fig 2)

Length: 2.6-3. 1mm, width: 2.1-2.4mm, height: 2.3-2.8mm. Shape is circular in lateral aspect,
and oval in cross-section. The capsule surface is strongly pitted, with numerous irregular
shallow impressions delimited by raised ridges. The micropylar plate is longer than wide,
lance-shaped. The internal micropylar plate is closed. The operculum is higher than wide,
strongly convex, with a prominent and irregular capitulum. The coloration is variable from
greyish brown to dark green, with collar and part of capitulum mid-brown.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 11

M. Gottardo

118 '

120 '

122 '

124 '

126 '

20 *

15 *

10 *

Figure 1.

Distribution of Hermarchus ley tens is

1 - Mount Balocaue, Leyte island;

2 - Mount Apo, Mindanao island.
Map from OMC,

http://www.aquarius.ifm-geomar.de,
accessed January 2008.

1mm

- lateral view; b - dorsal view.

Figure 2. Egg of Hermarchus leytensis : a

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 12

New record of Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, with notes on its life history

Nymph (fig 3)

The first instar nymph is very
slender; body length: 13.5-

16.2mm. The general colour
is yellowish brown. The
dorsal surface of head is green,
with two mid brown lateral
bands. The legs are covered
by weakly developed light
brown patches. All following
instars differ moderately in
chromatic characters from
previous instar; the body and
legs are usually light green. In
the female, most of the
nymphal development is
characterized by a slender
habitus (fig 3): the mesothorax
is parallel- sided, about four
times length of pronotum; the
abdominal segments II to VII
are clearly longer than wide.
However, this condition will
not be retained in the adult
female. From the sixth instar
the mesothorax starts to
expand laterally, and the body
becomes increasingly broad.

Figure 3.

The fourth instar female nymph of Hermarchus leytensis
at rest on a leaf of Quercus robur, an alternative
foodplant in rearing conditions.

Adult (fig 4)

The female is the only sex known (fig 4). This is a broad phasmid, smooth and glossy in
appearance; body length: 127.8- 147.6mm (including the subgenital plate). The dorsal and
lateral surfaces of the body are mainly apple green, while the ventral surface and legs are
slightly darker. The head is strongly globose dorsally; the antennae are dark brown, filiform,
longer than fore femora. The mesothorax is still four times length of pronotum, but bell-
shaped, essentially broadened in the anterior third. The legs are armed with numerous spines.
All abdominal segments are now wider than long, and the lateral margins of tergites are
slightly projecting perpendicularly. The abdominal sternite VII is only slightly swollen
medioposteriorly, lacking a praeopercular organ. The subgenital plate is keeled and acutely
pointed, extending beyond abdominal segment X.

Notes on the life history of Hermarchus leytensis in laboratory conditions

The duration (in days) of the developmental stages is shown in table 1. Of nine nymphs
hatched, only one female was reared to the adult stage. Newly hatched nymphs were active
mainly at night, and started to feed about 2-5 days after emergence. At this stage a high
mortality rate was observed (about 89%), probably due to the reluctance of the insects to
accept an alternative foodplant; also nymphs easily died at temperatures above 30°C. The
female has eight nymphal instars; the development of instars lasted from 13-19 days. The
female started oviposition 16 days after the final moult, and remained reproductively active

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 13

M. Gottardo

until two days before death; eggs were laid singly, and flicked actively a few metres away
from the female. During this period, the female laid a mean of 11.2 eggs per day. However,
about 31 days before death a strong decrease in the oviposition rate was observed, with a
mean production of six eggs per day: compared with normal eggs, these were smaller, with a
larger and broader micropylar plate, and laid mainly with detached opercula. The female
produced a total of 2375 eggs during her lifetime.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 14

New record of Hermarchus leytensis Zompro, with notes on its life history

No data on foodplants in natural habitats are available. In rearing conditions the
species feeds on Hypericum spp. (Guttiferae), Quercus spp. (Fagaceae), Psidium guajava
(Myrtaceae) and Rubus ulmifolius (Rosaceae).

Defensive behaviour: when disturbed the adult female actively used the spinose hind
legs to stab. No secretion has been emitted from the prothoracic exocrine glands.

Table 1. Duration (in days) of egg, nymphal, and adult stages of Hermarchus leytensis over
one developmental cycle.

Stages

Duration (davs)

Mean temperature (°C)

Eg g

112-140

25.2

Female, l st -8 th instar nymph

99

25.0

Female, adult (9 th instar)

229

22.5

Concluding remarks

Hennemann & Conle (2006) pointed out that Hermarchus Stal, 1875 is restricted to the
following Pacific islands: Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Hebrides and western
French Polynesia. Moreover, these authors accommodated all New Guinean species
originally described in Hermarchus in the new genus Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle,
2006. When Zompro (1997) described H. leytensis, he linked it to the New Guinean species
Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908). However, the female of H. leytensis differs
from the diagnosis of Macrophasma in some characters of the body and egg morphology.
Further affinities will be investigated following the identification of the male of this species.

Acknowledgements

I am very grateful to Frank H. Hennemann for helpful discussions on the systematic s within
the subfamily Phasmatinae. Thanks also to Oliver Zompro for information on the holotype of
H. leytensis. The manuscript benefited from the invaluable advice of Phil E. Bragg.

References

Brock, P.D. (2007) Phasmida Species File Online. Version 2. 1/3.1. Available at
http://Phasmida.SpeciesFile.org (accessed 2nd October 2007).

Evenhuis, N.L. & Samuelson, G.A. (2007) Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections
of the World. The Insect and Spider Collections of the World Website. Available at
http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-inst.html (accessed 2nd October 2007).
Hennemann F.H. & Conle O.V. (2006) Studies on New Guinean giant stick-insects of the
tribe Stephanacridini Gunther, 1953, with the descriptions of a new genus and three new
species of Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Phasmatodea: “Anareolatae”). Zootaxa, 1283:
1-24.

Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of
the World, Second Edition. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia.

Zompro, O. (1997) Hermarchus leytensis n.sp., eine neue Phasmide von den Philippinen.
Entomologische Zeitschrift, 107(1): 38-40.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 15

Notes on Necroscia affinis (Gray, 1835), Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher,
1908) and Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908).

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottinghamshire, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Email: pbragg@aol.com

Abstract

Necroscia affinis (Gray, 1835) was originally described from India. The holotype of affinis lacks the abdomen
and consequently this species cannot be reliably distinguished from several similar species. Lectotypes are
selected for Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908) and Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908), and both
species are illustrated. Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908) is reinstated as a valid species. It is proposed
that Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908) be used for the species that occurs in Peninsular Malaysia and
Singapore. A two-legged N. pallida is recorded: the first record of a two-legged phasmid found in the wild. The
eggs of N. fragilis and N. pallida both have an exceptionally large pseudocapitulum; both eggs are illustrated.

Key words

Phasmida, Necroscia affinis, Necroscia fragilis, Necroscia pallida, Lectotype, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia,
India.

Introduction

Necroscia affinis (Gray, 1835) was originally described from India. It has since been
recorded from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia, but there are no subsequent records from
India. Examination of specimens in several museums has shown that material treated as
affinis by several authors consists of more than one species. The only type specimen of
affinis is the holotype male in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); it lacks the
abdomen, and is therefore indistinguishable from several similar species of Necroscia.

Although Brock (1999; 96) speculates that the locality for affinis is “likely to be
Malaysia” there is no valid reason to assume this to be the case. In 1835 Gray described three
species from “India Orientali” [East Indies] and two are almost certainly from Malaysia;
however, affinis was described from “India”, not India Orientali. Gray also described
material from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) so it is quite possible that some material did come from
India.

Necroscia affinis was recorded from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia by
Redtenbacher (1908: 525). In 1935 Gunther synonymised the Bornean species Necroscia
pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908) with affinis (Gray, 1835). However, Borneo could not be the
origin of the specimen that Gray described in 1835 because there was no British presence in
Borneo until the arrival of James Brooke in 1838.

The specimens of “ Necroscia affinis ” from Borneo and from Peninsular Malaysia are
different species. The species from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, treated as affinis by
Brock (1999) & Seow-Choen (2000), is identical to Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908).
With Gray specifying India, rather than the East Indies, and the current impossibility of
distinguishing affinis (Gray), I propose that fragilis (Redtenbacher) be used for the Peninsular
Malaysian species.

The Bornean specimens in Berlin (ZMHB) and Vienna (NHMW) that Redtenbacher
(1908: 525) recorded as affinis are the same species as Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher,
1908). The Bornean Necroscia pallida is clearly different from the Peninsular Malaysian N.
fragilis. Necroscia pallida is therefore reinstated as a valid species, and a lectotype is
selected.

Although fragilis and pallida have a very similar habitus they may be distinguished by
the features given in table 1.

Specimens in my own collection are individually numbered and prefixed by PEB-.
For the examined material, handwritten data is shown in italics and printed data in normal
print.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 16

Notes on Necroscia ajfinis, Necroscia fragilis, and Necroscia pallida

Table 1. Feat

ures to distinguish N. fragilis and N. nallida.

fragilis

pallida

Hind legs of female

Exceed the abdominal apex.

Not reaching the abdominal
apex.

Shape of cerci (both sexes)

Slightly clubbed, rounded
apex.

Slender, taper to a point.

Relative lengths of
abdominal terga in male.

8th & 9th of similar length.

9th longer than 8th.

Pseudocapitulum of egg

Convex.

Flat.

Necroscia af finis (Gray, 1835) (fig 1).

Platycrana ajfinis Gray, 1835: 37. Holotype S (BMNH) India.

Necroscia ajfinis (Gray); Westwood, 1859: 142.

Aruanoidea ajfinis (Gray); Kirby, 1904: 379.

The three references above all relate to the holotype. All other references to ajfinis relate to
Necroscia fragilis, Necroscia pallida , or other species of Necroscia ; none are of Indian origin.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 17

P.E. Bragg

Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908) (figs 2-11).

Aruanoidea fragilis Redtenbacher, 1908: 528; Brock, 1998: 30. Lectotype: 3 (NHMW, data
below), Paralectotype 3 (NHMW, data below). [Synonymised with Necroscia affinis
(Gray) by Brock, 1996: 90.]

Necroscia affinis ; Seow-Choen et.al., 1994: 10; Brock, 1996: 90; Seow-Choen etal., 1996: 44 fig
( 5 ); Tay & Seow-Choen, 1996: 185; Brock, 1999: 190, plate 18 ($); Seow-Choen, 2000:
22, plate 59 a ( 3 ), b-c ($), d (egg); Otte & Brock, 2005: 210.

Aruanoidea confusa Redtenbacher, 1908: 525; Brock, 1998: 22. Holotype 5 (NHMW, 1037)
Singapore, Bukit Timah, 1871, leg. Ransont. Synonymised with Necroscia affinis
(Gray) by Brock, 1996: 90.

[Aruanoidea fragilis Hausleithner, 1991: 221 - probable misidentification].

Material examined

3 Lectotype [here selected] (NHMW, 1049) 24.443; Coll. Br.v.W. Perak, Jachau leg.; det.

Redtenb. Aruanoidea fragilis.

3 Paralectotype (NHMW, 1049) Grubaur 1902 Kwala Kangsar, Perak; Mus. Ceas. Vindobon.;

det. Redtenb. Aruanoidea fragilis .

3 (P.D. Brock) W. Malaysia: Cameron Highlands, 12.11992, via Wong; Necroscia affinis

(Gray).

$ & egg (PEB-3285) West Malaysia [no date]. Bought from dealer, iv.2002, price £2.00.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 18

Notes on Necroscia affinis, Necroscia fragilis, and Necroscia pallida

I borrowed Paul Brock’s male specimen and took it to NHMW to compare it with the type
material of fragilis. Illustrations included here are of Brock’s male (figs 2-5), and my own female
and egg (figs 6-11).

Because I was concentrating on Bornean material, I omitted to examine the holotype of
Aruanoidea confusa Redtenbacher. However, it is likely that Brock was correct to associate it
with fragilis (Brock synonymised fragilis and confusa under the name affinis). I also failed to
check Redtenbacher’ s specimen(s) of “ affinis ” from Perak (Redtenbacher, 1908: 525); this
material is also likely to be fragilis.

Figures 6-8. Abdomen of female Necroscia fragilis (Redtenbacher, 1908).
6. Dorsal view. 7. Lateral view. 8. Ventral view.

Hausleithner (1991: 221) recorded two males of fragilis from Kinabalu Park, Sabah: this is
probably a misidentification. There are two relatively common species of green Necroscia in
the Park HQ area; the male of one is very similar to fragilis , but may be distinguished by
examination of the anal segment (specimens of this unidentified species are coded 1990/M in
my collection).

Egg (figs 9-11)

The examined egg was removed from the genital operculum i.e. it was ready to be laid when
the insect was killed. The operculum of the egg has a large, strongly convex, plate-like
pseudocapitulum mounted on a stalk; it is so large that it was initially mistaken for a partly
detached operculum (fig. 11). Capsule pale brown with a cream micropylar plate. Length
6.2mm, height 1.6mm, width 1.4mm.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 19

P E. Bragg

Figures 9-11. Egg of Necroscia fragilis.

9. Dorsal view. 10. Lateral view. 11. Lateral view (not to same scale as figs 9 & 10).

Necroscia pallida (Redtenbacher, 1908) (figs 12-26).

Aruanoidea pallida Redtenbacher, 1908: 524; Brock, 1998: 48. Lectotype $ (NHMW, data
below); Paralectotypes: 5 (NHMW, data below); other(s) [including (?] (MNHN) Sabah,
Kinabalu.

Aruanoidea affinis Redtenbacher, 1908: 525 [in part - Bornean material only].

Necroscia affinis Gunther, 1935: 13; Bragg, 2001: 571; Otte & Brock, 2005: 210.

[Synonymised in error with Necroscia affinis (Gray, 1835) by Gunther, 1935: 13. Corrected here]
[Not Aruanoidea pallida', Gunther, 1932: 70. Misidentification].

Material examined

Lectotype [here selected] $ (NHMW, 1030) 19.604; Coll. Br.v.W. Kina Balu, Borneo
Staudinger.; det. Redtenb. Aruanoidea pallida.

Paralectotype (NHMW, 1030) Coll. Br.v.W. Kina Balu, Borneo Staudinger.; det. Redtenb.
Aruanoidea pallida.

S (NHMW) 21.945; Coll. Br.v.W. Kina Balu, Borneo Staudinger; det. Redtenb. Aruanoidea
affinis.

S (NHMW) Borneo', Mus. Ceas. Yindobon; det. Redtenb. Aruanoidea affinis.

2SS (SMTD) Kinabalu, Borneo.

S (SMTD) Kinabalu, Borneo; Aruanoidea affinis Gray, K.B.

H (ZMHB) Borneo; affinis Brunner det. [rest of data not recorded]

2$ S (ZMUH) Kinabalu, Borneo; pallida Gunther det. [rest of data not recorded].

2$$ (PEB-2376, PEB-2392), S (PEB-2378) BRUNEI, Teraja, waterfall trail. P.E. Bragg,
03 .xi. 1994.

4|§ (PEB-2388, PEB-2389, PEB-2390, PEB-2391), 2SS (PEB-2380, PEB-2381) BRUNEI,
Badas, swamp forest. P.E. Bragg, 3 1.x. 1994.

$ (PEB-3116) SABAH, Sepilok, Arboretum. P.E. Bragg, 07.viii.2001.

§ & eggs (PEB-3554), $ (PEB-3555) SABAH, Sepilok, Arboretum. P.E. Bragg, 13.xii.2006.
2$S (PEB-3563, PEB-3564) SABAH, Sepilok, Orang Utan Centre. P.E. Bragg, 15.xii.2006.

S (PEB-3581) SABAH, Crocker Range, Kota Kinabalu-Tanbunan road. coll. S. Chew,
26.ix.2006.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 20

Notes on Necroscia ajfinis , Necroscia fragilis, and Necroscia pallida

S (PEB-891), $ & egg (PEB-1003) SARAWAK, Mt Serapi, 180m. P.E. Bragg, 26.vii.1991.

S (PEB-1533) SARAWAK, Kuching, 4.5 mile. P.E. Bragg, 28.vii.1992.

$ (PEB-2375), S (PEB-2384) SARAWAK, 15km NE of Selangau. P.E. Bragg, 26.X.1994.

| (PEB-2377), S (PEB-2386) SARAWAK, Tarum (near Debak). P.E. Bragg, 05.xi.1994.

2SS (PEB-2382, PEB-2383) SARAWAK, Tamm (near Debak). P.E. Bragg, 25.x. 1994.

$ (PEB-2385) SARAWAK, Betong, along roadside. P.E. Bragg, 25.x. 1994.

This species has been misidentified on a number of occasions. Some of the confusion
is perhaps partly due to Brunner and Redtenbacher labelling some specimens of pallida as
ajfinis. Two males of pallida in NHMW were labelled as ajfinis by Redtenbacher. A female
in Berlin (ZMHB) was misidentified by Brunner: it is labelled “ajfinis Brunner det.”.

I have not examined the type material in Paris (MNHN), which should include at least one
male, but since Redtenbacher did not recognise his males of “ ajfinis ” as belonging with the
pallida females, it is quite possible that the MNHN material is a different species.

Two male specimens of " pallida det. Gunther" in Hamburg (ZMUH) are correctly
identified; these specimens have not previously been recorded. However, the female specimen of
" pallida " in ZMUH that was recorded from Bukit Obat (Gunther, 1932) is a different species; this
is currently unidentified and I have 2$$ and in my own collection that have been assigned
the code 1994/Z.

I have not examined the male and female “ ajfinis ” that Gunther recorded from Tibang in
1935 (specimens in Stockholm: NHRS). I have not examined the female, from Samarinda in
Kalimantan, which was recorded by Giglio-Tos (1910: 49) as a doubtful specimen of Aruanoidea
ajfinis (specimen in Torino: MRSN). The identities of these three specimens are unclear; they
may be pallida or they may be one, or more, of the similar species of Necroscia which occur in
Borneo.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 21

P.E. Bragg

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 22

Notes on Necroscia affinis, Necrosciafragilis, and Necroscia pallida

Diagnosis

There are at least seven species of Necroscia in Borneo that have a very similar habitus and
coloration. The relative lengths of the legs and wings are useful characteristics for helping to
distinguish some of these species. However, these features alone are not sufficient to
distinguish all the species, detailed examination of the ocelli, anal segment, cerci, and
praeopercular organ is necessary.

Both sexes: Body, legs and costal region of wing mid-green, or occasionally brown;
anal region of wings clear; eyes pale cream. Lacking distinct ocelli. Mesonotum sparingly
granulose with a fine median longitudinal carina. Cerci cylindrical, slightly constricted at the
base, apex tapering to a point. Full measurements for the largest specimen of each sex in my
collection are given in table 2.

Table 2. Necrose

:ia pallida

$

Redtenbac

9

her, 1908). Measi

rements in

&

nm.

9

Total length

68.5

101

Fore femur

19.9

27.9

Antennae

71

88

Fore tibia

20.1

29.6

Head

2.6

4.4

Fore tarsus

8.4

11.2

Pronotum

2.6

4.0

Mid femur

13.1

17.5

Mesonotum

10.9

14.5

Mid tibia

n

IM

Metanotum

4.6

6.9

Mid tarsus

5.7

6.6

Median segment

4.8

8.0

Hind femur

19.3

25.7

Fore wing

4.2

6.9

Hind tibia

19.0

23.9

Hind wing

35

55

Hind tarsus

7.2

8.6

Male (figs 12-14,16-17 & 20):
No brown males have yet been found,
all are green. Head, thorax and
tegmina with a narrow pale yellow
stripe, costal vein of hind wing with
yellow spots along the length (fig 17),
and a few yellow spots occur on the
tegmina in addition to the stripe.
Hind legs just reaching apex of
abdomen; in a few cases the legs
exceed the abdomen by up to 1mm,
probably due to shrinkage of the
abdomen during preservation. Wings
to distal end of 5th abdominal
segment. Anal segment with an apical
notch (fig 17). Vomer with a single
spine curving to the right (fig 20).
Body length 61.5-68.5mm.

Female (figs 15, 18-19 & 21-23): Two of the 11 females were brown; none have the
yellow markings found in the male. Hind legs just reaching the end of 7th abdominal
segment. Wings reaching half way along 6th abdominal segment (some appear to reach the
7th segment due to distorted or shrunken abdomens). Lacking an obvious praeopercular

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 23

P.E. Bragg

organ. Body length 85- 10 1mm.

Egg (figs 24-26): Capsule very pale brown with a cream micropylar plate. Length
7.1mm, height 1.4mm, width 1.4mm. The egg has a large flat pseudocapitulum that is
attached to the operculum at the dorsal end (fig 24). The pseudocapitulum could be mistaken
for the operculum but is recognisable because it is slightly too small to be the operculum.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 24

Notes on Necroscia affinis, Necrosciafragilis, and Necroscia pallida

Distribution & habitat

All the specimens that I have collected are
from lowland rainforest areas. One
specimen in my collection (PEB-3581),
which I did not collect, was collected at an
unspecified point along the Kota Kinabalu
to Tanbunan road and could therefore be
from either lowland or montane forest. The
distribution map (fig 27) shows the known
localities; the specimen from the Kota
Kinabalu to Tanbunan road is plotted at
approximately the mid point. Based on
specimens that I have personally collected
in Borneo, Necroscia pallida is almost as
abundant as Necroscia prasina (Audinet-
Serville) (24 and 28 specimens
respectively), and both are much more
common than any other species in the
genus (from 1 to 7 specimens).

Notes

Two male specimens, collected at Sepilok on 15 th December 2006, are particularly memorable.
PEB-3564 had three legs when found, some thing I have only encountered twice before in the
wild: in a male Carausius chani , and in a female Phobaeticus kirbyi. The three-legged N. pallida
had a right mid leg and both hind legs present. What was more startling was the second male
PEB-3563 which was on the adjacent branch of the same tree - it had only two legs: left hind
leg, and right mid leg. I believe this is the first record of a two-legged phasmid being found in the
wild. To find two such phasmids in close proximity suggests a common cause for the leg loss. In
captivity phasmids usually lose legs either by interaction with other phasmids in a crowded cage,
or because of difficulty shedding their skin. In the wild both of these causes are unlikely, when
unconfined they should be able to select suitable conditions to shed their skin. There had been
heavy rain earlier in the evening and it was still raining slightly when they were found, both were
in exposed position, so it is conceivable that the leg loss was caused by heavy rain. A more likely
explanation is predation by small predators, perhaps ants; a large predator is unlikely to have lost
both phasmids. If they were attacked while sheltering during the heavy rain escape would have
been more difficult than normal.

All the examined specimens are green, or were clearly originally green, except for two of
the four females from Badas swamp forest (PEB-2388, PEB-2389) that were brown when they
were found. This coloration should not be confused with specimens that are discoloured due to
preservation. One of my females (PEB-2377) was originally green but has lost all the green
except for a few veins on the costal region of the wings; the resulting colour is similar to the
brown specimens but easily recognisable under magnification.

The paralectotype has a pinkish tinge to the anal region of the wings; this not present in
any other examined specimen of this species.

Acknowledgements

I thank staff at Dresden (SMTD) for the loan of their specimens, and Paul Brock
(Brockenhurst, UK) for the loan of his male specimen.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 25

P.E. Bragg

References

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah.

Brock, P.D. (1996) Catalogue to stick and leaf-insects (Insecta: Phasmida) associated with
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Malayan Nature Journal , 49(2): 83-102.

Brock, P.D. (1998) Catalogue of type specimens of stick- and leaf -insects in the
Naturhistoriches Museum Wien ( Insecta : Phasmida ). Naturhistoriches Museum Wien,
Austria.

Brock, P.D. (1999) Stick and leaf insects of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Malaysian
Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

Giglio-Tos, E. (1910) Fasmidi esotici del Museo zoologico di Torino e del Museo civico di
Storia naturale di Genova. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R.
Universita di Torino , 25(625): 1-56.

Gray, G.R. (1835) Synopsis ofPhasmidae. Longmans, London.

Gunther, K. (1932) Die von Professor Dr. H. Winkler 1924/25 in Zentralborneo gesammelien
Phasmoiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 101(3/4): 65-73.

Gunther, K. (1935) Phasmoiden aus Centralborneo. Arkiv for Zoologi, 28A(9): 1-29.
Hausleithner, B. (1991) Eine Phasmidenausbeut aus dem Gebiet des Mount Kinabalu,
Borneo (Phasmatodea). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Frankfurt , N.F.
11(4): 217-236.

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural
History), London.

Otte, D. & Brock, P. (2005) Phasmida Species File, Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the
World. Insect Diversity Association, Philadelphia.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Yol. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann,
Leipzig.

Seow-Choen, F. (2000) An illustrated guide to the stick and leaf insects of Peninsular
Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Seow-Choen, F., Brock, P.D. & Seow-En, I. (1994) An introduction to the stick and leaf-
insects of Singapore. Malayan Naturalist , 48: 7-11.

Seow-Choen, F. Seow-En, I. & Seow-An, S. (1996) Colour in stick and leaf insects. Nature
Malaysiana, 21(2): 40-47.

Tay, E.P. & Seow-Choen, F. (1996) Relationship of plant families and stick-insects in
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. In Turner et al. Biodiversity and the Dynamics of
Ecosystems, 1: 181-190.

Westwood, J.O. (1859) Catalogue of the Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of British
Museum. Part I: Phasmidae. British Museum, London.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 26

Notes on Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904 from Borneo, including a new
synonym.

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Aws worth, Nottinghamshire, NG16 2QP, U.K.

Email: pbragg@aol.com

Abstract

The female of Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904 is briefly redescribed, the male and egg are described for the
first time; all are illustrated. The type material of N. haanii is discussed, and a lectotype is selected.
Aruanoidea schoenbergi Redtenbacher, 1908 is a new synonym of N. haanii.

Key words

Phasmida, Necroscia haanii , Aruanoidea schoenbergi, Lectotype, New synonym, Borneo.

Introduction

In 1842 de Haan described three variants of Necroscia punctata (Gray, 1835). In 1904, Kirby
named two new species based on de Haan’s descriptions and material in the collection of
the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH): Necroscia haanii from Borneo, and N.
horsfieldii from Java. The only subsequent record of Necroscia haanii is my own record for
Kalimantan (Bragg, 2001). Redtenbacher (1908) treated all de Haan’s material as punctata.
The status of punctata in Borneo has recently been reviewed (Bragg, 2007).

Kirby did not redescribe Necroscia haanii , he indicated it as a new replacement name
(by using n.n. - an abbreviation of nomen novum ) for de Haan’s Phasma ( Necroscia )
punctata variation a; he indicated there was material in BMNH but did not indicate that it was
type material. However, there is no evidence that Kirby had seen de Haan’s material, so he
was really basing the new species on the BMNH specimen and de Haan’s written description.

Kirby’s specimen, which is clearly labelled, in BMNH must therefore be considered a type
specimen, along with de Haan’s material; both specimens are female.

When I isolated and catalogued the type material (Bragg, 1996) in the Leiden Museum
(RMNH) some types presented particular difficulty. Many of de Haan’s specimens did not
have locality labels; in most cases this was not a problem because his specimens were easily
recognisable as the only specimens of a particular species, or the only old specimens.
However, in the case of N. haanii , there were a number of specimens of an appropriate age
but without any data, these were grouped, with specimens from several Indonesian islands,
under the heading of punctata. De Haan’s description of his punctata variations are so brief
that it was not possible to identify the individual specimens with certainty. It is possible that
the specimen that I selected may not even be from Borneo. In view of the uncertainty
regarding the identification of the RMNH type, and the fact that Kirby’s species is really
based on the BMNH specimen, I am selecting the BMNH specimen as the lectotype.

When it was described by de Haan, and when named by Kirby, only the female of N.
haanii was known. However, on a visit to Berlin (ZMHB) I borrowed the holotype of
Aruanoidea schoenbergi Redtenbacher, 1908. Comparison with my material from
Kalimantan showed that schoenbergi is the male of haanii. Another male was located
amongst some unidentified material in the BMNH collection. The adults are briefly
redescribed, the egg is described, and the adults and egg are illustrated here for the first time.
Specimens in my collection are prefixed PEB- and individually numbered.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 27

P.E. Bragg

Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904

Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904: 376; Bragg, 1996: 111; Bragg, 2001: 573; Otte & Brock, 2005:
212. A replacement name for Phasma ( Necroscia ) punctatum, var. a.; de Haan, 1842: 121
[not Gray, 1835]. Lectotype [here selected] $ (BMNH, 56.44) Sarawak. Paralectotype: 5
(RMNH) Kalimantan, Pontianak, coll. Diard.

Aruanoidea schoenbergi Redtenbacher, 1908: 527. Holotype S (ZMHB) S.O. -BORNEO.
Wahnes S., Wolf v. Schoenberg V. New synonym.

Necroscia schoenbergi (Redtenbacher, 1908); Bragg, 2001: 576; Zompro, 2005: 280; Otte
& Brock, 2005: 215.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 28

Notes on Necroscia haanii

Material examined:

5 Lectotype Necroscia haanii (BMNH 56.44) SARAWAK.

S Holotype Aruanoidea schoenbergi (ZMHB) S.O. -BORNEO, Wahnes S., Wolf v.
Schoenberg V.

S (PEB-2020) KALIMANTAN Tengah, Sungai Sabangau, Kelambenkari. disturbed in daytime,
P. Jenkins, 20.viii.1993;

5 & eggs removed from the body (PEB-2025) KALIMANTAN Tengah, Sungai Sabangau,
Kelambenkari. P.E. Bragg, 30.viii.1993.

S (BMNH BM1978-48) SABAH, Tawai plateau, 1300ft, 8 miles South of Telupid, 8.ix.l997,
M.E. Bacchus.

Figures 4-7. Necroscia haanii Female.

4-6. Abdomen: dorsal, lateral and ventral views. 7. Head, dorsal view.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 29

P.E. Bragg

Female (figs 1 & 4-7)

Body, legs, and costal region of wings yellow with brown blotches (fig 1); anal region of wings
pale pink. Measurements in table 1 are from my specimen only.

Head with two distinct ocelli. Mesonotum roughly granulose. Mesostemum and anterior
half of metastemum granulose. Mesopleura and metapleura slightly granulose. Wings reaching
to half way along seventh abdominal tergite. Seventh tergite about 3 A as long as 6 th ; 8 th Vi as long
as 6 th ; 9 th only slightly more than Vi length of 8 th ; 10 th about same length as 9 th .

Tenth tergite with a semicircular apical notch; lamina supraanalis clearly visible, apex
almost straight. Praeopercular organ consisting of a small pair of rounded, elongated, tubercules:
almost a pair of short parallel ridges (fig 6). Operculum setose throughout its length, with only a
very slightly notched apex. Cerci slightly clubbed.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 30

Notes on Necroscia haanii

Male (figs 2-3 & 8-16)

Body coloration as in female, except BMNH male which is
green with pale yellow blotches and black knee joints (fig
3). Anal region of the wing of schoenbergi HT has pink
veins and a very faint pinkish tinge between the veins
(region may have been pink originally); PEB-2020 has
been decolourised by alcohol; anal region of BMNH male
not examined.

Head with two distinct ocelli. Mesonotum roughly
granulose. Mesostemum and anterior half of metastemum
granulose. Mesopleura and metapleura slightly granulose.
Wings reaching almost to end of 6 th tergite.

Tergites 2-5 of about equal length; 6 th about 3 A length
of 5 th ; 7 th about two thirds length of 6 th ; 8 th only slightly
more than Vi length of 7 th ; 9 th almost as long as 7 th ; 10 th
slightly shorter than 8 th . Anal segment with apical margin
deeply indented so the segment appears to have two apical
projections (figs 8 & 10).

Apical projections of anal segment with small spines
on the ventral surface (HT of schoenbergi left 17, right 14;
BMNH left 14 (some minute), right 10; PEB-2020 left 19,
right 18). This species has very distinctive branched cerci
(figs 10 & 11), the left and right cerci are the congruent.
Vomer unispinose: the spine is strongly curved towards the
dorsal surface and is offset to the right (figs 14 & 15).
Another sclerotized part of the genitalia (fig 16) was
isolated during preparation of the vomer, this was not
visible externally and the original orientation is unknown.

Body length: 56-60mm (HT of schoenbergi actually
measures 61mm but the abdomen has been lengthened by
about 1mm by a repair). Measurements given in table 1 are
from the HT of schoenbergi , except for the hind tarsi
which are missing, this measurement was taken from
PEB-2020.

Figures 14-16. Sclerotized parts of male genitalia of Necroscia haanii (from PEB-2020).
14-15. Vomer: ventral and left lateral views. 16. Unknown sclerotic portion.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 31

P.E. Bragg

Egg (figs 17-19)

The following is based on three eggs removed from PEB-2025; they were not fully hardened, and
were slightly distorted during removal. Capsule a pointed cylinder with lateral and dorsal flanges
on the polar end; surface rugulose. Micropylar plate about one third of the way from the polar
end. Operculum flat, surrounded by a ring of setae on the collar. Length 6.1mm, height 1.6mm,
width 1.4mm.

Figures 17-19. Egg of Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904.
17. dorsal view. 18. Lateral view. 19. Operculum.

Table 1. Necroscia haanii Kirby, 1904. Measurements in mm.

S ZMHB *2 PEB-2025

S ZMHB

2 PEB-2025

Total length

60

69

Fore femur

20.7

20.3

Antennae

62

>59

Fore tibia

19.6

19.6

Head

2.9

3.3

Fore tarsus

8.8

II4LUH

Pronotum

2.4

3.4

Mid femur

12.6

11.6

Mesonotum

9.2

9.4

Mid tibia

10.9

10.6

Metanotum

4.3

6.0

Mid tarsus

5.4

5.4

Median segment

4.3

5.3

Hind femur

17.3

18.8

\wsm

6.0

Hind tibia

16.7

17.0

Hind wing

34

44

Hind tarsus

■i mm

* hind tarsus of HT missing, measurement taken from PEB-2020.
** basal segment only, rest missing.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 32

Notes on Necroscia haanii

Distribution

The difficulty in identifying de Haan’s
specimen means there is no certainty that it
is the same species as the lectotype, so
Pontianak cannot be regarded as a known
locality for N. haanii. The holotype of
schoenbergi is from a rather vague “S.O.-
Bomeo” [Eastern Kalimantan], and the
lectotype of haanii is an equally vague
“Sarawak”. Although there are only two
specific localities known for this species, the
five confirmed specimens of this species
show a very wide distribution: Eastern
Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Sabah, and
Sarawak. The distribution map (fig 20)
shows only the two specific localities:
Kelambenkari and Telupid.

References

Bragg, P.E. (1996) Type specimens of Phasmida in Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum,
Leiden (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 70: 105-115.

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Bragg, P.E. (2007) Notes on Necroscia punctata (Gray, 1835) and Necroscia bistriolata
(Redtenbacher, 1908 ). Phasmid Studies, 16(2): 34-41.

Haan, W. de (1842) Bijdragen tot de Kennis Orthoptera. in C.J. Temminck, Verhandelingen
over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen. volume 2.
Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural
History), London.

Otte, D. & Brock, P. (2005) Phasmida Species File, Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the
World. Insect Diversity Association, Philadelphia.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Yol. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann,
Leipzig.

Zompro, O. (2005) Catalogue of type-material of the insect order Phasmatodea, housed in the
Museum fur Naturkund der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany and in the Institut fur
Zoologie der Martin-Luther-Universitat in Halle (Saale), Germany. Mitteilungen aus dem
Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin - Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, (2005)2: 251-290.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 33

Lectotype designation for the type species of Colossopus , C. grandidieri
Saussure, 1899 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae).

M. Unal & G.W. Beccaloni.

M. Unal, Abant Izzet Baysal Universitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakiiltesi, Biyoloji Bolumti, 14280
Bolu, Turkey.

G.W. Beccaloni, Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, U.K.

Abstract

The male syntype of Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899 preserved in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,
Geneva (MHNG) is designated as the lectotype of this species. A supposed female syntype of this species in the
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt (SMFD) is identified as a specimen of Oncodopus
zonatus Brongniart, 1897 and is shown not to be part of the type series.

Keywords

Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Colossopus grandidieri , Oncodopus zonatus, Madagascar, lectotype
designation.

We have been working on a taxonomic revision of the endemic Madagascan genera
Oncodopus Brongniart, 1897 and Colossopus Saussure, 1899 for several years. One of us
(G.W. Beccaloni) collected a good series of specimens of Colossopus and Oncodopus in the
southern half of Madagascar in both 2004 and 2007, and the other author (M. Unal) has
studied the specimens of these genera preserved in European museums, including the types.
In the course of our study we have become aware that there is a problem regarding the
putative syntypes of Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899.

Saussure, describing the genus Colossopus and its type species Colossopus
grandidieri, gave a description of both sexes but did not give any information about the
number of syntypes or where they were preserved (Saussure, 1899: 627-628). We have found
seven putative syntypes of C. grandidieri in three museums: one male and two females in the
Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (MHNG), Geneva; three females in the Museum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); and one female in the Forschungsinstitut und
Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt (SMFD). The problem is that there are two species
represented amongst these supposed syntypes. The male and two females in Geneva and the
three females in the Paris agree exactly with Saussure's original description of C. grandidieri
and his illustrations of this species (Saussure, 1899: 628 & Taf. 38: Figures 24-27), but, the
single female in Frankfurt is a different species, which can easily be identified as Oncodopus
zonatus Brongniart, 1897. It is clear that Saussure did not describe the characters of this
female in the original description of C. grandidieri ; for example, this species has a simple
spine (with a single point) on the head, whilst the description of Colossopus Saussure, 1899
clearly states it has a trifid (three pointed) spine on the head. Furthermore, Saussure studied
both sexes of both O. zonatus and C. grandidieri in the same paper (Saussure, 1899: 626-628
and Taf. 38, Figures 23-27). In fact, he described the female of O. zonatus for the first time
(Saussure, 1899: 626-627). Therefore, it is difficult to believe that Saussure regarded the
specimen preserved in Frankfurt as a syntype of C. grandidieri.

The data labels pinned under the syntypes preserved in Geneva and Paris, are identical
to each other (as in fig. 1), but differ from the data labels of the female O. zonatus in
Frankfurt (fig. 2). The female O. zonatus in Frankfurt has an identification label which reads
“ Dynatopus grandidieri " (fig. 2), whilst the other syntypes have identification labels which
read “ Collossopus grandidieri ” [sic] (as in fig. 1). These labels are written in a different
style. We therefore reject the notion that the female O. zonatus in Frankfurt is a syntype and
in order to ensure nomenclatural stability we select the single male syntype in Geneva as the
lectotype of Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899.

Phasmid Studies, 17(1): 34

Lectotype designation for Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899

Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899

Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899: 628, Taf. 38: figures 24-27.

Lectotype: S (MHNG) [here designated] Madagascar, leg. Grandidier. Paralectotypes
(5$5): 2|§f (MHNG) Madagascar, leg. Grandidier; 355 (MNHN) Madagascar, leg.
Grandidier.

Data labels from the lectotype are shown in fig. 1.

Oncodopus zonatus Brongniart, 1897

Oncodopus zonatus Brongniart, 1897: 207-208, figs 38-39.

Material: 15 (SMFD) Madagascar, Occident, leg. Yoeltzkow.

This is labelled as "Dynatopus grandidieri" and was supposed to be one of the
syntypes of C. grandidieri (Eades & Otte, 2008; Systax, 2003). The DORS A database
actually states that it is the holotype of C. grandidieri , which is clearly incorrect since no
holotype was designated by Saussure (1899), and at least one male and one female specimen
were described by Saussure in the original description (Systax, 2003). Dynatopus is not a
published name in Orthoptera; Saussure may have intended to describe it as a new genus and
species. It is possible that this female O. zonatus specimen was examined by Saussure and
described (as O. zonatus ) in his 1899 paper. Data labels for this specimen are shown in fig. 2.

Brongniart, C. (1897) Revision des Salomonitae, Locustidae de la Tribu des
Conocephalinae. Bulletin de la Societe philomatique de Paris, 8(8): 120-212.

Eades, D.C. & D. Otte. Orthoptera Species File Online. Version 2.0/3. 3. [accessed March,
2008] . <http://Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org>.

Saussure, H. (1899) Orthoptera. in Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der reisen in Madagascar
und Ostafrika in den jahren 1889-95 von Dr. A. Voeltzkow. Abhandlungen herausgegeben
von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21: 567-664.

Systax (2003) DORS A, taxonomic database. Available from: http://www.biologie.uni-
ulm.de/systax [accessed March, 2008].

DORSA

FTcolgraHTF

Figure 1. Labels and data of lectotype (male) of
Colossopus grandidieri Saussure, 1899.
(Illustration from the OSF online).

Figure 2. Labels and data of the
female specimen of Oncodopus
zonatus preserved in Frankfurt.
(Illustration from the OSF online).

References

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 35

Reviews and Abstracts

Phasmid Abstracts

The following abstracts briefly summarise articles that have recently appeared in other
publications, or articles published since 1992 that have only recently come to the attention of the
editor. Some of these may be available from local libraries. Others will be available in university
or college libraries, many of these libraries allow non-members to use their facilities for reference
purposes free of charge.

The editor of Phasmid Studies would welcome recent abstracts from authors so that they may be
included in forthcoming issues. In the case of publications specialising in phasmids, such as
Phasma, only the longer papers are summarised.

Bi D. & Wang, Z. (1998) Three New Species of Phasmatodea from Henan Province
(Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Heteronemiinae). In: Shen, X.C. & Shi, Z. Y. [Eds.]: The Fauna
and Taxonomy of Insects in Henan 2. Insects of the Funiu Mountains Region. Beijing: China
Agricultural Scientech Press, pp. 9-13. [in Chinese].

The stick insects were obtained from Henan Province of China in the years 1984-1996.
Among them 3 new species are described: Baculum dolichocercatum, Phobaeticus

longicornis, Micadina henanensis. All type specimens are deposited in Shangahi Institute of
Entomology, Chinese Academy of Science.

Bi, D.Y., Zhang, W.N. & Lau, C.S.K. (2001) Study on the Walking Stick Insects
(Phasmatodea) and the genus Sipyloidea from Hong Kong District of China. Entotaxonomia,
23(4): 253-258. [in Chinese].

In this paper, 9 species of walking stick insects (Phasmatodea) are reported from Hong
Kong. They belong to 6 genera in 3 families, one species: Sipyloidea shukayi, is described as
new to science. The key of Phasmatodea from Hong Kong and the key to the known species
of the genus Sipyloidea from China are given. All the specimens are kept in the collections of
Shanghai Institute of Entomology, Academia Sinica.

Bragg, P.E. (2007) Biografie van een Phasmatoloog: Henry Walter Bates. Phasma, 17(67): 14-
17. [in Dutch].

A translation of Bragg, P.E. (2007) Biographies of Phasmatologists - 1. Henry Walter
Bates. Phasmid Studies , 15(1&2): 1-4. Henry Walter Bates (1825-1892) was an explorer and
prolific entomologist. Although he published only one paper on phasmids, it was a
significant paper, increasing the number of known species by 10%. An index to the 52
species of phasmids described by Bates is provided.

Bragg, P.E. (2008) Biografie van Phasmatologen - 4. William Forsell Kirby. Phasma,
18(68): 7-12. [in Dutch]

A translation of Bragg, P.E. (2007) Biographies of Phasmatologists - 4. William Forsell
Kirby. Phasmid Studies , 16(1): 5-10. William Forsell Kirby (1844-1912) was an English
entomologist and folklorist. His life and phasmid work is outlined. He described 70 species
and 22 genera of phasmids. His Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera was a complete
catalogue of world species that has served phasmatologists for 100 years.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 36

Phasniid abstracts

Bresseel, J. & Hennemann, F.H. (2008) Species report No. 16: PSG 288 Phasmotaenia
godeffrovi (Redtenbacher, 1908) uit Malaita, Solomon eilanden. Phasma, 18(68): 16-21. [in
Dutch]

Phasmotaenia godeffroyi (Redtenbacher, 1908) from Malaita, Solomon Islands is
already quite widespread in European cultures. It was introduced as Phasmotaenia australe
(Gunther, 1933) in 2006 and is apparently relatively easy to breed in captivity. Information is
provided on the classification, culture-history and origin of the culture- stock, breeding
conditions and alternative food plants. Brief notes on the genus Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907,
its species and synonyms are presented as well.

Cai, B. & Chen, S. (1999) Phasmatodea. In: Huang, B.K. [Ed.]: Fauna of insects of the
Fujian Province of China. Vol. 1. Fuzhou: Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House,
pp. 62-73. [in Chinese].

This paper recorded 22 species of walking sticks and one species is new recorded

from

Fujian Province. They belong to 2 families: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae , 4, subfamilies
and 9 genera. One new species is described: Baculum wuyishanense Chen, n.sp. This new
species is allied to B. xingsbeeense Chen & He, but differs in basal two joints of antennae
yellow, the colour pattern of meso- and metathorax and the shape of anal segment are also
different.

Chen, P.C. & Chen, S.C. (1998) A new species of genus Sinophasma (Phasmatodea:
Heteronemiidae) from China. Entomologica Sinica, 5(1): 47-49.

A new species: Sinophasma largum is described from China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan,
Hubei, and Guangxi Provinces). The type specimens are in the Institute of Zoology,
Academia Sinica.

Chen S.C. (1992) A New Species of Walking Stick from Shanxi (Phasmida: Phasmatidae).
Journal of Beijing Forestry University, (English Ed.), 1(1): 114-116.

This paper deals with a new species of walking stick from the Shanxi Province, China.
The new species, Baculum jinnanense, is compared with related species of the genus
Baculum. Figures of characteristics are provided. The type specimen is deposited in the
Insect Collection of the Forest Resources College, Beijing Forestry University.

Chen S.C. (1993) Descriptions of a new record and two unknown sexes of walking sticks
injurious to forest from China (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Beijing
Forestry University, 15(2): 87-89. [in Chinese].

Three species of Phasmida are reported. Phobaeticus kirbyi Brunner is a new record
from China. The female of Sinophasma longicauda Bi, and the male of Baculum pingiense
Chen & He are newly described. Four figures of characteristics are also provided.

Chen, S.C. (2002) A new species of Paraclitumnus from Henan (Phasmatodea:
Phasmatidae). In: Shen X.C.& Zhao Y.Q. [Eds.]: Insects of the Mountains Taihang and
Tongbai Regions. China Agricultural Scientech Press: Beijing, China, pp. 11-12.

Describes Paraclitumnus henanensis n.sp. from Henan, China. The two female types
are in Beijing Forestry University.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 37

Phasniid abstracts

Chen, S.C. & Chen, P.C. (1997) A new species of Heteronemiidae from Guangxi
(Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Guangxi Sciences, 4(2): 124-125. [in Chinese].

A new species of Sinophasma Gunther from Guangxi of China is reported. The two
male type specimens of Sinophasma latisectum are deposited in the Institute of Zoology,
Academia Sinica. This new species is similar to S. klapperichi Gunther, but can be separated
from it by the combination of the following characters: anal segment elongate and its median
groove rather wide and deep; the shape of subgenital plate is quite different. The female is
unknown.

Chen, S.C. & Chen, P.C. (1997) Descriptions of two new species and one unknown Female
of the genus Sinophasma from Guangdong Province, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae).
Journal of Beijing Forestry University ( English Ed. ), 6(2): 93-99.

Two new species and one unknown female of the genus Sinophasma from Guangdong
Province, China are described. They are: S. trispinosum Chen & Chen, n.sp., S. unispinosum
Chen & Chen, n.sp., and the female of S. pseudomirabile Chen & Chen. The type specimens
are kept in the Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, and Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.

Chen, S.C. & Chen, P.C. (2000) Two new species of the Genus Sosibia from Guangdong
Province, China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis
Sunyatseni, 39(1): 121-122. [in Chinese].

Two new species of Sosibia Stal from Guangdong are described: Sosibia
guangdongensis and Sosibia truncata. The type specimens are deposited in Zhongshan
University.

Chen, S.C. & Chen, P.C. (2000) A new species of the Genus Baculum from Guangdong,
China (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,
39(6): 129-130. [in Chinese].

A new species of the genus Baculum Saussure of the family Phasmatidae from
Guangdong is described. The new species, Baculum shenzhenense, is allied to B. asaphum
Chen & He but can be separated by the larger size teeth of fore femora, relatively developed
different anal segment form, longer operculum and cerci. All the type specimens are kept in
Zhongshan University, Guangzhou.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1990) Baculum album - A new walking-stick injurious to forests in
Sichuan. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 12(4): 54-56. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with a species of Baculum saussure from Sichuan. The species closely
resembles the female of B. insingnis (Wood-Mason), but may be distinguished from the latter
by the front femora with two series denticles, a very short median segment, a very long
operculum, and the acuminate apex. The type specimens are kept at Beijing Forestry
University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1993) A New Species of the Genus Phobaeticus From Anhui, China
(Phasmida, Phasmatidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 15(4): 54-55. [in Chinese].

In this paper, a new species of the genus Phobaeticus from Anhui Province is
described. Phobaeticus yuexiensis n.sp. is allied to Phobaeticus sineiyi Brunner, but it differs
from the latter in that the femur of the front legs have more than 12 teeth; 1 /3 of the middle
tibia near the base is without any triangular lamellae; the median segment is shorter and the
6 th sternite is pointed. The type specimen is deposited in the Insect Collection of Beijing
Forestry University.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 38

Phasniid abstracts

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1993) Seven New Species of Phasmida in Maoer Mountain of
Guangxi. Journal of the Guangxi Academy of Science, 9(1): 34-45. [in Chinese].

This paper is a report of stick insects from Maoershan Preserve, Xingan County,
Guangxi Autonomous Region. They represent two families: Phasmatidae and

Heteronemiidae. Among them seven species are new to Science: Baculum maoershanense,
Baculum flavof as datum, Leptynia xinganensis, Sinophasma furcatum, Sipyloidea completa,
Sipyloidea cavata, Phraortes corniformis.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1994) Newly recorded genus and a new species of Heteronemiidae
(Phasmatodea). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 16(4): 121-123. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with Parasipyloidea Redtenbacher, which is recorded for the first time
in China, and one species new to science is described: Parasipyloidea emeiensis. The
specimen is kept in the Insect Collections of Beijing Agricultural University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995) Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae and Hetronemiidae. Insects of
Baishanzu Mountain, Eastern China, 63-68. [in Chinese].

The present paper deals with 7 species of Phasmatodea collected from Mt Baishanzu in
Zhejiang Province. Among them 5 new species are described: Entoria baishanzuensis,
Micadina zhejiangensis, Sinophasma crassum, Sipyloidea obvius, Phraortes nigricarinatus.
The type specimens are deposited in the collection of Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995) A new species of the genus Paramyronides from China
(Phasmida Heteronemiidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 17(3): 73-74. [in
Chinese] .

This paper deals with a new species of the genus Paramyronides Redtenbacher from
China. Comparison is made between P. unidentatus n.sp. and other similar species, and the
figures of its features were drafted.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1995) A new species of Trachythorax from Hainan, China
(Phasmida: Heteronemiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 20(2): 197-199. [in Chinese].

The genus Trachythorax was established by Redtenbacher in 1908. Heretofore nine
species have been recorded in the world, and three species are known in China. They are T.
atrosignatus Brunner from Yunnan, T. sexpunctatus Shiraki from Taiwan and T. longialatus
Cai from Sichuan. In this paper a new species T. fuscocarinatus is described from Hainan
Province, China. The type specimen is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia
Sinica.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996) New species of the genus Asceles from Yunnan, China.
Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 18(4): 41-42. [in Chinese].

The genus Asceles was little known to China. A new species, Asceles quadriguttatus,
collected from Yunnan Province is described in this paper. This new species is allied to A.
longicauda (Bi}, but differs from it by mesonotum near the longitudinal carina with a row of
granulate tubercules; tergum of anal segment with narrow base, about 4 times as long as the
9th abdominal segment and its posterior margin with wider emargination. The type specimen
is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 39

Phasmid abstracts

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996) Description of the previously unknown male of
Paramyronides unidentatus (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Beijing Forestry
University ( English Ed.), 5(1): 98-100.

In the present paper the previously unknown male of Paramyronides unidentatus Chen
& He is described. The specimens are kept in the Insect Collections of Beijing Agricultural
University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1996) Description of two species of males of Parasipyloidea and
Trachy thorax (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae) unknown before. Forest Research, 6: 664-665.
[in Chinese] .

In this paper two unknown species of males of Parasipyloideaemeiensis Chen & He and
Trachy thorax fuscocarinatus Chen & He are described. The specimens are kept in the Insect
Collection of Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997) Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae. Insects of the
Three Gorge Reservoir area of Yangtze River , pp. 113-121. [in Chinese].

This present paper is a report of the stick insects collected by the members of Fauna
Expedition to Three Gorge Reservoir Area of Yangtze River during 1993-1994. Ten species
belonging to two families, five genera are dealt with, in which one genus and six species are
new to Science. New genus: Paraentoria [type species P. sichuanensis ]. New species:
Paraentoria sichuanensis, Baculum wushanense, Baculum xingshanense, Baculum
bifasciatum, Baculum nigrolineatum, Micadina conifera. All the type specimens are kept in
the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997) Two new species of Baculum from Sichuan, China
(Phasmida: Phasmatidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 22(1): 54-55. [in Chinese].

The present paper deals with two new species of Phasmatidae from Sichuan: Baculum
politum & Baculum huayingense.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997) A new genus and new species of Phasmatodea from Yunnan,
China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 22(2): 159-161. [in
Chinese].

The present paper deals with a new genus, Dianphasma, and a new species,
Dianphasma microptera, of Phasmatodea from Yunnan, China. The type specimen is
deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1997) A new species of Prosentoria from Yunan (Phasmatodea:
Phasmatidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 40(2): 183-184. [in Chinese].

In this paper, Prosentoria bannaensis n.sp. is described from a single female collected
in Yunnan Province. The type specimen is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia
Sinica.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (1999) Three new species of Phasmatodea from Guangxi, China
(Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae). Journal of the Guangxi Academy of
Science, 15(2): 34-45. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with three new species, Baculum xinganense belonging to
Phasmatidae, Prosceles guangxiensis and Asceles caecius belonging to Heteronemiidae of
Phasmatodea from Guangxi, China. Type specimens are deposited in the institute of Zoology,
Academia Sinica and Beijing Forestry University respectively.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 40

Phasniid abstracts

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2000) Three new genera and two new species of Heteronemiidae
(Phasmatodea) from South China. Systematic and Faunistic Research on Chinese Insects -
Proceedings of 5th National Congress of Insect Taxonomy, pp. 31-35. [in Chinese].

Three new genera and two new species of Heteronemiidae from South China are
described, in this paper. New taxa: Neososibia n.gen., with the type species Neososibia
breuispina n.sp.; Spiniphasma n.gen., with the type species Spiniphasma guangxiense\
Acanihophasma n.gen., with the type species Oxyartes varia Chen & He, 1992. All the type
specimens are kept in the Zhongshan University and China Agricultural University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2000) Three new species of Phasmatodea from Shiwan Dashan,
Guangxi (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae, Phasmatidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 25(4):
395-397. [in Chinese].

The paper deals with three new species of Heteronemiidae and Phasmatidae from
Guangxi, China. Asceles longzhouensis is allied to A. brevipennis Redtenbacher, but differs
in head without granules, anterior horn of tegmina obtuse, hindwings light yellow.
Aruanoidea maculata n.sp. is similar to A. flaoescens Chen & Wang, but can be easily
distinguished by pronotum, meso-and metapleura covered with granules, body colour and
shape of anal segment also different. Baculum spinicornum n.sp. resembles B. chinense
(Brunner), but easily distinguishable from the latter by two spines of head rather long and
pointed, the posterior margins of the 2 nd -7 th sterna with two small elevations respectively.
The types are kept in the insect collection of China Agricultural University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2000) Two new species of Phasmatodea (Phasmatodea,
Anareolatae) from South China. Entomotaxonomia, 22(1): 17-19. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with two species belonging to Phasmatidae and Heteronemiidae,
collected from Jiangxi and Guangxi, China are reported as new to Science. Paraentoria
lushanensis n.sp. is allied to P. sichuanensis Chen & He, it differs from the latter in body
covered with sparse setae, lobes on the base of middle femur not divided and with distinct
dorsal lobes near base on hind femur and tibia. Sinophasma atratum n.sp. is close to S.
largum Chen & Chen , but the colour pattern of body and legs different, granules on
mesonotum concentrated mainly on side of longitudinal carina, subgenital plate with nearly
two symmetrical valvulae backward. The type specimens are kept in the Institute of Zoology,
Academia Sinica.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2001) Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae and Phasmatidae. In: Wu, H. &
Pang, C.W. [Eds.]: Insects ofTianmu Mountain. Beijing: Sinica Press, pp. 117-121.

The present paper deals with seven species of phasmids, belonging to five genera of two
families, among them one genus is new to Science, collected from Tianmushan National
Nature Reserve (30° 22 'N, 119° 26' E) in Zhejiang province. Euphasma n.gen. has the type
species Micadina henanensis Bi & Wang, 1998.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2001) Two new record genera and new species of Phasmatodea
from China (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Heteronemiidae). Entomological Journal of East
China, 19(1): 8-10. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with the genera Acrophylla Gray and Parapachymorpha Brunner of
Phasmatodea, which are recorded for the first time from China. Two species Acrophylla
sichuonensis and Parapachymorpha tetracantha, are new to Science.

Acrophylla sichuanensis n.sp. is very similar to A. phyllocerca Redtenbacher, but differs from
the latter in: 1) hindwings longer, extending to 3rd abdominal segment; 2) denticle number on
the four posterior legs different; 3) posterior margin of anal segment nearly truncate.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 41

Phasmid abstracts

Parapachymorpha tetracantha n.sp. is related to P. spinosa Brunner, but it can be
distinguished from the latter by: 1) mesa- and meta-thorax only with sparse spines; 2) each
tergite of 6-10 abdominal segments without distinct spines; 3) carinae on the four posterior
femora and tibiae covered with obtuse denticles. The type specimens are kept in the
Collection of the Entomological Museum, Northwestern Agricultural University, China.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2002) Three new species of Carausius from Sichuan and Yunnan
provinces China (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 45(Suppl.): 1-3.
[in Chinese].

Three new species of the genus Carausius Stal: C. undatus n.sp., C. femoralis n.sp., C.
lijiangensis n.sp., are described from southwestern China. The type specimens are deposited
in Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2004) Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae. In: Yang X.K. [Ed.]: Insects
of the Great Yarlung Zangbo Canyon ofXizang. China Science and Technology Publishing
House: Beijing, China], pp. 26-27. [in Chinese].

Two new species of Sosibia are described from Medog, Xizang, China: Sosibia
medogensis, Sosibia brachyptera. The types are kept in the Institute of Zoology, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2004) Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae, Phasmatidae and
Heteronemiidae. In: Yang X. K. [Ed.]: Insects from Mt. Shiwandashan Area of Guangxi.
China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, pp. 46-52.. [in Chinese].

The present paper is a report of the stick insects collected from Mt. Shiwandashan in
Guangxi during 1998-2000. Among them 17 species belonging to two families and 11 genera
are reported. One new genus Paraprosceles (type species P. microptera Chen & He) is
described. Five new species are described: Baculum acutum, Baculum annuliventris, Asceles
dilatatus, Paramyronides albopunctata, Paraprosceles microptera. Two species are newly
recorded for China. Type specimens are in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Science, Beijing and Zhongshan University, Guangzhou.

Chen, S.C., He, Y.H. & Chen, Z.Y. (2000) Three new species of Phasmatodea from
Guangdong, China (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae, Heteronemiidae). Acta Scientiarum

Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 39(4): 128-129. [in Chinese].

Three new species of Phasmatidae and Heteroneniidae from Guangdong Province are
described: Baculum lianxianense, Marmessoidea viridescens, & Paramenexenus congnatus.
All the type specimens are kept in Zhongshan University, Guangzhou.

Chen, S.C., He, Y.H. & Li, Y. (2002) Phasmatodea. . In: Huang, F.S. [Ed.]: Forest insects in
Hainan, China. Beijing: Sinica Press, pp. 100-116. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with 30 species of phasmids, belonging to 18 genera and five
families, collected in the Hainan Province of China. Three genera and 16 species are new to
Science, and two genera are new to China. The new genera are: Nanhuaphasma Chen, He &
Li (type species: N. hamicercum) in Pseudophasmatidae, Qiongphasma Chen, He & Li (type
species: Q. jianfengense ) in Heteronemiidae, and Pseudocentema Chen, He & Li (type
species: P. bispinatum) in Heteronemiidae. The new species are: Nanhuaphasma
hamicercum Chen & He, Dixippus nigriantennatus Chen & He, Dixippus hainanensis Chen
& He, Prosceles balteatus Chen & He, Paramenexenus yangi Chen & He, Marmessoidea
wuzhishanensis Chen & He, Qiongphasma jianfengense Chen & He, Pseudocentema
bispinatum Chen & He, Sosibia hainanensis Chen & He, Baculum flavovittatum Chen & Li,

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 42

Phasniid abstracts

Baculum giganteum Chen & Li, Baculum wuzhishanense Chen & Li, Baculum nigrifactum
Chen & Li, Baculum antennatum Chen & Li, Baculum viridulum Chen & Li, Baculum
hainanense Chen & He. Type specimens are in the insect collection of the Institute of
Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C., He, Y.H. & Xu, F.L. (2006) Heteronemiidae and Phasmatidae. In: Li, Z .Z. &
Jin, D. C. [Eds.]: Insects from Mt. Fanjingshan Landscape. Guiyang: Guizhou Science and
Technology Publishing House, pp 94-102. [in Chinese].

In this paper 16 species of stick insects belonging to the families Phasmatidae and
Heteronemiidae collected from Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province are
reported. Six new species are described: Sinophasma biacuminatum Chen & He, Sinophasma
striatum Chen & He, Carausius thoracicus Chen & He, Paras inophasma fanjingshanense
Chen & He, Baculum grandis Chen & He, Baculum fasciatum Chen & He. All type
specimens are in the Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & Li, Y. (1999) The eggs of genus Baculum in China. Journal of Beijing Forestry
University, 21(6): 52-57. [in Chinese].

The eggs of twelve species of the genus Baculum from China were studied, described,
keyed and illustrated with 26 figures.

Chen, S.C. & Li, Y. (1999) Two new species of Baculum from Mt. Jigong, Henan
(Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). In: Shen, X.C. & Deng, G.F. [Eds.]: Insects of the Jigong
Mountains Regions, China. Agricultural Scientech Press: Beijing, China, pp. 7-10. [in
Chinese] .

Two new species of Baculum from Mt. Jigong in Henan Province are reported as new to
Science. Baculum jigongshanense is described from nine females and one male. Baculum
vivinum is described from one female. The type specimens are in the collection of Beijing
Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & Ran, J.C. (2002) Phylliidae, Heteronemiidae and Phasmatidae. In: Li, Z. &
Jin, D. [Eds.]: Insects from Maolan Landscpe. Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing
House: Guiyang: China, pp. 123-128. [in Chinese],

This paper deals with 16 species and eight genera of Phasmatodea collected from
Guizhou Maolan Nature Reserve. Three new species are described: Neososibia guizhouensis,
Baculum liboensis, & Baculum maolanense. The type specimens are in the collection of
Beijing Forestry University and Maolan Nature Reserve.

Chen, S.C. & Shang, Z.H. (1999) Four new species of genus Baculum from Mt. Funiu,
Henan (Phasmatodea: Phasmatinae). In: Shen, X. & Pei, H. [Eds.]: Insects of the Mountains
Funiu and Dabie Regions, China. Agricultural Scientech Press: Beijing, China, pp. 9-13. [in
Chinese],

This paper deals with four new species of the genus Baculum from Henan Province.
The new species are: Baculum femoratum, B. brevicercatum, B. interdentatum, and B.
xixiaense. The type specimens are in the collection of Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C., Shang, Z.H., & Pei, H.C. (2000) Two new species of walking stick
(Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) from Xizang and Yunnan, China. Entotaxonomia, 22(2): 98-100.
[in Chinese].

This paper describes two new species of the family Phasmatidae from Xizang and
Yunnan, China. Baculum nyalamense n.sp. is similar to B. obnoxium (Brunner), but differs

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 43

Phasniid abstracts

from the latter by the large- sized, hind femora longer, and the shape of anal segment and
operculum are also different. Paraclitumnus bannaensis n.sp. is closely related to P. apicatis
(Chen & He), but differs from the latter in the head rather elongated and flat, four posterior
femora with 6-7 small teeth on the apical portion of inferior median carina. apico-lateral lobes
of anal segment sharp, the size and shape of supraanal plate and cerci are also different. The
types are kept in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.

Chen, S.C. & Wang, J.J. (1998) A new species of Aruanoidea Brunner attacking forest from
Guangxi (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 14(1):
1-2. [in Chinese].

In the present paper a new species of Aruanoidea Brunner, collected from Guangxi, is
described. The type specimens of Aruanoidea flavescens n.sp. are kept in the insect
collection of Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & Wang, J.J. (1998) A new species and a new record species of the genus
Asceles (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae). Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 14(2): 15-
lb. [in Chinese].

The present paper deals with two species of the genus Asceles. Asceles clavatus is
new to science and A. bispinus is new to China. The new species is described and figured.
The type specimen is deposited in the insect collect ion of Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & Wang, H.J. (2005) Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae and Hetronemiidae. Insect
Fauna of Middle West Qinling and South Mountains of Gansu Province, pp. 95-101. [in
Chinese].

This paper is a report on the stick insects collected by the Comprehensive Scientific
Expedition to the southern Gansu forest area and Qinling Mountains Region, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences during 1998-1999. Eleven species are dealt with, belonging to two
families and two genera. Four new species of Baculum are described: B. kangxianense, B.
gansuenese, B. wenxianense, and B. spinulosum.

Chen, S.C. & Yin, J. (1995) Description of a new species of the genus Baculum from
Yunnan, China (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae). Forest Research, 8: 10-11. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with a new species of Baculum from the Yunnan Province of China.
The type specimen of Baculum luopingense n.sp. is deposited in the insect collection of
Beijing Forestry University.

Chen, S.C. & Yin, J. (1996) A new species of the Family Phasmatidae from Yunan Province.
Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 18(1): 59-60. [in Chinese].

This paper deals with a new species of the genus Baculum of the family Phasmatidae
collected from Yunnan Province, China. Baculum nigrodentatum n.sp. is allied to B. apicalis
Chen & He, but differs in: (1) anal segment elongate and its posterior margin emarginate
deeply; (2) supra-anal plate lanceolate; (3) ovipositor exceeding the tip of the operculum. The
type specimens are deposited in the insect collection of Beijing Forestry University.

Cliquennois, N. (2007) Apergu general de la diversite des phasmes de Madagascar (Insecta,
Phasmatodea). [Overall preview of the diversity of stick insects of Madagascar (Insecta,
Phasmatodea)]. Le bulletin d’Arthropoda, 32: 3-16. [in French].

The stick insects of Madagascar are poorly known, having been neglected during
nearly a century. They belong to four groups: Achriopterini, best known and less diversified
taxon, Anisacanthidae and Antongiliinae, groups of which members show a wide range of

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 44

Phasniid abstracts

variation in body morphology and that include the vast majority of Madagascan species, and
Damasippoididae, with few, rather scarcely seen species. Monandropterini often mentioned
for Madagascar have their distribution probably limited to Mascarenes. Madagascar is also
home to three naturalized alien species.

Cliquennois, N. (2007) “ Vivant , etait vert avec des antennes rouges extinction de

Xenomaches incommodus, Phasme endemique de Pile Rodrigues (Phasmatodea). Bulletin de
la Societe entomologique de France , 112(3): 375-376. [in French]

“Green, with red antennae, when alive”: extinction of Xenomaches incommodus ,
endemic phasmid of Rodrigues island (Phasmatodea). Xenomaches incommodus (Butler,
1876), endemic phasmid of Rodrigues island, is most probably an extinct species.

Cliquennois, N. (2007) Plantes nourricieres des phasmes des Mascareignes: Maurice,
Reunion, Rodrigues (Phasmatodea). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France , 112(3):
397-405. [in French]

Food plants of Mascarenes stick insects: Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues (Phasmatodea).
Mascarenes archipelago has a total of twelve stick insects species, of which one is exotic and
one is extinct. They feed on about seventy listed plants. The number of plants eaten per stick
insects species varies from one to 37. The overexploitation of one palm tree in Reunion
endangers the very existence of one species of phasmid. A similar scenario has already led to
the extinction of the only indigenous species recorded in Rodrigues.

Conle, O., Hennemann, F.H. & Fontana, P. (2007) Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea V:
Notes on certain species of Pseudosermyle Caudell, 1903, with the descriptions of three new
species from Mexico (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae: Diapheromerini).
Zootaxa, 1496: 31-51.

Six species of Pseudosermyle Caudell, 1903 occurring in Mexico are discussed.
Three new species from Mexico are described and illustrated, all of which are closely related
to Pseudosermyle phalangiphora (Rehn, 1907): P. chorreadero n.sp. from both sexes, P.
procera n.sp. and P. claviger n.sp. from the males only. The males of P. inconguens (Brunner
v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and P. tolteca (Saussure, 1859) are re-described and illustrated. Detailed
descriptions and illustrations are furthermore provided for both sexes and the eggs of P.
phalangiphora (Rehn, 1907).

Taxonomic problems caused by misidentifications and wrong synonymies of previous
authors concerning to these six species are clarified. A lectotype is designated for
Pseudosermyle incongruens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907). Ocnophila crudis Brunner v.
Wattenwyl, 1907 and Dyme depressa Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 are shown to be junior
synonyms of P. phalangiphora Rehn, 1907.

Hennemann, F. (2007) Species report No. 11: Dyme bifrons Stal, 1875 uit Peru (Panguana).
Phasma, 17(67): 4-6. [in Dutch].

In addition to Dyme mamillata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 (Species report No. 1,
Phasma 16(61)) a second Peruvian species of the genus Dyme Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
was recently brought into culture: Dyme bifrons Stal, 1875. It is characterised by the blue
bases of the fore legs of females and colourful males. The females show strong intraspecific
variation of the coloration and armature of the head. Information is provided on the
classification, culture history and origin of the present culture- stock, breeding and alternative
food plants. Brief descriptions and illustrations are presented of the adults, nymphs and eggs.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 45

Phasniid abstracts

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2007) Studies on Philippine Lonchodinae, with the
descriptions of two new genera and eleven new species (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae:
Lonchodinae). Mitteilungen der Munchen Entomologische Gesellschaft, 97(Supp.): 3-88.

The subfamily Lonchodinae is a large but still rather poorly studied group of Old World
Phasmatodea. The collections of the authors include numerous species of Lonchodinae from the
Philippine Islands of Samar, Mindoro, Panay, Babuyan and Luzon, some of which are here
studied in detail. Two new genera and eleven new species are described. Keys to the genera and
a checklist of Philiippine Lonchodinae are presented which lists 28 described species in nine
distinct genera.

The genus Mithrenes Stal, 1877 is re-described and distinguished from related genera.
Two new species are described based on both sexes and the eggs: Mithrenes mindorensis sp.n.
from Mindoro and Mithrenes panayensis sp.n. from Panay. A lectotype is designated for
Mithrenes asperulus Stal, 1877. The paralectotype of Lonchodes systropedon Westwood, 1859 is
conspecific with Mithrenes whiteheadi (Kirby, 1896) and Lonchodes nodulosus Brunner, 1907 is
the opposite sex and a junior synonym as is Dixippus bilobatus Brunner, 1907 (syn.n.). A
lectotype is designated for Dixippus bilobatus Brunner and descriptions are provided for both
sexes. Keys are presented to distinguish between the four described species in the genus.

The new species Lonchodes philippinicus sp.n. from Panay is described and illustrated
based on both sexes and the eggs. As currently treated, the genus Lonchodes Gray, 1835 is shown
to be polyphyletic. A critical discussion of the genus is presented, which briefly summarizes the
generic units or specific groups recognized within the genus. Species subsequently attributed to
Lonchodes Gray are here transferred to the genera Lonchodiodes gen.n., Mnesilochus Stal, 1877
and Hermagoras Stal, 1875. A list of species which belong in Lonchodes (sensu strictu) is
provided.

The new genus Lonchodiodes gen.n. (type-species: Lonchodiodes samarensis sp.n.) and
five new species are described and illustrated. Four species are known from both sexes and the
eggs: Lonchodiodes atrovirens sp.n. and Lonchodiodes grandis sp. n. from Panay, Lonchodiodes
samarensis sp.n. from Samar and Lonchodiodes babuyanensis sp.n. from the Babuyan Islands.
Lonchodiodes eurycanthoides sp. n. from Mindoro is described from the male and female alone.
Three species are transferred from Lonchodes Gray, 1835 to Lonchodiodes gen.n.: Lonchodes
putingmantsa Zompro, 2003 comb.n., Lonchodes tagalicus Stal, 1877 comb.n. and Lonchodes
trollius Westwood, 1859 comb.n.. The female and egg of L. trollius (Westwood, 1859) are
described and illustrated for the first time and a re-description is provided of the male. Keys are
presented to distinguish between the eight known species in the genus.

A list of species is presented for Periphetes Stal, 1877. One new species, Periphetes
quezonicus sp.n., is described from Luzon based on the female and male. A detailed description
and illustrations of the egg of Periphetes for cipatus (Bates, 1865) from Sulawesi are provided.
Dixippus jurcatus Brunner, 1907 and Periphetes duivenbodei elongatus Gunther, 1938 from
Sulawesi and Periphetes sangirensis Dohrn, 1910 from Sangihe Island shown to be junior
synonyms of P. forcipatus (Bates) (syn.n.). Lectotypes are designated for Lonchodes analis
Brunner, 1907 and Lonchodes forcipatus Bates, 1865.

The new genus Matutumetes gen.n. is described for two new species from Mindanao,
both of which are known from the male and female: M. amoenus sp.n. and M. mindanaensis
sp.n.. This new genus is well characterized by the strikingly prominent praeopercular organ of
females. The eggs of Matutumetes gen.n. remain unknown.

Mnesilochus Stal, 1877 is re-established (stat. rev.), re-described and distinguished from
related genera. A list is presented of the 13 species currently included, 11 of which are here
transferred from either Lonchodes Gray, 1835 ( sensu lato) or Phenacephorus Brunner, 1907. The
female and egg of Mnesilochus headulus Stal, 1877 are described and illustrated for the first time
and a re-description is provided of the male. Prisomera tuberculatum Brunner, 1907 is
synonymised with Mnesilochus mindanaense (Brunner, 1907) syn.n.. Prisomera modestissimum

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 46

Pliasniid abstracts

Brunner, 1907 was synonymised with Mnesilochus modestus (Brunner, 1907) in error and is
shown to be a synonym of Paraprisomera coronata (Brunner, 1907) syn.n.. The type-locality
“S.O. Borneo” is shown to be wrong, the specimens most certainly originating from Sri Lanka.
Lonchodes jenswilhelmjanzeni Zompro, 2007 is transferred to Mnesilochus jenswilhelmjanzeni
(Zompro, 2007) comb.n..

A review is presented of the genus Manduria Stal, 1877, along with a re-description and
brief notes on its systematic position. A key is provided to distinguish the females. The female
paralectotype of Lonchodes systropedon Westwood, 1859 in BMNH is shown to be a specimen of
M. bilobatus (Brunner, 1907). Holotypes of most new taxa are deposited in the State Zoological
Collection Munich, Germany (ZSMC), paratypes in various public and private collections.

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2007) Studies on neotropical Phasmatodea VII.
Descriptions of a new genus and four new species of Diapheromerinae from Peru and Bolivia
(Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Diapheromeridae). Mitteilungen der Miinchen Entomologische
Gesellschaft, 97(Supp.): 89-112.

The new genus Lobolibethra gen.n. is established in the tribe Diapheromerini, with
Lobolibethra panguana sp.n. designated as the type-species. Three new species are described:
L. boliviana sp.n. from the Chapare Province of Bolivia and L. mutica sp.n. from North Peru
from the females only, the type- species L. panguana sp. n. from East Peru from is described
from both sexes and the eggs. Libethra peruana Caudell, 1918 is a junior synonym of
Ocnophila mainerii Giglio-tos, 1910 (syn.n.). Ocnophila ignava (Westwood, 1859) from
Brazil and Rugosolibethra ramale (Giglio-Tos, 1898) from South Ecuador are transferred to
Lobolibethra gen.n.

A new species of the genus Ocnophiloidea Zompro, 2001 (tribe Ocnophilini), O.
dillerorum sp. n., is described from the Huanuco Province of East Peru. This new species is
known from both sexes and the egg. Holotypes of new taxa are deposited in MUSM and
ZSMC, paratypes in the two mentioned institutions and the authors’ collections. All type
specimens are dried and pinned.

Hennemann, F.H., Conle, O.V. & Delfosse, E. (2007) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea
VI, The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae).
Bulletin de /a Societe entomologique de France, 112(3): 357-368.

The genus Cranidium Westwood, 1843 [type- species: Diapherodes ( Cranidium )
serricollis Westwood, 1843 = D. gibbosa Burmeister, 1838] is re-described. Bacteria
clavigera Redtenbacher, 1908, is shown to represent the male of Cranidium gibbosum, new
synonym; lectotypes are designated for theses two taxa. Detailed descript ions and
illustrations of both sexes and the eggs as well as a complete synonymic list are provided for
C. gibbosum, which is the only species included in the genus. The synonymy of D. (C)
serricollis with C. gibbosum is attributed to Charpentier (1845), not Kirby (1904). Detailed
information is provided on the biology, natural habitats, food plant s and culturing of C.
gibbosum. A brief review of the tribe Cranidiini is provided.

Hennemann, F.H., Conle, O.V. & Zhang, W.W. (2008) Catalogue of the Stick and Leaf-
insects (Phasmatodea) of China, with a faunistic analysis, review of recent ecological and
biological studies and bibliography (Insecta: Orthoptera: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa, 1735: 1-77.

A complete taxonomic catalogue of the Stick and Leaf-insects (Phasmatodea) recorded or
described from the mainland China (excluding Taiwan) is presented. 241 valid species are listed,
which are currently attributed to 50 genera, 5 families and 7 subfamilies. Genera and species are
listed alphabetically. All available type-data is provided based mainly on literary sources for

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 47

Phasniid abstracts

species described by Chinese workers from 1986 to 2006, including documented depository of
type specimens.

The catalogue therefore also provides complete lists of the type-material of Phasmatodea
housed in the following Chinese institutions: Administration of Baishuijiang Natural Reserve
(ABNR), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (BFU), China Agricultural University, Beijing
(CAU), Geological Museum of China, Beijing (GMC), Inca Science Ltd., Chongqing (INCA),
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS), Department of Biology,
Nankai University, Tianjin (NKU), Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,
Shaanxi (NWAU), Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an (SNU), Institute of
Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University (ICRI), Shanghai Institute of Entomology, Academia Sinica,
Shanghai (SIES), Tianjin Natural History Museum, Tianjin (TMNH), Zhejiang Museum of
Natural History, Hangzhou (ZMNH). The known distribution of each species, by means of
provinces is provided as well. 14 species are shown to have been recorded from China in error,
several of these based on misidentifications. The “Phasmatodea-like” fossil taxa described from
the Late Jurassic Yixian Formation of North Hebei and West Liaoning are listed in a separate
section. Two new generic synonyms are recognized: Arthminotus Bi, 1995 synonymised with
Lopaphus Westwood, 1859 (n.syn.) and Dianphasma Chen & He, 1997 synonymised with
Parasosibia Redtenbacher, 1908 (n.syn.). The genus Linocerus Gray, 1835 (Type-species:
Linocerus gracilis Gray, 1835) was erroneously synonymised with the mediterranean Bacillus St.
Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1825 and is here re-established in Phasmatidae: Pachymorphinae:
Gratidiini (rev. stat.). Relationship to Clonaria Stal, 1875 (= Gratidia Stal, 1875, = Paraclonaria
Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893), Sceptrophasma Brock & Seow-Choen, 2000 and Macellina
Uvarov, 1940 is obvious.

21 species are transferred to other genera (new combinations): Asceles dilatatus Chen &
He, 2004 and Asceles quadriguttatus Chen & He, 1996 to Pachyscia Redtenbacher, 1908,
Arthminotus sinensis Bi, 1995 to Lopaphus Westwood, 1859, Baculum dolichocercatum Bi &
Wang, 1998 and Baculum politum Chen & He, 1997 to Medauroidea Zompro, 1999, Dixippus
hainanensis Chen & He, 2002, Dixippus huapingensis Bi & Li, 1991, Dixippus nigroantennatus
Chen & He, 2002, Dixippus parvus Chen & He, 2002 and Entoria bobaiensis Chen, 1986 to
Lonchodes Gray, 1835, Sipyloidea obvius Chen & He, 1995 to Sinophasma Gunther, 1940,
Paramyronides biconiferus Bi, 1993, Paramyronides leishanensis Bi, 1992, Lonchodes chinensis
Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907, Lonchodes conjucius Westwood, 1859 and Phasgania glabra
Gunther, 1940 to Phraortes Stal, 1875, Gratidia bituberculata Redtenbacher, 1889 and Leptynia
xinganensis Chen & He, 1993 to Sceptrophasma Brock & Seow-Choen, 2002, Pros entoria
bannaensis Chen & He, 1997 to Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997, and Mantis squeleton Olivier,
1792 to Phanocloidea Zompro, 2002. Acrophylla sichuanensis Chen & He, 2001 remains of
unknown generic assignment, but is shown to be not a member of the Australian genus
Acrophylla Gray, 1835. Furthermore, as Baculum Saussure, 1861 is a neotropical genus and most
Old World species previously attributed to this genus are now listed in Ramulus Saussure, 1861,
all Chinese species described in Baculum Saussure are consequently transferred to Ramulus
Saussure. Other changes of specific placements are based on published literature and concern the
following three synonymies not recognized by Chinese workers: Abrosoma Redtenbacher, 1906
(= Prosceles Uvarov, 1940), Necroscia Audinet-Serville, 1838 (= Aruanoidea Redtenbacher,
1908), Lopaphus Westwood, 1859 (= Paramyronides Redtenbacher, 1908). Megalophasma Bi,
1995 is transferred from Necrosciinae to Lonchodinae.

Four lectotypes are designated and three new specific synonyms revealed. A lectotype is
designated for Rhamphophasma modestus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, the type-species of
Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, in order to fix this genus and species. The male
paralectotype is shown to be a male of Parapachymorpha nigra Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893,
the type- species of Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893. Clitumnus porrectus
Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 is synonymised with Bacillus ? artemis Westwood, 1859 and a
lectotype designated for the former (n.syn.). A lectotype is designated for Oxyartes lamellatus

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 48

Phasniid abstracts

Kirby, 1904 in order to fix this taxon and confirm the synonymy established by Dohrn, 1910 (=
Oxyartes honestus Redtenbacher, 1908, = Oxyartes spinosissimus Carl, 1913). Paracentema
stephanus Redtenbacher, 1908 is shown to have been erroneously synonymised with Neohirasea
japonica (de Haan, 1842) and here synonymised with Neohirasea maerens (Brunner von
Wattenwyl, 1907) (n. syn.). In order to fix this new synonymy a lectotype is designated for
Paracentema stephanus Redtenbacher, 1908.

Finally, a biogeographic analysis of the Chinese phasmid fauna is presented. This includes
brief background information on the topography and biogeography of China along with maps
showing the seven zoogeographical subregions currently recognized as well as the 4
municipalities, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions of China.
A summary of the taxonomic compilation of the fauna is provided and its relationships with
neighbouring regions, of both the Palaearctic and Oriental realms, are discussed. A study is
presented on the distribution of the taxa and species densities of each province / autonomous
region. Recent ecological studies are summarized and list of the host plants of 42 different
species attached. The pest status of certain species which have become of serious importance for
agriculture in China is briefly summarized based on literary sources.

Henry, G.M. (2008) Stridulatie bij het Wandelend blad. Phasma, 18(68): 22-23. [in Dutch].

A translation of Henry, G.M. (1922) Stridulation in the leaf insect. Spolia Zeylanica, 12:
217-220. Stridulation appears to be little known among the Phasmidae. It is not mentioned in the
Cambridge Natural History Museum account of this insect, and therefore the following account
of a sound-producing organ in certain species of leaf-insects may be of interest.

Leeuwen, R. van (2007) Species report No. 13: Eurycantha insularis (Lucas). Phasma , 17(67):
18. [in Dutch].

Eurycantha insularis is a nice species that has been in culture for a long time. It has
previously been referred to as Eurycantha coriacea Redtenbacher.

Li, B.H. (1993) Phasmida. In: Fan, D. [Ed.]: Forest insects in Shandong China. China
Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, pp. 20-22. [in Chinese]

Records five species of Phasmida: Baculum sp., Paraclitumnus robinius Cai, Phraortes
confucius (Westwood), Staelonchodes borealis Cai, Macella souchongia (Westwood).

Liu S. & Cai, B. (1992) Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae and Heteronemidae. Insects of the
Hengduan Mountains Region , 1: 59-64. [in Chinese].

A report of the stick-insects collected by the Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to
the Hengduan Mountains Region, Academia Sinica, during 1981-1983. Six: species are dealt
with, belonging to 2 families, 3 genera, in which 5 species are new to Science. The new
species are: Baculum fusco-thoracicum, Baculum lineatum, Cnipsus apteris, Ramulus
lanceus, Ramulus scalpratus. All the type specimens are deposited in the Institute of
Zoology, Acadamia Sinica.

Rabaey, K. (2007) Species report No. 12: Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay, 1826) PSG 9.
Phasma, 17(67): 7-9. [in Dutch].

Because of its striking appearance, the Australian Extatosoma tiaratum tiaratum has become
one of the most popular stick-insects bred in captivity. It is in established culture since 1960 and
was originally introduced from North Queensland, Australia. As it is in culture for a long time
already, it is necessary to introduce 'new blood'. In 2000 a new stock was imported from the
Brisbane area and is hoped to strengthen the old European cultures. Descriptions of the adults,
nymphs and eggs as well as brief information on the biology and breeding of E. tiaratum tiaratum
are provided.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 49

Phasinid abstracts

Rabaey, K. (2008) Species report No. 14: Hemiplasta falcata (Redtenbacher, 1908) (nieuw in
cultuur). Phasma, 18(68): 5-6. [in Dutch].

This species from Sulawesi has been collected by Daniel Dupont in 2007 on the Peleng
Island. Arnaud and Christophe Bauduin brought them into culture. The female of this species
was described by Redtenbacher in 1908 and later by Frank Hennemann. The male is described
for the first time. Male, female and egg are illustrated with colour photographs.

Simoens, R. & Rabaey, K. (2008) Onze siertuin-voedselplantentuin. Deel 1: wintertijd.
Phasma , 18(68): 24-26. [in Dutch].

This article describes foodplants during wintertime, based on the authors’ garden. Not only
the value as food for phasmids is important, also the ornamental value is promoted. This article is
the first of a series of four, representing the four seasons. Includes colour photographs of nine
foodplants.

Tamayo Lorenzo, J. (2007) Phenacephorus latifemur. una nueva especie de la tribu
Lonchodini de la isla de Borneo (Phasmatodea, Diapheromeridae, Lonchodinae). Boletin
Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 41: 95-99. [in Spanish].

Phenacephorus latifemur , a new species of the tribe Lonchodini from the island of
Borneo (Phasmatodea, Diapheromeridae, Lonchodinae). Phenacephorus latifemur , sp.n., a
stick insect from the island of Borneo (Malaysia), is described. The new species belongs to
the group of Phenacephorus cornucervi (Brunner, 1907), characterized by the length of the
mid femora, which are shorter than the combined length of the metanotum and median
segment in females, and not longer than the same combined length in males. A key
separating the new taxon from the most closely related species is included, as well as some
comments on its biology.

Tamayo Lorenzo, J. (2008) Phenacephorus latifemur. een nieuwe soort uit Borneo van de
tribus Lonchodini (Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae: Lonchodinae). Phasma, 18(68): 13-17.
[in Dutch]

A Dutch translation of Tamayo Lorenzo, J. (2007) - see abstract above.

Zhou, W.B. (1997) A new species of the genus Baculum from China (Phasmida:
Phasmatidae). Wuyi Science Journal, 13: 6-7. [in Chinese].

The paper deals with a new species of the genus Baculum Saussure, collected from
Tiantaistian, Zhejiang province, China. The type specimen of Baculum tiantaiensis n.sp. is
deposited in Zhejiang Museum of Natural History.

Erratum

In the biography of Klaus Gunther (Bragg, P.E. & Zompro, O. (2007) Biographies of
Phasmatologists - 6. Klaus Gunther. Phasmid Studies, 16(2): 25-33), the authors referred
to Hildegard Kaufhold as Gunther’s second wife (on page 25, second and fourth
paragraphs). She was his first wife. The authors are grateful to Michael Schmitt for
drawing their attention to this error.

Further information about Gunther, including several photographs, is available at:
http://www.zfmk.de/web/Forschung/Abteilungen/Entomologie/Coleoptera/Projekte/Wissenschaft
sgeschichte/Klaus_Gnther/index.de.html

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 1 ): 50

Biographies of Phasmatologists - 9. Morgan Hebard.

P.E. Bragg, 8 The Lane, Awsworth, Nottinghamshire, NG16 2QP, U.K. Email: pbragg@aol.com

Abstract

Morgan Hebard (1887-1946) came from a very wealthy American family and was able to devote his life to the
study of Orthoptera. He built up a huge collection of orthopteroid insects at the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. He described over 800 new species of orthopteroids; this included 44 new species, and ten new
genera of phasmids. His life and phasmid work is outlined.

Key words

Phasmida, Phasmatologist, Morgan Hebard, Biography, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Morgan Hebard (1887-1946)

Morgan Hebard was born on 23 rd February 1887 in
Cleveland, Ohio, USA. His forename came from his
maternal grandfather, David Morgan, a Welshman
who emigrated to the USA as a young man and made
his fortune in the iron and steel industry. His father,

Charles Samuel Hebard, came from a wealthy, well-
connected American family and had a Congressman
as a grandfather; the family fortune was grounded in
the lumber trade.

His early interest in entomology was
Lepidoptera, an interest that developed as he
encountered different species in various parts of the
country. The family had their main home in
Philadelphia, but also had a winter home in Georgia,
and a summer home in Michigan; in addition they
spent several weeks per year in Florida. He was
privately tutored until the age of 17 when he went to
Asheville School in North Carolina, followed by
Yale University from where he graduated in 1910.

He first met James Abram Garfield Rehn in 1903 when he was identifying some of his
Lepidoptera at Philadelphia Museum; at the time Rehn was a student working on Orthoptera
in the museum. Encouraged by Rehn, Hebard developed an interest in Orthoptera (including
cockroaches, mantids, and phasmids) and Dermaptera and they wrote their first joint paper on
Orthoptera that they found in Georgia and Florida (Rehn & Hebard, 1905).

After graduating from Yale, Hebard worked in the banking industry for a year;
thereafter he devoted his time to entomology. Hebard and Rehn had a long-term aim of
producing a monograph of North American Orthoptera. To this end Hebard financed fifteen
years of field trips lasting from six weeks to three months for himself and Rehn, they amassed
over 100,000 specimens of Orthoptera. In addition they made trips to Jamaica, Panama and
Colombia; Hebard also visited Cuba and the Bahamas, and in his University vacations he had
twice visited Europe. From the outset Hebard was developing the Hebard Collection, which
was maintained in the Philadelphia Museum and was formally transferred to the museum in
1945. To supplement his own collecting Hebard purchased collections of material from many
parts of the world, particularly Central and South America, and one particularly large
collection from the Philippines.

At Yale Hebard was in the shotgun team, and was also said to be a good shot with both
rifle and revolver. In 1913 Hebard married Margaret Claxton and they had two sons and a
daughter. In the First World War he became a lieutenant in the Signal Corps and later

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 51

P.E. Bragg

transferred to Military Intelligence, all his time in the army was served in the USA. In his 40s
Hebard developed severe arthritis that restricted his movement and limited his entomological
work. He was Curator of Insects at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for
several years but did not accept any payment for the post.

Hebard wrote 197 papers on Orthoptera and Dermaptera, either on his own or with
Rehn. The publications listed at the end of this biography are restricted to papers that deal

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 52

Biographies of Phasmatologists — 9. Morgan Hebard

with phasmids or are specifically mentioned for other reasons; some publications that only
record known species from a new area have been omitted.

Hebard was particularly interested in cockroaches, but also did work on other
orthopteroids from many parts of the world. The Hebard Collection of Orthoptera grew to
about 250,000 specimens by the time he formally transferred it to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia in 1945. It filled 2400 cabinet drawers and included over 3000 type
specimens of species he had either described, or purchased from other collections, or
exchanged.

Morgan Hebard died at the age of 59 in Philadelphia from a heart attack on 28 th
December 1946. An extensive obituary was published by his friend and colleague J.A.G.
Rehn (1948).

Genera and species named after Hebard

Morgan Hebard was involved in the descriptions of about 800 species of orthopteroids, so it is
not surprising that 40 orthopteroid species have been named after him; but only one is a
phasmid. The following list gives an idea of the scope of these names.

Phasmid: Ilocano hebardi Rehn & Rehn, 1938.

Mantids: Three species, and two genera: Hebardia Werner, 1921 & Hebardiella Werner,
1924.

Cockroaches: Eight species, and four genera: Hebardina Bei-Bienko, 1938, Hebardula
Uvarov, 1939, Euhebardula Princis, 1953 (a replacement name for Hebardula Princis, 1950).
Orthoptera: 28 species, three genera: Hebardacris Rehn, 1952, Hebardiniella Chopard, 1932,
(emendation of Hebardinella Chopard, 1932), Hebarditettix Gunther, 1938.

Phasmid work

Hebard described 44 new species on his own and nine as co-author with J.A.G. Rehn. He
described six new genera on his own and four as co-author with Rehn. Although he worked
on Orthoptera from many parts of the world, all his new species of phasmids are from North,
Central, or South America.

In his first paper to deal with phasmids Hebard was highly critical of Brunner (1907) &
Redtenbacher’s (1906 & 1908) work: “It is indeed deplorable that, with so many species
before them, these authors have made virtually no effort to study and discuss these problems
in a scholarly and scientific manner” (Hebard, 1919: 158); “As a whole, we can definitely
state that the Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden is the greatest retrograde step made in recent
years, away from true scientific study of the order Orthoptera” (Hebard, 1919: 159). He later

remarks “It did not seem possible that so pretentious a work , could actually be so

carelessly executed, superficial and unsatisfactory” (Hebard, 1919: 162).

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 53

P.E. Bragg

Hebard also criticises the scarcity of illustrations in
monograph. All but two of the new species described by
Hebard were illustrated (the exceptions: Dyme carrikeri Hebard,
1919 and Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard, 1932). However,
many of Hebard’ s illustrations consist of only one view of the
apex of the abdomen; as such, they are useful for distinguishing
species, but only when one has already decided to which genus
the specimen belongs. For Isogoras chocoensis Hebard, 1921
the only illustration is a single fore- wing (fig 5). His
illustrations were usually printed with the size indicated in the
caption e.g. “life size”, or “3x” etc. (figs 3 & 4), or occasionally
“much enlarged” (fig 7). Where I have reproduced examples of
his illustrations in this paper I have added scale lines to those
for which he gave a precise magnification.

Hebard’ s work is a significant and valuable contribution
to our knowledge of New World phasmids.

Lists of genera, species and subspecies described by Hebard

New genera (in alphabetical order)

Acanthometriotes Hebard, 1924: 139.

Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938: 49.

Brachyelena Hebard, 1933a: 31.

Ceratites Rehn & Hebard, 1909: 126.

Holcoides Hebard, 1919: 148.

Libethroidea Hebard, 1919: 170.

Litosermyle Hebard, 1919: 171.

Manomera Rehn & Hebard, 1907: 283.

Pseudoceroys Hebard, 1922b: 354.

Rhabdoceratites Rehn & Hebard, 1912a: 232.

New species described by Hebard alone

Hebard, 1919

apolinari (Bacteria) 161, pi. 19.10, 19.11.

atrata ( Anisomorpha ) 145, pi. 20.6.

carrikeri (Acanthoclonia) 143, pi. 20.4 & 20.5.

carrikeri (Dyme) 174.

colombiae (Bostra) 159, pi. 22.5 & 22.6.

cortex (Planudes) 155, pi. 22.2, 22.3 & 22.4.

eupeplum (Pseudophasma) 152, pi. 22.1.

forceps (Holcoides) 148, pi. 21.2, 21.3 & 21.4.

insalubris (Libethra) 166, pi. 23.3.

inusitata (Libethroidea) 170, pi. 23.7 & 23.8.

ocanae (Litosermyle) 172, pi. 23.9 & 23.10.

robustum (Pseudophasma) 151, pi. 21.6.

spinicollis (Libethra) 164, pi. 23.1 & 23.2.

strangulata (Acanthoclonia) ..141, pi. 20.1, 20.2 & 20.

taeniatum ( Pseudophasma ) 150, pi. 21.5.

viridis ( Stratocles ) 1 46, pi. 2 1 . 1 .

Brunner & Redtenbacher’s

Figure 5.

Isogoras chocoensis
Hebard, 1921

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 54

Biographies of Phasmatologists — 9. Morgan Hebard

Hebard, 1920

chumash (Timema) 130, figs 2.

Hebard, 1921

chocoensis (Isagoras) 164, pi. 9.27.

Hebard, 1922a

erythropleura (Diapheromera) 192, pi. 7.12-14

Hebard, 1922b

annulicornis (Brizoides) 348, pi. 14.1 & 14.2.

ariadne (Prisopus) 352, pi. 14.3-8.

harroweri (Pseudoceroys) 355, pi. 15. 1& 15.2.

panamae (Libethra) 356, pi. 14.9 & 15.3-4.

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 55

P.E. Bragg

Hebard, 1924

annulicornis (Dyme) 145, pi. 6.6 & 6.7.

camposi (Libethra) 143, pi. 6.3-5.

crassus (Acanthometriotes) 139, pi. 5.17.

esmeraldas (Pseudophasma) 136, pi. 5.15 & 5.15.

infumata (Holca) 135, pi. 5.13.

pastazae ( Pseudobacteria ) 150, pi. 7.1-3.

spicatus ( Paraprisopus ) 141, pi. 6.1.

thaumasius (Trychopeplus) 148, pi. 6.8 & 6.9.

Hebard, 1932

monstrosa (Anisomorpha) 214.

oaxacae (Heteronemia) 217, pi. 17.1-3.

Hebard, 1933a

apolinari (Isagoras) 37, pi. 2.10-1 1.

chopardi ( Isagoras ) 37, pi. 2.13.

ecuadoricus ( Isagoras ) 37, pi. 2.12.

flavidum ( Pseudophasma ) 33, pi. 2.9.

hirsuta (Brachyelena) 32, pi. 2.8.

metae ( Libethra ) 39, pi. 3.3.

straminea ( Libethra ) 38, pi. 3.2.

Hebard, 1933b

magnified (Dyme) 123, pi. 6.7 & 6.8.

Hebard, 1934

torquata (Diapheromera) 281, pi. 20.1-3.

hesperus (Parabacillus) 286, pi. 20.5-6.

Hebard, 1937

ritensis (Timema) 349, pi. 21.1.

velii eucnemis ( Diapheromera ) [ssp.] ...350, pi. 22.1-2.

Figure 7.

Timema ritensis Hebard, 1937
plate 21 figure 1 - scale given by
Hebard as “much enlarged”.

Rehn & Hebard, 1909

covilleae ( Diapheromera ) 126, fig. 5.

tenuis (Pseudosermyle) 121, figs. 2-4.

Rehn & Hebard, 1914

brachypyga (Manomera) 385, fig. 2 & 4.

Rehn & Hebard, 1938

stenocephalum (Aploploides) 49, pi. 4.18-21.

annulipes (Clonistria) 47, pi. 3.12 & 3.13.

bicoloripes (Clonistria) 43, pi. 3.7, 3.8 & 3.9.

latebricola (Clonistria) 42, pi. 3.5 & 3.6.

monticola (Clonistria) 45, pi. 3.10 & 3.1 1.

dominicae (Lamponius) 38, pi. 3.3 & 3.4.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 56

Biographies of Phasmatologists — 9. Morgan Hebard

Species in culture

Two species described by
Hebard are listed on the
Phasmid Study Group’s
culture list. One of these,
PSG 98 Parabacillus hesperus
Hebard, 1934 has not been in
culture for many years; it may
never have been in culture: in
the early days of the PSG
species were allocated a
number when they were being
maintained in captivity,
before it was known if they
would breed successfully.
The other culture is PSG 122,
Anisomorpha monstrosa

Hebard, 1932; this is a junior
synonym of Anisomorpha
paromalus (Westwood, 1859)
but it was being reared under
Hebard’ s name for several
years before the synonym was
recognised.

References

Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. (1907) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Yol. 2. Wilhelm
Engelmann, Leipzig.

Hebard, M. (1919) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. I. Dermaptera
and Orthopterous Families Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae. Transactions of the American
Entomology Society , 45: 89-179, plates 16-23.

Hebard, M. (1920) The genus Timema Scudder, with the description of a new species,
(Orthoptera, Phasmidae, Timeminae.). Entomological News , 31: 126-132.

Hebard, M. (1921) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Part II.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society , 47: 107-169, pi. 7-10.

Hebard, M. (1922a) Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the state of Sinaloa, Mexico.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society , 48: 192-195, pi. 7.

Hebard, M. (1922b) Studies in the Mantidae and Phasmatidae of Panama (Orthoptera).
Transactions of the American Entomological Society , 48: 327-362.

Hebard, M. (1923) XV Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of
California in 1921. Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Science, (4)12(15): 319-340.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 57

P.E. Bragg

Hebard, M. (1924) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Ecuador. Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76: 109-248, pi. 5-8.

Hebard, M. (1925) The Orthoptera of South Dakota. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 77: 42-44.

Hebard, M. (1929) The Orthoptera of Colorado. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 81: 303-309.

Hebard, M. (1932) New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Transactions of the
American Entomological Society, 58: 2012-371, pis. 17-21.

Hebard, M. (1933a) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Supplement to
papers one to five. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 59: 31-41, pi. 2-3.
Hebard, M. (1933b) Notes on Panamanian Dermaptera and Orthoptera. Transactions of the
American Entomological Society, 59: 103-144, pi. 6 & 7.

Hebard, M. (1934) Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North America north of the Mexican
boundary. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 60: 281-293. pl.20.

Hebard, M. (1935) Orthoptera of the upper Rio Grande valley and the adjacent mountains in
northern New Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 87:
45-82.

Hebard, M. (1937) Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North America, north of the Mexican
boundary. VII. Notes & a new species of Timema, Transactions of the American Entomological
Society, 63: 347-354, pi. 21 & 22.

Hebard, M. (1943) The Dermaptera & Orthopterous families Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae
of Texas. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 68: 239-311, pi. 12 & 13.
Redtenbacher, J. (1906) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Wilhelm Engelmann,
Leipzig.

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 3. Wilhelm Engelmann,
Leipzig.

Rehn, J. A. G. (1948) Morgan Hebard (1887-1946) [Obituary]. Entomological News, 59: 57-
69.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1905) The Orthoptera of Thomas County, Georgia, and Leon
County, Florida. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 56: 774-
802.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1907) Orthoptera from Northern Florida. Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 59: 279-391.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1909) An Orthopteroid reconnaissance of the south western
United States. Part II. New Mexico and western Texas. Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 61: 111-175.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1912a) A new name in Orthoptera. Entomological News, 23:
232.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1912b) Fixation of single type (Lectotype) specimens of species
of American Orthoptera. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 64:
60-128.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1914) On the Orthoptera found on the Florida Keys & in extreme
southern Florida. II. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 66:
373-376,384-388.

Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1938) New genera and species of West Indian Mantidae and
Phasmidae (Orthoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 64: 33-55, pi.
3-4.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 58

A spectacular new species of Ophicrania Kaup, 1871, from Mindanao,
Philippines (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Platycraninae).

Joachim Bresseel & Mark Bushell.

Joachim Bresseel, Kardinaal Sterckxlaan 37, 1860 Meise, Belgium, joachimbresseel@hotmail.com
Mark Bushell, 43 Bradford Road, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, BA 14 9AN, UK. alienmarky@btintemet.com

Abstract

A new species of Ophicrania Kaup, Ophicrania Sagittarius n. sp. from Mindanao Philippines as well as its
eggs are described and illustrated for the first time together with notes on the food plant and habitat. The species
differs from all other species in the genus by the striking colour and the absence of wings.

Key words

Ophicrania Sagittarius n. sp., Platycraninae, Philippines, Mindanao, Mount Apo, Pandanus.

Introduction

Species belonging to the tribe of the Platycranini are only rarely found, this is mainly due to
their arboreal way of life and the close relation with their food plant where they blend in
perfectly. Recently a revision of the genus Megacrania Kaup, 1871 was published (Hsiung,
2007), a revision at species level of the genus Ophicrania is desperately required as well. The
last time a new Ophicrania species was described, was by Brock in 1999 and like many other
Ophicrania species, it is only known from one sex. The last description based on both sexes
was by Gunther in 1937 but Gunther misplaced this species, as well as Ophicrania
meridionalis Gunther, 1932. The correct names should be Graeffea leveri (Gunther, 1937)
comb. n. and Graeffea meridionalis (Gunther, 1932) comb. n.

The first Ophicrania egg was described as early as 1871 by Kaup, the founder of
ootaxonomy. Kaup stated: “Dieses Ei ist das sonderbarste, welches ich kenne, und, trtigt
mich mein Schlufs nicht das alle Eier von einem und demselben Genus sich in der
allgemeinen Forn ahnlich sehen mlissen” [This egg is the most peculiar egg that I know, and,
unless I am very much mistaken, eggs belonging to a same genus have to look alike in shape].
Indeed, as Kaup stated, all Ophicrania eggs look alike and can be distinguished by the clear
median line from Megacrania Kaup, 1871 (Sellick, 1997).

Including this new species, 19 species of Ophicrania are known at present. Nine
species occur in the Philippines.

Checklist of Philippine species belonging to Ophicrania

Below an alphabetical list of Ophicrania species so far recorded from the Philippine Islands is
presented. The known distribution given is based on literature sources (Bruner, 1915; Otte &
Brock, 2005) and collection of the authors. Many species are only known from one locality
and many of the localities aren’t detailed. Most of the time only the island or just Philippines
is mentioned on the labels.

1 .

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6 .

Ophicrania brunni (Redtenbacher, 1908: 378)

[Samar: Palapa]

Ophicrania nigricomis (Stal, 1877: 41)

[Philippine Islands]*

Ophicrania nigroplagiatus (Redtenbacher, 1908: 376)
[Luzon]

Ophicrania nigrotaeniatus (Redtenbacher, 1908: 377)
[Luzon: Valle de Bulusan]

Ophicrania palinurus (Westwood, 1859: 135 pi. 2: 6)
[Luzon: Quezon National Park]

Ophicrania Sagittarius sp. n.

[Mindanao: Mount Apo, Tampakan]

[ Arrhidaeus ]
[Arrhidaeus]
[Arrhidaeus]
[ Arrhidaeus ]
[Necroscia]

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 59

Bresseel & Bushell.

7. Ophicrania stygius (Westwood, 1859: 192 pi. 2: 3)
= Ophicrania s tali (Kirby, 1896: 741)

[Albay, N.E. Luzon]

8. Ophicrania vittipennis ( Stal, 1875: 85)

[Luzon]

9. Ophicrania viridinervis (Stal, 1875: 85, pi. 17: 2)

[Luzon: Sierra Madre]

[ Necroscia ]
[Arrhidaeus]

[ Arrhidaeus ]

[ Arrhidaeus ]

* Bragg (2001) also recorded this species from Sabah and Sarawak, but the material was badly damaged so there
are doubts whether this is really the same species.

Abbreviations used :

BMNH: British Museum of Natural History, London, England.

IRSBN: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium.
JB: private collection Joachim Bresseel, Meise, Belgium.

MB: private collection Mark Bushell, Wiltshire, England.

MG: private collection Marco Gottardo, Ferrara, Italy.

HT: holotype.

PT: paratype.

SMI: Sagittarius mines inc.

Ophicrania Sagittarius n. sp.

Material

HT, S : Philippines, Mindanao, Mount Apo, Lake Agko, 16.III.2008, ex coll. JB (IRSNB)

PT [2 (?(?, 1 5, 1 egg]: $ Philippines, Mindanao, Mount Apo, Lake Agko, 16.III.2008, ex
coll. JB (IRSBN); S Philippines, Mindanao, Mount Apo, Lake Agko, 16.III.2008, ex coll. JB
(BMNH); 1 egg Philippines, Mindanao, Mount Apo, Lake Agko, III.2008, ex collection MB
(IRSBN) ; S Philippines, Mindanao Island, Mt. Apo, 1300 m, 27.III-10JV.2006, leg. R.
Cabale, collection MG

Diagnosis

Atypical Ophicrania species because it lacks wings in which it differs from the type species
Ophicrania striaticollis Kaup, 1871 as well as by its smaller size and striking colours.

The most closely related species appears to be Ophicrania apterus (Redtenbacher, 1908) from
Papua New Guinea. Only the female is known of this species. Although its name suggests
the total lack of wings, it still possesses small scale-like tegmina. All the types of O. apterus
(Redtenbacher, 1908) are lost, but the authors examined a specimen out of the collection of
Frank H. Hennemann. O. apterus is differently coloured: a white dorsal longitudinal line

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 60

A new species of Ophicrania, from Mindanao

reaching from head till the end of the abdomen.

The most closely related Philippine species is Ophicrania nigricornis (Stal, 1877). The
female has developed tegmina, but the alae are not visible. The male is fully winged. Heads
and bodies of both sexes are coloured orange and black.

Furthermore this is the first Ophicrania species described that occurs with certainty on
the island of Mindanao and with both sexes completely wingless.

Etymology

This species is named after the Sagittarius Mines, Inc. (SMI) for their efforts to study and
breed stick insects in their field trials (Tampakan, Mindanao, Philippines) and create
environmental and biodiversity awareness within the community.

Description

All colouration taken from photographs of live specimens.

Male (figs. 1-5 & 11)

Whole body with a shiny appearance and
wingless. Measurements see table 1.

Head: Much longer than wide,
uniformly deep blue-green, with a raised
oval area between the eyes. Mouthparts
orange. Antennae orange and consisting
of 20 segments. Scapus flattened,
pedicellus short and almost spherical.

Following segments slightly setose.

Third segment as long as scapus and
pedicellus combined. Segment IV as
long as third, then gradually becoming
longer until segment XIII, segment XIV-
XVII again shorter. Last segment again
longer with a darker end.

Thorax: Completely shiny orange
and smooth. Pro thorax shorter than
head, pronotum with a median transverse
groove. Mesothorax longer than head
and prothorax combined. Cylindrical in
cross section, smallest diameter in the
centre. Metathorax short with a lateral
raised area which reaches the
metacoxae.

Legs: Greenish- blue with a setose
ventral area, carinae indistinct.

Profemora curved and compressed basally. Ventral part bearing two small spines; one
apically and one subapically. Mesofemora as profemora, but shorter and ventral spines more
distinct. Metafemora with three spines, the first one not as distinct as the two following.
Tibia compressed laterally and with a spine at the apex. Tarsomeres greenish- blue with
orange colouration at apexes, pretarsus dark orange. Probasitarsus very long, longer than all
tarsomeres combined. Third tarsomere about two thirds as long as second. Fourth tarsomere
very short. Fifth tarsomere widened latero- apical. Meso- & metaprobasitarsus about as long
as following tarsomeres. Basitarsi and al tarsomeres with a very small spine at the apex.

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 61

Bresseel & Bushell.

Claws curved, arolia large reaching the end of the claws.

Abdomen: Same colouration as thorax. Median segment smooth and separated from
thorax by a transverse depression at the end of the metanotum and by lateral ridges. Segment
II about one third longer than median segment. Segment II- VI more or less from the same
length. Segment YII a bit shorter than proceeding segments. Segment VIII - X with a
distinct ridge dorso- medially. Segment VIII half as long as segment VII, segment IX slightly
longer than VIII and segment X shorter again with apically a short division postero- medially.
Cerci short, slightly exceeding the last segment. Poculum rounded with a carina ventro-
medially.

Female (figs. 1, 6-10)

Differently coloured and broader body than in male, the specimen has lost much of its
original colouration during preservation. Measurements see table 1 .

Head: Typically for the subfamily very large, colour deep blue-green with black cheeks.
Anterior half of head a slightly darker green-blue. Mouth-parts orange. Eyes orange with a
raised oval area between the eyes and a depression posterior and anterior of this area. Vertex
possessing three longitudinal depressions. One median depression reaching from the raised
oval area between the eyes till the start of the pronotum. Two other depressions, each starting
at the posterior side of the eye and ending at the sides of the pronotum. The cheeks possess a
pseudoforamen under the posterior side of the eye, just above the lateral black markings.
Antennae broken but examined before damage. Antennae orange, a bit longer than head and
prothorax combined, consisting of scapus, pedicellus and 19 following segments. Scapus
flattened, pedicellus short and almost spherical. Following segments slightly setose. First
segment about as long as scapus. Segment II & III decreasing length, segments IV- VII
increasing again in length. After segment VII gradually reducing in size till segment XVIII,

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 62

A new species of Ophicrania, from Mindanao

last segment as long as segment XVII & XVIII combined.

Thorax: Dorsal surface of

thorax blue-green with orange
longitudinal markings on metanotum.

Edges of all dorsal segments orange.

Ventral surface uniform orange.

Prothorax shorter than head,
pronotum with a median transverse
and longitudinal groove forming a
cross. Mesothorax smooth and about
four thirds the length of the head and
prothorax combined. Cylindrical in
cross section, smallest diameter in
the centre. Metanotum about as long
as pronotum with a lateral raised area
that reaches the metacoxae.

Legs: Greenish-blue with small
scattered patches of blue-black and
with a setose ventral area, carinae
unlike male distinct but unarmed.

Apexes of all leg segments with
small area of orange colouration.

Only one foreleg present. Profemur
compressed and curved basally,
almost triangular in cross-section,
bearing one small spine subapically.

Mesofemora shorter, bearing three successive spines subapically. Metafemora reaching the
end of abdominal segment V, bearing four successive spines subapically. Tibia all unarmed.
Probasitarsus very long, longer than all tarsomeres combined. Basitarsi and all tarsomeres
with a very small spine at the apex. Tarsomeres gradually reducing in size. Claws curved,
arolia large reaching the end of the claws.

Abdomen: Deep blue-green with orange-
brown mark on dorsal surface of abdominal
segment VIII. Edges of all dorsal segments with
orange edges. Ventral surface of abdomen
uniform orange with connecting tissue between
dorsal and ventral plates a slightly darker orange.
Median segment a bit longer than metanotum.
Separated from the thorax by a transverse
depression at the end of the metanotum and by
lateral ridges.

Segment II about one third longer than median
segment. Segment II- VII more or less from the
same length. Segment VIII slightly shorter than
segment VII and segment IX slightly longer than
segment VII. Segment X with a dorsomedial ring
and rounded posteriorly. Cerci orange and about
as long as last segment. Operculum not passing
last segment, with a black pit on both sides
anteriorly. Praeopercular organ indistinct.

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 63

Bresseel & Bushell.

Ophicrania Sagittarius

HT, S
(IRSNB)

PT,(?

(BMNH & MG)

PT, $
(IRSNB)

Bodv:

52.9

41.2-51.8

69.8

Head:

4.4

4.4 - 4.5

7.1

Pronotum:

3.0

2.8 - 2.9

3.8

Mesonotum:

11.2

10.4-10.6

14.2

Metanotum:

2.8

2.7 -3.0

3.5

Median segment:

2.8

2.6 -2.9

4.2

Profemora:

19.7

18.4-19.0

23.6

Mesofemora:

11.2

10.0-10.9

13.3

Metafemora:

15.2

14.3-14.9

17.0

Protibiae:

20.4

18.8-19.2

25.3

Mesotibia

11.0

10.3 -10.5

13.5

Metatibia

15.1

14.0-15.2

17.0

Antennae:

16*

17.8-18.3

/

Table 1: measurements of Ophicrania Sagittarius sp. n. [mm]. *few segments missing.

Eggs (fig. 12-13)

Description: Capitulum missing but
conical like as in other Ophicrania
species. Capsule also typical for the
genus, laterally compressed and pitted
all over the surface. Posterior part of
ventral and dorsal side elevated,
forming a ‘split’ polar area with an
impression in the centre from lateral
perspective. General colouration of
capsule greyish to brown.

Micropylar plate small and
shaped in the form of a raindrop, with
in its centre a slightly elevated area.

Micropylar cup present and slightly
elevated. Micropylar plate coloured
like capsule, except for the outer
margin, the median line and the
central region which are reddish
brown.

Measurements (without capitulum): width 2mm; height: 2,1mm; length: 4,6mm.

Comments

The type specimens were found at Lake Agko Campsite, Mt. Apo, Mindanao, although they
have also been found in Tampakan during field trials (pers. comm. B. Mabanta). The area is
highland secondary rainforest with a large amount of biodiversity. When initially handled the
insects produced a milky fluid from defensive glands located in the front corners of the
prothorax. The scent of this fluid was reminiscent of peppermint, very similar to a number of
Megacrania spp. The insects were in plain view on the upper surface of the leaves. The

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 64

A new species of Ophicrania, from Mindanao

combination of their bright colour with the defensive fluid produced, would suggest that this
is a very effective deterrent against potential predators.

This species was found high up on pandan trees ( Pandanus sp.; Pandanaceae); because
of the considerable damage to these trees, it is probably their only foodplant. It is the first
record of a species not belonging to the genus Megacrania that is found to feed on Pandanus.
Recently, damage to pandan plants due to stick insects was reported from Panay island:
unfortunately the specimens collected in Panay were lost, but a specimen from Bohol was
identified “most probably” as Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896 (Lit & Eusebio, 2008).
Although according to Hsiung (2007) Megacrania alpheus (Westwood, 1859) is also present
in the Philippines and the type locality (Ceylon) is probably in error.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks go out to Benjie Mabanta (Manila, Philippines) for making research on the
Philippine Phasmatodea possible. Thanks to Ellen Caluwe (Londerzeel, Belgium) for
accompanying and assisting the authors. Marco Gottardo (Ferrara, Italy) is thanked for
providing measurements and data of his specimen. Thanks are due to Efren O. Sarmiento
(Tampakan, Philippines), Claire Dacanay (Tampakan, Philippines), Jose Sebua (General
Santos, Philippines) and Sagittarius Mines Inc. (SMI) for their help in Mindanao. Dr. Phil E.
Bragg (Nottinghamshire, England) and Frank H. Hennemann (Kaiserslautern, Germany) are
thanked for providing necessary literature, comments and data.

References

Clark-Sellick, J.T. (1997) Descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule, with an
extended key to the phasmid genera based on egg structure. Systematic Entomology , 22: 97-
122 .

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu
(Borneo).

Brock, P. (1999) Stick and Leaf Insects of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore . Malayan
Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

Bruner, L. (1915) Preliminary catalogue of the orthopteroid insects of the Philippine Islands.
University studies of the University of Lincoln, Nebraska. 15(2): 195-281.

Gunther, K. (1929) Die Phasmoi'den der Deutschen Kaiserin Augusta-Fluss-Expedition
1912/13. Ein Beitrag Zur Kenntnis der Phasmoi'denfauna Neuguineas. Mitteilungen aus dem
Zoologischen Museum, Berlin, 14: 600-747.

Gunther K. (1932) Beitrage zur Systematik und Geschichte der Phasmoidenfauna Ozeaniens.
Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum, Berlin. 17: 753-835.

Gunther, K. (1937) Uber einige Orthopteren von den Salomon-Inseln und von Vanikoro.
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. 8(3):3-10.

Hsiung C. (2007) Revision of the genus Megacrania Kaup (Cheleutoptera: Phasmatidae).
Journal of Orthoptera Research. 16(2):207-221.

Kaup J.J. (1871) Ueber die Eier der Phasmiden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung. 15: 17-24
Lit, I.L. & Eusebio, O.L. (2008) A New Species of the Genus Pharnacia (Phasmatodea:
Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae: Pharnaciini) on Mango Trees in Sibuyan Island with Notes on
Stick Insects Found on Agricultural Crops. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist , 91(2): 115-
122.

Otte, D. & Brock, P. (2005): Phasmid Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the
World. The Insect Diversity Association and the Academy of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia.

Phasmid Studies, 17(2): 65

Reviews and Abstracts

Phasmid Abstracts

The following abstracts briefly summarise articles that have recently appeared in other
publications, or articles published since 1992 that have only recently come to the attention of the
editor. Some of these may be available from local libraries. Others will be available in university
or college libraries, many of these libraries allow non-members to use their facilities for reference
purposes free of charge.

The editor of Phasmid Studies would welcome recent abstracts from authors so that they may be
included in forthcoming issues. In the case of publications specialising in phasmids, such as
Phasma, only the longer papers are summarised.

Note on Phasma numbers 69 & 70. Numbers 69 and 70 of Phasma were both marked
“nummer 69” and both were dated “juni 2008”. Volume 70 was published in August 2008 and
had a photograph of Phenacephorus sepilokensis on the cover. In the abstracts below 70 is used
for the second issue that was numbered 69.

Bote, H. (2008) Die Stabschrecke Pharnacia ponderosa Stal, 1877 - Haltung und Zucht.
Arthropoda, 16(2) 12-13. [in German]

Discusses rearing and breeding Pharnacia ponderosa Stal. The male, female, egg, and
spermatophore are illustrated.

Bragg, P.E. (2008) The first description of the male and egg of Syringodes rubicundus (de
Haan, 1842) (Phasmida: Diapheromeridae: Necrosciinae). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden ,
82(24): 255-260.

The female of Syringodes rubicundus (de Haan, 1842) from Borneo is redescribed, and
the egg and male are described and illustrated for the first time.

Bragg, P.E. & Zompro, O. (2008) Biografie van phasmatologen: Klaus Gunther. Phasma ,
18(69) 14-19. [in Dutch].

Klaus Gunther (1907-1975) was a prolific phasmid taxonomist. His life and phasmid
work is outlined. He described 24 new genera and 146 new species or subspecies of
Phasmida and illustrated most of those species. His arrangement of the families, subfamilies
and tribes of phasmids (1953) remained almost unchanged for 50 years. [This is a Dutch
translation of Bragg P.E. & Zompro, O. (2007) Biographies of Phasmatologists - 6. Klaus
Gunther. Phasmid Studies , 16(2): 25-33.]

Brock, P.D., Hennemann, F.H. & Morgan, B. (2008) Acanthomenexenus Brock &
Hennemann, a new genus of stick insect, following discovery of the stunning male of
Menexenus polyacanthus from Sangihe (Phasmida: Diapheromeridae: Lonchodinae). Le
bulletin d’ Arthropoda, 36: 3-15.

Variation in the female of Menexenus polyacanthus Dohrn, 1910 (Diapheromeridae:
Lonchodinae) from Sangihe is commented on, and the egg and spectacular male are described
and illustrated for the first time. This has resulted in transfer to a new genus
Acanthomenexenus, where it is proposed that several former Menexenus species from
Sulawesi belong.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 66

Pliasniid abstracts

Buckley, T.R., Attanayake, D. & Bradler, S. (2008) Extreme convergence in stick insect
evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the
Royal Society, B., 1552: 1-8.

The ‘tree lobsters’ are an enigmatic group of robust, ground-dwelling stick insects
(order Phasmatodea) from the subfamily Eurycanthinae, distributed in New Guinea, New
Caledonia and associated islands. Its most famous member is the Lord Howe Island stick
insect Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier), which was believed to have become extinct but
was rediscovered in 2001 and is considered to be one of the rarest insects in the world. To
resolve the evolutionary position of Dryococelus , we constructed a phylogeny from
approximately 2.4 kb of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from representatives of all
major phasmatodean lineages. Our data placed Dryococelus and the New Caledonian tree
lobsters outside the New Guinean Eurycanthinae as members of an unrelated Australasian
stick insect clade, the Lanceocercata. These results suggest a convergent origin of the ‘tree
lobster’ body form. Our reanalysis of tree lobster characters provides additional support for
our hypothesis of convergent evolution. We conclude that the phenotypic traits leading to the
traditional classification are convergent adaptations to ground-living behaviour. Our
molecular dating analyses indicate an ancient divergence (more than 22 Myr ago) between
Dryococelus and its Australian relatives. Hence, Dryococelus represents a long-standing
separate evolutionary lineage within the stick insects and must be regarded as a key taxon to
protect with respect to phasmatodean diversity.

Cliquennois, N. (2008) Revision des Anisacanthidae, famille endemique de phasmes de
Madagascar (Phasmatodea : Bacilloidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France,
(N.S.), 44(1): 59-85. [in French].

Review of Anisacanthidae, stick insects family endemic to Madagascar (Phasmatodea:
Bacilloidea). The Malagasy family Anisacanthidae is subdivided into three groups:
Anisacanthinae, Leiophasmatinae n.subfam. and Xerantherinae n.subfam. The
Anisacanthinae include Anisacantha Redtenbacher 1906, Paranisacantha n.gen.,
Parectatosoma Wood-Mason 1879, Somacantha n.gen. The Leiophasmatinae include
Leiophasma Uvarov 1940 and probably Amphiphasma n.gen. The Xerantherinae include
Archantherix n.gen., Cenantherix n. gen., Parorobia Chopard 1952 and Xerantherix Brancsik
1893. Pseudoleosthenes Redtenbacher 1906 is transferred to the family Damasippoididae.

Conle, O.V. Hennemann, F.H. & Perez-Gelabert, D.E. (2008) Studies on neotropical
Phasmatodea II: Revision of the genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906, with the descriptions of
seven new species (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae). Zootaxa, 1748:
1-64.

The genus Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 is revised at the species-level, based upon
examination of all necessary type-material and extensive material housed in ANSP, CMNH
and USNM mainly collected on nine expeditions to the Dominican Republic, including
collections at 280 sites distributed throughout the country. A re-description of the genus and
detailed descriptions of all 13 known species are provided. Seven new species are described
and illustrated: Malacomorpha bastardoae n. sp., M. macaya n. sp., M. hispaniola n. sp., M.
minima n. sp., M. multipunctata n. sp. & M. obscura n. sp. from Hispaniola and M. sanchezi
n. sp. from Puerto Rico. The eggs of M. bastardoae n. sp., M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859), M.
jamaicana (Redtenbacher, 1906), M. multipunctata n. sp., M. obscura n. sp., M. sanchezi n.
sp., and M. spinicollis (Burmeister, 1838) are described and illustrated, those of the four latter
species for the first time. According to the original description and distribution Phasma
graveolens King, 1867 is obviously a synonym of M. cyllarus (Westwood, 1859), and not a

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 67

Phasniid abstracts

synonym of Anismorpha buprestoides (Stoll, 1813) as stated by previous authors (n. syn.). A
lectotype is designated for Phasma spinicollis Burmeister, 1838.

The newly described species, M. longipennis (Redtenbacher, 1906) and M. Hispaniola
n. sp. in particular, prove the genera Pseudolcyphides Karny, 1923 (Type-species: Phasma
spinicollis Burmeister, 1838) and Alloeophasma Redtenbacher, 1906 (Type-species:
Anophelepis poeyi Saussure, 1868) to be synonyms of Malacomorpha Rehn, 1906 (n. syn.).
Consequently, the type species of both genera are here transferred to Malacomorpha Rehn,
1906 (n. comb.). The genus now contains apterous, brachypterous and pterous species
restricted to the Greater Antilles and Bahamas.

Eilmus, S. (2008) Bermerkungen zur Regeneration eines Beines anstelle einer Antenne bei
Phasmiden. Arthropoda, 16(1): 83.

A brief review of antennae regeneration in phasmids.

Eusebio O.L., Lit , I.L. & Vorkel, I. (2004) First description of the male of Phasmotaenia
elongata Zompro & Eusebio (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) with notes on its host plants and a
revised key to the species of Phasmotaenia Navas. Philippinne Agricultural Scientist, 87(2):
191-195. *

The stick and leaf insects are interesting arthropods especially in the tropics but they are
not well known in the Philippines. They are classified under the order Phasmatodea and
include some pest species. Stick and leaf insects are large to very large chewing insects and
are known to many as “masters of camouflage” because of their remarkable resemblance to
sticks or leaves. A recently discovered species, Phasmotaenia elongata Zompro and Eusebio,
was described based on adult females, nymphs and eggs collected from pine trees in Benguet.
No male was available at the time it was described as new to science.

Accurate descriptions of all forms and stages of stick insects are important in
identifying individuals in the field and in museum collections. They allow us to differentiate
males from females, which is vital in studying how the organism reproduces and behaves
sexually. These aspects of stick insect biology are, in turn, essential in further researches,
whether for pest management, in case of potential pests, or for biodiversity conservation,
especially for species that are found only in the Philippines or those that are endangered.

More recently, a male from Benguet province, the type locality of P. elongata, was collected
on agoho, Casuarina equisetifolia L. The male of P. elongata differs from that of P.
lanyuhensis Huang & Brock, a species from Taiwan, in having longer antennae, shorter
appendages found at the tip of the abdomen and a smaller body size. The definition of the
genus Phasmotaenia is modified to accommodate new information from the Philippine
species, and a taxonomic key to its known species is provided to facilitate their identification.

Fritzsche, I. (2008) Zur Entdeckung von Malacomorpha guamuhayaense Zompro &
Fritzsche, 2008. Arthropoda , 16(1): 38. [in German].

An account of the discovery of Malacomorpha guamuhayaense Zompro & Fritzsche,

2008.

Ghiselli, F., Milani, L., Scab, V., & Passamonti, M. (2007) The Leptynia hispanica species
complex (Insecta Phasmida): polyploidy, parthenogenesis, hybridization and more. Molecular
Ecology, 16(20) 4256-4268.

The Leptynia hispanica stick insect species complex includes bisexuals, triploid and
tetraploid parthenogenetic populations, suggesting that polyploidy has played a central role in
the evolution of this complex. An analysis of karyotype, mitochondrial DNA (cox2) and
nuclear DNA (efl -alpha) markers was carried out to clarify phylogenetic relationships and

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 68

Phasniid abstracts

microevolutionary/phylogeographical patterns of the L. hispanica complex. Our analyses
suggested a subdivision of bisexual populations into four groups, tentatively proposed as
incipient species. Moreover, triploids and tetraploids showed two independent origins, the
latter being more ancient than the former. From efl -alpha analysis, triploids showed hybrid
constitution, while the hybrid constitution of tetraploids is likely, but more data are needed.
We suggest that L. hispanica is a case of 'geographical parthenogenesis' with parthenogenetic
strains colonizing large peripheral ranges, and bisexuals confined to glacial refuge areas.
Moreover, the age, wide distribution and competitive advantage of polyploids over diploids,
demonstrate their significance in the evolution of the L. hispanica species complex.

GroBer, D. (2008) First description of a new species of Chitoniscus Stal, 1875 since 100
years (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae). Arthropoda, 16(1): 32.

A new species of Chitoniscus Stal, 1875 (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Phylliidae) and its egg
are described and figured from Sarramea, New Caledonia, for the first time: Chitoniscus
sarramaeansis GroBer, n.sp.

GroBer, D. (2008) Erstnachzucht einer Chitoniscus- Art: Chitoniscus sarramaeansis GroBer,
2008. Arthropoda, 16(1): 33-35. [in German]

Describes the rearing of Chitoniscus sarramaeansis GroBer, 2008.

GroBer, D. (2008) Interessante Arten der Wandelnden Blatter aus Borneo (Phasmatodea).
Arthropoda, 16(2): 86. [in German]

Comments on some Phyllium spp. from Borneo.

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2009) Studies on the genus Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907,
with the descriptions of five new species from the Solomon Islands, a revised key to the
species and notes on its geographic distribution (Phasmatodea: “Anareolatae”: Phasmatidae s.
/.: Stephanacridini). Zootaxa, 2011: 1-46.

The genus Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907 (type-species: Taeniosoma sanchezi Bolivar,
1897) is currently known only from the Philippine Islands and Taiwan, but here shown to
extend eastwards as far as to the Solomon Islands, Northern New Guinea and even Fiji. A
taxonomic review of the genus, and updated keys to the species are presented.

The type-species of Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907, P. sanchezi (Bolivar, 1897) from
Luzon, Philippines is shown to have been misinterpreted by previous authors. This has
resulted in the description of the here revealed junior synonym Phasmotaenia elongata
Zompro & Eusebio, 2000 (n.syn.). A survey of the intraspecific variation of P. sanchezi
(Bolivar, 1897) is provided along with illustrations of the holotype. Phasmotaenia australe
(Gunther, 1933) from the Solomon Islands is removed from synonymy with Phasmotaenia
godeffroyi (Redtenbacher, 1908). From Micronesia and shown to be a distinct and valid
species. Both species are transferred to Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907. Examination of the
paratypes of P. australe (Gunther, 1933) has revealed these to represent two different species
distinct from the holotype, one of which is described as new herein ( P . guentheri n.sp.). The
male of P. australe is described and illustrated for the first time, and re-descriptions are
presented of the female and egg along with notes on its considerable intraspecific variability.
Stephanacris laeviceps Hennemann & Conle, 2006 from New Guinea (Mt. Doorman) and
Hermarchus inermis Redtenbacher, 1908 from Fiji are transferred to Phasmotaenia Navas,
1907. A lectotype is designated for Hermarchus inermis Redtenbacher, 1908.

Five new species from the Solomon Islands are described and illustrated: P. bukaense
n.sp. (Buka Id.), P. guentheri n.sp. (Makira Id.), P. salomonense n.sp. (Bougainville Id. &
Santa Isbel Id.), P. spinosa n.sp. (Malaita Id.) and P. virgea n.sp. (New Georgia Id.). While

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 69

Phasniid abstracts

the females and eggs of all five species are recognized, the males of P. guentheri n.sp., P.
bukaense n.sp. and P. salomonense n.sp. remain as yet undescribed.

The genus now contains eleven described species and the geographic distribution is
shown to extend from Lanyuh Island southeast of Taiwan and the Philippines over
Micronesia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands as far as Fiji in the east. This interesting
distributional pattern is briefly discussed under the aspect of biogeography and taking the
geology of the concerned regions into account. A modified and extended description of the
genus Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907 and differentiation from related genera is provided along
with updated keys to the eleven species currently known. Two further so far unnamed species
from the Philippines (Luzon) and the Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) are recognized but not
formally described.

Hsiung, C.C. (2001) Megacrania species in Indonesia (Cheleutoptera: Phasmatodea). Journal
of Orthoptera Research 10(2): 293-301.

Two new species of Megacrania Kaup are described and compared with other related
species. There are now three confirmed species in Indonesia. Megacrania brochi Hsiung
from Key and Obi Islands, and M. rentzi Hsiung from Tandjjong, Borneo are compared with
M. wegneri Willemse from Obi, M. alpheus Bates (mislabelled as ‘Ceylon’), M. batesii Kirby
from Bismark Is. and M. tsudai Shiraki from Taiwan.

Hsiung, C.C. (2003) Two new species of Megacrania Kaup (Cheleutoptera: Phasmatodea)
from the Admiralty Islands. Journal of Orthoptera Research 12 : 31-35.

Six specimens collected in the Admiralty Islands are described as two new species; four
specimens are named M. vickeri Hsiung, the other two as M. artus Hsiung. They are
compared with the most closely related species of Megacrania, alpheus, batesii and rentzi.

Hsiung, C.C. & Yang, J.T. (2000) Systematic study of Megacrania species of Australia
(Cheleutoptera: Phasmatodea). Journal of Orthoptera Research 9 : 71-75.

The single Megacrania species of Australia is described and compared with M. tsudai
Shiraki, M. wegneri Willemse and the lectotype of M. batesii Kirby, with the conclusion that
it is M. batesii.

Hsiung, C.C. (2007) Revision of the genus Megacrania Kaup (Cheleutoptera: Phasmatidae).
Journal of Orthoptera Research , 16(2) 207-221.

The genus Megacrania Kaup is revised. Types or paratypes of all species were
examined. Two new species, Megacrania obscuris and Megacrania spina, are described and
illustrated. A key is given to the species.

Junker, R.R., Itioka, T., Bragg, P.E. & Bliithgen, N. (2008) Feeding Preferences of
Phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) in a Bornean Dipterocarp Forest. The Raffles Bulletin of
Zoology, 56(2): 445-452.

Stick and leaf insects (Phasmida) from 19 species (53 individuals) were collected in a
lowland dipterocarp forest (Lambir Hills, Sarawak, Malaysia). Dual-choice tests were
conducted to examine whether phasmids discriminate between young and old leaves of seven
plant species. A second set of tests examined the preferences of phasmids for leaves from
Dryobalanops lanceolata (Dipterocarpaceae) saplings versus leaves from the upper canopy of
the same tree species. Haaniella echinata and other flightless species (Heteropterygidae and
Lonchodinae) fed on nearly all plant species offered and showed significant preferences for
old leaves in three plant species. In contrast, flying phasmids (Aschiphasmatinae and
Necrosciinae) rejected leaves from most plants and did not show consistent leaf age choices.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 70

Phasniid abstracts

H. echinata and flightless phasmids preferred canopy leaves from D. lanceolata over leaves
from saplings, regardless of leaf age. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that young
leaves of some plant species are better defended against generalist herbivores than old leaves
and that saplings are better defended than adult trees. Since upper canopy leaves were highly
palatable to understorey phasmids, factors other than chemical defences must contribute to the
low abundance of phasmids in forest canopies.

Klug, R. & Klass, K.D. (2007) The potential value of the mid-abdominal musculature and
nervous system in the reconstruction of interordinal relationships in lower neoptera.
Arthropod Sy st ematics and Phytogeny, 65(1): 73-100.

The mid-abdominal musculature and its innervation are compared for several lower
neopteran "orders"; data on Embioptera and Mantophasmatodea are presented for the first
time. For the sclerotisations, the musculature, and the nervous system of the mid-abdomen
general descriptions are given, and general aspects of homologisation in these elements are
explained; for the lateral muscles the distinction of three groups innervated by the T-, B-, or
C-nerves is confirmed. Differences in the musculature and nervous system of the lower
neopteran lineages are discussed and evaluated with regard to their phylogenetic implications.
Conditions in Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, and Zygentoma are partly included in the
discussion. Several characters were found to be informative on interordinal relationships.
Plecoptera have features probably plesiomorphic at the neopteran level: the origin of nerve A
in front of the ganglion and the innervation of intrasegmental lateral muscles by nerve A; this
may support the monophyly of a taxon comprising all other Neoptera. The hyperneural
muscle found in many Dictyoptera also appears as a uniquely plesiomorphic structure (at the
pterygotan level). The co-occurrence of two specific lateral muscles supplied by nerve B as
well as certain subdivisions in the lateral muscles may support a clade Phasmatodea +
Embioptera. We also point to character systems that appear informative on the internal
phylogeny of order-level taxa, such as the relationships between nerves T and M in
Plecoptera, the ventral musculature in Ensifera, the dorsal musculature in Dermaptera, and
details of the hyperneural muscle in Dictyoptera. Besides the very low number of taxa
studied so far, major problems still persistent in the use of mid-abdominal characters for
phylogenetic work are (1) the insufficient knowledge on topographic homologies for the
lateral cuticular areas of the mid-abdomen; (2) lacking knowledge on the neuronal structural
level of the mid-abdominal nervous system; (3) difficulties in the homologisation of muscles
and nerves between Pterygota and the apterygote Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, which are
partly due to the presence of a system of non-cuticular tendons in the latter and limit outgroup
comparison for Pterygota.

Kohn, J. (2008) Eine MiBbildung bei der Gespenstschrecke Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay,
1827), Arthropoda, 16(1): 82.

Notes and photographs of an Extatosoma tiaratum which lost an antenna and
regenerated it as a foot.

Lit, I.O. & Eusebio, O.L. (2008) First description of the male of Sungaya inexpectata
Zompro, 1996 (Phasmatodea: Heteroptergidae: Obrimini). Arthropoda, 16(2) 40-42.

The adult male of the stick insect Sungaya inexpectatu Zompro, 1996 is described for
the first time. This is based on a collection of several individuals from the Province of Bataan
(new locality record). This monotypic genus is so far known to be endemic to the
Philippines, with the original material of the type speciess, inexpectuta collected from
Sungay, Tagaytay City, Cavite Province. These two places are both on the western side of
Luzon Island. The discovery of this species in the Lamao Forest Reserve, an area being

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 71

Phasmid abstracts

considered for eco-tourism, provides an insight that there may be more endemic species in
that area and that future eco-tourism activities, if unavoidable, should place special
considerations to ensure the survival and protection of species such as S. inexpectata.

Marske, K.A., Ivie, M.A. & Hilton, G.M. (2007) Effects of volcanic ash on the forest
canopy insects of Montserrat, West Indies. Environmental Entomology , 36(4): 817-825.

The impact of ash deposition levels on canopy arthropods was studied on the West
Indian island of Montserrat, the site of an ongoing volcanic eruption since 1995. Many of the
island's natural habitats have been buried by volcanic debris, and remaining forests regularly
receive volcanic ash deposition. To test the effect of ash on canopy arthropods, four study
sites were sampled over a 15 -mo period. Arthropod samples were obtained using canopy
fogging, and ash samples were taken from leaf surfaces. Volcanic ash has had a significant
negative impact on canopy arthropod populations, but the decline is not shared equally by all
taxa present, and total population variation is within the variance attributed to other aboitic
and biotic factors. The affected populations do not differ greatly from those of the
neighbouring island of St. Kitts, which has not been subject to recent volcanic activity. This
indicates that observed effects on Montserrat's arthropod fauna have a short-term acute
response to recent ash deposition rather than a chronic depression caused by repeated
exposure to ash over the last decade.

Muranyi, D. (2007) Peruphasma marmoratum, a remarkable new species of high montane
Phasmatodea (Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae) from the Venezuelan Andes. Zootaxa
1398: 57-67.

A remarkable new species of high montane Phasmatodea (Pseudophasmatidae:
Pseudophasmatinae), Peruphasma marmoratum sp.n. from the Venezuelan Andes is
described and illustrated from both sexes. The species of Peruphasma Conle & Hennemann,
2002, which were excluded by Zompro (2004) are confirmed as belonging to the genus. The
new species differs from all other members of the genus by the presence of tubercles on the
mesonotum. Affinities, ecological and distributional notes, and notes on other Anisomorphini
from Venezuela are presented.

Simoens, R. & Rabaey, K. (2008) Onze siertuin-voedselplantentuin. Deel 2: Lente in de
tuin! Phasma , 18(69): 10-13. [in Dutch].

Foodplants in springtime. After a cold winter and a "winter-diet" for our phasmids
finally spring came. The "winter-foodplants" get new growth but also "summer-plants" are
re-growing and are getting ready to serve as foodplant and variation. Again, we try to take
care of the ornamental value. Also certain weeds can be of use and as phasmid breeders we
also see the ornamental value of those plants.

Simoens, R. & Rabaey, K. (2008) Aschiphasmatini of Diamanttakjes. Phasma , 18(69): 20-
22. [in Dutch].

Although giving common names to phasmids is not advisable because of confusion, the
authors want to call all Aschiphasmatini "Diamond sticks". Two reasons are explained: then-
tiny shiny appearance and it's a nice name to make them more popular amongst phasmid
breeders. For the moment five different species are kept in captivity but there is not much
enthusiasm for these less known species. This article is a plea to breed Aschiphasmatini with
breeding information.

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 72

Phasniid abstracts

Simoens, R. & Rabaey, K. (2008) Onze siertuin-voedselplantentuin. Deel 3: Zomer.

Phasma , 18(70): 5-6. [in Dutch]

Summertime offers a broad variety of foodplants. A lot of ornamental plants can be
offered now so that winter foodplants can grow. We offer a "summer diet" with high quality
value, although it is not known that phasmids care about the quality. Summertime is perfect;
we may not forget the spiders and their cocoons of course. We think further ahead,
wintertime is far away but it is now the time to prepare, especially collecting acorns to
provide oak in winter. As we described in the previous P/zasraa-newsletters a lot of possible
foodplants, we will now highlight the ornamental part.

Strybosch, J. (2008) Species report 17: PSG 118 Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher, 1906).
Phasma , 18(70): 7-8. [in Dutch]

Aretaon asperrimus is a nice looking species and easy to breed in captivity. Originally
the species was named Obrimus asperrimus Redtenbacher, 1906 and the first females were
found at Mount Kinabalu (Sabah). Rehn & Rehn, 1938 changed the name to Aretaon
asperrimus. They were found on several places: Tawau, Poring, Inanam, Ulu Moyog but also
on the island of Palawan Philippines. This report is handy for breeders who are interested in
culturing this species.

Zompro, O. (2008) Zur Entdeckung von Sungaya inexpectata Zompro, 1996. Arthropoda ,
16(2): 41. [in German].

An account of the discovery of Sungaya inexpectata Zompro, 1996 in the Philippines in

1995.

Zompro, O. & Fritzsche, I. (2008) A new phasmid from Cuba Malacomorpha
guamuhayaense n.sp. (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae). Arthropoda , 16(1): 36-37.

Malacomorpha guamuhayaense Zompro & Fritzsche, n.sp. (Phasmatodea:
Pseudophasmatidae: Anisomorphini), is described from Cuba .

Phasmid Studies, 17 ( 2 ): 73