SHIPS  AND  CARGO SURVEY	595
being raised on the cargo as security. It differs from bottomry
in the fact that the cargo is pledged as security, and that, even
though the ship might be a total loss, if enough cargo was saved,
the bond would have to be repaid.
Salvage.—An allowance or compensation paid to those who,
by their efforts, have saved a vessel or goods from being lost.
Survey—Of Hatches.—The hatches should be surveyed before
opening, and should be opened in the presence of the surveyor,
A certificate should be obtained from him certifying to this fact;
also when the ship is full of cargo the certificate should state that on
lifting the hatches the vessel was found to be quite full. This may
be valuable in case of a claim for short delivery of cargo
Of Cargo.—Damaged cargo should be surveyed before being
disturbed so that the surveyor or surveyors may determine whether
it has been properly stowed and dunnaged, etc. If the damage
arises from insufficient dunnage or bad stowage the ship is liable for
the amount of damage. Particulars as to the amount and extent
of damage should be certified before the cargo leaves the vessel.
Of Vessels.—If a vessel receives material damage through
stress of weather, stranding, or other causes, a survey should be
held. The survey certificate should state fully the particulars of
damage, how caused, and recommendations as to what must be
done.
When repairs are completed a second survey should be held, and
a certificate of seaworthiness obtained before proceeding to sea.
For such surveys, wherever there are competent surveyors to
the Lloyd's Register, it is desirable that they be called in with the
approval of Lloyd's agents, and the co-operation and approval,
so far as possible, of any surveyor called in on behalf of underwriters
or special officer appointed by a Salvage Association on behalf of
underwriters should be obtained.
Surveyors.—At some ports there are licensed surveyors who
are specially employed on these duties. For surveying cargo, at
least one shipmaster or other person of nautical experience should
be employed. For survey of ship, two shipmasters or, in tfceir
absence, two other qualified persons.
- All surveyors must be disinterested parties.