KNOTS AND BENDS *

(1) Whippings.—The end of a rope must always be secured in some
way, or it is evident from its construction that it will, on the slightest
usage, become frayed out The commonest method is by working on an
ordinary whipping, which is done as follows:—First lay the end of a
length of twine along the end of the rope, and then commencing at the
part furthest from the rope's end take a half dozen or more turns around
both the rope and twine end (Fig. 4). Then lay the twine in the form of
a loop along the rope and over the turns already taken, as in Fig. 5. To
finish off take that portion of the loop designated a, and continue
taking turns tightly round the rope and part b of the twine until the
loop is nearly all used up; pull through the remainder snugly by part c,
and cut off short when no end of twine will be visible as in Fm 6.

Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig, 7,
Whippings.
(2) A Palm and Needle Whipping (Fig. 7) is a more permanent way of
securing a rope's end from fraying than the common whipping put on
by hand. First, place the needle under one of the strands and draw
nearly the whole length of twine through. Take a considerable number
of turns round the rope with the twine, drawing each well taut in turn,
, and finish up by following round with the needle between each strand,
forming a series of frappings, and cut off the end of the twine short*
(3) A West Country Whipping is formed by middling the twine
around the part of the rope to be marked and half knotting it at every
half turn, so that each half knot will be on opposite sides, When a
sufficient number of turns are passed, finish it off with a reef knot.
Considering that we now have at our disposal a small sized rope
with the end whipped, we will at once proceed to the formation of th<*
)t most elementary knots and hitches, namely, those formed by a single
en<t