CHAPTER VII.
ANCHORS AND CABLES.
Anchors are made of forged wrought iron, or forged open hearth
ingot steel, or cast steel and are marked on the crown (or head) and
shank showing the maker's name or initials, progressive number, and
weight. All anchors are tested as to their strength, the strain imposed
on them varying with their size.
All cast steel anchors are also subjected to percussive., hammering,
and bending tests. They must also be annealed and stamped "Annealed
Steel."
All steamers, except very small ones, have to carry two bower
anchor^, also one spare bower anchor, and a stream anchor. Sailing
vessels have to carry the same, with a kedge in addition. The stream
anchor is about one-third the weight of the bower.
The spare anchors are stowed and well secured in some convenient
position where they can easily be got at* The spare bower is carried
on the forecastle-head or fore deck. In steamers where it is likely to
be required for stern moorings, the stream anchor is generally carried aft.
Some vessels have been fitted with a windlass, stream, chain and a
hawsepipe at the stern when specially equipped for trading to ports
where stern moorings are required.
The principal parts of an anchor are shank, crown, arms, flukes or
palms, bills or peas, stock, ring or shackle, forelocks. (See illustrations
on next page.)
The weight of a steamer's anchors depends on the size and type
of the vessel. The following is a rough approximation. In some cases
one bower and the spare bower may be less than the given weights.
Length Bower anchors Stockless Stream anchor
of vessel without stock anchors without stock
0n feet) (in cwts.) (in cwts.) (in cwts.)
290 28J 35J 9i
375 42 52J 14
480 65 81J 23J
In small steamers the anchors will be lighter, and in very large
steamers much heavier than the weights given above.
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