100 NICHOLLS'S SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE
The sides of the ship must be protected by rails locked togethei
fore and aft and held in position by good baulks of timber placed vertically
against them, the whole being wedged up tight.
The upper tiers should be laid solid fore-and-aft with good heavy
planks placed athwartships on top of them, and well "tornmed down"
from the deck beams above them.
Good chain lashings should be used at the ends of each hold to
prevent any movement or working of the iron when tbc ship dives into
a head sea.
About a third of the weight should be carried in the 'tween decks.
Too much weight must not be placed at the extreme ends of the
vessel.
It would be necessary to examine the "toms" and chain lashings
frequently during the passage as they are Likely to work loose. Should
they do so they must, of course, be tightly wedged up again.
10. How would you stow a ground tier of casks or barrels?
I would stow each barrel fore and aft on two good beds of sufficient
thickness to keep the bilge clear of the floor, and put quoins under
each quarter. When stowing alongside the keelson, I would' keep the
bilge clear of it by putting stout pieces of wood, upright or vertical,
between each quarter and the keelson. I would see that when stowed
the bung was on top, and be careful to keep the tier strictly leveL
After stowing the *wmg barrels, I would fill up any space left with
dunnage in order to secure the cargo.
llj, How would you stow the riding tiers?
In the cantlines of the lower tier, each barrel lying on the quarters
of four barrels below it.
12. How would you stow a ground tier of barrels containing dry goods,
such as cement, flour, etc. ?
I would dunnage the floor and then stow the barrels fore and aft,
resting evenly on the dunnage. When placing them I would see that the
pieces of wood forming the head were vertical, so as not to be so liable
to split with the weight of the riding tiers.
Note.—Barrels containing liquids are made so that the grain of the
in the head is in a line with the bung, so that when stowed bung
up the head pieces are vertical.