PANTING ARRANGEMENTS

461

the chain locker bulkhead, collision bulkhead, floors, breasthooks,
crutches and transom (Figure 50).

Breasthooks and Crutches are horizontal plates fitted at the forward
and after extremities of vessels, and riveted to the ends of stringers and
keelsons on each side, thereby joining the two sides of the vessel together.
They are termed breasthooks when in the bow, and crutches when in
the stern. Breasthooks and crutches are also formed by the junction
of the stringer plates themselves at the ends of a vessel.

-The Strengthening of the Bows.

The Stern Frame consists of the propeller post and rudder post. These
two important parts of a single screw steamer are commonly forged or
cast in one piece, though sometimes they are made in different pieces
and "scarphed" together.
The body post is made of curved form at the top and bottom where
it merges into the rudder post, the space between the two forming the
screw aperture.
In large screw steamers the body post is also extended above the^