4:84 NICHOLLS'S SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE
QUESTIONS.
1. Describe the different stresses a ship is subjected to when she
is working in a seaway.
2. What stresses would be experienced when the ship is (a) pitching
into a head sea; (6) rolling heavily in a beam sea?
3. Name the parts of a vessel specially designed to take up (a)
longitudinal stresses; (b) transverse stresses; (c) racking stresses.
4. What faulty distribution of cargo would produce (a) hogging;
(6) sagging; (c) collapsing stresses?
5. What is meant by "panting"? What parts of the vessel are
most subjected to panting and what structural arrangements are made
to resist it?
6. Name the several components of (a) transverse framing; (6) longi-
tudinal framing.
7. Which is the most important item in a vessel's structure, and
why?
8. Sketch and describe (a) a bar keel; (b) a flat plate keel. State
why the latter is preferred.
9. What is a "floor?"
10. Show by means of a sketch how a frame, and reversed frame,
are connected to a floor plate.
11. Describe any sections, other than frame and reversed frame,
used for transverse framing.
12. How are transverse beams connected to the heads of frames?
13. Sketch several forms of beam knees.
14. What is the function of a pillar?
15. Describe a centre plate keelson and state why it is built excep-
tionally strong.
16. What is a (a) a rider plate; (6) a foundation plate; (c) a lug piece?
17. Show by a sketch how a watertight connection is made between
the stringer plate and the shell plating at a weather deck.
18. Are all strakes of shell plating the same thickness; if not, how
do they usually vary?
19. What is a Mclntyre tank? Show by a sketch its general
construction.
20. Why is the cellular double bottom system of construction
preferred to the Mclntyre system?