4:86 NICEOLLS'S SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE
43. What is a "deep" tank?
44. Describe the special structural arrangements of a deep tank,
45. Can deep tanks be completely filled with water by the same
method as D.B. tanks; if not, what may the reason be?
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46. The cargo has just been discharged out of a deep tank, describe
exactly what should be done before the order is given to fill it with
water.
47. What are the structural disadvantages of hatch openings?
48. Describe a method whereby hatch coamings are stiffened and
strengthened.
49. How is loss of strength due to cutting transverse beaCms in
way of deck openings restored?
50. What are half beams? How, and to what are their inner ends
connected?
51. How is a watertight connection made between a hatch coaming
and the deck plating?
52. Sketch an arrangement of portable hatchway beams and fore
and afters.
53* In what way do hatch openings affect the seaworthiness ot a
vessel in bad weather?
54. How is shell plating connected to the stem bar?
55. Describe a method of stiffening the bow of a vessel to resist
panting.
56. What are "breasthooks," "crutches," "panting beams?"
57. Sketch the stern frame of a steamship and name its different parts.
58. Where are the transom frame and the transom floor?
59 What are cant frames and cant beams?
60. Sketch the outlines of an elliptical stern and a cruiser stern,
and state the advantages and disadvantages of each.
61. Describe a single plate rudder and how it is supported.
62. What takes the weight of the rudder? What is considered to
be the angle of maximum steering efficiency and what prevents the
rudder going beyond that angle?
63. What is meant by the "centre of pressure" of a rudder and where
about is it situated?
64. Describe some forms of rudders and state some of the advantages
claimed for them.