578 NICHOLLS'S SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE

require it; and into any cases of the wreck or abandonment of a

The Naval Court must be properly constituted, and shall consist
of at least three members, one of whom shall be a naval officer not
below the rank of Lieutenant, one a Consular officer, and one a
British shipmaster.
These several courts have similar powers and may cancel or
suspend the certificates of masters, mates and engineers, remove any
members of the crew, impose fines and punishment for mis-
demeanours ; in short, all the powers of a court of summary
jurisdiction.
" A Court of Survey " consists of a judge or magistrate and
two assessors, either nautical or engineer, or persons having special
qualifications to investigate the question at issue.
The Court deals with complaints regarding the seaworthiness
of the vessel and her equipment and cargo, and has powers to
order the inspection of every part of the ship, the removal of her
cargo, and to detain or release the ship as the court may decide.
A ship may be " unseaworthy " in ways other than that of
structural weakness ; for example, a ship having masters or officers
without the necessary qualifications, or being undermanned, or being
short of bunker coals, provisions, stores or any part of the usual
and necessary equipment, is not in " every way fitted for the voyage "
and is therefore technically " unseaworthy/'
The cases which most frequently come before courts of summary
jurisdiction in this country are breaches of the Regulations of the
Factory Act as applicable to the loading and discharging of cargo;
failure to comply with the requirements of medical officers re crews'
quarters, etc.; throwing refuse overboard within the limits of a
port; oil pollution of harbours ; overloading ; carrying an excessive
or improper deck load ; smuggling by members of the crew, etc*