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Descriptions of the plants illustrated may be found in Gray's New Manual, Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora, Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States, or Rydberg’s Flora of the Rocky Mountains. . PLATE I6I. mG Bottle Gentian. Gentiana saponarta LINNAEUS Western Mountain-ash. Sorbus sambucifolia (CHAMISSO AND SCHLECHTENDAL) ROEMER . Plume Anemone (flower). Pulsatilla occidentalis (WaTSON) FREYN . Plume Anemone (fruit). Pulsatilla occidentalis (WATSON) FREYN . Meadow Fleabane. Evigeron speciosus DE CANDOLLE . Star Solomonplume. Vagnera stellata (LINNAEUS) MoroNnG . Double Bladderpod (flower). Physaria didymocarpa (HOOKER) GRAY . Double Bladderpod (fruit). Physaria didymocarpa (HOOKER) GRAY . Gtouse Whortleberry (flower). Vaccinium scoparium LEIBERG . Grouse Whortleberry (fruit). Vaccinium scoparium LEIBERG . Buff Pussytoes. Antennaria luzuloides TORREY AND GRAY . Small Pyrola. Pyrola minor LINNAEUS . Western Bluebells. Mertensia paniculata (ArtoN) Don . Green Bearcabbage. Veratrum viride AYTON | . Sagebrush Mariposa. Calochortus macrocarpus DouGLas . White Dryad (flower). Dryas octopetala LINNAEUS . White Dryad (fruit). Dryas octopetala LINNAEUS . Moss Gentian. Gentiana prostrata HAENKE . Low Whortleberry. Vaccinium caespitosum MicHaux . Small Cranberry. Oxeycoccus palustris PERSOON . Purple Mountain Violet. Viola adunca J.E.Smrra . Rosette Cinquefoil. Porentilla uniflora LEDEBOUR DEN . Sidesaddle Goldentod. Solidago ciliosa GREENE . Tufted Saxiftage. Sascifraga caespitosa LINNAEUS . Pygmy Andtosace. Androsace subumbellata (A. NELSON) SMALL . Western Green Alder. Alnus sinuata (REGEL) RyDBERG . Giant Arborvitae. Thuja plicata Don . Limber Pine. Pinus flexilis Jamus - Northern Butterbur. Perasites hyperboreus RyDBERG . American Vetch. Vacta americana MUHLENBERG . Saussutea. Saussurea densa (HooKER) RyDBERG . Brook Lobelia. Lobelia kalmiit Linnazus . Mountain Cranberry (flower). Vaccinium vitisidaea minus LoDDIGES . Mountain Cranberry (fruit). Vaccinium vitisidaea minus LoDDIGES . Woolly Agoseris. Agoseris villosa RYDBERG . American Twinflowet. Linnaea borealis americana (FORBES) REHDER . Sand Phacelia. Phacelia linearis (Pursn) HoLzincErR . Northern Butterwort. Pinguicula vulgaris LInNaEUS . San Diego Mariposa. Calochortus weedti Wood . Buff Monkeyflower. Diéplacus longiflorus NuTTAL . Lemon Columbine. Aguilegia flavescens WATSON . Avalanche-lily. Erythronium montanum Watson . Queencup (flower). Clintonia uniflora (MENziEs) KuNTH . Queencup (fruit). Clintonia uniflora (MENziEs) KunTH . Catalina Mariposa. Calochortus catalinae \WaTsON . Mexican Fremontia. Fremontodendron mexicanum DAVIDSON . Partridgeberry. Matchella repens LinNaEus . Martshmarigold. Caltha palustris LiInNaEus . Foxglove Pentstemon. Pentstemon digitalis SweEEt) NUTTALL . Beautyberry. Callicarpa americana LINNAEUS . Field Violet. Viola rafinesquii GREENE Spotted Cyrtopodium. Cyrtopodium punctatum (LinNaEus) LINDLEY . Red Pinesap. Hypopitys lanuginosa (MicHaux) NuTTAL . Squawroot. Conopholis americana (LINNAEUS FILIUS) WALLROTH . Ragged Fringe-orchid. Habenaria lacera (MicHaux) LoppicEs . Ramshead Ladyslipper. Cypripedium arietinum Ropert Brown . Showy Ladyslipper. Cypripedium reginae WALTER . Rose Pogonia. Pogonia ophioglossoides (LINNAEUS) KER . Venus Flytrap. Dzonaea muscipula Exxis . Carolina Jessamine. Gelsemium sempervirens (LINNAEUS) PERSOON . Mountain-laurel. Kalmia latifolia LinNaxus . Goldenclub. Ovontium aquaticum LINNAEUS . American Waterlily. Castalia odorata (DRYANDER) WOODVILLE AND Woop . Smooth Yellow Violet. Viola eriocarpa SCHWEINITZ . Bogbean. Menyanthes trifoliata LINNAEUS . Yaupon. Ilex vomitoria ArTON . Trumpetcreeper. Bignonia radicans LINNAEUS . Highbush Blueberry. Vaccinium corymbosum LinnaEus . Box Huckleberry. Gaylussacia brachycera (MicHaux) Gray . Pineland Blueberry. Vaccinium tenellum Arron . Cucumbertree. Magnolia acuminata LINNAEUS . Downy Pinxterbloom. Azalea rosea LoIsELEUR . Spotted Beebalm. Monarda punctata LINNAEUS . Virginia Springbeauty. Claytonia virginica LINNAEUS . Purple Butterwort. Pinguicula elatior MicHaux . Parrot Pitcherplant. Sarracenia psittacina Micnaux . Wood Skullcap. Scurellaria serrata ANDREWS . Blue-eyed-grass. Stsyrinchium angustifolium MILLER . Red Trillium. Trillium erectum LiInNaEus . Snow Trillium. Trillium grandiflorum (MicHAUX) SALISBURY BOTTLE GENTIAN Gentiana saponaria Linnaeus In autumn, long after most of our flowers except goldenrods and astets have faded, the bottle gentian 1s found in blossom in the thickets bordering woodlands. Unlike its better-known relative, the fringed gentian, it is a perennial, and may be sought with some confidence year after year in the same locality. Its richly colored flowers, of a hue rate at any season, are a delight to the eye when other flowers are so scatce. Blue and purple flowers often have albino forms, and the bottle gen- tian 1s No exception, as plants with pure white corollas are not unusual. Bottle gentian ranges from Florida and Louisiana northward to Connecticut and Ontario, and closely related species ate even mote widely distributed. The specimen sketched came from the vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE I61 & ne Ae t | { 161. MVW 1925 WESTERN MOUNTAIN-ASH Sorbus sambucifolia (Chamisso and Schlechtendal) Roemer Western mountain-ash usually grows in stony places, beneath large trees of in openings in the forest. In especially favorable situations it sometimes develops into a tree 20 feet high. It is not a relative of the ashes, as its name would imply, but belongs to the Apple Family. The brilliant scarlet fruits, resembling miniature apples, are a favorite food of birds, especially in winter. The flavor of these fruits is not agreeable to the human palate, although when crushed in water they yield a subacid beverage that is not unpleasant. The small white flowers, which unfold in spring, are arranged in broad, flat-topped clusters. The buds, before expansion, are cream-colored. The open flowers are very _sweet-scented. | A telated European species is called rowan-ttee or towan. This species of mountain-ash ranges from the southern Rockies of Arizona and New Mexico, northward to Alberta and Alaska. It is known also from Siberia. The specimen from which the painting was made grew on the motor road near Vermilion Summit, about twelve miles from Castle Station, Albetta, at an altitude of 5,000 feet. PLATE 162 162. MV W 1g25 PLUME ANEMONE Pulsatilla occidentalis (Watson) Freyn Those whose fancy has led them in spring or summer to the higher parts of the Canadian Rocky Mountains have been thrilled with the loveliness of this beautiful anemone as it springs up at the edges of tetreating snow banks on the alpine slopes and valleys. The flowers begin to open when the stems are only an inch high and still nestle in a mass of grayish-green furry buds and half unfolded leaves. Within a few days the stems lengthen, and each bears a large, creamy flower with golden and green center, the blossoms contrasting with the back- ground of pale green foliage. As they fade the flowers ate sometimes tinged with blue. The plume anemone belongs to the Crowfoot Family. It ranges from California and Montana northward to Alberta and Alaska. The specimen sketched grew neat Lake O’Hata, fifteen miles by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 163 wae we 163. MVW 1925 Ee cays em ie ioe bebe i, i i i ccgnt PLUME ANEMONE Pulsatilla occidentalis (Watson) Freyn FRUIT OF PLATE 163 In the long days of June and July the seeds of alpine plants ripen tapidly, and the flowets of the plume anemone soon ate replaced by silvery gray-green seed heads. These ate almost as beautiful as the flowers, and the head of silky seed tails, all smoothed sleekly from the center of the cluster, reminds one of nothing so much as the crown of a child’s curly head. When ripe the “seeds” ate easily detached from the stem, the long feathery tail supporting them on their wind-blown journey in search of a favorable situation for germination. These seed heads are relished by the marmots, which eat them upon the spot, or catry them totheir winter caches. The marmots also pile them into soft beds in theit butrows. This member of the Crowfoot Family ranges from Montana to California and northward to Alberta and Alaska. The specimen sketched was collected near the summit of the pass at the head of Johnson Creek, Alberta, Canada, at an elevation of 8,500 feet. PLATE 164 164. MVW 1925 MEADOW FLEABANE Erigeron speciosus De Candolle Meadow fleabane 1s a brilliant member of the Aster Family, and is one of a large group of closely related plants which attain their fullest development in the western United States. It grows in meadows and in moist, open woodlands. The flower head at the top of the stem is larger than the heads which expand later, and when the plant is at its best it presents a perfect bloom surrounded by several half-open buds. As the species is plentiful in favorable situations, it gives a gay aspect to the slopes in the lower altitudes of the Rocky Mountains in June and July. Meadow fleabane ranges from Utah and Colorado to Oregon and Alberta. | The sketch was made from a specimen gathered at Ghost River, twenty-five miles from Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 165 165. Mvw 1925 rail ee Deane h Ae mal STAR SOLOMONPLUME Vagnera stellata (Linnaeus) Morong Star solomonplume loves moist rich woods. In its habit of growth and in the appearance of the flowers it recalls vaguely the lily-of-the- valley. By their rootstocks the plants spread widely, forming extensive patches in the woodlands. The rootstocks show no trace of the seal- like scats so characteristic of the solomonseals. The plant is gtaceful in form, and beautiful when in either flower or fruit. It belongs to the Lily-of-the-valley Family, which includes asparagus, lily-of-the-valley, and merrybells. The fruit is a small globular berry, at first green, with three dark vertical stripes, but turning black when quite ripe. Some botanists use the name Silacina stellata for this plant. Stat solomonplume ranges from Virginia to New Mexico and California, and northward to Newfoundland and Alaska. It grows also in northern Europe. The specimen sketched was obtained at Lake Minnewonka, near Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet. PLATE 166 106. MV W 1925 DOUBLE BLADDERPOD Physavia didymocarpa (Hooker) Gray The double bladderpod is a curious plant of unusual appearance. It thrives best in dry limestone soils on steep mountain sides, or in the deposits of glacial streams. The many pale blue-green leaves form a rosette upon the surface of the soul, from which spring the delicate gtay stems bearing four-petaled yellow flowers. The root is long, thick, woody, and tough. In its aspect the plant suggests an alpine species. It belongs to the Mustard Family. Double bladderpod ranges from Colorado to Utah and northward to Saskatchewan and A lbetta. The specimen sketched grew near Lake Minnewonka, seven miles from Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet. PLATE 167 167, MVW 1925 DOUBLE BLADDERPOD Physavia didymocarpa (Hooker) Gray FRUIT OF PLATE 167 The hot sun of the long June days of northern latitudes soon develops the seed vessels of the double bladderpod, and the reason for the com- mon name is then disclosed. When decorated with the many inflated seed pods the plant is unique in appearance and more conspicuous than when in bloom. The generic name Physaria is derived from a Greek word signifying bellows, in allusion to the form of the fruits. About six species of Physavia ate known, all of them natives of western North America. Double bladderpod ranges from Colorado to Utah and northward to Saskatchewan and Alberta. The specimen sketched grew near Ptarmigan Pass, ten miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. PLATE 168 GROUSE WHORTLEBERRY Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg The higher slopes of the western mountains, just below ttee line, ate often covered with widespread patches of grouse whortleberty. The dwatf bushes ate only six to twelve inches in height, with shortly angled, slender green branches. The small, thin, finely toothed leaves ate bright green. Underneath the foliage, and half hidden by it, hang the dainty little pink flower bells. The plants prefer well-drained, forested slopes, which are not too densely shaded, but they often grow ptofusely in even the denser forest. Like other whortleberries, and its close relatives, the blueberries, it is restricted to acid soils. Grouse whortleberry ranges in the higher mountains from New Mexico to California, and northward to Alberta and British Columbia. The specimen sketched was obtained near Hector, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. PLATE 169 ana 169. MVW 1925 GROUSE WHORTLEBERRY Vaccinium scopavium Leibetrg FRUIT OF PLATE 169 Grouse whortleberries mature rapidly, and by the middle of August the plants are well fruited with pleasantly flavored bright ted berries. These ate much enjoyed by grouse, which ate usually found whete the berries are plentiful. Grouse whortleberty occurs in the higher mountains from New Mexico to California, and northward to Alberta and British Columbia. The specimen sketched was collected in the valley of the Red Deer River twenty miles by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. PLATE I70 a Roe acta, 170. MVW: 1925 Si ‘s 3 ows PS. 3 BUFF PUSSYTOES Antennaria luzuloides Torrey and Gray In the Rocky Mountain region over forty species of Antennaria, ot pussytoes, are known, and many othets grow in the Eastern States and along the Pacific Coast. They ate members of the great Aster Family. In most of the species the plants have long, slender, leafy runners or sterile shoots, spreading over the ground in every direction to form dense mats, but such runners ate absent in the species here illustrated. This is a slender erect plant, usually four to fifteen inches high. It grows on open, rocky or grassy slopes at middle altitudes in the moun- tains, or even above timber line. In many parts of the United States the species of Antennaria ate known as Indian tobacco, and the leaves ate chewed by children. | Buff pussytoes ranges from Wyoming and Montana westward to Oregon and British Columbia. The specimen figured was obtained in the valley of the Siffleur River forty-five miles from Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,500 feet. PLATE 171 non ies i ree Ply MV We 1925. ONAL, PY ROLA, Pyrola minor Linnaeus The small pyrola delights in wet places. We find it flourishing in bogs ot on oozing stream banks, usually in densely shaded situations. Floweting in midsummer, its rosy pink saucets lend a touch of color to its otherwise dull surroundings. The flowers vary greatly in depth of color, and occasionally they are white. They ate smaller and fewer than those of the bog pyrola, which is a species mote generally dis- tributed and locally more abundant. The small pyrola has a wide tange in the colder parts of North America, extending from Massachusetts to Colorado and California, and northward to the Arctic regions. It grows also in Europe and Asia. The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Pipestone River, about ten miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet. PLATE 172 Ee a 172. MV W 1925 WESTERN BLUEBELLS Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) Don We have seen bluebells but rarely in our Western travels. Unlike its cousin, the Virginia bluebells, this plant is hairy, and the smaller, less numerous flowers ate much deeper in color. The plant inhabits moist woodlands, where it often forms large clumps. Western blue- bells belongs to the Borage Family, and is a relative of forget-me-not and heliotrope. This species of bluebells ranges from Iowa to Washington and Alaska, and extends eastward to Lake Superior and Hudson Bay. The specimen sketched was collected near Lake Minnewonka, eleven miles from Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 173 173. MVW 1925 roa i eae La a GREEN BEARCABBAGE Veratrum viride Aiton Whetever green bearcabbage grows, it 1s always a conspicuous plant, in spite of the fact that its flowers are scarcely different in color from the foliage. In the West it loves the moist, rich soil of mountain meadows and valleys. The leaves are strongly veined and have a plaited appearance. The plant is coatse and tall, the flower panicles often tising five feet above the ground. The sturdy shoots of this plant push through the soil when the earliest spring flowers unfold, as soon as the snow has melted, and at that time its fresh green color is most attractive. It belongs to the Bunchflower Family and, like some of its near relatives, is poisonous. The poison ts chiefly in the root, however, and when there is a shortage of other forage, animals often graze on bearcabbage without ill effect. Green bearcabbage is found over much of the cooler parts of North America from Virginia to Tennessee and Oregon, and northward. The sketch was made froma specimen obtained in the Bow Valley, thitty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. PLATE 174 + fais pe Sie roe 174. MV W 1925 c IW mi i‘ ‘ SAGEBRUSH MARIPOSA Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas The genus Calochortus, comprising the mariposas, which ate often called mariposa lilies or butterfly tulips, the globe-tulips, and several kinds of pussy-eats, contains about fifty species. Nearly all of them ate so beautiful that they command the admiration of all who see them. Out experience with the sagebrush mariposa was a revelation of nature’s methods. Our camp had been pitched on a dry bench fifty feet above the Kootenay River near Canal Flats, British Columbia, where the sparse vegetation indicated a lack of moisture. One night a heavy storm of wind and rain came up. A few days later the miracle was manifest, for all around the tent the buds of the sagebrush mati- posa were almost ready to unfold, and soon the plants were in perfect bloom. There ate myriads of them in some parts of the Columbia River Valley, where the little prairies are colored purple with their flowets. This mariposa 1s found in sagebrush plains from Montana to Ore- gon and northward to British Columbia. The specimen figured was sketched at the camp mentioned above, near Canal Flats, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. PLATE 175 175. MV W.1925 ey 2 % a a | 4 aa A A a ate ae WHITE DRYAD Dryas octopetala Linnaeus White dryad is a very decorative plant in its chosen habitat. It flour- ishes best in a soil of disintegrated limestone, and it is also found cling- ing to rough limestone rocks, where it forms close mats, its green folt- age hiding the interlaced masses of woody stems and dead leaves beneath. Above these mats the beautiful cup-shaped flowers with their golden centers are borne on dainty stems from one to four inches tall. The flowets attract many bees and small flies. The stems and leaves ate sticky, and have a tesinous odot. White dryad belongs to the Rose Family, and 1s found from Lab- tador and Greenland throughout Arctic America, and in the Rocky Mountains from Utah and Colorado to British Columbia. It occurs also in northern Europe and Asia. Thesketch was made from plants that grew in Skoki Valley, fifteen miles by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,500 feet. PLATE 176 is i ran ‘ a Be te Ms) wi 7 1925 vw M 176. WHITE DRYAD Dryas octopetala Linnaeus FRUIT OF PLATE 176 The flowers of white dryad are quickly withered by the hot sun of midsummer, their stems lengthen, and the twisted fruit head ap- pears, later spreading into a ball of “seeds”. These are each provided with a silky tail, which enables the wind to carry the seeds to distant places. At a certain stage, before the heads are fully ripe, the ponies ate fond of them. At this time the plants often give a misty pink color to the areas they occupy. White dryad occurs on limestone soils from Labrador and Green- land throughout Arctic America, in the Rocky Mountains from Utah and Colorado to British Columbia, and in Europe and Asia. The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Siffleur River, fifty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. PLATE 177 177. MVW 1925 MOSS GENTIAN Gentiana prostrata Haenke This tiny gentian will escape all but the keenest eyes. The flowets open only in bright sunshine, and the stems creep through the grass, as though to elude detection. The corollas ate usually of the brightest blue, but sometimes they are white. The minute green leaves have a nattow white cartilaginous border which is not found in othet gen- tians. This is a truly alpine plant. It is the smallest of the North American gentians. The moss gentian ranges from the Colorado Rockies to Alberta and Alaska and the Arctic regions of the Old World. The American plant differs slightly from the typical Eurasian form and is sometimes recognized as variety americana. This specimen was found neat the shore of Lake Magog at the base of Mount Assiniboine, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,500 feet. PLATE 178 ie acer LOW WHORTLEBERRY Vaccinium caespitosum Michaux The low whottleberty, hidden among the gtass, on gentle slopes or in alpine meadows, is unlike most other members of its group, for it grows only from three to seven inches tall. It has woody stems, much branched, and in spring bears a heavy load of lovely white or pink bells. These later develop into blue berties which are coveted with an attractive bloom. The leaves turn a deep red color in autumn. The low whortleberry may be found from New Hampshite to Labrador, and in the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to British Columbia and Alaska and westward to California. We found the specimen sketched at Bow Lake, twenty-five miles north of Lake Louise Station, British Columbia, at an altitude of 6,000 Peet PLATE 179 179 SMALL CRANBERRY Oxycoccus palustris Persoon The small cranberry 1s a typical boreal plant, and no doubt sutvived the glacial period close to the margin of the ice sheet, or on mountain summits which projected above the ice. Upon the retreat of the glaciers the plant migrated from its places of refuge into the many bogs formed by the damming of rivulets. It now ranges throughout the glaciated territory of the Northern Hemisphere, extending well into the Arctic region. In North America it is found as far south as New Jetsey, Michigan, and the State of Washington. The cranberries belong to the Blueberry Family. By many botanists they are referred to the genus Vaccinium, which contains the blueberries and whortlebetries. The specimen sketched grew at Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, near the point where Lake Louise Creek flows out of the lake, at an altitude of 5,000 feet. PLATE 180 180 = ae 3 L it 4 | i i 4, . 7 2 i A i 4 oe Cen ; ie arte Se a ee PURPLE MOUNTAIN VIOLET Viola adunca J. E. Smith The purple mountain violet is a small plant of the higher altitudes, whose flowets are large in proportion to the size of the leaves. It nes- tles inthe grass and other herbage as though to hide its lovely blossoms, and soon fades in the hot sunshine of early summer. The painting repre- sents an unusual dwarfish form of this species, which at lower alti- tudes is a taller, longer-stemmed plant, especially when it grows in wet, shaded spots. Viola adunca has a wide range, being found from New Hampshire and New Brunswick to the mountains of New Mexico and Califor- nia, and north to Alaska. The specimen sketched grew near the shores of Bow Lake, thirty miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,000 heer: PLATE I81 181. MV W 1925 ROSETTE CINQUEFOIL Potentilla uniflora Ledebour Rosette cinquefoil is a plant seldom seen by the traveler, for it loves tocky places at high altitudes, to which it is hard to climb. It grows in tufts or bunches from a mass of stout, woody, interlaced undet- ground stems. Its rich yellow flowets, so large in proportion to the size of the plant, remind one of a small yellow rose. The leaves of this species have three leaflets instead of the five or more possessed by most Potentillas. It belongs to the Rose Family. Rosette cinquefoil ranges from Colorado northward through the Rockies to the Arctic regions and westward to Oregon. It grows also in Greenland and Asia. The specimen sketched was obtained on the rocky slopes above the source of Ranger Brook in the Sawback Range, fifteen miles west of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,500 feet. PLATE, 152: 182. MVW 1925 SIDESADDLE GOLDENROD Solidago ciliosa Greene Although sidesaddle goldenrod is a dwarf plant, it is a showy member of its group, for it has much larger flowers than most of the goldenrods found in the western mountains. It enjoys steep mountain slopes, where it is conspicuous among the many flowers that grow beside the trails. The flower heads are equally large when the plants grow at high altitudes, even though the stems may be only an inch long. Sidesaddle goldentod is found from Arizona and Colorado north- watd to Alberta and British Columbia. The specimen sketched was obtained on the trail leading to Burgess Pass about seven miles from Field, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. PLATE 183 183. MV W 1925 Eger he iis DUPED siAxTeRAG E Saxifraga caespitosa Linnaeus Tufted saxifrage grows among disintegrating rocks, usually where moisture is seeping through from the slopes above. One of its pecu- liarities is the tuft of green leaves at the base of each of the dainty flower stems, which are usually arranged ina graceful way. This species is vety variable in size, and the most reduced alpine form 1s shown in the illustration. Tufted saxifrage ranges through Canada to Greenland and west- watd to Alaska. It is found also in northern Asia and Europe. The sketch was made from a specimen obtained on the mountain slopes above the head waters of Johnson Creek, twenty miles by trail northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,000 feet. PLATE 184 184. MVW 1925 PYGMY ANDROSACE Androsace subumbellata (A. Nelson) Small Pygmy androsace is a tiny membet of the Primrose Family, which, because of its small size and inconspicuous coloring, easily escapes notice. It grows in meadows or on stony alpine slopes. The delicate slender stems and white flowers give it a graceful and dainty appear- ance quite in contrast to that of the sweet androsace, previously pictured. Pygmy androsace ranges from New Mexico and Arizona north- watd to Alberta and British Columbia. The sketch was made from a specimen collected near the head- waters of Johnson Creek, thirty miles by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,000 feet. PLATE 185 err ie fg 185. MVW 1925 WESTERN GREEN ALDER Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydberg Thickets of green alder are the bane of the mountaineer, for their hatd, gnarled stems interlace to form an impenetrable tangle. On mountain sides, where, in early spring, snow slides have plunged down the steep slopes, weighing the aldets to the ground, it is almost im- possible to climb up against them. The rich green of their foliage combines well with their surroundings. The plant is especially inter- esting towards autumn, when a single branch may catty the remains of last year’s fruits as well as this yeat’s, and in addition the catkins ready for next year's early display of flowers. Western green alder belongs to the Birch Family, which contains some of the hardiest shrubs and trees. This species is found from Wyo- ming to California and northward to Alaska, and is especially abun- dant in the Selkirk Mountains. The specimen sketched was gathered at Glacier, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. PLATE 186 186.MVW 1925 in. 4 ares GIANT ARBORVITAE Thuja plicata Don Giant arborvitae flourishes in rich, moist soil, and, as the name im- plies, the trees grow to great size. They frequently rise far above the surrounding forest, and their smooth columnar trunks, with pale, red- dish gray bark, are vety striking. The branches become pendent, from the weight of the fruit, and the little cones stand erect on the hang- ing twigs, presenting a very unusual effect. Both foliage and immature fruit are rich green in color. Giant arborvitae is found from Montana to California, extending northward to Alaska. The specimen sketched was obtained in the Columbia River Valley, thirty miles south of Golden, British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,000 feet. PLATE 187 187. MVW 1925 LIMBER PINE Pinus flexilis James Limber pine appeats to enjoy growing in difficult positions and ts often seen springing from clefts in the rocks on the mountain sides, where it would seem impossible for a tree to obtain a foothold. The branches ate exceedingly flexible, bending readily under the heavy weight of the developing cones, and seeming scarcely able to with- stand the strain. Limber pine is found in the Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico to Alberta, and in some of the higher desert ranges westwatd to southern California. The specimen sketched was obtained from Devils Gap, east of Lake Minnewonka, twenty-five miles from Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 188 188. MY W 1925 : NORTHERN BUTTERBUR Petasites hyperboreus Rydberg Northern butterbut 1s rarely seen in bloom by visitors to the Cana- dian Rockies, because it flowets very early in the season. The silky seed heads topping its stout woolly stems ate not likely to attract atten- tion. If, in summer, one is fortunate enough to find a sheltered spot where the ice and snow have tecently melted, the northern butter- bur is sometimes found in flower, grouped with springbeauties and buttercups, in swampy soil or near snow water rivulets. The flowers are sweet-scented, and brightly colored. The ponies dearly love to eat the plant to vary still further their diet of “all sorts of feed”. This species of butterbur ranges from the mountains of Washing- ton and Alberta northward to the Arctic Coast, from Hudson Bay to Alaska. The specimen sketched was found at Vermilion Pass, thitty-five miles south of Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. PLATE 189 t 18g. MVWw 1925 AMERICAN VETCH Vicia americana Muhlenberg American vetch is one of the most graceful and beautiful mem- bers of its group. It loves moist ground, and may be found in open meadows, in brushy thickets, or even in the forest. It is a weak vine, clinging for support to its neighbors by the forked tendrils which tip the leaves ina hold almost impossible to disentangle. The fruit is a small flat pod. American vetch tanges widely, being found from Virginia west to Arizona and north to New Brunswick and Alaska. The specimen sketched was obtained near Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE I90 I9g0. MV W 1925 Rid a m4 Hy SAUSSUREA Saussurea densa (Hooker) Rydberg Saussurea is one of the tater members of the Aster Family. It is nearly related to the thistles, but in habit of growth and in the size of its flower heads it is very different. It prefers stony limestone slopes of moraines, and is confined to the higher altitudes. The flowers grow- ing in dense heads, are attractive to bees. After the flowers have faded the downy “seeds” form an equally showy flat head. In the Canadian Rockies saussutea is a conspicuous plant because it is so different from any other flower. Its range is limited to that region. : The specimen sketched was obtained near the base of Tilted Moun- — tain, fifteen miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,000 feet. ! PLATE I9I 19gIl. MVW 1925 ot 4 a eae BROOK LOBELIA Lobelia kalmiz Linnaeus Brook lobelia is abundant locally in the Canadian Rockies. The stutdiest specimens seen were growing beside a brook that found its way through a bed of disintegrated calcareous tufa. It is a dainty and pretty plant, though not to be compared in showiness with its rela- tives, the cardinalflower and the large blue lobelia. The range of brook lobelia is wide—1in moist calcareous souls from New Jetsey northward to Newfoundland and westward to Iowa and British Columbia. The specimen sketched was obtained near Canal Flats, British Columbza, at an altitude of 3,000 feet. PLATE 192 192. MVW 1925 MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY Vaccinium vitisidaea minus Loddiges Thete is a striking contrast between the deep green of mountain cranbetty leaves and the dainty bunches of white bells at the tips of the woody stems. The sweet-scented flowets are frequently tinged with pink. The plant, like other members of the Blueberry Family, delights in acid soil. Mountain cranberry grows neatly throughout the colder parts of North America, occurring rarely in New England and southern Canada, but becoming a common plant in high mountain and Arctic lowland tegions. It presumably survived the glacial period on some of the non-glaciated islands, and when the ice retreated it rapidly occupied the devastated territory, its seeds being widely dispersed by birds. The typical form of the species is similarly distributed in Europe and Asia. i The specimen sketched was obtained on the shores of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,500 feet. PLATE 193 MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY Vaccinium vitisidaea minus Loddiges FRUIT OF PLATE 193 The fruit of the mountain cranberty is sour, but it is relished by birds, and its beautiful red color always attracts the eye. Whete con- ditions of moisture and soil acidity ate favorable the stems cover the ground in dense mats, and the berries attain twice the size of those on plants found in dry, sterile situations. The mountain cranberry grows throughout the colder parts of North America, its southernmost known station being in northeast- ern Massachusetts. The specimen sketched was procured in the valley of the Siffleur River, fifty miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,000 feck PLATE I 94 ~ 194. MVW 1925 WOOLLY AGOSERIS Agoseris villosa Rydberg When we wete climbing the slopes of Survey Peak, which rises from the right bank of Glacier Lake, this showy plant was very prom- inent at an altitude of 7,500 feet. Our camp was pitched in the timber a quartet of a mile from the outlet of the lake, and there was some distance to be covered over a rough trail, among the willows, alders, and other thick, bushy vegetation, before the grassy slopes and bare rocks were reached. Here the sturdy stems of woolly agoseris grew from the tosettes of pale leaves, and the golden flowets showed to perfection against the soft gray background of the mountain side. The woody underground stems bore witness to many yeats of te- tatded growth resulting from short growing seasons, and from al- pine environment. The plant is a member of the Chicory Family, and is related to the dandelion, which it somewhat resembles in general appearance. Glacier Lake is reached by trail, and is about forty-eight miles northeast of Lake Louise Station, Alberta, Canada. Woolly agoseris ranges from Utah to Alberta and British Co- lumbia. PLATE 195 IOVS Mv Ww 1925 easel Oe a AMERICAN TWINFLOWER Linnaea borealis americana (Forbes) Rehder This dainty plant, named for Linnaeus, the father of modern botany, in accordance with his own choice, by his friend Gronovius, is un- surpassed in modest beauty. It is a trailing evergreen vine, from whose slender branches tise threadlike stems, each bearing two nodding flowers. These ate so sweet-scented that the odor sometimes pene- trates even into a railroad train passing along a mountain side when the plant is in bloom. It loves the deep recesses of the forest, where it thrives with moss and other plants that demand acid soils. Perhaps this tiny blossom was the inspiration of Linnaeus when he said of the unfolding flowers, “1 saw God in his glory passing near me, and bowed my head in worship.” The twinflower belongs to the Honeysuckle Family. It has a wide range, the American form, which is only slightly different from that of the Old World, being distributed from New Jersey to New Mexico and northward to Greenland and Alaska. The typical form grows in Europe and Asia. The sketch was made from a specimen obtained at Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,500 feet. PLATE 196 196. MVW 1925 Gabe a a ete SAND PHACELIA Phacelia linearis (Putsh) Holzinger We found the sand phacelia growing plentifully on a mound of disintegrated limestone in the Columbia River valley. The plant has dainty flowers, which are larger than those of many other Rocky Mountain phacelias. It flourishes in dry soils, blooming freely with a minimum of moisture. The phacelias are exclusively American plants, belonging to the Waterleaf Family. They are most abundant in the Western States, but several members of the group occur along the Atlantic coast, and othets extend southward to the mountains of Guatemala. Sand phacelia has a wide range, from Utah to California, and north to British Columbia and Alberta. The specimen sketched was obtained in the Columbia River val- ley, five miles from Radium Hot Springs, British Columbia, at an altitude of 2,500 feet. PLATE 197 197. MVW 1925 NORTHERN BUTTERWORT Pinguicula vulgaris Linnaeus The bright purple flowets of the northern butterwort suggest violets to the casual obsetver, but on closer examination the plant proves to be very different in its structural details. Its flowers are borne well above the yellow-green waxy leaves, which ate gteasy to the touch, and form a rosette at the base of the slender flower stems. Like rennet, the leaves of northern butterwort will cause milk to coagu- late. The plant always grows in a wet situation, usually in alkaline soil, in swampy places, on wet, gravelly flats, or by the edges of streams. Butterwort belongs to a small group of insectivorous plants, telated to the figwotts, and with the bladderworts constitutes a special family. Northern butterwort has a wide range, from Vermont northward to Greenland, and west to California and Alaska. It occurs also in Europe and Asia. Related species grow 1n the peat bogs of the south- eastern United States. The specimen sketched was found in the Bow River Valley, six- teen miles west of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 198 fg Ces 198. MV Ww 1925 SAN DIEGO MARIPOSA Calochortus weediz Wood The San Diego mariposa has a very restricted range, being con- fined to the desert regions of San Diego County, California, and adja- cent Lower California. It loves the steep, dry slopes of the arroyos, whete its long stems wave gracefully in the breezes that blow fit- fully over the country. The grasslike leaves often turn brown before the flowers have opened. The San Diego mariposa differs from some of its Californian relatives in having its flower cups adorned with beardlike hairs grouped about the nectar gland at the base of each petal. The specimen sketched was obtained in the outskirts of San Diego, California. PLATE 199 aes 199. MVW 1925 BUFF MONKEYFLOWER Deas longiflorus Nuttall Buff monkeyflower is a plant of pleasing appearance. Its brightly colored flowers, borne in profuse clusters, are set off by their back- ground of bright green foliage. This monkeyflower is a shrub, one to three feet high, delighting in the steep slopes of canyons, which are usually well drained. It is a sticky plant, and somewhat unpleasant to handle. Transplanted to garden soil, it grows mote vigorously, and well repays the attention of the flower lover. Buff monkeyflower grows in the southern half of California and in northern Lower California, at altitudes of 500 to 5,000 feet. It is a member of the Figwort Family, and by some botanists is placed in the genus Mimulus. The specimen sketched was found about ten miles from Los Angeles, California. PLATE 200 200. MVW 1925 LEMON COLUMBINE Aquilegia flavescens Watson All our native columbines are graceful plants with beautiful flow- ers, and the lemon columbine is one of the most attractive species. When, in midsummer, at the height of its blooming season, it appeats everywhere over the mountain slopes, it affords fine displays of col- or. At this season the pale lemon-colored flowets are contrasted with large purple asters and other brilliantly tinted blossoms. The flower stems rise eighteen inches to three feet above the fernlike basal leaves. This species of columbine ts frequently found at high altitudes, and here the dwarfed flower stems ate often only six inches tall. In cliff crevices, with gray tock for a background, it makes entrancing pic- tures for those whose eyes observe natute’s wonderful harmonies. Lemon columbine ranges from Wyoming to Oregon and north to Alberta and British Columbia. The specimen sketched was obtained in the Ptarmigan Valley ten miles from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. PLATE 201 ma vi xia + We oa " jie uae ae ee : y AGie eve We TG2s5 AVALANCHE-LILY Erythronium montanum Watson Mount Rainier National Park is celebrated among flower lovers for the abundance of this beautiful flower. As soon as the snow melts, and even before it entirely disappears, the swordlike leaves push through the sun-warmed earth and almost immediately the flower buds unfold. The plants grow so close together and in such vast num- bers that the drier meadows and slopes ate soon white with the flowers. The avalanche-lily has a restricted range, being found only in Ore- gon and Washington. It is closely related to the golden glacierlily of the Rockies, and to the troutlily of the eastern United States. The specimen sketched was collected neat the hotel in Paradise Valley, Rainier National Park, Washington, at an altitude of 8,000 feet. PLATE 202 202. MVW 1925 QUEENCUP Clintonia uniflora (Menzies) Kunth Queencup is a lovely member of the Lily Family. It is found only in places where conditions ate exactly to its liking, delighting in dense shade under the trees where mosses flourish and the earth is always cool and moist. The single flower stem rises between a pair of deep green leaves, similar to those of lily-of-the-valley, and bears a single pure white flower with yellow stamens. | Queencup ranges from Montana to California, and north to southeastern Alaska. The specimen sketched grew near Emerald Lake, seven miles from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude of 4,500 feet. PLATE 203 203. MVW 1925 QUEENCUP Clintonia uniflora (Menzies) Kunth FRUIT OF PLATE 203 The fruit of the queencup is not easily found. Although the plants often form dense patches, and the leaves cover the ground thickly, only an occasional plant bears fruit. The berry is of an exquisite blue color, almost black, and 1s said to be poisonous, although its unpleasant flavor alone would probably prevent one from eating it. Queencup is found from Montana to California and northward to southeastern Alaska. The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Kootenay River in British Columbia, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 204 204. MVW 1925 CATALINA MARIPOSA Calochortus catalinae Watson Catalina mariposa is a gay member of the genus Calochortus, of which mote than forty varieties are found in California. Its flowers ate delicately colored, their pearly petals marked with lavender. In favorable situations the plant may attain a height of two feet; in dty soil, although the stems are comparatively short, the flowers are still of normal dimensions, making them appear larger in proportion. Catalina mariposa grows in southern California, and on the adja- cent islands. It was described originally from Santa Catalina Island. The matiposas, membets of the Lily Family, are most abundant on the Pacific coast, but they range eastward to the Rocky Mountains and southward to the highlands of central Mexico. About fifty species ate known. The name mariposa is the Spanish word for butterfly, and the plants are often called mariposa lilies. The specimen sketched was obtained near Santa Ana, California. PLATE 205 205. MV W 1925 MEXICAN FREMONTIA Fremontodendron mexicanum Davidson Fremontia is quite unlike any other plant of the Pacific coast. It gtowsas ashrub or small tree with many branches. When the showy flowers first open they are bright yellow, but they soon fade to red and finally turn brown. The flowets remain on their stalks after they have withered, and a bizatre effect is produced by the various colors of flowers in different stages of development. The genus Fremontodendron was named for Genetal John C. Fré- mont, one of the early explorers of the West. The Mexican fremontia has a nattow range, and is found only in southern California and northern Lower California. The only other species, Fremontodendron californicum, gtows farther northward in the mountains of California. The specimen sketched was grown in Los Angeles, California. PLATE 206 206. MVW 1925 PARTRIDGEBERRY Mirchella repens Linnaeus Partridgeberry grows in either dry or moist, partially shaded situa- tions, forming deep green mats which creep closely over the ground. The leaves continue green throughout the winter. The sweet-scented flowers are often hidden beneath dty leaves strewn over the soil. They remind us of the blossoms of trailing-arbutus, though they al- ways grow in pairs and not in clusters, like the flowers of that plant. The twin fruits frequently remain on the plant until spring, as in the specimen sketched. Grouse and quail are very fond of the bright red berties, which to our taste are insipid. This plant belongs to the Mad- der Family. It is easily cultivated in acid soil. The genus Mitchella was named in honor of Dr. John Mitchell, one of the earliest bota- nists of eastern Virginia, and a correspondent of Linnaeus. Partridgeberry is found from Florida to Texas, and northward to Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Minnesota. It occurs also in the mountains of southern Mexico. Our specimen was collected near Beaufort, South Carolina. PLATE 207 2 ibe bell be Vs a ay ein nia ven Uns 207. MVW 1925 MARSHMARIGOLD Caltha palustris Linnaeus When the marshmarigold is in full bloom and the frogs are singing in chorus, we realize that spring has really come. The wet meadows and the margins of the brimming streams are then adorned with bunches of this beautiful Caltha, whose flowets seem of a mote brilliant gold because of the contrast with their surroundings. The cluster of bright green leaves, from which the flower stems tise, adds to the charm of the plants. The leaves in spring ate as good as spinach, when boiled as greens. The nectar is a feast for small bees and flies which visit the flowers in great numbers. The matshmari- gold belongs to the Crowfoot Family. It is often erroneously called cowslip. Marshmarigold has a wide range, and may be found from South Carolina to Newfoundland and west to Nebraska and Saskatchewan. It occurs also in the Arctic regions, as well as in Europe and Asia. The specimen sketched grew neat Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. ' PLATE 208 By ae i : aNen a 5-4 208. MVW 1925 = ioe i FOXGLOVE PENTSTEMON Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nuttall Foxglove pentstemon thrives in dry meadows and thickets, and in midsummer its tall spikes of large white flowers, which ate some- times tinged with lavender, are very showy. Under cultivation the size of the plant and the abundance of flowers may be improved. This is one of the few eastern pentstemons, most of the num- erous membets of the genus being natives of the western moun- tains. They belong to the Figwort Family, and are related to the garden foxglove. They are often called beardtongues. Foxglove pentstemon ranges from Georgia northward to Maine, and westward to Arkansas and Illinois. The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Co- . lumbia. PLATE 209 209. MVW 1925 BEAUTY BERRY Callicarpa americana Linnaeus Beautyberry 1s one of the common plants of the Southern States, growing in moist thickets or in dry, sandy places. It is a bushy shrub, sometimes as much as six feet tall. The small, bluish or pinkish flowets, appearing in spring in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves, ate rather inconspicuous. In autumn they ate followed by bunches of juicy fruits of an unusual tint, making a large bush a magnificent sight. The fruits persist well through the winter, unless eaten by bitds. This plant is a member of the Verbena Family, and is some- times called French mulberry, apparently because of a remote resem- blance of the fruit clusters to mulberries. This native species is much more showy than the related Asiatic species, but is rarely cultivated. It occurs from Florida northward to Virginia and westward to Texas and Missouri. PLATE 210 * 1925 a VL. YW ffs ee SD ey a rakes pete PIED VIOLET Viola rafinesquiz Greene The field violet is one of the daintiest members of the Violet Family. It prefers the drier fields and open woods, and because it so frequently is found growing in the grass, and has such a pale color, it is easily overlooked. Field violet is a winter annual, and growing day by day as the weather permits, it is one of the earliest violets to bloom in spring. It soon withers when the hot summer sun strikes it. It is more closely related to some of the European violets than to other American species, as shown by the large stipules at the base of the leaves. When freshly pulled the roots have the odor and taste of wintergreen. Field violet extends from Georgia to Texas, and northward to New York and Michigan. The specimen sketched was obtained in the National Zoological Patk at Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 211 SPOTTED GYR ITOPODIUM Cyrtopodium punctatum (Linnaeus) Lindley Few of the truly tropical orchids afford so brilliant a display of large and brightly colored flowets as does this plant, which is one of the showiest of all the orchids native in the United States. It grows abundantly in the cypress swamps of southern Florida, the huge plants with their large club-shaped pseudobulbs, often a foot long, forming dense clumps on the larger tree trunks. It is associated with smaller orchids, coarse ferns, bromeliads, and epiphytes of other groups. The graceful flower panicles, spreading or drooping from the tree trunks, are usually three feet long and sometimes much longer. The flowers, which recall those of the genus Oncidium, sug- gest a Cloud of butterflies hovering over the foliage. The spotted cyrtopodium has been in cultivation in England for a hundred years. Besides its occurrence in Florida, it has a wide range in the American tropics, extending through the West Indies and from Mexico to Brazil. The specimen sketched was collected at Coot’s Bay, Cape Florida, Florida. PLATE 212 212, MVW 1925 RED PEN SAP Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michaux) Nuttall Because of its bright red color, red pinesap is more showy than some of its near relatives. Like them it is a plant of fungus-like appearance, because of the complete lack of the green coloring which characterizes nearly all flowering plants. It grows in wood- lands, springing from decayed vegetable mould. The plants develop and flower usually in rather late summer, but in the southern part of their range as early as June. The ted pinesap is widely distributed, being found from Florida to Louisiana, and north to Quebec and Newfoundland. It is some- times referred to the same genus (Monorropa) as the Indianpipe. The specimen sketched was collected near Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 213 213. MV W 1925 so SQUAWROOT Conopholis americana (Linnaeus filius) Wallroth Squaw root is a curious plant, suggesting in its appearance, because of the absence of green coloring, a fungus rathet than a flowering plant. The thick and firm but fleshy stems often grow indense clumps, the flowers nestling in the axils of bracts and forming a dense spike. The whole plant is pale yellow or brownish, and gradually withers to a deep brown, the stems persisting until late summer, when the seed pods ate matured. It grows in rich woods, often about the bases of trees, the flowers opening as early as April. Squawrtoot ranges from Florida and Alabama northward to Maine, Ontario, and Michigan. Another closely related species is native in the Southwestern States and in Mexico. The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Co- lumbia. PLATE 214 PAC (ye iiss 214. Mvw 1925 RAGGED FRINGE-ORCHID Habenaria lacera (Michaux) Loddiges The tagged fringe-orchid comes into bloom a little later than its mote showy sister, the yellow fringe-orchid. Because it grows in swampy places among grasses and other moisture-loving plants, ot in deep woods, and since its flowers differ little in coloring from the leaves, it is not easily discovered. The stems ate one to two feet high. The plant’s insect visitors are abundantly rewarded by the nectar which it supplies to them in exchange for the part they play in cross pollination. Owing to its color, it is more easily seen after dark than its yellow and purple relatives, and thus attracts night-flying moths to its feast. : Ragged fringe-orchid ranges from Georgia to North Carolina and Missouri, and northward to Newfoundland and Manitoba. The specimen sketched was found near Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 219 Ww q a —_ 3 > 5 w _ a EE RAS BAD LADY SLIPPER Cypripedium arietinum Robert Brown Ramshead ladyslipper is the rarest of the North American species of Cypripedium, and one of the most unusual in form and color. It is much daintier than its sisters in its habit of growth. It occurs only in cold, damp woods, and happy ts he who is fortunate enough to find it. Ramshead ladyslipper grows from Massachusetts and New York to Minnesota and northward to Quebec and Manitoba. The specimen sketched was obtained in Chittenden County,Ver- mont, by Mr. Edwin Hale Lincoln of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. PLATE 216 216. MVW 1925 SHOWY LADYSLIPPER Cypripedium reginae Walter The showy ladyslipper 1s considered by many to be the most beau- tiful of our native species of Cypripedium. It loves peat bogs ot low wet woods; thus only those willing to meet the difficulties of tramp- ing in such places ate rewarded by finding the shy beauty. Its flowers ate also the largest of the North American ladyslippers, and it may have one or more blossoms to crown its leafy stem. The State of Minnesota has chosen the showy ladyslipper as its State flower, and it was the first of the States to adopt such an emblem. The plant has a rather wide distribution, occurring from Georgia to Minnesota and northward to Newfoundland and Ontario. The plant sketched was obtained by Mr. Edwin Hale Lincoln near Lenox, Massachusetts. PLATE 217 217, MVW 1925 itades ee ae 4 ROSE POGONIA Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker Rose pogonia blooms at about the same time as the grass-pink orchid. It chooses the same swamps and wet meadows for its hab- itat, and the two are often found growing together. Its beautiful fringed lip is an enticing landing place for the bees, which ate at- tracted also by the fresh raspberry odor of the flowers. Its roots are fibrous, and it propagates by runners as well as by seeds. The plant has a wide range, extending from Florida to Texas and northward to Illinois, Minnesota, Ontario, and Newfoundland. It is found also in Japan. The specimen sketched was obtained neat Tuckerton, New Jetsey. PLATE 218 218. MV Ww 1925 he, : Re sae d VENUS FLYTRAP Dionaea muscipula Ellis Venus flytrap is one of the most interesting and remarkable plants in the United States. The restricted region on the Atlantic coast in which it grows has been visited by many scientists bent upon form- ing a personal acquaintance with the plant in its native haunts. The white flower is inconspicuous. It is the leaves, which form a clus- ter at the base of the flower stems, that are so unusual. The leaves ate produced at the base of the flower stalk, and consist of a flat stalk and a blade composed of two sides, like the leaves of a book. These ate hinged to the midrib, and fringed on the outer edges with tiny spikes. On their concave faces, near the center, three ot more tiny hair triggers are found. When these are touched, even lightly, the hinges close, and the insect visitor is clasped between the folded blades, while the spikes interlace firmly. No struggling insect can escape; it is so tightly held that the outline of its body can be seen through the leaf tissue. The leaf secretes a digestive substance, through whose agency the soft parts of the insect are absorbed by the cells. When this digestion iscomplete the leaf opens and releases the hard indigestible parts. Charles Darwin tells us that this is “the most wonderful plant in the world.” Venus flytrap has a narrow range, occurring only on the coast of North and South Carolina, especially in the vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina. The sketch was made from a specimen grown in the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture, in Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 219 a ieh be aeolian | 219. MVW 1925 ; aides + Sab ener LAS see etal pees CAROLINA JESSAMINE Gelsemium sempervirens (Linnaeus) Persoon Carolina jessamine, called “jasamet” by the natives of some parts of the South, is one of the delights of early spring in that region. It is a large vine whose woody, tangled, twining stems seek support upon the smaller trees, and then spread in riotous confusion over the tree tops. The clear yellow flowets are borne freely on the many leafy stems at the top, their delightful odor calling the bees tothe feast of nectat spread for them. From the buds and seed pods an active medici- nal preparation 1s made, but it must be used with care, as it is a nat- cotic poison. Carolina jessamine is the State flower of South Carolina. It is found from Florida to Texas and northward to eastern Virginia, and grows also in Mexico. But one other species of the genus Gelsemium is known, which is a native of Asia. The sketch was made from specimens gathered near Beaufort, South Carolina. PLATE 220 MOUNTAIN-LAUREL Kalmia latifolia Linnaeus Mountain-laurel is a joy to the flower lover, not only when its beautiful blooms ate plentiful in late spring, but also during the other months of the year, when its glossy evergreen leaves lend themselves so readily to the decoration of our homes. The intricate structure of the flowers is very curious. Each anther is tucked into a pocket on the inside of the corolla. When a bee probes the nec- taties at the base of the flower tube the anthers ate released and spring upward, emptying their pollen pouches upon the bee, which carries the pollen to the stigma of the next flower visited, thus effecting cross-pollination. The flower stalks are hairy and sticky and consequently entrap many ants and other small insects which ate not useful in pollination. Honey made from mountain-laurel nectar is poisonous, and the leaves are deadly to stock. The heavy, hard, and tough wood is in demand for the manufacture of small articles. Mountain-laurel prefers sandy or rocky, acid soil. It frequently forms densely interlaced thickets and sometimes grows to a height of twenty feet. Rarely it is a tree as high as forty feet, with a trunk diameter of eighteen inches. Mountain-laurel was taken to Europe about 1750 by Peter Kalm, the Swedish explorer. He was a friend of Linnaeus, who gave the shrub the name Ka/miz in his honor. It is the State flower of Connecticut. Mountain-laurel extends from Florida to Louisiana, western Ken- tucky, and Indiana, and northward to Ontario and New Brunswick. The sketch was made from a specimen obtained near Washing- ton, District of Columbia. PLATE 221 aa TaD sat A +t ie a a =) Stay eae a a Bein al z 221. MVW 1925 GOLDENCLUB Orontium aquaticum Linnaeus Goldenclub is not so handsome as many members of the Arum Family, but when the plants grow in large colonies their many bright yellow spikes are showy. Each spike is composed of tnnumer- able tiny flowers. The plant attracts gnats and small insects, which ate instrumental in fertilizing the flowers. It grows in open swamps and on the muddy borders of streams. The range of the goldenclub is from Louisiana to Florida and northwatd to Massachusetts, chiefly near the coast. The specimen sketched was procured near Beaufort, South Carolina. PLATE 222 222. MVW 1925 AMERICAN WATERLILY Castalia odorata (Dryander) Woodville and Wood The lure of ponds and shallow streams never seems more insist- ent than when the waterlilies open in the early morning. Thoreau, speaking of the Merrimac River, says, “I have passed down the river before suntise on a summer morning, between fields of lilies still shut in sleep; and when at length, the flakes of sunlight from over the bank fell on the surface of the water, whole fields of white blos- soms seemed to flash open before me, as I floated along, like the unfolding of a banner, so sensible is this flower to the influence of the sun’s rays.” Shelley also sings of their rare beauty: **** floating waterlilies broad and bright, Which lit the oak that overhung the ledge With moonlit beams of their own light. The fresh fragrance of these beautiful flowets is attractive not only to the flower lover but to the host of insects which visit them. The stamens and pistils mature at different times, thus cross-pollina- tion is accomplished by the insect visitors. The flowers may be pure white, or tinged with pink. The leaves, shaded with maroon on the undet side, are almost as beautiful as the flowers. The American waterlily is found from Florida to Louisiana and Kansas, and northward to Newfoundland and Manitoba. The specimen sketched grew neat Washington, District of Co- lumbia. PLATE 223 223. MVW 1925 PWOOlTE VYVELRLOW VIOLET Viola ertocarpa Schweinitz Among the host of violets, perhaps none is better known to the flower lover than this dainty yellow species, which grows so plen- tifully in its favorite habitat. A lover of low, open woods, it is early in bloom, and soon is past its full beauty. Bryant alludes to one of the yellow violets when he tells us that When beechen buds begin to swell And woods the bluebird’s warble know The yellow violet’s modest bell Peeps from the last year’s leaves below. The smooth yellow violet occurs from Georgia to Texas and northward to Nova Scotia and Manitoba, being thus somewhat mote southern in range than its relative, the downy yellow violet. The specimen sketched was obtained at Plummets Island in the Potomac River near Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 224 224. MVW 1925 a‘ . A 2) hs pees BOGBEAN Menyanthes trifoliata Linnaeus This lovely flower is well protected from molestation by admir- ing visitors, for it grows in cold swamps or such wet places that tubber boots ate a necessity if good specimens are to be obtained. Usually it is associated with thick beds of sphagnum. The white flowets, tinged with pink or purple and glistening in the sun, seem to vie with the bog orchids in beauty. The plant springs from a thick underground rootstock. It belongs to the small Bogbean Family, which is closely related to, and by many authors included in, the Gentian Family. The range of the bogbean 1s wide, for it extends from New Jetsey and West Virginia to Nebraska and California, and northward to Greenland and Alaska. It is found also in Europe and Asia. The specimen sketched was collected in a cold bog near the motor toad from Lake Louise to Moraine Lake, Alberta, Canada, at an alti- tude of 5,500 feet. PLATE 225 225. MVW 1925 YAUPON Ilex vomitoria Aiton Yaupon is a shrub or small tree, sometimes as much as twenty- five feet tall. It is especially handsome in autumn when covered with its beautiful ted berries, which resemble those of its close relative, the American holly. It is worthy of wider cultivation as an orna- mental plant in the Southern States. The fruits, when ripe, often do not remain long on the branches, for birds, especially mocking bitds, ate very fond of the berries, and soon strip the trees of them. Various early explorers tell us of the black drink, ot cassena, used by the Indians of the South Atlantic States, which was brewed from yau- pon leaves. The dried leaves, which contain about one-half of one per cent of caffeine, were steeped in water, which was then cooled by pouring rapidly from one vessel to another, this treatment pro- ducing frothiness. When very strong from long boiling, the liquid is black and bitter, and acts as an emetic, a quality which the Indians tegatded lightly, and merely drank again. When, however, the leaves are heated with water for but ashort time, a delicious drink is produced, and the United States Department of Agriculture is endeavoring to popularize this. It closely resembles maté or Paraguay tea, which is made from a related plant, and it promises to come into wider use as a substitute for tea, being mote suitable than the latter for production under the labor conditions of this country. Yaupon tanges along the Coastal Plain from Texas to Arkansas and Florida, and northward to Virginia. The specimen sketched was obtained near Beaufort, South Carolina. PLATE 226 920. MVW 1925 De $y) ee reel ’ tls TRUMPETCREEPER Bignonia radicans Linnaeus Trumpetcteeper is a hardy vine with strong growth, and with gaudy ted or orange flowers clustered at the ends of long, graceful stems. If it has an opportunity it clings by means of aerial roots to a supporting neighbor, and frequently it climbs to the tops of tall trees. If no support is available it is satisfied to gtow in moist fields, or on neglected roadsides. It is especially beloved by humming birds, which poise below the blossoms and thrust their long, slender bills into the trumpets to reach the nectar glands at the base. Audubon, in painting the ruby-throat, shows the bird with this flower. The trumpetcreeper belongs to the Bignonia Family, whose name was given by Linnaeus in honor of Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis XV. The genus, as te- stricted by some authots, contains but two known species, the other being a native of Japan. The crossvine of the Southern States is a neat telative. The Bignonia Family is a large one, but most of its repre- sentatives ate confined to the tropics. Trumpetcteeper ranges from Florida and Texas northward to southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Iowa. The specimen sketched was found near Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 227 Oe ”w cian wertiacicns ark! mah * ] 4 HIGH BUSH SBLUBBERRY Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus Highbush blueberry is better known by its delicious fruit than by the beautiful flowers which are so attractive in spring. These are borne thickly on the branches and attract many insects to their nectar feast. But it is when loaded with fruit that the plant's principal claim to our interest 1s acknowledged. While the wild berry is atttac- tive, the improved varieties developed by Dr. Frederick V. Coville ate out admiration and delight. The berries of these cultivated forms have reached seven-eighths of an inch in diameter. Highbush blue- berries ate grown in acid soils, and as they are very hardy, many waste places in our Northern States can be utilized to produce a crop of delicious fruit. Highbush blueberry ranges, in its numerous forms, from North Carolina (and perhaps farther southward) westwatd to the Missis- sippi Valley, and north to Minnesota and Maine. The specimen sketched was grown in the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture in Washington from specimens obtained in New Jetsey. PLATE 228 see td ae % 228. MVW 1925 BOX HUCK LEBERKY Gaylussacia brachycera (Michaux) Gray During his explorations of the eastern United States about 1790 the famous French botanist, André Michaux, discovered a blueberry- like plant which he named Vaccinium brachycerum. In his Flora, pub- lished after his death, the locality was inaccurately stated as “in Virginia, citca Winchester,” and for many years the plant was lost to science. Other early finds of it, by Pursh and Kin, were also lost sight of, and Asa Gray, when making a study of this group of plants, was unable to locate any living specimens. Nearly fifty years after the original discovery, however, a colony of it was found in Penn- _ sylvania by Spencer F. Baird, and his friendship with Gray, which sprang up as a result of their correspondence about the plant, led to his selection later as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. For many years this colony, situated near New Bloomfield, Pennsyl- vatiia, was the only one known, but during the past ten years, through the activities of Dr. Frederick V. Coville, Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, and others, the plant has been discovered in several other localities. In addition to the charm of the plant, with its delicate pink flowers in early spring, its brilliant blue berries in midsummer, and its shin- ing evergreen foliage the rest of the year, this species possesses great scientific interest, in that it forms colonies through its spread by tootstocks, so that, as shown by Dr. Coville, a patch whose area is measured in actes may consist of a single plant, thousands of yeats old. In the mountains of southern West Virginia, where it reaches its BOX HUCKLEBERRY (Continued) greatest development, it is known as “juniper.” Although the berries ate rather insipid when eaten raw, they make delicious preserves. The range of the box huckleberry is from eastern Tennessee and ptobably northernmost North Carolina through the mountains of southern West Virginia and the western edge of Virginia. Isolated colonies, most if not all of them consisting of single plants, occur at two places in Pennsylvania, and one each on the Coastal Plain of Matyland and Delaware. These outlying plants have probably arisen from seeds cattied by birds from the mountain colonies, a few hun- dred miles away. The New Bloomfield plant is estimated to be more than a thousand years old, and one of those near Losh Run, Penn- sylvania, five to ten thousand years old. The specimen figured was grown in a greenhouse of the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington. PLATE 229 229. MVW 1925 Peale att ; ane Vai hs 4) eee KS ; Gwar eee tees a ah led | ae PINE LAND BLUBRBERKY Vaccinium tenellum Aiton Pineland blueberry is a low shrub, rarely over three feet high. It has long, slender, woody underground stems, from which rise at irregular intervals the stiff, bushy branches. The flowers open in eatly spring, before the finely toothed leaves are fully expanded. The edible berries are a quarter of an inch in diameter, and black, with a whitish bloom over their surface. Pineland blueberry ranges from Florida to Virginia and westward to Mississippi. It is a shrub of the Coastal Plain, and grows chiefly in sandy pine woods. The sketch was made from specimens collected at Beaufort, South Carolina. PLATE 230 r, re si: aS 220. MV W 1925 < _ aad eran CUCUMBER IRER Magnolia acuminata Linnaeus The cucumbettree is a handsome inhabitant of the eastern for- ests. Under favorable conditions it attains a height of ninety feet with a proportionately broad crown. The greenish-yellow flowers, in spite of their large size, are not so conspicuous as those of some other magnolias, for their color blends with that of the leaves. The cylindrical fruit, when ripe, is rose-colored, but before maturity it is green, and bears some resemblance to a small cucumber. The wood is soft and yellowish brown. This species has a wider range than most of the magnolias, ex- tending from Georgia to Mississippi and Missouri and northward to New York and Ontario. The specimen sketched was taken from a beautiful tree growing in front of the buildings of the Department of Agriculture in Wash- ington, District of Columbia. PLATE 231 : a a eee 7. 231. MVW 1925 DOWNY PINXTERBLOOM Azalea rosea Loiseleur Downy Pinxterbloom is a striking plant when in bloom, its masses of clear pink flowers attracting the attention of everyone. It decorates the landscape wherever it 1s found, and is especially beau- tiful as seen along narrow mountain roads. Here it grows in profu- sion in company with mountain-laurel and other acid-soil plants. It has a delightful odor. The shrub grows in a vigorous mannet, and in favorable locations reaches a height of fifteen feet. It is often called erroneously honeysuckle. It is easily cultivated in suitable soils, and should be planted freely by those who love out native shrubs. Downy Pinxterbloom extends from the mountains of Virginia westward to Missouri and north to New Hampshire and Southern Quebec. : The specimen sketched was brought into bloom in the green- houses of the Department of Agriculture in Washington. PLATE 232 232. MVW 1925 SPOTTED BEEBALM Monarda punctata Linnaeus Spotted beebalm is one of the most beautiful membets of the Mint Family. The delicate combination of color in its flowets is quite un- like the colots exhibited by most of its relatives. The plant has a strong flavor and scent, somewhat resembling that of mint but closet to that of thyme. It contains, in fact, so much of the valuable drug thymol that attempts have been made to grow it as a soutce of this substance. It grows mostly in dry, sterile, and often acid, soils, being found in the Southern States in pine woods, though in the West it is frequent on prairies. It is sometimes called horsemint. Spotted beebalm is distributed from Florida to Texas and Kansas and northward to southern New York and Minnesota. The specimen sketched was obtained near Washington, District of Columbia, where it blooms throughout late summer. PLATE 233 233. MVW 1925 e j Seed WIKRGINIA SPRING BEAUTY Claytonia virginica Linnaeus Sptingbeauty is one of the first spring flowers, blooming with hepatica, bloodroot, anemone, and troutlily. It grows from a small tuber, which is edible. The flowers open only in bright sunshine, clos- ing at night and not opening again if the following day is cloudy. The thtee style branches of the pistil remain closely pressed together until the anthers have yielded their pollen to visiting insects; then the style branches spread to receive pollen from the later flowers. Longfellow alludes to the springbeauty in “Hiawatha,” telling us that Where the fire had smoked and smouldered, Saw the earliest flower of Spring-time, Saw the Beauty of the Spring-time, Saw the Miskodeed in blossom. This species of springbeauty ranges from Georgia to Texas and northward to Nova Scotia, Montana, and Saskatchewan. The sketch was made from plants growing neat Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 234 2a, Mv Ww 1925 PURPLE BUTTERWORT Pinguicula elatior Michaux Purple butterwort is a dainty and beautiful plant. It grows in moist sandy pine woods on the Coastal Plain, often in association with other purple or yellow butterworts. Although in Florida it may be found in flower at almost any season, it blooms most profusely in spring. The solitary flower is poised at the top of a slender stall springing from the center of a rosette of pale green leaves, which usually lie flat against the sand. They feel greasy to the touch because they ate covered with myriads of minute glands. The exudation from the glands entraps small insects which alight on the leaf sur- face, and these helplessly entangled creatures are held closely by the intolled margins of the leaf blade, to be digested and assimilated as food. The butterworts ate all terrestrial plants, but they belong to the same family as the bladderworts, many of which are aquatic. This species of butterwort is common in Florida and adjoining States, but appeats to be unable to withstand cold weather. It has not migrated farther north than southern North Carolina. Curiously enough one of its close relatives is intolerant of warm climates, and though occurring through much of Canada, has not teached farther south than central New York. The specimen sketched was brought into flower in the green- houses of the United States Department of Agriculture in Wash- ington, from specimens obtained in Florida. PLATE 235 235. MVW 1925 PARROT? PLUG ER RIAN T Sarracenia psittacina Michaux Parrot pitcherplant is a beautiful member of the bizarre group to which it belongs. The Pitcherplant Family consists of only three genera and about ten species, all American. The true pitcherplants ate all natives of the eastern United States, but one of their relatives gtows in the mountains of California, and the other still farther . away, in the mountains of Guiana. Our pitcherplants inhabit peat bogs, and they may be grown easily in the hot-house in a mixture of peat and sand. The pot should be placed inside a larger one, and the space between should be stuffed with peat moss, thus imitating the natural conditions of soil and moisture. The pattot pitcherplant is one of the many interesting plants which are found on our southeastern Coastal Plain. It ranges from Florida to Georgia and Alabama. The specimen sketched was grown in the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture in Washington. PLATE 236 tee tit 5 1g2 vw M 236. WOOD SKULLCAP Scutellaria serrata Andtews This species is one of the most showy and beautiful of all the skullcaps, of which there are over sixty species in the United States. Its large, blue-purple flowers and the bright-green scentless foliage distinguish it from most other members of the Mint Family native in the Eastern States. It is a forest plant, apparently preferring soils of low acidity, forming small dense clumps, and flowering in May and June. Pink and white forms are occasionally found. Wood skullcap ranges from SouthCarolina to Alabama and north- watd to New York and Illinois. The sketch was made from a specimen found near Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 237 237. MVW 1925 BLUE-EYED-GRASS Sasyrinchium angustifolinm Miller The starlike flowers of blue-eyed-grass open only in bright sun- shine, and last but a single day. Thus in fields that were plentifully sprinkled with them in the morning, not a flower will be found among the grasslike leaves and stems in the afternoon. Its leaves although very slender, resemble those of an iris, being flattened and attached with their edges turned toward the stem. The plant is a member of the Iris Family. This species of blue-eyed-grass has a wide range, from Virginia to Colorado and northward to Newfoundland and British Colum- bia. It has many close relatives, which can be distinguished from it only by botanists who have made a special study of this group. The specimen sketched was gathered in the valley of Ghost River, thirty-five miles from Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. PLATE 238 1925 Av Ww _M Bae. ie) ee UM Trillium erectum Linnaeus In one pronounced character the red trilltum is strikingly different from other trilliums, which have no well-defined odor. The strong offensive odor of this plant is repellent to the bees and butterflies, although it does draw the carrion flies, which have a monopoly of the pollen shed by the anthers. Red trilltum ranges from North Carolina to Tennessee and north- ward to Nova Scotia and Ontario. The plant sketched was procured from the National Zoological Park in Washington, District of Columbia. PLATE 239 si. a t's; pe y Me 239. MV W 1925 SNOW TRILLIUM Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury Snow trilliums area delight to behold when they reach the perfec- tion of growth in spring along with other early spring flowers. They love woodland regions, pushing up from the ground through the covering of brown leaves, and waving in every fitful breeze that blows. As the flowers fade they are flushed with a dainty pink color. Snow trilliums are easily grown and quickly spread through the woods when planted, needing no especial care. The soil must be rich, moist, and well drained. The trilliums belong to the Lily Family. The snow trilltum has a rather wide range, extending from North Carolina to Missouri and northward to Minnesota, Ontario and Quebec. The sketch was made from plants grown near Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia. PLATE 240 240. MV-W 1925 Sostotuttteterstete a lglg eds poetic ah chetahe satis plepey aera oo teatihere oer erento a 3687 9088 00640 ~