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_ NORTH AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS
/
NORTH AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS
bY MARY VAUX WALCOTT
ES
a S. é = he Ly rors
PUBLISHED BY
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WIASHINGTON, D.C. 1925
“THIS IS NUMBER
i
_ OF VOLUME TWO
CSCNHRG>
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME II
Note: All sketches ave life size. The system used in naming the plants is the American Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Descriptions of the plants illustrated may be found in Gray's New Manual, Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora, Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States, or Rydberg’s Flora of the Rocky Mountains.
PLATE
SI. . Douglas Honeysuckle (fruit). Lonicera glaucescens RYDBERG . Pink Twistedstalk. Streptopus curvipes VatL
LO2.
103.
Douglas Honeysuckle (flower). Lonacera glaucescens RYDBERG
. Clasping Twistedstalk. Streptopus amplexifolius (LINNAEUS) DE CANDOLLE
. White Pea. Lathyrus ochroleucus HOOKER
. Mountain Juniper. Juniperus sibirica BURGSDORF
. Riverbank Gentian. Gentiana affinis GRISEBACH
. Gtassleaf Agoseris. Agoseris graminifolia GREENE
. Slender Agoseris. Agoseris gracilens (GRAY) KUNTZE
. Showy Milkweed. Asclepias speciosa TORREY
. Northern Ladyslipper. Cypripedium passerinum RiCHARDSON
. Small yellow Ladyslipper. Cypripedium parviflorum SALISBURY
. Rayless Gtoundsel. Senecio pauciflorus Pursu
. Naiad Springbeauty. Claytonia parvifolia MociNo
. American Pasqueflower (flower). Pulsatilla ludoviciana (NUTTALL) HELLER
. American Pasqueflower (fruit). Pulsarilla ludoviciana (NUTTALL) HELLER
. Sweetvetch. Hedysarum mackenzit RICHARDSON
. Mistmaiden. Romanzoffia sitchensis BONGARD
. Columbia Clematis (flower). Clematis columbiana (NuTTALL) TORREY AND GRAY . Columbia Clematis (fruit). Clematis columbiana (NUTTALL) TORREY AND GRAY
. Lodgepole Pine. Pinus contorta murrayana (BALFOUR) ENGELMANN
Lanceleaf Paintbrush. Castilleja lancifolia RYDBERG
White Thistle. Czrstum hookerianum NuTTALL
104. nL Oke 106. EOF, 108. 109. TAO le Tale TEs, 112. 114. LES: 116: iii, 118. ITg. 120. Up 1295 123) oA. 126. Teas, Tze 128 1209. 130. 12%, Tee
133.
Gray Pussytoes. <Antennaria howellit GREENE
Calypso. Cytherea bulbosa (Linnazus) House
Rock Willow. Salix petrophila RYDBERG
Sweet Androsace. Androsace carinata TORREY
Bluegreen Gentian. Gentiana glauca PALLAS
Rocky Mountain Twayblade. Ophrys nephrophylla RYDBERG Spotted Saxifrage. Swxifraga bronchialis LinNaEus
Bearberty (flower). Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LINNAEUS) SPRENGEL Beatberry (fruit) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LINNAEUS) SPRENGEL Green Pyrola. Pyrola chlorantha Swartz
Avalanche Buttercup. Ranunculus suksdorfii Gray
Canada Buffaloberry. Lepargyrea canadensis (LINNAEUS) GREENE Deathcamas. Zygadenus elegans PursH
Saskatoon. Amelanchier alnifolia NuTTALL
Prairie Aster. Aster campestris NUTTALL
Owl-clover. Orthocarpus tenuifolius BENTHAM
Showy Oxytrope. O.xytropis splendens Doucias
Alpine Fernleaf. Pedicularis contorta BENTHAM
Pussy Willow. Swlixe discolor MUHLENBERG
Bloodroot. Sanguinaria canadensis LuNNAEUS
Pyxie. Pyxidanthera barbulata MicHaux
Hepatica. Hepatica americana Ker
Trailing-arbutus. Epigaea repens LINNAEUS
Canada Wildginger. Asarum canadense LINNAEUS Pinxterbloom. Azalea nudiflora LINNAEUS
Wild Calla. Calla palustris LINNAEUS
Chickasaw Plum. Prunus angustifolia MARSHALL
Grass-pink Orchid. Lémodorum tuberosum LINNAEUS Deerberry. Polycodium stamineum (LINNAEUS) GREENE
Bog Kalmia. Kalmia polifolia WANGENHEIM
. Painted Trillium. Trillium undulatum WiLLDENOW
. Fringed Polygala. Polygala paucifolia WILLDENOW
. Squittelcorn. Bikuwkulla canadensis (GoLDIE) MILLsPAUGH
. Red Maple. Acer rubrum LiINNAzUS
. Carolina Maple. Acer carolinianum WALTER
. Longleaf Pine. Pinus palustris MILLER
. Fringetree. Chionanthus virginica LINNAEUS
. American Columbine. Aquélegia canadensis LINNAEUS
. Southern Coast Violet. Viola septemloba Lz CoNTE
. Mayapple. Podophyllum peltatum Linnazus
. Wood Merttybells. Uvularia perfoliata LinNAzEus
. Goldenstat. Chrysogonum virginianum LINNAEUS
. Highbush Blackbetry. Rubus argutus Link
. Crowpoison. Chrosperma muscactoxicum (WALTER) KUNTZE
. Canada Lily. Lilium canadense LINNAEUS
. American Wistatia. Kraunhia frutescens (LINNAEUS) GREENE . Curly Clematis. Clematis crispa LinNAEUS
. Western Yatrow. Achillea lanulosa NUTTALL
. Tampa Epidendrum. Epidendrum tampense LINDLEY
. Tillandsia. Tillandsia fasciculata SWARTZ
. Spiderlily. Hymenocallis rotata (KeR) HERBERT
Lo . Ghostpipe. Thalesia uniflora (Linnaxzus) Britton Ly . Arum Attowhead. Sagittaria cuneata SHELDON I 5 9:
160.
Lloyds Strawberry-cactus. Echéinocereus lloydit BRirtON AND RosE Pale Pinesap. Hypopitys americana (DE CANDOLLE) SMALL
Spatterdock. Nymphaea advena SOLANDER
Pineland Aster. Aster squarrosus WALTER
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DOUGLAS HONEYSUCKLE
Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg
The Douglas honeysuckle is often found in the foothill valleys of the Canadian Rockies. In shade the flowers ate orange, but they take a deeper hue of ted or copper in situations more exposed to the sun. The leaves of the uppermost pair of each twig ate expanded at the base and united to form a shallow cup, from which the flowers arise. The stiff, woody old branches from which the flowering stems grow ate firmly intertwined with the branches of their supporting bush. When gtowing in the open, the vine forms a mass of twisted stems neat the ground. The green leaves make an exquisite background for the flowers.
This plant ranges from Pennsylvania to Oklahoma and north to Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was collected in July,on the shores of Lake Minnewonka, ten miles from Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet.
PLATE 81
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DOUGLAS HONEYSUCKLE
Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg FRUIT OF PLATE 81
The bright ted fruit of the Douglas honeysuckle ripens in Septem- ber. At this season the leaves turn yellow, their veins being usually red. The juicy, inedible fruits ate in clustets, each cluster surrounded by a leafy cup.
The range of this plant covers the central and northern portions of the United States, and southern Canada.
This sketch was made from a specimen found in September, in the upper Kootenay Valley near the motor road between the Columbia River Valley and Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.
PLATE 82
=~
82
PINK TWISTEDSTALK
Streptopus curvipes Vail
In moist tecesses of the woods in the Selkirk Mountains are found beds of pink twistedstalk. The bell-shaped, dainty, rose-colored flowets hang beneath the clear green leaves on slender stalks that spring from the leaf axils. Thus the passer-by does not see them, unless he knows whete to seatch for the hidden flowers. The plant usually has un- branched stems and grows from a foot to two feet in height, forming extensive colonies in favorable places. It is a relative of the lily-of-the- valley of our gardens. The fruit is a round, red, inedible berry.
The species tanges from Oregon and British Columbia to Alaska.
The specimen sketched was obtained neat Glacier House at Glacier Station in the Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet
PLATE 83
CLASPING TWISTEDSTALK Streptopus amplexifolius (Linnaeus) De Candolle
The clasping twistedstalk is similar in habit to the pink twistedstalk, but the flowers ate greenish white. The whole plant is of gteater size, often growing to a height of three feet, and the stems commonly ate branched, except above tree line, where the plants are dwarfed by the cold. The berries of this species are also more conspicuous, oval in form and bright red in color, and freely produced along the stems. The stalks on which they are borne are twisted or sharply curved, hence the com- mon name. The plant loves a moist rich soil tn wooded places, whete its lush growth and contrasting colots ate attractive to the eye.
This member of the Lily-of-the-valley Family is found from the high mountains of North Carolina to New Mexico and northward to Greenland and Alaska. It occuts also in Europe and Asia.
The specimen sketched was found near Hector Station on the Cana- dian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
PLATE 84
i Sat Hine
Whit PEA
Lathyrus ochroleucus Hooker
The white pea is rank in growth when it finds a congenial situation, clambering over the undergrowth, and giving a delicate touch to the heavier shrubs by its graceful appearance and fresh color. Horses like it, especially when in bloom, or when the seed pods have formed. We found it in greatest perfection in July on the banks of Lake Minne- wonka neat Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. The plants attach themselves for support to other objects in the same mannet as the garden pea, by threadlike tendrils borne at the ends of the leaves.
White pea ranges from New Jetsey westward to Wyoming, and northward to Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia. —
PLATE 85
85. MV W 1925
Spee a Oe ER A ey ee
MOUNTAIN JUNIPER
Juniperus sibivica Burgsdort
Mountain juniper frequents dry, stony places either among other shrubs or on open mountain slopes, whete it forms circular patches often ten feet 1n diameter, but seldom more than eighteen inches tall. Its many stiff branches and prickly leaves are so offensive that ponies, as well as people, avoid crossing the patches. By midsummer the bushes ate loaded with blue-grtay berry-like cones which, when win- tet comes, ate eaten by wild birds. The berties of some of the other species of juniper were used by the Indians, who ate them either raw or dried, or ground into meal and prepared as mush or cakes. Cakes made from berries of alligator funiper,an Arizona species, are said to be easily digested and palatable to European people.
Mountain juniper ranges from Massachusetts, New York,and Mich- igan north to Labrador and central Canada, and in the Rocky Moun- tains from New Mexico to California and northwatd to Alaska. It occuts also in Siberia.
The specimen sketched was obtained in the Saskatchewan River Valley, British Columbia, fifty miles north of Lake Louise Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at an altitude of 4,000 feet.
PLATE 86
86
RIVERBANK GENTIAN
Gentiana affinis Grisebach
The fiverbank gentian prefers the flat borders of streams in the lower valleys, whete grasses and sedges find a combination of congenial soil and moisture. The purple flowets, with white marking on the petals, ate elusive, since theyate often hidden byneighboring plants. We found ~ them near a“lick” whete twenty mountain sheep, ewes and lambs, were enjoying the salty soil kept moist by the snow water from the rushing tivet neat by, which overflowed its banks each August afternoon.
The riverbank gentian, placed by some botanists in the genus Dasy- stephana, tanges from Colorado to California, and north to Saskatch- ewan and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was collected in the valley of the Red Deer River, three days by trail from Lake Louise Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, Albetta, at an altitude of 5,500 feet
PLATE 87
87
GRASSLEAFP AGOSERIS
Agoseris graminifolia Greene
Grassleaf agoseris, although occurring in many places in the Cana- dian Rockies, is not often seen by travelers, for it usually grows amid a tangle of gtass and other plants, and opens its flowers only in full sun- light. It has graceful leaves, and the fluffy seed heads, like those of dan- delion, ate mote showy than the flowets. Some of the widely wind- blown seeds find suitable places for germination. Like other membets of the Chicory Family, to which this plant belongs, its leaves and stems have a milky juice.
Grassleaf agosetis ranges from Arizona northward to the Canadian Rockies of Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was found by the shore of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 5,700 feet.
PLATE 88
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SLENDER AGOSERIS
Agoseris gracilens (Gtay) Kuntze
The fruiting heads of the vatious species of Agoseris ate much more beautiful and showy than the flowets, which expand only in bright sunlight, and are often small and inconspicuous. In Alpine meadows the fluffy heads are very abundant. As the seeds ripen and ate dislodged from the parent stem they are blown by the wind to favorable locations for germination.
This A goseris may be found from Colorado northward to Albetta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was obtained in the Douglas Lake Valley, twenty-five miles by trail from Lake Louise Station, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,000 feet.
PLATE 89
89. MVW 1925
SHOWY MILKWEED
Asclepias speciosa Torrey
We ate so accustomed to seeing the eastern milkweeds scattered along the wayside or among the denizens of waste places, or in the case of the butterflyweed in isolated clumps, that it was a sutptise to find a whole field of this beautiful milkweed in the Kootenay River Valley. It seemed to have exactly the right soil as well as other condi- tions suited to its needs, and the heavy, waxy, sweet-scented flowers were attracting many bees and butterflies to the feast of nectar spread for them. The plants were fully four feet tall. Most of the flowers wete of a delicate shade of pink, although the fresher blossoms and buds wete claret-coloted, or almost matoon. When examined with a glass, the highly complicated structure of the flowers can beseen plainly.
This milk weed ranges from Kansas to California and north to Sas- katchewan and British Columbia.
The specimen painted was found in the Columbia River Valley in British Columbia at Fairmount Hot Springs, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.
PLATE 90
go
NORTHERN LADYSLIPPER
Cypripedium passerinum Richardson
We had made numerous visits to the Canadian Rockies without hav- ing seen this beautiful ladyslipper, but one midsummer day, after ford- ing a rushing mountain torrent, we came upon it suddenly. It was ctowded among other plants, and seemed to prefer a moist situation withsome sunshine. Elsewhere in the mountains we have since found it on the shores of lakes or streams, but usually in sheltered situations. In some places rich leafmold encouraged more vigorous growth, and the plants were in clumps eighteen inches in height, with a profusion of the modest slipper-shaped flowers. The old seed pods of the previ- ous season indicated nature’s prodigality in providing abundant seeds.
This orchid is distributed from Ontario to Alberta and British Co- lumbia and northward to Alaska.
The specimen sketched grew at Healy Creek, near Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,700 feet.
PLATE QI |
or
5 ‘ . 5
SMALL YELLOW LADYSLIPPER
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury
The flowets of the small yellow ladyslipper, their golden pouches decked with stteamets of bronze and claret, immediately attract us by theit beauty, and we do not wonder that passing bees ate enticed by the coloring and perfume of the flowers. Inside the yellow pouch ate nu- merous fine hairs, which secrete tiny drops of a sticky fluid. The bee, attempting to escape, after she has been smeared with this substance, is forced by the shape of the pouch to ctawl out by one of the narrow passages, on the sides of which the pollen masses and stigma are placed. In so doing the bee brushes first past the stigma and then the pollen- bearing anthers. She can not leave pollen on a stigma until she has been smeared with pollen from another flower, and thus cross fertili- zation is effected.
Fortunately this orchid is easily grown in a wild garden, requiring only a plentiful supply of humus in the soil.
The specimen sketched was found in North Carolina, but the plant ranges from Georgia to Newfoundland and westward to Missouti, Utah, and British Columbia.
PLATE 92.
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RAYLESS GROUNDSEL
Senecio pauciflorus Pursh
Rayless groundsel, though not usually conspicuous, gives in mid- summer a touch of brilliant color amid the otherwise dull grasses and willows of the mountain meadows. At first sight it seems to be a budding flower, soon to unfold, but the long rays characteristic of most othet species of composites ate absent, and the head expands no further.
Rayless groundsel extends from Michigan to Wyoming and Cal- ifornia, and northward to Labrador, Quebec, and Alaska.
The specimen sketched grewin the valley of Johnson Creek, twelve miles northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 52500 feet.
PLATE 93
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‘
NAIAD SPRINGBEAUTY
Claytonia parvifolia Mocifio
As we pick out way along some of the wet, stony trails near Glacier House, British Columbia, we find, if observing closely, the dainty stems of the naiad springbeauty,a member of the Purslane Family, growing from asmall rosette of green leaves. This frail and delicate plant thrives in the cool drippings from the rocky banks. It is especially interesting from the fact that it propagates freely by bulblets from the axils of the stem. leaves.
This plant ranges from Alaska southward in the mountains to Cali- fornia and Montana.
The specimen sketched was found near Glacier House in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.
PLATE 94
aN rhe sh
AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER Pulsatilla lndoviciana (Nuttall) Heller
The pasqueflower is one of the loveliest of the anemones. It 1s known commonly in the Canadian Rockies as “wild crocus.” In early spring the stalks push through the ground as soon as the snow disap- pears, and flower before the leaves unfold. In dry regions, like the upper valley of the Columbia River in British Columbia, there sometimes fol- lows a second period of blooming, when rain comes in late summer after a dry season, but these summer flowers ate inferior in size and beauty to those of spring.
The pasqueflower is really a prairie plant. Itis found from Michigan and Illinois to’‘Texas, Washington, and Alaska. It has been selected as the State flower of South Dakota.
The sketch was made from a specimen gathered in July near the summut of Sulphur Mountain at Banff, Alberta, Canada, at 8,000 feet elevation.
PLATE 95
95. MV W 1925
AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER
Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller FRUIT OF PLATE 95
The hairy basal leaves of the pasqueflower, growing directly from the root, and also a whorl of stem leaves, borne at the middle of the flower stalk, develop quickly after the flowers have faded. The seeds, each provided with a curved silky tail, remain attached to the head until ripe, when they are scattered by the winds.
The pasqueflower ranges throughout the prairie and Rocky Moun- tain States and the provinces of western Canada.
The specimen sketched was obtained in midsummer at Ghost River, twenty-five miles from Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,500 PiceL:
PLATE 96
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Sw ie Ey EC
Hedysarum mackenzit Richardson
In but one place that we visited in the Canadian Rockies did we find sweetvetch growing in perfection. For sevetal seasons we have made “Wild Flower Camp” our headquartets for a short time. On the trail passing from that place up the steep slopes to the divide above the head of Johnson Creek, we came to a deep unnamed alpine lake, along whose tocky shore the trail leads. On the slopes above the trail, whete the glaciers have plowed away the mountain side, leaving stretches of upland meadows between the tocks, the disintegrating limestone provides ideal soil conditions for leguminous plants. Here sweetvetch grows in clumps, with stems stiff enough to support the heavy blossoms, while the luxuriant growth of leaves forms a fine background for the flowers. These ate of various shades of crimson and pink, or occasionally pure white, and their scent is as delightful as that of freshly gathered sweet peas from the home garden. In other localities the flower heads ate so heavy that the stems lie prostrate on the ground, making beautiful rosettes sometimes eighteen inches actoss. Alexander Mackenzie, in his journey of discovery down the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean in 1793, used the roots of sweet- vetch as an emergency food.
This plant is restricted to the Canadian Rocky Mountain region, from Alberta to Northwest Territory and Yukon.
The unnamed lake is about ten miles northeast of Lake Louise Sta- tion, Alberta, Canada, but by the citcuitous trail one and a half days are tequited. The altitude is about 8,000 feet.
PLATE 97
27,
MISTMAIDEN
Romanzoffia sitchensis Bongard
Mistmaiden is a dainty alpine plant that is found at or above tree line almost anywhere in the northern Rockies, if growth conditions ate favorable. It grows frequently in rock crevices, and delights in moist spots where water from melting snow seeps through the earth ot drips from the rocks above. During the short growing season it is able to endure the freezing temperatures that are frequent at night. It is but rarely that the delicate stems and fragile flowers are injured ot destroyed. The first specimen that we found was carried to camp and placed in water in a tin outside the tent. In the morning, to out dismay the water was a solid block of ice, and we thought the beau- tiful specimen was ruined ; but when the ice melted the plant was as fresh as evet.
This interesting member of the Waterleaf Family ranges from Montana to northern California and Alaska. As its specific name, séz- chensis, indicates, the plant was collected first at Sitka, Alaska.
The specimen sketched grew near Lake O'Hara in the Canadian Rockies, British Columbia, at an altitude of 6,600 feet.
PLATE 98
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COLUMBIA CLEMATIS
Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey and Gray
Columbia clematis is one of the daintiest and most attractive of the mountain wild flowers. The scrambling vine grows gracefully over the rocks, or clings to some convenient support of bushes or small trees, the single purple blossoms lending themselves to the situation with the utmost freedom from conventionality. The stems ate woody, and after the petal-like sepals fall the feathery seed heads are quite as attractive as the flowers. The blossoms ate produced in spring or early summer.
Columbia clematis may be found from the mountains of Colorado and Washington northward to the Canadian Rockies in Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched grew five miles from Field, British Colum- bia, on the slopes of Mount Burgess, near the trail to Burgess Pass, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.
PLATE 99
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99. MVW 1925
ae
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COLUMBIA CLEMATIS
Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey and Gray FRUIT OF PLATE 99
The fruits of the Columbia clematis, although not so conspicuous as the flowets, ate quite as beautiful. The silky tails attached to the “seeds” of the loose heads become feather-like as they ripen. The soft shades of gteen grow paler and finally turn silvery gray,when the ripe fruits are loosened from the parent stem and carried away by the wind.
Columbia clematis extends from Utah and Colorado northward to Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was found in August in the Horse Thief Valley, Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, twenty miles. west of Athelmerte, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.
PLATE IOO
” ‘ : yi Mirah : MGs
Maia
i000. MV W
LODGEPOLE PINE
Pinus contorta murrayana (Balfour) Engelmann
Lodgepole pine is the commonest tree of the Canadian Rockies. In places whete fire has taken toll of the primeval forest it is usually the first forest growth to obtain a foothold. Hete it frequently grows in thickets so dense that they ate almost impenetrable for animals after the trees have reached a height of seven or eight feet. When full grown the lodgepole pine attains a height of eighty feet, with a trunk one to three feet in diameter. If the trees stand alone their branches petsist nearly to the base of the trunk. The ttee is the one most easily available for tent ot tepee poles, hence its common name. A striking feature of the tree is that the cones remain upon the branches for a long time, often for years after the tree is dead. The wood is light yellow or nearly white, soft and weak, and is little used for lumber. The Indians, in times of scatcity of other food, sometimes ate the inner bark and soft sapwood.
Lodgepole pine ranges from Colorado and California northward to Saskatchewan and Alaska.
The specimen sketched was ptocuted on the North Fork of the Saskatchewan River, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
PLATE IOI
101. MV W 1925
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LANCELEAF PAINT BRUSH
Castilleja lancifolia Rydberg
The habit of the lanceleaf paintbrush is quite different from that of many other membets of the genus Castilleja, as it has a long cteep- ing, perennial rootstock. Usually it is found in moist woods on the lower levels of the eastern slopes of the Rockies. Being protected by sheltering trees and herbs from the sharp frosts that often come in mid-August, it is one of the last flowers to be found in full bloom. The vivid ted of the bracts surrounding the flowets, which form dense spikes at the ends of the stiff stems, is especially noticeable to one traveling the mountain trails at this season. In burnt-timber areas it is likely to have survived the tavages of fire, since the rootstock is protected from the heat by the soil above.
This striking member of the Figwort Family ranges from Colo- tado and Utah north to Alberta and Alaska.
The specimen sketched was found in the valley of the Pipestone River, fifteen miles north of Lake Louise, Albetta, at an altitude of 5,500 feet.
PLATE 102
IO2z
WHITE THISTLE
Cirszum hookerianum Nuttall
White thistles grow luxuriantly in the northern Rocky Mountains. Their seeds, readily blown about by the wind, embrace evety oppot- tunity to obtain a foothold. Along the motor toad between Banff and Lake Louise they grow in great perfection, often four feet tall, with numerous flower heads along the straight stem, commonly culmi- nating in a tosette of many heads at the apex. The tender opening flowers ate much relished by the ponies, who do not seem to mind the prickly bracts and leaves. Above ttee line the plants ate reduced in size, often flowering when only six inches high.
The white thistle is distributed from Montana northward to the Canadian Rockies in Alberta and British Columbia.
Out specimen grew near the summit of Vermilion Pass, Alberta, on the motor road between Castle Station, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Columbia River Valley, at an altitude of 5,400 feet.
PLATE 103
103. MV W 1925
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GRAY PUSSYTOES
Antennaria howellzi Greene
When the showy flowers of spring abound, we naturally overlook the less conspicuous plants, but as the season advances attention is at- tracted to them. It is then that we notice the gray pussytoes growing on flats along stream beds, where the waters from melting glaciers have deposited some of their load of mud and sand. These flats suppott a luxuriant growth of coatse grasses, sedges, and willows. In midsum- met they ate overflowed in the afternoon of every watm day, and the soil is always moist. In such situations this plant thrives, often form- . ing extensive colonies, which ate propagated by prostrate leafy shoots that take root and form new plants. The “seeds,” also, ate provided with a tuft of silky haits, so that they ate easily carried to gteat dis- tances by the wind.
The tange of this relative of the daisies is from Montana to Wash- ington, and north to Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched grew at Lone Tree Camp on the Siffleur River, fifty miles north of Lake Louise Station, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
PLATE 104
104
CALYPS©
Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus) House
In mountain woods, where pine needles cover the ground and pte- setve the moistute underneath, the dainty calypso is often found, and is a joy to tecall ever after. This lovely little orchid, waving with each passing breath of wind, is poised on a slender stem that seems too del- icate to support its weight. The tiny bulb, barely half an inch thick, is much valued by the Indians of Alberta in spring asa delicious mot- sel, comparable to new potatoes.
Calypso is a cool-climate plant, and occurs chiefly in the far north, ot at high altitudes southward. It apparently sutvived the glacial period in the southern Rocky Mountains, in Arizona and New Mex- ico. Since the ice retreated it has been able to push northward as far as Labrador and Alaska. It is still found in the eastern United States in northern New York, Vermont, and Maine.
The specimen sketched was found in Glacier National Park, Mon- tana.
PLATE 105
ROCK WILLOW
Salix petrophila Rydberg
This diminutive willow occuts on mountain slopes where other species of willow also flourish, but grows only four or five inches tall, and has the appearance rather of an hetb than of a shrub. As soon as the overlying blanket of snow melts, the stems come to life. When the catkins are fully developed, the whole plant is very lovely, and attracts many small bees and other insects. The pollen falls ina golden shower when the branches are shaken. The pistillate flowers develop tapidly into silly heads during the long days of sunshine in June and July. The silk-tipped seeds, loosening from the split pods, are then blown by the wind to a new location.
Rock willow occurs on alpine peaks from New Mexico to Cali- fornia and north to British Columbia and Mackenzie.
The specimen sketched was found on the slopes of Mt. Wapta near Burgess Pass, seven miles by trail from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude of 7,000 feet.
PLATE 106
Selena Co
:
es
I 06
Pet
SWEET ANDROSACE
Androsace carinata Torrey
Sweet androsace is really a spring flower, unfolding on the lower hillsides with the earliest blossoms, but it may be found during most of the summer by ascending to a higher altitude. Its sweet odor and the dainty clustered flowets, with their yellow centers, lend the plant a peculiar charm. The rosettes of stiff green leaves, from which each delicate flower stem rises, give a mosslike appearance to a colony of the plants. They frequent both dry and moist situations. Several related species occur frequently in the northern Rockies, but they are of un- attractive appearance, and are seldom noticed.
This member of the Primrose Family ranges from the cold moun- tain tops of New Mexico north to Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was found at Ptarmigan Pass, seven miles northeast of Lake Louise, British Columbia, at an altitude of 7,500 feet.
PLATE 107
end ia
YW.
107
BLUEGREEN GENTIAN
Gentiana glauca Pallas
Several species of gentian ate common in the Canadian Rockies, but the bluegreen gentian is a most elusive plant. I have found it only in the region of Ptarmigan Pass, whete it is extremely local, inhabiting northern slopes, near the borders of alpine lakes. Following a trail that the horses had made in order to reach the higher meadows, where the sweet short grass was plentiful, we found the shy beauty. The plants grow singly or in clumps with three or four clusters of blue- green flowers. The pale leaves form a rosette about the base of each blooming stem. The flowers are a peculiar shade of blue-green. They tesemble closed gentians more than other membets of the family found in the region, since the small pointed petals do not fully expand even with full sunshine. Blooming in August in the exposed situa- tions that they prefer, above tree line, the plants ate often caught by the early frosts, and thus ate prevented frequently from ripening seeds.
The bluegteen gentian, sometimes placed in the genus Dasyste- phana, 1s found from Montana to British Columbia and Alaska, and also in Siberia. |
The specimen sketched grew near a small lake eight miles by trail northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,500 feet.
PLATE 108
5x4 Y,
08
I
ROCKY MOUNTAIN TWAY BLADE Ophrys nephrophylla Rydberg
Rocky Mountain twayblade is one of the most common represen- tatives of the Orchid Family in the Canadian Rockies. It delights in the tecesses of damp woods, and grows among mosses and other moistute-loving plants,where the sunshine filters but faintly through the trees. The flowers vary in color from yellowish green to green or purple. The plants ate so small and so nearly uniform in color that they ate easily overlooked among other vegetation. Such unobtrusive plants as these show little affinity in theit general appeatance with theit more showy relatives, such as the ladyslippets and the brilliant exotic orchids of our hothouses.
This twayblade is a mountain species, and ranges from New Mex- ico northward to Montana and Alaska. A closely related species is found from New Jetsey to central Canada and Labrador.
The sketch was made from specimens collected at Yoho Pass, eleven miles from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude of 5, goo feet.
PLATE I09
SPOTTED SAXIFRAGE
Saxifraga bronchialis Linnaeus
Spotted saxifrage grows most plentifully about tree line. It grows in masses overt the rocks, in whose crevices its toots find a foothold. The Latin specific name is derived from saxum,a tock, and frango, I break. The dark green foliage retains its color through the winter, and gives to the beds of the plant a mosslike appearance. The flowets are visited by great numbers of bees and flies. Sometimes the spots on the petals are green or yellow instead of red, the other characters of the plant remaining the same. In nature's rock gardens these hardy plants, wherever they grow, lend grace and beauty to the scene.
This saxifrage (which has also been called Leptasea austromontana) is found from Utah and New Mexico northward to Alberta and Brit- ish Columbia and Alaska. It grows also in northern Asia and Europe.
The specimen sketched was collected near Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500.
PLATE IIO
oO 4 4
BEARBERRY
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel
This shrubby member of the Heath Family is seldom seen in bloom by the traveler. Early in the season, soon after the snow melts, the flowers may be found hidden under the mass of beautiful evergreen leaves. They prefer a dry, gravelly, or sandy soil. The leaves were used by the Indians either tn combination with tobacco, or by them- selves, for smoking purposes. The plant has also been used in med- icine as an astringent, as well as by tanners in making leather.
Bearberty, or kinnikinnick, may be found from New Jetsey to New Mexico and California, and northward to Labrador and Alaska.
The sketch was made from a specimen secured near Mount Assin- iboine, fifty miles south of Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,000 feet.
PLATE III
REY bit
an
La | i bo
BEARBERRY
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel
FRUIT OF PLATE III
When August comes, the green fruits of the bearberry, or kinni- kinnick, begin to appear, and soon turn a bright red. Then the plant assumes a More interesting appearance, and if a sufficient amount of moisture is available the berries are numerous and well developed. Grouse and other birds are glad to add these berries to their scanty winter menu, even though they taste to us dry and insipid.
_Bearberty,which belongs to the Heath Family, may be found from New Jersey to New Mexico and California,and northward to Labta- dor and Alaska.
The specimen sketched was collected near Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet.
PLATE 112
5 Me
A Ti
8 fio
Ae
I12. MVW 1925
y nite) ‘i Table kt
ty,
GREEN PYROLA
Pyrola chlorantha Swattz
The green pyrola is a denizen of dry wooded slopes, and blossoms in July. Although it has fewer flowers than the pink species, it is almost as attractive. The slightly sweet-scented flowets are borne on a stiff stem, rising from a rosette of leathery, evergreen leaves. The flowets ate thick and fleshy and remain for a long time upon the plant, being followed by dry seed pods.
Green pyrola has a wide tange, extending from Virginia to Arizona and California, and northward to Labrador and British Columbia. It occurs also in Europe.
The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Siffleur River, fifty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Albetta, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
PLATE I13
ei ——— pe a ae ee el i a ne en a > ° = ——_ | a a oe Oe ae Saf 2 ~ a — = - i - ie YF —
I13
a aw Ck BU PTE RCUP
Ranunculus suksdorfit Gtay
On the high slopes of the mountains, close to the melting snow banks, the avalanche buttercups grow, frequently associated with anemones, and contrasting their golden cups with the white anemone flowets. As the season advances, we find the buttercups only near the old snow of the avalanches, where the cold has delayed the unfolding of the buds. Warm days soon destroy the beauty of the flowers.
The avalanche buttercup ranges ftom Montana and Washington to Alberta and British Columbia.
Our sketch was made from a specimen collected on the slopes of Mt. Field near Burgess Pass, seven miles from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude of 7,000 feet.
PLATE I 14
Gn:
<P
t
CANADA BUFFALOBERRY
Lepargyrea canadensis (Linnaeus) Greene
Canada buffaloberty 1s an inconspicuous shrub until the berties fipen, when it decorates the mountain slopes with its red or some- times yellow berries. These ate bitter in flavor, though useful to quench thirst, and were used by the Indians as a tonic. When the berries ate mashed and water is added, they make a frothy mass when beaten, which some persons enjoy. Sometimes the name quassia is given locally to the plant. Horses like the twigs as a change from the gtass and other green things that they eat on the trail. The flow- ets, produced in spring on the leafless branches, ate small and greenish yellow. The leaves, which come later, ate covered beneath with silver scales that are beautiful when viewed through a lens.
Canada buffaloberties may be found in the mountains from New York to New Mexico and Oregon, and northward to Newfound- land and Alaska.
Our specimen was collected neat Hector Station, British Colum- bia, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
PLATE 115
a
115. MV W 1925
4, 2A bith
in s9
hogs bx
DEATHCAMAS
Zy gadenus elegans Pursh
In nature's flower gardens in the Canadian Rockies we find in July quantities of this elegant plant. The bunch of pale, grasslike leaves 1s surmounted by sevetal stems on which ate carried a number of green- ish white flowets with a bright green gland at the base of each petal. They sway in the breezes, and make a lovely group with wild peas, columbines, asters, and other mountain flowers. They are free from the limitations of many mountain plants, since all kinds of slopes, exposutes, and soils seem satisfactory for their growth, though the finest specimens we ever found were growing out of calcareous tufa. The horses know the plant well, and are never deceived into eating its poisonous leaves, though these appear much like grass when the plant is out of bloom.
This species of deathcamas has a wide range, growing in suitable situations, in the mountains of Nevada and New Mexico and north- watd to North Dakota and Alaska.
The specimen sketched was obtained on the Clearwater River, thirty-five miles by trail north of Lake Louise Station, British Colum- bia, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.
PLATE 116
i"
MV W 1925
116.
Peseuel a
:
SASKATOON
Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall
The saskatoon, service-berry, or June-berry, a northwestern species of shadblow, belongs to the Apple Family, and is usually a bush six ot eight feet high, though when growing among other bushes it sometimes attains a height of ten or fifteen feet. The fruits are borne in heavy clusters, and when partly ripe are bright red, turning to put- ple when fully ripe. They resemble hucklebetries in appearance, but ate disappointing in flavor, especially when cooked. They may easily be gatheted from horseback, and after a long ride ate very refreshing. The Indians ate them fresh from the bushes, and also dried them for win- ter. In Lewis and Clarke's journal they are mentioned as being pound- ed into a pulp by the Indians, formed into loaves, and dried. These would keep sweet for the season and when needed, portions wete broken off and cooked 1n stews. Birds and bears also enjoy these berries.
The saskatoon occurs in dry soil from Michigan to Nebraska and Colorado and northward to western Ontario, British Columbia, and the Yukon.
The specimen sketched was obtained neat the Horse Thief River, one of the sources of the Columbia River in British Columbia, twenty miles northwest of Athelmete, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.
PLATE 117
aia
"
vera ¥ x Pais yee Se ~~ i. aie ; af
117
PRAIRIE OAS TER
Aster campestris Nuttall
In one of our saddle journeys in the Columbia River Valley in British Columbia, the waning season for flowets brought to our notice this beautiful aster. It seemed to ignore the dry soil conditions, and expanded its bright purple flowers in many exposed situations where other plants had gone to seed. The slender stems ate very brit- tle; the narrow leaves are usually entire, though sometimes toothed.
The prairie aster ranges along the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Oregon and northward to Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched grew near Radium Hot Springs, British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.
PLATE 118
——— xx
118. MV WwW 1925
OW L-CLOVER
Orthocarpus tenuifolius Bentham
Going south from Canal Flats along the valley of the Kootenay River, we soon leave the higher mountains and heavily timbered coun- try, the motor road crossing many small, dry prairies. Hete the owl- clover is in full bloom in midsummer, forming great patches of pink color among the grasses. This plant is not related to the clovers, but belongs to the Figwort Family. Its manner of growth is different from that of the related paintbrushes, yet it recalls them in many ways. As in them, the bright color is exhibited by bracts rather than flowers.
The valley of the Kootenay River runs north and south, and like the Columbia River Valley, of which it is a continuation, is variable in soil and climate. Protected by mountains on either side, with cli- matic conditions directly the result of the proximity of the mountains, its rich, light soil deposited by glacial streams, the valley requires only ittigation to cause it to produce bountifully. But, lacking moisture, the plants that flourish in the valley are arid-soil plants or those which lie comparatively dormant until showers waken them to life.
Owl-clover tanges from Idaho and Washington to British Co- lumbia.
The specimen sketched gtew neat Cranbrook, British Columbia.
PLATE I19
ee ee kh a Pe er a ee aS ke eet es
If
SHOWY OXYTROPE
Oxytropis splendens Douglas
Showy oxyttope is one of the most attractive members of the Pea Family. The graceful stems hold the flower spikes well above the silky leaves, which form a tufted mass about the roots. The gray-green leaves conttast pleasingly with the purple flowers. Some authots use the genus name Aragallus instead of Oxytropis. Though this is prop- etly a prairie plant, it is found frequently in the lower valleys on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
Showy oxytrope ranges from Minnesota to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Yukon.
The specimen sketched was gathered in the Bow Valley, fifteen miles west of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet.
PLATE 120
iy 2a Oe at om ans
i me (4
Orme SS
HOR}
ALPINE FERNLEAF
Pedicularis contorta Bentham
Alpine fernleaf is locally plentiful in the Canadian Rockies, but it seems particular in the choice of a situation where favorable condi- tions combine to give it both soil and exposure to its liking. It is often found on loose, steep soils above timber line. It grows in clumps, several flowering stems frequently a foot tall being produced from a central root. The leaves may be green or ted, and the flowers either pute white or delicately shaded.
Alpine fernleaf occurs in the high mountains of Montana and Cal- ifornia, extending northward to Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched grew on the slope of Mount St. Piran near Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,000 feet.
PLATE I21
PUSSY WILLOW Salix discolor Muhlenberg
Pussy willows possess.a certain fascination when we gather them with their tight winter buds, early in spring, in their wild haunts, and watch them expand in the warmer air of the house into fluffy catkins. Out of doots they attract many bees to the early feast of pol- len spread for them. The catkins are of two kinds, borne on separate plants; those which beat only flowers with stamens, and the fertile ones which produce later in the season myriads of silk-appendaged seeds.
Pussy willow gtows in swamps and on moist hillsides from Dela- wate to North Carolina and Missouri, and northward to Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan.
The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 122
ea
BLOODROOT
Sanguinavia canadensis Linnaeus
Bloodtoot is such an ephemeral flower that we must visit the woods at exactly the right time in early spring to see it in perfection. The warm sun brings it into beautiful bloom, and we find its colonies in rich moist woods. It has pushed through the covering of brown autumn leaves that have protected it through the winter. Like other membets of the Poppy Family, it has an acrid juice. This is blood-ted in color, staining anything that it touches. The Indians used it as a paint, while the white man’s children gather the roots and use them to color Easter eggs a soft brown hue.
Bloodroot tanges from Florida, Alabama, and Arkansas northward to Nova Scotia and Manitoba.
The sketch was made from a specimen gathered in Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 123
123. MVW 1925
NW
py nia azn
ees
PY XE
Pyxidanthera barbulata Michaux
The thrill of finding pyxie in the early spring is equaled only by the sensation of first discovering trailing-arbutus. This mosslike plant is classed by botanists as an evergreen shrub, though in its creeping habit it does not seem a shrub at all. It is one of the few American tepresentatives of the Diapensia Family, which is related to the heaths. The flowets ate sessile and pute white, and nestle among the leaves, which ate often dark red. It is sometimes grown in tock gardens, planted in a mixture of acid peat and clear sand, and thrives in either moist or dty situations.
Pyxie is found in dry, sandy pine barrens from North Carolina to southern New Jersey.
The specimen sketched came from Whitesbog, New Jetsey.
PLATE 124
124. MVW 1925
oN
HEPATICA
Hepatica americana Ker
“There ate many things left for May,” writes John Burroughs,“but nothing fairer, if as fair, as the first flower, the hepatica. I find I have never admired this little firstling half enough. When at the maturity of its charms it is certainly the gem of the woods.” With the first warm days of spring the soft woolly buds spring from the heart of the plant, where they were formed in the autumn. The hardy blooms make their first appeatance on southern slopes in the woods. Often they ate half hidden by the leaves, which persist from the previous season. The flowers vaty in color from pale blue to white and pink, and often have an alluring odor, though this characteristic varies in different plants. The new leaves develop as soon as the flowers fall.
Blue as the heaven it gazes at, Startling the loiterer in the naked groves With unexpected beauty: for the time
Of blossoms and green grass is yet afar. GiBsON
Hepatica is found from northern Florida to Missouri and north- watd to Nova Scotia and Manitoba. A closely related species grows in Europe and Asia.
The specimen sketched grew in Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 125
125. MVW1925
TRAILING-ARBUTUS
Epigaea repens Linnaeus
Trailing-arbutus is an evergreen plant, belonging to the Heath Family, and occuts in rocky ot sandy woods, especially under evergreen trees. The flowering buds ate formed before the attival of the cold of winter, and open with the first sunny days of spring. Hidden away under dead leaves, and frequently with their pearly flowets turned to- watd the earth, they ate not discoveted by the casual passer-by.
It is frequently called mayflower in New England, and is the State flower of Massachusetts. Bryant associates it with the earliest spring flowers in his poem “The twenty-seventh of Match.”
. . within the woods Tufts of ground laurel, creeping underneath The leaves of the last summer, send their sweets Uptothechillyair. . while Whittier tells us of
Sad Mayflower, watched by winter stars, And nursed by winter gales
With petals of the sleeted spars And leaves of frozen sails!
But warmer suns ere long shall bring To life the frozen sod, And through dead leaves of hope shall spring Afresh the flowers of God. Trailing-arbutus, when furnished with proper acid soil and suitable exposute, can be grown teadily, and produces a fleshy, edible fruit. The specimen sketched was found in Washington, District of Columbia, but the plant ranges from Florida, Kentucky,and Wisconsin northward to Newfoundland and Saskatchewan. °
PLATE 126
126. MVW 1925
CANADA WILDGINGER
Asarum canadense Linnaeus
Canada wildginger is one of out earliest spring flowers. Owing to its habit of growth, the flowers, hidden by dead leaves of the preced- ing autumn, are easily overlooked. The rootstocks have the pungent flavor of ginger, but the juice of the leaves and stems is bitter. Lying so close tothe ground, and thus sheltered from the winds, the flowers ate a refuge for small flies which serve to pollinate them.
Canada wildginger prefers rich woods, and ranges from North Carolina to Missouri and Kansas, and northward to New Brunswick and Manitoba.
The sketch was made from a plant that grew on Plummets Island, in the Potomac River, near Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 127
(tetee yee at take
voit
127. MVW 1925
PINXTERBLOOM
Azalea nudiflora Linnaeus
In early spring, the bate stems of the pinxtetbloom, ot wild azalea with their clusters of curved ted buds, ate conspicuous in the woods ot along the banks of the brimful streams. As the flowets open, exhal- ing their peculiar faint perfume, they are visited by bumble bees and moths. The leaves begin to open about the same time as the flowers, but they do not expand fully until the blooming period has passed.
Fasily yielding to cultivation, if the soil ts acid, either sunny or shady places may be utilized to grow the plants. They will flourish also in either dry or swampy situations, growing to a height of six feet in suitable soil.
This species of pinxterbloom ranges from North Carolina north- ward, and since the ice sheets of the glacial period retreated, it has pushed a short distance into the glaciated territory, to a line extending — from Illinois through central New York to Massachusetts. A closely telated species occuts still farther north.
The specimen sketched was collected near Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 128
128. MVW 1925
WILD CALLA
Calla palustris Linnaeus
Calla is an ancient name taken from Pliny. Our wild plant, the only species of the genus, belongs to the same family as the showy green- house plant, to which the name calla is applied commonly. Growing in bogs, and along the borders of sluggish streams, the bright green leaves of the wild calla mingle with those of other bog plants, and not until the plant comes into bloom, and the white spathe appeats, ate we attracted to it. Large numbers of small flies and midges visit the flowers.
Wild calla is a member of the Arum Family, a vast group, most of whose tepresentatives are inhabitants of tropical forests. It should be noted that in the case of our plant, as in other members of the family, what appeats to be a blossom is really a spike of many small and incon- spicuous flowets,sutrounded bya showy corolla-like envelope or spathe.
Wild calla ranges from New Jetsey to lowa and Wisconsin, and northward to Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay,and Alaska. It occuts also in Furope and Asia.
The specimen sketched was obtained west of Sudbury on the Cana- dian Pacific Railway in Canada.
PLATE 129
129. MVW 1925
CHICKASAW, PLUM
Prunus angustifolia Marshall
The Chickasaw plum is one of the first woody plants to bloom in the spring. It is really a small tree, in favorable situations growing to a height of twenty-five feet, with a trunk eight inches in diameter. It is very feathery and attractive when in bloom, though the petals soon fall. The fruit is bright red, rarely yellow, and is appreciated by wild bitds, The Indians used it as food, and it can be made into jellies and jams of fine flavor.
This plum extends from Florida to southern New Jetsey, and west- watd to Arkansas and Texas.
The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Co- lumbia.
PLATE 130
130
tua i
Yaad
GRASS-PINK ORCHID
Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus
Gtass-pink orchid is to be looked for in bogs and meadows, in June ot July. It is one of five species of the genus occurring in the eastern United States, Cuba, and the Bahamas. This member of the Orchid Family is often plentiful in peat bogs, whete it is associated with rose pogonia, or other acid-loving plants. The peculiar arrangement of the flowet patts, with the crested lip at the top, gives the impression that the blossoms ate placed upside down upon the plant, but actually it is the othet orchids with their pendent lips which ate reversed. The name Limodorum, given by Linnaeus, is derived from the Greek and may be translated as“meadow gift.” Some botanists use for this plant the genus name Calopogon, which means “beautiful beard.”
This orchid is distributed from Florida to Missouri and northward to Minnesota, Ontario, and Newfoundland.
The specimen sketched grew neat Tuckerton, New Jetsey.
PLATE 131
DEERBERRY
Polycodium stamineum (Linnaeus) Greene
Deerberty is a bushy shrub which often is found growing with pinxterbloom and other heaths, and thrives under similar conditions of soil and exposure. When flowering branches are detached, they present a feathery appearance, but on the bush itself the numerous bell-shaped flowers, which hang below the stems, are often obscured by the profuse, pale foliage. Deerberry is referred by many botanists to the genus Vaccinium, which contains the blueberries and whortle- berries. Its globular fruit, green or greenish yellow at maturity and often mote than half an inch in diameter, is seldom eaten. It is some- times called squaw huckleberry In the Southern States the species of Polycodium are called, erroneously,“gooseberty,’and the fruit of a species with purple berries is very commonly eaten.
Deerberry has a wide distribution, being found from Florida to Louisiana, and northward to New England and Minnesota.
The specimen sketched grew at Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 132
132, MVW 1925
ie
ety Fi in
j
6 Cate See
He
BOG KALMIA Kalmia polifolia Wangenheim
Bog kalmia is a handsome member of the Heath Family, though never so showy as Kalmia latifolia, the mountain-lautel of our hill- sides and woods. Growing in sphagnum bogs, it is a shrub two feet ot less in height, with thick, leathery leaves that remain green through- out the winter. The flowets are attractive to bees, but the leaves, like those of other Kalmias, ate poisonous to stock. The fruit is a small, dry capsule. This species is easily distinguished from lambkill, Kalmia angustifolia, with which it is sometimes confused, by the insertion of the flowers at the naked tip of the stem, rather than among the leaves.
Bog kalmia ranges from northern New Jetsey and Pennsylvania to Michigan, and northward to Alaska, Hudson Bay,and Newfoundland.
The specimen sketched was cultivated in the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 133
133. MVW 1925
PAINTED TRILLIUM
Trillium undulatum W illdenow
The painted trillium is one of the loveliest of the genus, differing from other species in having its soft petals decorated with lines of pink or wine color. In May and June it may be found in cold, moist woods in acid soil, where it delights in partial sunlight, before the foliage matures on the trees. The fleshy fruits are bright ted.
Painted trilltum occurs from Georgia and Missouri northward to Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Wisconsin.
The specimen sketched was obtained from eastern Massachusetts.
PLATE 13 4
134
FRINGED POLYGALA
Polygala paucifolia Willdenow
Fringed polygala differs widely from many other membets of its genus in that the flowets are borne singly instead of in cloverlike heads ot tacemes. Its lovely color and the dainty fringes on the central petal also differentiate it from other membets of the group. It is a plant of acid soils.
Fringed polygala extends from Georgia, Illinois, and Minnesota northward to Anicosti, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan.
The specimen sketched was obtained near Pocono Manor, Pennsy1- vaniia.
PLATE 135
MV W 1925
139
4 v Apt ERR
ane Len. obs y
ial
SQUIRRELCORN Bikukulla canadensis (Goldie) Millspaugh
Squitrelcorn is found in rich woods in spring, its beautiful, slightly scented flowets borne on a dainty stem well above the pale, feathery leaves. The curious rootstock is very distinctive, beating many small, yellow tubets that resemble grains of corn. The leaves wither soon after the seeds have matured, in early summer. The plant belongs to the Fumitory Family, and is a near telative of dutchmans-breeches and the bleedingheart of gardens. Some writers prefer to use for the genus the name Dicentra.
Squitrelcorn ranges from Virginia to Tennessee and Missouri, and notthwatd to Nebraska, Ontario, and Nova Scotia.
The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 13 6
Ww N oO a > =
TO),
RED MAPLE
Acer rubrum Linnaeus
Red maple is our most showy tree of early spring. Its buds begin to develop with the first sunny days and the tree is soon covered with bloom. In autumn it is equally conspicuous, when its leaves, after the eatly frosts, turn a brilliant red. The red maple loves swamps and low grounds, and often borders woodlands. The tree is usually small or of medium size, but is reported, under exceptionally favorable conditions, to attain a height of 120 feet. The bark of old trees is rough and dark, but on young trees, smooth and gray. The light brown wood is used in the manufacture of furniture and of small turned articles.
Red maple ranges from Florida to Texas and northward to Nebras- ka, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia.
The specimen sketched was found at Spring Lake, New Jersey.
PLATE 137
137. MVW 1925
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CAROLINA MAPLE
Acer carolinianum Walter
Carolina maple is closely related to the red maple, but it is often a smaller tree. The bark is smooth and gtay and the wood light brown in color. The small, red flowets appear with the first days of spring, but the ttee is at its best when the fruit develops, and the branches ate coveted with crimson “keys” which contrast strikingly with the bare branches of other neatby trees. Like its relative, the red maple, it prefers wet or moist soil, and often abounds in coastal swamps.
Carolina maple is distributed from Florida to Texas and northward to Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and has been reported also from Massa- chusetts.
The specimen sketched was obtained at Beaufort, South Carolina.
PLATE 138
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LONGLEAF PINE
Pinus palustris Miller
A journey from Virginia south to Florida traverses the region in which longleaf pine abounds. This is a stately tree, sometimes attain- ing a height of 120 feet, with a trunk five feet in diameter. Often it forms extensive forests along the coastal plain. The long leaves clus- teted near the ends of the branches give a strikingly feathery and quite distinctive appearance to the tree. When in bloom, the clustered spikes of flowers are very beautiful. Clouds of pollen are blown from them by the wind. This tree is the principal source of turpentine, pine tar, and tosin. The wood is hard and strong and either light ted or orange in color.
Longleaf pine ranges along the coast from Texas to Florida, and northward to Virginia.
The specimen sketched was obtained on Ladys Island, near Beau- fort, South Carolina.
PLATE 13 9
139. MVW 1925
FRINGETREE
Chionanthus virginica Linnaeus
When the tender leaves of spring have developed so that the woods ate just beginning to appear green, the blossoms of the fringetrtee pre- sent a gteat mass of feathety white, strikingly contrasting with the neighboring trees. The fringetree is a shrub or small tree belonging to the Olive Family, and a near relative of the ash. In the south it is commonly termed slawbush in reference to the long slender white corolla lobes. It is found in either swamps or exposed and often rather dty situations, being one of those interesting plants which are rela- tively indifferent to wetness or dryness so long as the soil possesses a fait degtee of acidity. Our native species is often planted for ornament, but unless some cate is taken to acidify its soil the leaves turn yellow by midsummer and fall in early autumn.
The fringettee ranges from Florida to Texas and Missouti, and notthwatd to New Jetsey and Pennsylvania.
The specimen sketched grew neat Washington, District of Colum- bia.
PLATE I40
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AMERICAN COLUMBINE
Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus
Of all the spring wild flowers, none is more lovely than the colum- bine which we find in rocky woods or on exposed ledges. Its bright green leaves and ctimson-and-gold flowers are borne on slender, grace- ful stems. The bumble bees ate attracted to the feast of nectar pre- pared for them, and the brilliant color attracts also the ruby-throated humming-bitd. Taken to England by a relative of John Tradescant, gatdener to King Charles the First, the American columbine has yielded teadily to cultivation, but is never so lovely as when growing in its native habitat. Linnaeus gave the genus its name from a fancied resem- blance of the spurs of the flower to the talons of an eagle.
American columbine ranges from Georgia to Texas, and northward to Nova Scotia and Northwest Territory. Closely related species grow in Florida.
The specimen sketched was found near Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 141
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141. MVW 1925
SOUTHERN COAST VIOLET
Viola septemloba Le Conte
This southern plant is one of our most showy violets, with larger blossoms than most of its northern telatives. It grows in light, acid soul, often in nearly pure sand, and is found in pine barrens from Mis- sissippi and Florida northward to southeastern Virginia. The leaves exhibit unusual variation in the number and shape of their lobes, so that judging from leaf shape alone, one would often assume that sev- etal species wete represented in a single colony of the plants, wete it not for the fact that the form of flowers and seed pods is so uniform.
The sketch was made from a specimen collected in North Carolina, and brought into flower in the greenhouses of the United States De- pattment of Agriculture in Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 142
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MAYAPPLE
Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus
The mayapple is one of our familiar plants of spring, with its um- btella-shaped leaves and its cream-colored flowers hanging shyly below the forked leaf stalk. The flower is soon followed by an egg-shaped fruit which may be eaten when tripe, though the flavor is not espe- cially good. Mayapples prefer a rich soil in partially shaded situations. The genus contains five species, all except this one being natives of Asia. They ate members of the Barberry Family. The name mandrake, which belongs to an old-world plant of another family, is often misapplied in America to the mayapple.
The mayapple ranges from Florida to Texas,and riorthwatd to Quebec, Ontario, and Minnesota.
The specimen sketched was found at Washin gton, District of Columbia.
PLATE I 4 3
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WOOD MERRYBELLS
Uvularia perfoliata Linnaeus
Wood metrybells, a graceful and attractive plant belonging to the Lily-of-the-valley Family, is common in tich, moist woods in May or June. The flowers hang singly ona slender stem. So many mote strik- ing flowets are in bloom at the same season that the species of merry- bells are easily overlooked.
The specimen sketched was found neat Rock Creek Park, Washing- ton, District of Columbia, but the plant ranges from Georgia, Tennes- see, and Kansas northward to Quebec, Ontario, and Minnesota.
PLATE 144
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GOLDENSTAR
Chrysogonum virginianum Linnaeus
Goldenstat is a showy and handsome plant of moist or dty wood- lands. What appear to be its flowers are heads made up of numerous tiny tubular flowers, each of the five outer ones having its corolla trans- formed into a golden ray. The first flower heads bloom in spring, but the plant often continues to produce new blossoms from its lengthen- ing stems until midsummer. The early-flowering plants, with their compact tufts of hairy leaves, are much mote beautiful than the sprawl- ing and weathet-beaten plants of summer. Goldenstar is the only tep- tesentative of its genus. It is seldom a common plant, but it is pat- ticularly abundant in the neighborhood of Washington, District of Columbia, where the specimen sketched was collected.
Goldenstar ranges from Florida and Alabama northward to south- ern Pennsylvania.
PLATE 145
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145. MV WwW 1925
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HIGHBUSH BLACKBERRY
Rubus argutus Link
Highbush blackberry, when in bloom, is one of our most showy bushes. It is then a mass of tender white flowers with a background of dark green leaves. It adorns roadsides, fence cornets, and waste places, wherever it can find an undisturbed space. A little later it is loaded with fine clusters of red and green fruit, black and luscious when tipe. The blackberries cultivated in America are imptoved forms of the wild species. They belong to the Rose Family.
This particular species of blackberry prefers a dry soil, and ranges, mostly at low altitudes, from Virginia northwatd to Massachusetts. Closely related species cover a much wider tetritory.
The specimen sketched grew at Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 146
W 1925 MV 146.
CROW POISON
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walter) Kuntze
Crowpoison is found in sandy woods. It has a graceful and attrac- tive spike of cteamy white flowers and buds, the lower ones expanding first. It grows froma bulb nearly an inch in diameter, and blooms from May toJuly. The seeds are reddish brown, and this fact gives the motive for the genetic name, derived from the Greek and teferting to the col- oted seeds. The genus consists of a single species. This plant is temark- able in that it contains one of the most toxic alkaloids known to science. In the Southern Appalachians it often poisons cattle, which mistake its leaves for grass in the spring. In this respect it recalls its relation- ship to the western deathcamas, another member of the Bunchflower Family.
Crowpoison tanges from Florida to Tennessee and Arkansas and northward to Virginia and Long Island.
The specimen sketched grew neat Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 147
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CANADA ALLEY
Lilium canadense Linnaeus
The habit of the Canada lily is striking, for it rises above its sur- rounding meadow companions, its tall, stout stem decorated with regular whorls of bright green leaves, from the uppermost of which the flower stalks spring, the flowers drooping in a circle around them. The pendent position of the flowets sheltets the pollen-laden anthets from the summer showers, and sometimes the bees take refuge from the rain under their golden caps. This species grows in richer woods than its relative, the American turkscap lily, and varies in color from the yellow here shown to a rather bright ted.
Canada lilies are found from Georgia and Alabama to Missouti, and northward to Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Nebraska.
The specimen sketched was found near Bryn Mawt, Pennsylvania.
PLATE 148
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AMERICAN WISTARIA
Kraunhia frutescens (Linnaeus) Greene
Ametican wistatia is a woody vine, climbing over trees and bushes. Its stem reaches sevetal inches in diameter and as much as forty feet in length. The showy blue ot lilac flowets are borne in abundance,though the racemes ate shorter than those of the Chinese wistatia so frequently seen in our gardens. Wistatia was named in memory of Dr. Caspar Wistar of Philadelphia.
American wistatia is found in low grounds from Texas to Arkansas and Florida and northward to Virginia.
The specimen sketched grew near Savannah, Georgia.
PLATE 149
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CWE CIE MATES
Clematis crispa Linnaeus
The gtaceful flowets of curly clematis are almost of the texture of ctépe, and the leaves add to the dainty beauty of the vine. This clema- tis is a close relative of the leatherflower, and like that is sometimes tefetted to a sepatate genus, Viorna. Its fruit is a mass of hatd seedlike achenes, each tipped with a long feathery tail. It is a member of the Buttercup Family.
Curly clematis is distributed from Florida to Texas, and northward to Virginia and Missouti.
The specimen sketched grew near Yemassce, South Carolina.
PLATE I 5O
150. MVW 1925
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WESTERN YARROW Achillea lanulosa Nuttall
Western yarrow 1s such a common plant that we usually pass it by without appreciation of its beauty. Growing everywhere, and espe- cially in neglected places, its white heads and feathery foliage ate known toeveryone. The crushed leaves and flowers have a pungent and some- what irritant odor, which sometimes causes sneezing. Forms in which the heads have pink instead of white rays are not uncommon in the Rocky Mountains. A closely related species of very similar appearance is a weed in fields and waste places in the eastern United States. The genus name of these plants was given in commemoration of Achilles.
Western yarrow ranges from Oklahoma to Mexico and California, and northward to Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, and Yukon.
The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Red Deer River, twenty miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an alti- tude of 6,700 feet.
PLATE 151
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I15I. MVW 1925
TAMPA EPIDENDRUM
Epidendrum tampense Lindley
It is only in Florida and westward along the Gulf Coast in the United States that we find the mild and moist climate suitable for the gtowth of epiphytic orchids, a group characteristic of tropical forests. In the dense cyptess swamps of southern Florida, this Epidendrum gtows commonly, the slender plants forming masses of hatd bulbs and stiff fleshy leaves on the upper portions of the trunks and branches of various ttees. The trees in the Florida keys and the southetn parts of the mainland are often loaded with a dense growth of epiphytes, chiefly bromeliads, orchids, ferns, and mosses. In spring, Tampa epi- dendtum sends forth its graceful panicles of flowers, which ate hand- some, although inferior to some of the very numerous tropical species of the genus.
The Tampa epidendrum grows in southern Florida where the specimen sketched was collected, and also in the Bahamas and Cuba.
PLATE 192
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TILLANDSIA
Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz
The tillandsias, of the Pineapple Family, are represented in the United States by about fifteen species, most of which ate confined to Florida. All the membets of the family are American, and in the trop- ics they are very numerous. The species hete illustrated, like most memberts of the family, 1s an epiphyte, or air-plant, growing upon the trunks or branches of trees, usually in swamps, and deriving its food from water and decayed vegetable matter that lodges about its roots. The tillandsias often grow with orchids, and frequently have quite as showy blossoms. Their flowers, however, ate extremely delicate, and wither quickly. The leaves usually are covered densely with minute scales, which give a gtay aspect to the plant, and have been supposed to pfevent evaporation from the leaves, but more probably serve to hold rain water while the plant is extracting nutrient substances from it. The numerous seeds ate furnished with tufts of hairs, and thus ate distributed widely by the wind.
This tillandsia came from Florida, but the species is widely dispetsed in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South America.
PLATE 153
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SPIDERLILY
Hymenocallis votata (Ker) Herbert
This species of spiderlily is an inhabitant of sandy beaches, growing just beyond the teach of the surf. In such locations it usually forms dense clumps of fifty or more bulbs. The broad, green sword-like leaves of this and related species form a conspicuous element of some Flori- da and West Indian beaches. The spiderlily, a member of the Amaryl- lis Family, grows from a large bulb.
This species ranges from Florida to the coastal plain of North Cato- linia
The specimen here drawn came from Loggerhead Key, Dry Tot- tugas, Florida.
PLATE 154
154. MVW 1925 -
BLOYDSs SIRAW BERRY-CACTUS
Echinocereus lloydiz Britton and Rose
The brilliant cactus flowers of the southwestern United States are noticed by everyone traveling to California by train in the spring. At this season the apparently dead plants, often growing in grotesque shapes, ate awakened by the first showers of the rainy season. Then the deserts ate gorgeous with bloom, and colors in the artist’s box ate inadequate to depict the various hues and shades of color in the myriads of flowers. The Cactus Family, embracing mote than 1,200 species, is strictly American, although since the time of Columbus many of its membets have been introduced into the Old World, where some of them have become serious pests.
This cactus is of limited range. It is found only in western Texas, whete this specimen was collected.
PLATE 155
155. MVW 1925
GHOST PIPE
Thalesia uniflora (Linnaeus) Britton
Ghostpipe is one of the strange plants parasitic on the roots of various herbs. It frequents dry or moist woodlands, and is one of our spring flowers. Like other similar parasitic plants, it lacks chlorophyll, and hence all green coloration. The foliage, too, is greatly reduced, the leaves being represented by a few inconspicuous scales. The plant be- longs to the Broomrape Family. Some botanists use the name Aphy/- lon instead of Thalesia.
Ghostpipe occurs from South Carolina and Texas northward to Newfoundland and Ontario.
The specimen sketched grew on Plummets Island, near Washing- ton, District of Columbia.
PLATE 156
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PALE PINESAP
Hypopitys americana (De Candolle) Small
Pale pinesap is a woodland plant, preferring moist situations. It blooms in late summer. The succulent stems are provided with scales in place of leaves, and the whole plant is devoid of green coloration. It is not a parasite like ghostpipe, but 1s saprophytic, that 1s, it obtains its noutishment from decomposing vegetable matter, after the fashion of the mushrooms. In aspect it is similar to its close relative, the ted pinesap, but lacks the bright coloring of that species. It belongs to the Indian Pipe Family, degenerate relatives of the heaths.
One or more species of pinesap occur in woods from Florida to Newfoundland and Ontario. A very similar plant is found in Europe, but the relationships of the several species have not been finally deter- mined.
The specimen sketched was found near Washington, District of Columbia. |
PLATE 157
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ARUM ARROWHEAD
Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon
This attowhead, like its relatives, loves mud and water, sending up its graceful leaves and flower stalks, with delicate flowets, out of the muck. The name Sagittaria, derived from the Latin, tefets to the attow-shaped leaves. The plant belongs to the Waterplantain Family.
Arum attowhead ranges from Connecticut to Maine and Nova Scotia, and westwatd to Kansas, New Mexico, California, and British Columbia.
The specimen sketched was found near Edgewater, British Colum- bia, in the valley of the Columbia River, at an elevation of 2,700 feet.
PLATE 158
SPATTERDOCK
Nymphaea advena Solander
Spatterdocks, sometimes called yellow pondlilies, abound along the banks of sluggish streams and ponds. We usually think of them as coatse plants, though Longfellow, having in mind the northern spat- tetdock with its floating leaves, tells us that Hiawatha's canoe
Jo tloated onthe river Like a yellow leaf in autumn, Like a yellow water-lly.
Indeed, with other plants that like to have their roots in the mud, they hide much that is unlovely on the borders of streams. The seeds of a closely related species of the Pacific Coast furnished an important food for the Indians.
This species of spatterdock has a wide range, extending from Flor- ida to Texas and northward to southern New York and Wisconsin. Closely related species occur almost throughout the United States, and in Canada, Alaska, and Europe.
Thespecimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.
PLATE 159
159. MVW 1925
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PINE LAND ASTER
Aster squarrosus Walter
Some of the southern astets ate very different in appearance from the common forms of the North, and one of the most curious is the pineland aster. It is common in many parts of Florida, growing in the sandy pine lands, which seem dry in winter, but ate very wet in the rainy summer. The slender plants ate one to two feet high, with stiff, brittle stems, which are usually much branched, and often form dense tangled masses. The most striking characteristic of this species 1s its minute leaves, which are extremely numerous, and spreading, or often teflexed. It flowers in autumn, like most astets, but continues in bloom throughout the winter. 3
The pineland aster ranges through most of Florida and northward to the coast of North Carolina
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