This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized
by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the
information in books and make it universally accessible.

Google' books

http://books.google.com

JUN 30 1920

Digitized by Google

Digitized by Google

Digitized by Google

NATURE STUDIES BY THE AUTHOR.

Trees of the Northern United States : Their Study,
Description and Determination, for the Use of Schools
and Private Students. 16mo, 1892, 224 pp. Over 400
Illustrations. Cloth, $1.00.

Birds of the Northern United States : Their Study,
Description and Determination, for the Use of Schools
and Private Students. Fully Illustrated. In Prepara-
tion.

Mollusks of the Atlantic Coast of the United
States, South to Cape Hatteras. 16mo, 1891, 100 pp.
Ill Plates of over 60 Figures. Cloth, $1.00.

Pocket Key of Trees, Both Wild and Cultivated,
of the Northern United States, East of the
Rocky Mountains. With a Fully Illustrated Glossary
of Terms. 1891, 40 pp. Cloth, 40 cents.

Pocket Key of the Birds of the Northern United
States, East of the Rocky Mountains. With a
Glossary of Terms. 1893. Cloth, 60 cents.

Copies of the above can be obtained, postpaid, for the
prices given, by addressing

AUSTIN C. APGAR,

Trenton, N. J.

Digitized by Google

POCKET KEY

OF THE

BIRDS

OF THE

Northern United States,

EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

BY

AUSTIN O. APGAR,

Author of ** Trees of the Northern United States/* “ Mollusks of the
Atlantic Coast/* &c.

TRENTON, N. J.

The John L. Murphy Pub. Co., Printers.
1893.

3

Digitized by Google

Copyright, 1893,

By Austin C. Apgar.

Digitized by Google

INTRODUCTION.

The object of this pocket volume is to enable any one to deter-
mine the names of the birds by the plainest external parts. If
birds are ever known they must be recognized by these features.

I have attempted to construct a Key that would contain a mini-
mum of technical terms, and those used are defined in the short
glossary at the end of the book.

After the supposed name is determined, it would be well to
read a full description in such works as those of Dr. Jordan, Dr.
Coues or Mr. Ridgway to verify the determination.

Method of using the Key. The most important caution in the
use of a Key is never to read any statements but those to which
you are directed by the letters in parenthesis. Rule. First read
all the statements following the stars {*) at the beginning of the
Key ; decide which one of these best suits the specimen you have.
At the end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis ( ).
Somewhere below, this letter is used two or more times. Read
carefully all the statements following this letter ; at the end of
the one which most nearly states the facts about your specimen,
you will again be directed by a letter to another part of the Key.
Continue this process till, instead of a letter, there is a number
and name. The name is that of the family to which your bird
belongs. Turn to the latter part of the book where this number,
in regular order ? is found. Here, if there be more than one genus,
another Key will lead to the genus, and, under it, still another
Key, if necessary, will enable you to decide the species. The
dimensions given are always in inches. For the wing the length

f is from the bend to the tip of the longest quill ; for the bill the
length is that of the top ; the length of bird is from the tip of
bill to end of longest tail feather, allowance being made for the
length of neck.

The scientific names are according to the list of the American
Ornithological Union. The vowel of the accented syllable is
marked with the grave accent ( v ) if long and the acute one (') if
short

The size, form and binding of the book is intended to render
it very useful to collectors, hunters and all who take an interest
in God’s most brilliant, most sprightly, and most musical of
creatures.

Digitized by Google

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF BIRDS.

* Swimming birds : legs rather short ; at least 3 toes either with

full webbing or such membranes along the sides as to take
the place of webbing. (Some long-legged birds with 3 full-
webbed toes belong to the next group.) (fif.) page 11.

* Wading birds : legs in most cases quite elongated; tibia always

exserted and in most cases more or less naked below ; toes
frequently with more or less webbing at base, sometimes
narrowly lobed along the sides. (Z.)

* Birds fitted neither for swimming nor wading. (A.)

A. With 2 toes in front and 2 behind (one species is 3-toed
and has only 1 behind). (Y.)

A. With 2 toes permanently in front and 1 toe permanently
behind ; the outer toe is versatile and can be used either in
front or behind ; eyes directed forward instead of sidewise
as in most birds; bill much hooked ; owls. (X.)

A. With 3 toes permanently in front* and 1 toe (rarely absent)
behind (one species of Falconidae with hooked and cered
bill has the outer toe versatile). (B.)

B. Bill hooked and with a distinct membrane (cere) at the base,
extending past the nostrils. (W.)

B. Bill without a cere and in most cases not strongly hooked. (O.)

O. Hind toe short, small, inserted above the level of the others ;
front toes with a plain webbing at base ; no soft membrane
over the nostrils as in the doves and pigeons. (V.)

O. Hind toe inserted about on a level with the others and
usually long. (D.)

D. Bill straight, the horny tip separated by a narrow portion
from the base; nostrils opening beneath a soft swollen
membrane (hard and somewhat wrinkled in mounted
birds) ; doves and pigeons^... XXIX. OrtumbidcB.

Digitized by Google

KEY OF BIRDS.

7

D. Nostril Dot covered by a swollen membrane. (IS.)

B. Bill stout, straight, longer than the head ; feet with the outer
and middle toes grown together for £ their length;
tarsus very short XXIII. Alcedinidcc.

23. Bill very slender and long ; the smallest of birds, less than
4 in. long; humming-birds. XX. TrochUidat.

El. Bill with the top ridge very short, but the gape wide and
deep, reaching about to the eyes. (T.)

El. Bill not as above. (F.)

F. Hind claw much elongated, twice as long as that of the
middle claw and straight or but little curved; inner
secondaries lengthened, nearly as long as the primaries in
the closed wing. (M.)

F. Not as above. (Gh)

Gh First primary short, never more than f as long as the long-
est, usually less than £ as long ; sometimes so short as to
be barely noticeable on the under side of the edge of the
wing. (N.)

Gh First primary lengthened, always more than £ as long as
the longest quill. (H.)

H. Bill broad, depressed, wider than high at base, tapering to a
point, which is abruptly hooked. (K.)

H. Bill higher than broad at base. (I.)

I. Bill stout at base and with the gape so angulated as to bring
the comers of the mouth downward; no lobes or nicks
along the cutting-edge of the bill. (J.)

I. Bill stout, with convex outline and with lobes or nicks near
the center XII. Tanagridce.

I, Bill stout, compressed, notched and abruptly hooked near the
tip; plumage olivaceous; tail without either white or
yellow blotches.... VIII. Vireonidce .

I. Bill not as above, little if at all hooked; colors in most
species bright and distinctly marked VII. MnioliUida.

Digitized by Google

8

KEY OF BIRDS.

J. Bill usually as long, or longer, than the head ; ridge of hill so
extended upward as to divide the frontal feathers ; no notch
at tip of bill or bristles at the rictus XIV. Icteridas.

J. Bill shorter than the head ; ridge of bill not especially extend-
ing upward on the forehead... .XIII. Fringillidce.

K. Rictal bristles absent ; nostrils overhung with bristles ; tail
short, truncate and tipped with yellow or red; head
crested ...........X. Ampdidce.

K. Rictal bristles numerous and long. (L.)

L. Tail rounded; bird less than 6 in. long, with creamy or
orange-yellow. Setophaga in VET. Mniotiltidce.

Ij. Birds, if under 6 in. long, then not with rounded tails.

XVII. Tyrannidce.

M. Nostrils overhung with bristly feathers; tarsus scutellate
behind ; bill not very slender XVI. AlaudidcB .

M. Nostrils exposed; bill very slender; tarsus not scutellate
behind VI. MotacUUdoe.

N. Tarsus (booted) covered with a continuous plate along the
front ; no distinct scales except near the toes. (S.)

N. Tarsus (scutellate) covered with distinct rectangular scales
along the front. (O.)

O. Bill stout, compressed, distinctly notched and hooked at tip ;
nostrils and rictus with bristles. (BO

O. Bill not evidently hooked at tip. (P.)

P. Tail feathers acute pointed and somewhat stiff ; bill decurved ;
bird under 6 in. long IV. Gerthiidce.

P. Tail feathers rounded at tip and soft (Q.)

Q. Bill long and stout ; nostrils covered with bristly feathers ;
large birds, 10-25 in. long. XV. Corvidce.

Q. Bill slender, somewhat notched near the tip ; nasal feathers
directed forward and extending somewhat over the nostrils ;
small birds, not over 4} in. long. II. Sylviida .

Q. Bill rather slender ; nasal feathers not directed forward over
the nostrils ; either small birds (4-6 in. long) with barred

Digitized by Google

KEY OF BIRDS.

9

quills, or large birds (8-12 in. long) with quills not
barred..... V. Troglodytidce.

Q. Bill neither notched at tip nor decurved ; nostrils concealed

by dense tufts of bristly feathers ; birds 4-7 in. long

ITL Pandas.

R. Large birds, 8 in. or more long; tail longer than the wings ..
..IX. Laniidcc .

R. Small birds, less than 7 in. long ; tail shorter than the wings..
VIII. Vireonidas.

S. Small birds, less than 5 in. long; a bright yellow or red
crown patch II. Sylviidce

8. Birds over 5 in. long. I. Turdidce.

T. Middle toe much longer than the side ones ; its claw (pectin-
ated) with minute saw-like teeth on its inner edge ; plumage
soft XVIII. Gaprimvlgidcc.

T. Claw of middle toe not pectinated. (TJ.)

U. Tail rounded, of stiff feathers with spinous shafts extending
beyond the webs XIX. Micropodida.

U. Tail never rounded, often much forked and without spinous
tips XI. Hirundinidcc .

V. Tarsus never provided with spines in the male ; head usually
fully feathered, never entirely naked ; game birds, ours all
under 20 in. long XXX. Tetraxmida.

V. Tarsus in the adult male armed with a spur ; domestic fowl
and pheasants ; our only wild species, the turkey, over 30
in. long XXXI. Phasianidas.

W. Head entirely naked or covered with down instead of

feathers ; hind toe short, elevated ; claws small

XXVIII. Caihartidce.

W. Head nearly or quite fully feathered ; hind toe not elevated
and with a large and strong claw XXVII. Falconidcc.

X. Middle claw (pectinated) with a saw-like ridge on the inner
edge ; inner toe as long as the middle toe.. .XXVI. Strigidas.

Digitized by Google

10 KEY OF BIRDS.

X. Middle claw not pectinated; inner toe not as long as the

middle toe XXV. Bubonidcz.

7 . Bill stout and decidedly hooked; parrots.

XXIV. Ptittacidce.

7 . Bill stout and straight ; tail feathers stiff and acute pointed..

XXL Picidce.

7 . Bill slender and curved downward ; tail long, of round-

tipped, soft feathers XXII. OuculidcB.

Z. Head with a homy shield on the forehead, in other respects

fully feathered. XXXIX. Ballidct.

Z. Head with more or less naked tracts, either at the lores or
, around the eyes, in some the head is nearly all naked, (e.)
Z. Head fully feathered, (a.)

a. Bill hard, not sensitive, usually little longer than the head,
sometimes shorter ; if much longer, then compressed and
very blunt at tip. (d.)

a. Bill weak, flexible, often long and slender, if short usually
pigeon-like ; gape extending about to the base of culmen ;
nostrils slit-like, surrounded by soft skin, (b.)
b. Toes with lobed membranes along their edges ; tarsus much

compressed ; body depressed ; small birds, 6-10 in. long.

XXXVH. Phalaropodidcc.

b. Toes without lobes, sometimes more or less webbed, (o.)
o. Bill usually shorter than the head, pigeon-like, the soft base
separated by a narrowed portion from the hard tip ; toes
only 3, all in front, except one species has a minute hind

toe; tarsus reticulate; birds, 6-12 in. long

XXXIV. CharadriidiB.

O. Legs exceedingly long ; tarsus more than twice the length of
the middle toe and claw ; bill much longer than the head
and more or less curved upward; birds over 12 in. long....

XXXVI. ReeunrirostridcB,

o. Not as above ; tarsus scutellate in front ; bill slender, with a
blunt tip ; nostrils narrow, exposed slits in deep grooves
Digitized by Google

KEY OF BIRDS. 11

extending from } to nearly the full length of the bill

XXXY. Scolopaeidce.

d. Bill much longer than the head, nearly straight, much com-
pressed and truncate at tip ; toes 3, webbed at base ; tarsus

reticulate XXXII. Hceinatopodidce.

d. Bill either distinctly decurved or else shorter than the head ;
middle front toe and claw longer than the tarsus; wings

short and rounded XXXIX. Rollidce.

d. Middle front toe and claw not longer than the tarsus ; wings

long and pointed XXXIII. Aphrimdce .

©. Middle claw (pectinated) with a saw-like ridge on the inner

side ; bill straight, acute and with sharp cutting-edges

XL. Ardeidce.

©. Middle claw not pectinated, (f.)

f. Bill very broad and flattened, widening towards the tip

XLin. Platcdeidce.

f. Bill narrow, about as wide as high, gradually and decidedly

curved downward for its whole length XLH. Ibididce.

f. Bill narrow, straight for £ its length and then decurved

XLI. Ciconiidce .

f. Bill not as broad as high, about straight, not very acute ; very
large birds, over 40 in. long, with very long necks and legs

XXXVIII. Qruidce.

f. Bill about straight, soft, much grooved, as long as the head ;

bird 10-12 in. long. Calidris in XXXV. Scolopaeidce.

g. With 4 toes all connected together with full webbing, (m.)

g. With only 3 front toes connected together with full webbing,
or else bordered by membranes from the webbed base to
the claws ; hind toe rather short, sometimes wanting, (h. )

h. Bill with teeth or fringe-like lamellae along the edges.

.XLIY. Anatidce.

h. Bill with cutting-edges even, (i.)

L Legs inserted so far back along the body that the bird, in
standing, has to take a vertical position ; diving birds. (1.)

Digitized by Google

12 KEY OP BIRDS.

i. Legs so inserted that the body, in standing, takes nearly a
horizontal position, (j.)

j. Nostrils tubular ; bill made up of several pieces separated by

deep grooves L. ProceUariidce.

j. Nostrils not tubular, (k.)

k. Upper mandible decidedly hooked at tip and plainly made
up of separate pieces, one forming a kind of roof to the

nostrils... LI. StercorariidcB,

k. Upper mandible plainly covered with one piece, and at least
as long as the lower mandible; no homy shield on the

forehead LIE. Landed

k. Lower mandible longer than the upper one, and both deci-
dedly compressed and knife-like LIU Bynchopidce.

k. Upper mandible with a homy shield on the forehead ; toes

with lobes along the sides instead of webbing

.'. XXXIX. BaUidce.

1. Front toes with broad membranes along the sides, more or less
webbed at base; claws broad and flat, resembling human

nails ; no tail feathers LYI. Podicipidce.

1. Three front toes full-webbed; hind toe present, short; bill 2
in. or more long; large birds, 20 in. or more long; tail

short LIV. UrincUortdce.

1. Three front toes full-webbed; no hind toe; our species are
birds less that 20 in. long and have bills less than 2 in. long ;

tail short. LY. Alcidce.

m. Bill straight or slightly curved, (o.)

m. Upper mandible decidedly hooked at tip. (n.)

n. Tail long (14-20 in.) and forked for £ its length

XLIX. Fregatidce .

n. Tail moderate in length (5-10 in.), rounded, much longer than

the short (3 in. or less) bill ; plumage dark

XLVII. Phalaerocoracidce.

n. Tail much shorter than the long (over 9 in.) and large-pouched
bill XLVm. Pdecanidm .

Digitized by Google

Family L TURDIDJE. 13

O. Bill stout at base, long (over 5 in.) and slightly curved near

tip XLV. Sulidce.

O. Bill slender, nearly straight, under 4 in. long ; neck very
long XLVL Anhingidos.

Family I. TURDIDiB. (Thrushes.)

* Bill rather short, decidedly wider than high at base and con-

spicuously hooked at tip ; tail about as long as the wings.....
5. MyadcsUs.

* Bill longer, not depressed ; tail shorter than the wings. (A.)

A. Plumage more or less blue 1. Sudia .

A. Plumage not at all blue. (B.)

B. Bill not notched at tip ; feathers in the nasal groove partly

concealing the nostrils. 2. Hesperocichla.

B. Bill notched at tip ; nostrils exposed. (O.)

C. Breast with spots 4. Tardus.

O. Breast without spots, except in quite young birds...

3. Merxda.

1. Sidlia.

* No chestnut or cinnamon on breast

S.drtica. (Rocky Mountain Bluebird.)

* Some chestnut on breast (A.)

A. Male with no chestnut on back.

JS. siMix. (Common Bluebird.)

A. Male with some chestnut on back

S. mexic&na. (Western Bluebird.)

2. Hcsperodchla nadvia. (Varied Thrush.)

8. MSnda migratdria. (American Robin.)

4. Turdus.

* Back, from forehead to tail, about uniform in color. (B.)

* Back not uniform in color. (A.)

A. Reddish on head, shading to olive on rump and tall

T, mustihnue, (Wood Thrush.)

Digitized by Google

14

KEY OF BIRDS.

A. Olive on head, shading to reddish on rump and tail

T. aoricddschkas. (Hermit Thrush.)

B. Back reddish from head to tail

n T.fwc£§cms. (Wilson’s Thrush.)

B. Back olive throughout. (O.)

O. No whitish ring around the eye

T. olidcs . (Gray-checked Thrush)

O. A whitish ring around the eye

T.ustvldtus. (Olive-backed Thrush)

6. MyadSsies towmSndii. (Townsend’s Solitaire.)

Family n. SYLVHDJE. (Old-World Warblers.)

* Tarsus booted ; tail feathers of nearly equal length and with no

white markings ; nostrils concealed by one or more small
feathers 1. Rcgvlus.

* Tarsus scutellate; tail feathers with white. 2. Polioptila.

1. Regulus.

* Some black on the head; a single minute feather over the

nostril 22. sairdpa. (Golden-crowned Kinglet.)

* No black on the head; a tuft of small bristle-like feathers

over the nostril 22. cattndula. (Ruby-crowned Kinglet.)

2. PoUfrptUa cceriUca. (Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.)

Family HI. PABID2E. (Chickadees, Etc.)

* Tail about as long as the wing ; bill shorter than the head and

rather stout 1. Pants.

* Tail much shorter than the wing ; bill as long as the head and

slender 2. ditto.

1. Pdrus .

* Head conspicuously crested.,.. P. bicolor. (Tufted Titmouse.)

* Head without crest (A )

Digitized by Google

Family V. TR0GL0DYTIDJ2.

15

A. Top of head brown ; throat dusky.

P. kudsdnicus. (Hudsonian Chickadee.)

A. Top of head and throat black. (B.)

B. Tail and wing feathers whitish edged

P. airicapiUus . (Black-capped Chickadee.)

B. Tail and wing feathers not whitish edged.

P. carolinSmis. (Carolina Chickadee.)

2. SlUa.

* White below, with some rusty brown on the crissum; cap

glossy black, without stripes.

.S. carolintnsis. (White-breasted Nuthatch.)

* Rusty brown below ; crown black, with white stripes or leaden

blue 8. eanadSnsis . . (Red-breasted Nuthatch.)

* Rusty brown or brownish white below ; crown brown, without
stripes... S.pusilla . (Brown-headed Nuthatch.)

Family IV. OERTHIIDM . (Creepers.)

Cerihia familidris. (Brown Creeper.)

Family V. TBOGLOD7T1DJE. (Wrens and Mock-
ing-Birds.)

* Birds over 8 in. long and with wings over 3 in. long ; bill with

bristles at the rictus. (Mocking-birds.) (O.)

* Wings under 2J in. long. (Wrens.) (A.)

A. Back with black and white streaks extending lengthwise...

3. Oistothorvs .

A. Back without streaks extending lengthwise. (B.)

B. Back with some cross bars ; no distinct whitish line over the

eye ..2. Troglodytes .

B. Back without cross bars ; a distinct whitish line over eye.....

JL. Thryothorus.

O. Tail an inch longer than wings ; outer tail feathers without
distinct white blotches*. 6. Harporhynehus.

Digitized by Google

16

KEY OF BIRDS.

O. Tail but little longer than the wings. (D.)

D. Color brownish ; outer tail with white 4. Mimus.

D. Color slate gray; lower tail coverts chestnut

5. Galeoacoptm.

1. Thry6thoru8.

* Tail like the back in color, reddish brown

T- ludoviai&nm. (Carolina Wren.)

* Tail feathers, except the middle pair, blackish

T. bewlckii. (Bewick’s Wren.)

2. Troglddyte a.

* Tail and wings of about equal length

T. aedon. (House Wren.)

* Tail decidedly shorter than the wings.

T. hiem&lti. (Winter Wren.)

3. Cistothdnu.

* Bill about J in. long ; crown streaked

C. 8teUdr%8 . (Short-billed Marsh Wren.)

* Bill } in. long; crown unstreaked.

(7. Austria, (Long-billed Marsh Wren.)

4. M lmu8 polygl6ttos. Mocking-bird.)

6 Gdleo9c&ptc8 carolinSrms . (Catbird.)

6. Harporhynchus rtifu*. (Brown Thrush.)

, Family VL MOTA0ILUD2E. (Pipits.)

Anthu8.

* Common A. pmmlvdnieus , (American Pipit.)

* Western U. S., rarely east to Minnesota.

A. sprdgueiu (Missouri Skylark.)

Family YH. MNIOTXLTID2E. (American Warblers.)

* Birds over 7 in. long ; bill rather stout and compressed ; wings

shorter than the tail 10. Icteria.

* Birds under 6} in. long ; bill not stout (A.)

Digitized by Google

Family VII. MNIOTILTIDJE.

17

A. Bill depressed, broader than high at base, notched and
slightly hooked ; rictal bristles i the length of bill ;
length 5} in. or less ; wings longer than tail. (G.)

A. Bill slender, not depressed ; rictal bristles small, or none.

(B.)

B. Plumage entirely black and white streaked ; no yellow any-
where; hind toe and claw very long. 1. Mniotilta.

B. Plumage not merely black and white ; tail feathers, some or
all of them, blotched with white. (*.)

B. Tail feathers with no white blotches. (O.)

O. Tail feathers with inner webs yellow and outer webs dusky ;
plumage chiefly yellow 7. Dendroica.

O. Tail feathers with the same color on both webs. (D.)

D. Conspicuously spotted below, thrush-like; back brown or
dusky; legs long 8. Seiurut.

D. Not spotted or streaked below. (20.)

B. Back olive or olive green ; below with more or less of bright

yellow; wings and tail of about equal length; tail
rounded ; head not striped 9. Geothlypis.

B. Crown with two black stripes separated by a broad one of
buff ; two other black stripes back of eyes.. . .4. Helmilherus.

B. Bill very much compressed ; top of bill straight, with the
middle portion elevated into a distinct narrow ridge;
crown not brightly striped. 3. Hdinaia,

B. Tail much shorter than wing ; middle toe with claw decid-
edly shorter than the naked tarsus in front ; rictus with-
out evident bristles. 5. Hdminthophila,

P. Whole head and neck bright yellow; no white or yellow
wing bars ; bill notched, i in. or more long..2. Protonotari a.

P. Rictus with evident bristles ; hind toe evidently longer than
its claw ; bluish gray above, with a golden-green patch on
the back 6. Comptothlypis.

P. Rictus with evident bristles ; hind toe scarcely longer than

Digitized by Google

18

KEY OF BIRDS.

its claw; bill usually not very acute and usually with a

slight notch near its tip 7. Dendroica .

F. Rictus without evident bristles; bill very acute, scarcely

notched 5. Helminthophila.

G. Under parts bright yellow 11. Sylvantcu

G. Belly without yellow in our species 12. Setophaga.

1. MniotiUa v&ria. (Black and White Warbler.)

2. Protonot&ria citrea. (Prothonotaria Warbler.)

3. Helindia sw&imonii. (Swainson’s Warbler.)

4. HelmUherus vermivorus. (Worm-eating Warbler.)

6. HelminthdphUa.

* Wing bars present, either white or yellow ; about three of the

outer tail feathers white on the inner web ; head or breast
with black. (B.)

* Wings plain olive green or gray ; no distinct white or yellow

wing bars ; very little, if any, white on the inner web of the
tail feathers ; no black anywhere. (A.)

A. No colored crown patch ; crissum pure white

H. peregrina. (Tennessee Warbler.)

A. Crown patch chestnut ; below uniform yellow

JT. rvfieaptUa. (Nashville Warbler.)

A. Crown patch orange brown ; below greenish yellow

II. celdta. (Orange-crowned Warbler.)

B. Throat and ear coverts either black, dusky, gray or olive

H. chrysdpUra. (Golden-winged Warbler.)

B. Throat either pure yellow or pure white, a narrow black

streak back of the eye.

H. pHnii8. (Blue-winged Yellow Warbler.)

0. Ompsdthlypis amcric&na. (Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.)

7. Dendroica (den-dr6-ca).

* Tail feathers edged with yellow and without white; plumage

chiefly yellow, D. cesilva. (Yellow Warbler.)

* Tail feathers blotched with white. (A.)

Digitized by Google

Family VII. MNIOTILTIDJE. 19

A. No wing bars, but a white blotch on the primaries near

their base

D. cceruliaceM. (Black-throated Blue Warbler.)

A. Primaries without white blotch ; wing bars, if present, not
white. (E.)

A. Primaries without white blotch ; wing bars or wring patch
white. (B.)

B. Rump and crown patch yellow ; sides of breast also generally
yellow D. corondta . (Yellow-rumped Warbler.)

B. Rump and belly yellow; white blotches at the middle of
nearly all the tail feathers ; crowm not yellow, usually clear
ash D. maculdsa. (Magnolia Warbler.)

B. Rump and sides of neck usually yellow ; bill very acute and
distinctly decurved D. tigrlna. (Cape May Warbler.)

B. Rump not yellow ; bill not very acute. (O.)

O. Throat yellow or orange; crown with a small or large
yellow or orange spot ; outer tail feathers with outer edge
white edged, as well as white blotches on the inner
web D. bldekbumice. (Blackburnian Warbler.)

O. Crissum white ; no bright yellow anywhere ; crowm black ;

everywhere much streaked with black

D. striata, (Black-poll Warbler.)

O. Crissum huffy; no bright yellow anywhere; crown and
throat usually chestnut..!), cast&nia. (Autumn Warbler.)

O. No bright yellow anywhere; entire upper part sky blue
(male) or dull greenish, brightest on the head (female)...
D. ccerillca. (Cserulean Warbler.)

O. Throat, breast and sides black or with black traces, some-
times veiled with yellowish on the tips of the feathers ;
outer tail feathers with outer edges, as well as blotches on

the inner webs, white

D. trirens. (Black-throated Green Warbler.)

O. Not as above ; throat more or less yellow. (D.)

Digitized by Google

20 KEY OF BIRDS.

D. Tail blotches oblique at the end of two or three outer feath-
ers M i). vigdrsii. (Pine-creeping Warbler.)

D. Throat definitely yellow; belly white; back with no
greenish D. dominiea. (Yellow-throated Warbler.)

B. Wing bars and belly yellow..!), discolor . (Prairie Warbler.)

B. Wing bars yellow and belly pure white.

D. pmmylvdniea . (Chestnut-sided Warbler.)

B. Wing bars brownish ; white blotches square, and on only

two of the outer tail feathers

D. palm&rvm (Palm Warbler.)

B. Wing bars not conspicuous; whole under parts yellow;

back ashy, without any tint of green or olive.

D. kirtlandi . (Kirdand’s Warbler.)

8. SeiHrus .

* Crown orange-brown, with two black stripes

S. aurocapillus . (Oven-bird.)

* Crown plain brownish. (A.)

A. Line over eye bufly ; bill about £ in. long

S. noveboracHsis . (Water Thrush.)

A. Line over eye white; bill about } in. long.

.S. motadlla. (Louisiana Water Thrush.)

O. Qe6thlypis.

* Wings over 2} in. long, and decidedly longer than tail. (B.)

* Wings under 2} in. long, and about equal the tail. (A.)

A. Wings and tail about 2 in. long

O. trichas. (Maryland Yellow-throat)

A. Wings and tail decidedly over 2 in. long

Q. philadilphia. (Mourning Warbler.)

B. Head without black ; crown and throat ash ; a whitish eye
ring O. dgilis . (Connecticut Warbler.)

B. Head with black ; line over eye and under parts yellow

Q.formdsa. (Kentucky Warbler.)

10. IcUria virens. (Yellow-breasted Chat)

11. Sylvdnia.

Digitized by Google

Family Vm. VTREONIDiE.

21

* Tail feathers with white blotches.

S. mitr&ta. (Hooded Warbler.)

* No white blotches on the inner webs of tail feathers. (A.)

A. Above yellow olive ; crown black without streaks.

...& pusUla. (Green Black-capped Warbler.)

A. Above bluish ash ; crown streaked.

t J3. canadinsis. (Canadian Warbler.)

12. Sctfrphaga ruticUla. (American Redstart)

Family VHI. VIREONIDJ1L (Vikeos.)

Vi reo.

* A distinct short first primary. (O.)

* No distinct short first primary. (A.)

A. Stout species ; bill stout, blue-black ; two white wing bars ; a

pale ring around eye.

F. jldvifrona. (Yellow-throated Vireo.)

A. Slender species ; bill slender, light colored ; no wing bars
nor conspicuous ring around eye. (B.)

B. Crown ashy, with blackish edgings.

F ohvdceom . (Red-eyed Vireo.)

B. Crown ashy, with no blackish lines

F philadSlphicus. (Philadelphia Vireo.)

O. Slender species ; bill slender, light colored ; no wing bars...

F gilvus . (Warbling Vireo.)

O. Stout species ; bill stout, blue black ; two pale wing bars.
(D.)

D. Bird over 5 in. long ; below rather whitish, with but little
show of yellow ; wings pointed and decidedly longer than

tail F 6olitdriu8 . (Blue-headed Vireo.)

D. Five in. or less long; some bright yellow below; wings
rather rounded and but little longer than tail. (E.)

E. Line around eye yellow *.

F. noveboractnxi * . (White-eyed Vireo.)

B v Line wound eye whitish. F» (Bell’s Vireo.)

Digitized by Google

22

KEY OF BIRDS.

Family IX. LANIIDjE. (Shrikes.)

Ldnius.

* Breast with distinct wavy cross lines ; forehead white.

L. bore&lis. (Great Northern Shrike.)

* Breast with no distinct wavy cross lines ; forehead black.

L . ludovieidnm. (Loggerhead Shrike.)

Family X. AMPBUDiE. (Chatterers.)

Ampdis.

* Crissum chestnut ; wing bar white .-.

A. gdrrulus, (Bohemian Waxwing.)

* Crissum white ; no wing bar.

A . cedrdrum. (Cedar Waxwing.)

Family XI. HIRUNDINIDiE. (Swallows.)

* Tail even ; first primary not rough on the outer edge ; plumage

lustrous 2. Petrochelidon.

* Tail nearly even; first primary with rough outer edge;

plumage not lustrous. 6. SUlgidopteryx.

* Tail decidedly forked. (A.)

A. Tail forked for more than half its length; tip of outer

feathers very narrow ; color steel blue 3. Chdidon.

A. Tail forked for less than half its length. (B.)

B. Plumage plain brown, without lustre 5. Clivieola,

B. Plumage lustrous blue black throughout (male), whitish and

streaky below (female). .1. Progne .

B. Plumage lustrous blue green above, pure white below.

4. Tachyeinetcu

1. Pr6gne Mis. (Purple Martin.)

2. Petrochelidon lUnifrons. (Cliff Swallow.)

3. Chilidon erythrogdster. (Bam Swallow.)

4. TachycirUta bicolor . (White-bellied Swallow.)

Digitized by Google

Family XHI. FRINGILLIDjE. 23

3. Clivicola rip&ria (Sand Martin.)

O. Stelgiddpteryx serripdnnis, (Hough-winged Swallow.)

Family XII. TANAGRIDiE. (Tanagebs.)
IHrdnga.

* Male red, with black wings and tail ; female clear olive and

yellow P. erythrom&as. (Scarlet Tanager.)

* Male red throughout; female brownish olive and dull

yellow P. rtibra. (Summer Tanager.)

Family XEH. FBXNGILLIDJE. (Finches.)

* Mandibles long and much curved, their points crossed at tip..

4. Lozia.

* Bill very large and stout, as high at base as long ; culmen and

gonys usually much curved. (T.)

* Bill neither very stout nor with the points crossed at tip. (A.)

A. Rather evenly-colored birds; there may be large patches of

different colors but they are not sharply spotted or
streaked either above or below ; some are mottled, but
not definitely so. (P.)

A. Decidedly spotted or streaked either above or below. (B.)

B. Outer tail feathers rounded at tip ; middle ones very acute
pointed ; tail notched ; hind claw elongated, nearly as long
as the bill and but little curved. (O.)

B. About all the tail feathers narrow and acute and in many
cases stiff; back conspicuously streaked; hind claw not
especially elongated. (M.)

B. Tail feathers not especially narrow, usually rounded at tip,
if pointed the ends form an obtuse angle ; tail feathers not
stiff. (C.)

C. Hind claw elongated, twice as long as the middle claw and

much curved ; plumage white or white and brown

10. Plectrophenax.

Digitized by Google

pp.

24

KEY OF BIRDS.

C. Hind claw not twice as long as the middle daw. (IX)

D. Sparrows of rather large size, 7 in. or more long. (L«.)

D. Sparrows less than 7 in. long. (ID.)

B. Tertiary wing quills very much elongated ; a white wing
patch 28. Calamospiata.

B. Tertials not elongated ; tail rounded, its outer feathers with
white ; hind daw short 15. Ckondestes.

B. Tertials not elongated; outer tail feathers without white.
(F.)

7. Plumage with some definite red. (E.)

7. Plumage with definite yellow somewhere. (J.)

Vith neither clear red nor yellow anywhere. (Gh)

Plumage much streaked bdow. (I.)

Not streaked below in adult birds. (H.)

H. Tail forked ; wings and tail about equal in length ; crown
chestnut in adult (streaky in young) 17. Spizetta.

H. Tail notched ; wings longer than tail ; crown either ashy-
brown or liver-brown ; introduced birds. 9. Passer.

H. Tail rounded; wings either shorter than tail or of equal
length ; crown chestnut in adult 20. Melospiza.

I. Olivaceous, no black or chestnut ; bill rather stout ; wings
long, pointed, much longer than the notched tail ; female
of. 3. Corpodocus.

I. Tail rounded ; back much streaked ; crown with an obscure
pale medium stripe. 20. Mdospizo.

J. With much yellow on edges of quills and tail feathers ; bill
quite acute 7. Spinas.

J. Edge of wing, line over eye, breast and part of belly yellow
27. Spissa.

J. Edge of wing yellow or yellowish ; breast bufly ; back largely
chestnut. 19. Peuccea.

E. Crown red; chin blackish; breast in males reddish or

pinkish 6. Aeanthis.

Digitized by Google

Family XIIL FRINGILLnXE. 25

K. Crown, chin, throat, and, generally, the whole plumage,
with red washings ; male of...... 3. Oarpodaau,

Li. Head in adult striped, in young chestnut; plumage not
streaked below ; tail not forked. 16. 25onotriekia.

Li. Bump, tail and wings with much chestnut or rusty red ; large
arrow-shaped spots on the white breast. 21. Ptmerella,

Xj. Bill pale ; body pure white in summer ; in winter, the white

of body much clouded with clear, warm browiu....

10. PUctrophenax.

M. Outer tail feathers with white; bend of wing chestnut

..13. PboceUes.

M. Outer tail feathers without white; edge of wing yellow
(N.)

N. Breast with yellow ; throat with more or less black

27. Spisa.

N. Breast without yellow; throat without black; plumage
streaked below 14. Ammodramus.

O. Outer tail feathers almost entirely white ; others, except the
middle pair, tipped with black ; bend of wing chestnut...
12. Rhynehophanes.

O. Not as above ; a brownish or chestnut-colored collar around
neck. 11. Oadcarws.

P. Tail decidedly longer than the wings ; large birds, over 7 in.

long ; black or clear brown above ; sides chestnut

..22. j Pipilo.

P. Tail and wings of about equal length; blackish or ashy

colored above; belly and outer tail feathers white......

18. Junco.

P. Wings longer than the tail. (Q.)

Q. Birds over 6 in. long ; wings over 3} in. long. (8.)

Q. Birds under 6 in. long; wings under 3} in. long. (R.)

R. Male entirely blue, or blue, red, purple, gold and white;
female brown, with or without white. 26. Paeserina,

Digitized by Google

26 KEY OF BIRDS.

R. Both sexes with crimson, black, yellow, white and plain
brown 8. OardueUs.

8 . General color white, with some black or dear brown

10. Plectrophcnax.

S. Brownish above and below, with rosy edgings; black or

clear ash on head ; tail somewhat notched

5. LeuaosticU.

8 . Male blue, with chestnut on wings; female plain brown;
tail even 25. Guiraca.

T. Conspicuously crested; plumage chiefly red or extensively

washed with red ; bill red ; tail longer than the wings

23. GirdimmKs.

T. No crest ; tail shorter than the wings. (U.)

U. Rather small birds ; wings 3} in. or lees long. ( W.)

U. Rather large birds ; wings over 3| in. long. (V.)

V. Under tail coverts yellow; inner secondaries and wing
coverts white ; bill greenish yellow ; wings nearly twice
the length of the tail ...1. Ooceothrausies .

V. General colors black and white (male) or brown streaked
(female) ; under wing coverts rosy or yellow ; tail with
white blotches...... 24. Habia.

V. General colors rosy red (male) or ashy gray with brownish
yellow on head and rump (female) 2. Pinicola .

W. Tertiary wing feathers very much dongated ; a large white
wing patch 28. Calamospissa .

W. Blue (male) or brownish or tawny (female) ; wing bars
chestnut or whitish ; wings over 3 in. long. .25. Guiraea.

W. Streaky, no yellow; male with much red; female olive
brown; wings over 3 in. long 3. Carpodacus .

W. Streaky, no yellow ; wings white barred and under 3 in.
long 9. Busier.

1. Ooceothrausies (thr§s-tes) vesper&nus. (Evening Grosbeak.)

2. Pinicola enucle&tor. (Pine Grosbeak.)

8. Oarpddacus purpbreus. (Purple Finch.)

Digitized by Google

Family XIIL FRINGILLIDJE.

27

4. L6xia,

* Wings with two white bars.

L . leucdptera . (White-winged Crossbill.)

* Wings without white L. curvirdstra . (Red Crossbill.)

5. Leucosticte tephrocdtis. (Gray-crowned Leucosticte.)

6. Aednihis .

* Rump distinctly streaked; inner webs of tail feathers very

slightly, if at all, edged with white

A . lindria, (Redpoll Linnet)

* Rump plain white or pinkish; tail feathers broadly edged

with white A. homem&nnii . (Greenland Redpoll.)

7. Splnus.

* Plumage not sharply streaked ; no distinct ruff at base of

bill S. trUtti. (American Goldfinch.)

* Plumage sharply streaked ; no black on head ; bill sharp and

with distinct ruff at base. S. pinus. (Pine Siskin.)

8. Cardutlis cardu&is. (European Goldfinch.)

O. Pdsstr domisiiciu. (European House Sparrow.)

10. Plectrdphenax nvvdlis. (Snow Bunting.)

11. Oulcdriu8 Iapp6nicu8 . (Lapland Longspur.)

12. j BhyncMphanes mccSwnii. (Maccown’s Bunting.)

18. PoocadUs gramlncu8. (Vesper Sparrow.)

14. Amm6dramu8 .

* Outer pair of tail feathers longer than the middle pair ; wings

much longer than the tail. (D.)

* Tail distinctly double rounded ; the outer pair of feathers a

little shorter than the middle ones ; bird about 5 in. long....
A. savanndrum. (Grasshopper Sparrow.)

* Tail graduated, the outer feathers gradually shorter, the outer

pair shortest. (A.)

A. Tail feathers acute but not stiff; crown with a medium
light stripe; inland species. (O.)

A. Tail feathers acute and rather stiff ; crown without medium
light stripe; sea-shore species. (B.)

Digitized by Google

28 KEY OF BIRDS.

B. No yellow spot about eye.

A. cauddcut U8. (Sharp-tailed Finch.)

B. A yellow spot before eye... A. maritimm . (Sea-side Finch.)

O. Breast with some sharp black streaks.

A . hemldmi. (Henslow’s Sparrow.)

O. Breast without spots..... A. leednUii. (Le Conte’s Sparrow.)

D. Back not very sharply streaked with sandy brown

A.princeps. (Ipswich Sparrow.)

D. Back sharply streaked with blackish

JL. mndwichSnsis. (Savanna Sparrow.)

16. Chondestes grdmmacus. (Lark Sparrow.)

16. Zonotrlchia.

* Head with some distinct yellow. (B.)

* Plumage with no yellow anywhere. (A.)

A. Crown without pale medium stripe.

Z. quSrukb, (Harris’s Sparrow.)

A. Crown with white medium band.

JZ \ leucdphrys. (White-crowned Sparrow.)

B. Crown stripe yellow in front

JZ. corvn&la. (Golden-crowned Sparrow.)

B. Crown stripe without yellow; spot over eye and edge of
wing yellow. Z. albicdUis. (White-throated Sparrow.)

17. SpizSUa.

* Crown grayish with a light stripe.

JS. pdUida. (Clay-colored Sparrow.)

* Crown dull chestnut ; no black on forehead

S.pu8iUa.. (Field Sparrow.)

* Crown bright chestnut. (A.)

A. Forehead without black. S. mmticola. (Tree Sparrow.)

A. Forehead black JS. soddlis. (Chippy-bird.)

18. Junco hyem&lis . (Snowbird.)

18. Peuccea ass tiv&lis. (Pine-woods Sparrow.)

20. MelosjfAaa,

Digitized by Google

Family XIV. ICTERIDJ2.

* Crown with a faint pale medium stripe ; bird much streaked

above and on the breast and sides.

Jtf. /oridta. (Song Sparrow.)

* Everywhere sharply streaked ; crown not chestnut

M. lincohd. (Lincoln’s Finch.)

* Crown bright dark chestnut ; wings and tail edged with chest-

nut M. georgidna. (Swamp Sparrow.)

21. Pa&sereUa itiaca. (Fox Sparrow.)

22. PipHo erythrophthdlmus. (Chewink.)

23. Oardindlis cardindlis . (Cardinal Grosbeak.)

24. Hdbia ludovieidma. (Rose-breasted Grosbeak.)

26. Ghiir&ca axriUea. (Blue Grosbeak.)

20. Passerlna.

* Gonys with a black stripe P. cy&nea . (Indigo-bird.)

* Gonys without black stripe. P. rim. (Nonpariel.)

27. Spiza americdna. (Black-throated Bunting.)

28. Ocddmospilza melanocdrys. (Lark Bunting.)

Family XIV. IOTBSBIDM. (Blackbirds, Etc.)

* Tail feathers acute at tip. (F.)

* Tail feathers usually rounded, never very acute. (A.)

A. Bill nearly straight, the commissure sometimes curved but
the tip not evidently decurved. (O.)

A. Bill with the tip evidently decurved. (B.)

B. Tail much shorter than the wings, the feathers of nearly

equal length 7. Sooleeophagus .

B. Tall as long as the wings, its feathers graduated.. 8. Quiscalus.
O. Bill much shorter than the head, finch-like.... 2. Molothrus.
O. Bill about as long as the head. (D.)

D. Bill slender ; wing less than 4 in. long. 6. Icterus.

D. Bill stouter; wing 4 in. or more long. (B.)

39. Side claws about as long as the middle one.

3. Xanthocephalus .

Digitized by Google

30

KEY OF BIRDS.

B. Side claws decidedly shorter than the middle one.

4. Agdaius.

F. Bill shorter than the head, finch-like. 1. Dolichonyz.

F. Bill as long as the head 5. StumdlcL

1. Dolichonyz oryzivorus. (Bobolink, Reedbird.)

2. M6lothrvs titter. (Cowbird.)

3. XanthocSphalvs mnthocSphalus. (Yellow-headed Blackbird.)

4. Agdaim (aj-e-16-us) phceniceus. (Red-winged Blackbird.)

6. SturneUa mdgna. (Meadowlark.)

6. Icterus.

* Tail graduated for J its length.../, sphrivs. (Orchard Oriole.)

* Tail nearly even I. gdUxula. (Baltimore Oriole.)

7. Scolec&phagus caroVtnvs. (Rusty Grackle.)

8. Quiscalvs quimda. (Crow Blackbird.)

Family XV. OORVIIX2S. (Crows and Jays.)

* Tail only § as long as the pointed wings ; plumage black

* 1. Oorvus.

* Tail as long or longer than the rounded wings. (A.)

A. Colors black and white; tail much graduated and much
longer than the wings; wing over 7 in. long; no crest....

2. JPica.

A. Head crested; general color blue.. 3. Cyanocitta.

A. No crest; ashy gray, no blue; wings and tail about equal
in length 4, Perisoreus.

1. Cdrvus.

* Feathers of throat narrow, stiff, sharp-pointed, with distinct

outlines C. cdrax . (Raven.)

* Throat feathers short, oval, blended. (A.)

A. Wing over 12 in. long G (merictina. (Crow.)

A. Wing under 12 in. long G. ossifragvs. (Fish Crow.)

2. Pica pica. (Magpie.)

3. Cyanocitta cristdta. (Blue Jay.)

4. Perisbreus canadSneis. (Canada Jay.)

Digitized by Gock ^

Family XVII. TYRANNIDJ3.

31

Family XVI. ALAUDIP^H. (Larks.)

* First primary short ; tail deeply notched. 1. Alauda.

* First primary long ; tail even or rounded 2. Otowris,

1. Alduda arvSnsis. (Skylark.)

2. Otdcoris alp&tm. (Homed Lark.)

Family XVII. TYRANNIDA3. (Flycatchers, Etc.)

* Crown with patch of red or yellow, which can be seen by dis-

placing the crown feathers. (O.)

* Crown without concealed bright-colored feathers; outer

primaries not narrowed near their tips. (A.)

A. Length 8 in. or more; head with a slight crest; light-

chestnut edges to the wing and tail feathers

3. Myiarchus.

A. Length less than 8 in. ; no chestnut on wings and tail. (B.)
B. Bill all black, but little wider than high at base ; wing and

tail of nearly equal length ; wing 3£ in. or more

4. Sayorrm .

B. Bill either pale below or else the wing is less than 2| in.
long ; bill broad and much depressed ; wing 3 in. or less...

6. Empidonax .

B. Not as above ; wings over 3 in. long. 5. Oontopus .

O. Tail much longer than the wings and deeply forked

1. Milimlus.

O. Tail not longer than the wings and even or rounded.

2. Tyranny * .

1. Milmdus.

* Cap black. M. tyranny * . (Forked-tailed Flycatcher.)

* Cap ashy M. forfic&tv*. (Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.)

2. Tyranny a.

* No olive or decided yellow; all tail feathers tipped with

white. T. tyranny s. (Kingbird.)

Digitized by Google

32 KEY OF BIRDS.

* With olive and yellow ; outer tail feathers with white;

T. verticdUis. (Arkansas Kingbird.)

3. Myidrchus erinUm. (Great-crested Flycatcher.)

4. Saybmis phoibe, (Phoebe.)

6. Cbntdpu*.

* A tuft of white fluffy feathers on each side of rump; wing

about 4 in. long.. C. boredlis. (Olive-sided Flycatcher.)

* No conspicuous cottony tuft ; wing 3} in. or less

C. vbrens. (Wood Pewee.)

0. Empiddnax.

* Distinctly yellow below

J S'. JhvivSniris. (Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.)

* Lower parts not distinctly yellow. (A.)

A. A yellowish ring around eye ; longest primary nearly an

inch longer than the secondaries

J E. ao&dicm. (Green-crested Flycatcher.)

A. No distinct yellowish ring around eye. (B.)

B. Longest primary over £ in. longer than the secondaries.

JE.pudUus. (Little Flycatcher.)

B. Longest primary only £ in. longer than the secondaries;
tail slightly notched. E. minimus. (Least Flycatcher.)

Family XVIII. OAPRIMUlaGIDAS. (Goatsuckers.)

* Tail rounded ; rictal bristles long and stiff. 1. Antrostomux.

* Tail notched ; rictal bristles very short 2. ChordcUes.

1. Antr6stomus.

* Rictal bristles unbranched ~4. vodferus. (Whip-poor-will.)

* Rictal bristles branched. .A. carolinSngis. (ChuckwilPs Widow.)

2. Chordeiles (dl-les) vkgmi&nus. (Night Hawk.)

Family XIX. MIOROPODID2BL (Swots.)
Chcetbra pd&gica. (Chimney Swift)

Digitized by Google

Family XXI. PICID.fi.

33

Family XX. TROGHUJDiEL (Humming-Birds.)
Trdchilus cdlubris. (Ruby-throated Humming-bird.)

Family XXI. PICID^l. (Woodpeckers )

* Head with a conspicuous crest ; large birds, over 16 in. long.

(D.)

* Head not crested ; birds under 15 in. long. (A.)

A. Hind toe single ; bill broad, compressed 4. Picoides,

A. Hind toes two. (B.)

B. Large birds, 12-14 in. long; belly with round black spots....

7. Oolaptes.

B. Birds 10 in. or less long. (C.)

C. Nasal groove running nearly to the tip of the bill ; feathers
with round white or black spots ; no yellow..3. Dryobates.

C. Nasal groove running into the tomia near the middle of the

bill ; belly with some yellow 5. Sphyrapicu s.

C. TJpper mandible with a ridge below the nostril extending

to the tip of bill ; the tip somewhat truncate

6. Mdanerpea .

D. Bill and nasal feathers dark colored 1. Ceophlceus.

D. Bill and nasal feathers light colored 2. Oampepkttus.

1. OeopModm pile&lus. (Pileated Woodpecker.)

2. Oamp^phUvs principdlis. (Ivory-billed Woodpecker.)

3. Ihyobdtes.

* Back black, barred with white, not lengthwise streaked

J). boredlis. (Red-cockaded Woodpecker.)

* Back black, with a long white stripe ; no cross bars. (A.)

A. Outer tail feathers white

J . ). viUdsus. (Hairy Woodpecker.)

A Outer tail feathers black and white barred

D. pubescens. (Downy Woodpecker.)

Digitized by Google

34

KEY OF BIRDS.

4. Piccftdes.

* Top of head and back without white

P. factious. (Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.)

* Back with some white

......... P. americdnus. (American Three-toed Woodpecker.)

6. Sphyr&picus v&rivs. (Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.)

6. Mdanhrpes.

* Whole head and neck crimson

M. erythrocdphcdvs. (Red-headed Woodpecker.)

* Whole head and neck not crimson; male with top of head

and hind neck scarlet

M. carohnvs. (Red-bellied Woodpecker.)

7. Coldptes aurdtvs . (Flicker.)

Family XXII. OUCULID-ffl. (Cuckoos.)

Coccygus .

* Bill yellow below ; wings with reddish

C. americ&na. (Yellow-billed Cuckoo.)

* Bill chiefly black ; wings without reddish

C. erythrophthdlmvs. (Black-billed Cuckoo.)

Family XXIII. AIiCBDINIDiE. (Kingfishers.)
Chyle dlcyon. (Belted Kingfisher.)

Family XXIV. PSITT AOTD M. (Parrots.)
ConUrus carolinhws. (Carolina Paroquet)

Family XXV. BUBONIMJ. (Owls.)

* Tarsus nearly naked, very long, twice as long as the middle

toe ; wing under 8 in. long 9. Speotyto.

* Tarsus fully feathered. (A.)

Digitized by Google

Family XXVI. STRIGIDA2. 86

A. Head with conspicuous ear tufts; plumage not chiefly
white, (D.)

A. Head without evident ear tufts. (B.)

B. Plumage chiefly white ; tail rounded; large bird... 7. Nyctea.
B. Plumage not white. (C.)

O. Wing 16-18 in. ; tail f the length of wing 3. Scotiaptex.

C. Wing 12-15 in. ; tail f wing 2. Symium.

C. Wing 8-10 in. ; tail | wing 8. Sumia.

C. Wing 12-13 in. ; tail J wing 1. Agio.

C. Wing 5-7 in 4. Nyctala .

D. Wing 14-16 in. ; tail f wing 6. Bubo.

D. Wing 12-13 in. ; tail J wing 1. Agio.

D. Wing 5-8 in 5. Megascope.

1 . Agio.

* Ear tufts large, of eight to twelve feathers

A. wUsonidnus. (Long-eared Owl.)

* Ear tufts small, of few feathers

JL acdpUrinug. (Short-eared Owl.)

2. Symium nebuldgim. (Barred Owl.)

3. Scotidptex cin&reum. (Spectral Owl.)

4. Nyctala .

* Bill yellow; cere not swollen.. .N. tSngmalmi. (Sparrow Owl.)

* Bill black ; cere swollen N. acddica. (Saw-whet Owl.)

3. Megascops dsio. (Screech Owl.)

0. Bilbo virginidnu8. (Great-homed Owl.)

*7. Nyctea nyctea. (Snowy Owl.)

0. Sumia Ulukt. (Day Owl.)

0. Spebtyto (Mniculdria. (Burrowing Owl.)

Family XXVI. STRIGID^S. (Barn Owls.)
Strix praiincola. (American Bam OwL)

Digitized by Google

36

KEY OP BIRDS.

Family XXVII. FALCONID-2D. (Falcons.)

* Claws all of the same length, narrowed and rounded on the

lower side ; outer toe can be used either in front or behind^

12. Pandion.

* Claws of graduated lengths, the hind claw largest, the outer

front one smallest ; outer toe not versatile. (A.)

A. Tarsus feathered to the toes, at least in front. (I.)

A. Tarsus bare for at least | of its length. (B.)

B. Tarsus reticulate all around ; if there are any regular scu-
tella in front, they are found only on the lower part of
the tarsus. (a.)

B. Tarsus distinctly scutellate (or booted) only in front (B.)

B. Tarsus scutellate in front and behind. (C.)

C. Upper tail coverts white. (D.)

C. Upper tail coverts not white 6. Buteo.

D. Wings very long (13 in. or more), more than 4 times the
length of tarsus 4. Circus.

D. Wings 12 in. or less, rounded, not over 4 times the length of
the tarsus 7. Asturincu

E. Toes not webbed at all at base ; neck feathers sharp-pointed;
wing over 20 in. long. 10. Ucduzetus.

B. Toes somewhat webbed at base ; wing less than 15 in. long

(F.)

F. Nostril nearly circular; tail not } the length of the wing

3. Ictinia .

F. Nostril oval ; tail over f the wing 5. Accipiier.

G. Nostril small, circular, with a conspicuous, central, bony
tubercle ; upper mandible with a strong tooth and notch
back of the hooked tip 11. Falco.

G. Nostril oval and with no inner bony tubercle. (H.)

H. Tail very deeply forked 1. EUmoida,

H. Tail not deeply forked ; claws not grooved below. .2. EUmus.

Digitized by Google

w w

Family XXVH. FALCONID.E.

37

I. Tarsus densely feathered all around ; wing over 22 in

9. Aquila.

I. Tarsus with a bare strip behind ; wing under 20 in

8. ArMnrteo,

1. ElaruMes forficcUvx. (Swallow-tailed Kite.)

2. filanus leucdrus. (White-tailed Kite.)

3. Ictinia mmwsippieiisis. (Mississippi Kite.)

4. Circus huds&nius. (Marsh Harrier.)

5. Acdpiter.

* Wing under 9 in. long ; tail square A. v&ox. (Pigeon Hawk.)

* Wing 9-11 in. long; tail rounded.

A. codperi. (Chicken Hawk.)

* Wing 12 in. or more long A . cUricapiUus, (Goshawk.)

0. Bitteo.

* Outer webs of primaries with white, huffy or reddish spots ;

four outer primaries notched on the inner web

J?. linedtus . (Chicken Hawk.)

* Outer webs of primaries not spotted as above. (A.)

A. Four outer primaries notched on the inner web. (C.)

A. Three outer primaries notched. (B.)

. Wing over 14 in. long... 5. swdinsoni. (Swainson’s Buzzard.)

. Wing under 12 in. long

B. latmimus. (Broad-winged Buzzard.)

C. Head and neck streaked with rusty red ; tail^ bright' chesff*^

nut red- B. boredlis . (Hen Hawk.)

C. Head never streaked with buffy or reddish

B. h&rlani. (Black Hawk.)

7. Astvrlna plagidta. (Gray Hawk.)

8. Architnlteo.

* Gape less than 1| in. wide at base

A. lagdpus. (Rough-legged Hawk.)

* Gape over 1£ in. wide at base

A . ferrugineus. (Western Rough-legged Hawk )

9. Aquila chrysaetos. (Golden Eagle.)

Digitized by Google

KEY OF BIRDS.

10. Hatioedm (hal-i-Et-e-tus) leucocSphcdus. (Bald Eagle.)

11. F6ko.

* Only one primary notched on the inner web ; wing 12 in. or

more long. (B.)

* Two primaries notched ; wing under 10 in. long. (A.)

A. Basal joints of the toes with six-sided scales ; middle toe

over 1 in. long F. columb&rius. (Pigeon Hawk.)

A. Not such six-sided scales ; middle toe under 1 in. long

F. sparv&rius. (Sparrow Hawk.)

B. Tarsus hardly at all feathered at the upper end

F.peregrlnus . (Duck Hawk.)

B. Tarsus feathered in front not over half way down

J^. mexic&nus. (Prairie Falcon.)

B. Tarsus densely feathered over half way down

F> rusticolus . (Gray Gyrfalcon.)

12. Pandion haliaetm. (Fish Hawk.)

Family XXVIII. CATHARTIDiE. (Vultures.)

* Tail rounded ; nostril large and broad 1. Oathartes.

* Tail square; nostril small and narrow 2. Cktharista.

1. Oathdrtes aHro . (Turkey Buzzard.)

2. OcUharUta atrdta. (Black Buzzard.)

Family XXIX. COLTJMBIDAi]. (Pigeon&)

* Tail less than $ as long as the wing and rounded.

3. QtfimbigaUina

* Tail as long or longer than the wing and pointed. (A)

A. Tarsus scutellate, entirely bare of feathers and longer than

the side toes 2. Zenaidum.

A. Tarsus feathered above at the joint and shorter than the
side toes 1. Edopides.

1. Ectopfotes migratdriu8 . (Passenger Pigeon.)

2. ZenaiMra macroilra. (Mourning Dove.)

3. G)lurnbigalPlna passerlna. (Ground Dove.)

Digitized by Google

Family XXXII. ILEMATOPODIDjE.

Family XXX. TETRAONID2B. (Grouse.)

* Tarsus bare throughout, except possibly at the upper joint,

and scutellate; nostril with a naked scale and without
feathers ; head not distinctly crested 1. (Minus.

* Tarsus feathered about half way ; tail fan-shaped ; neck with

a ruff of lengthened feathers 3. Bonasa.

* Tarsus feathered to the toes. (A.)

A. Toes also fully feathered ; no ruff or peculiar feathers on

the neck 4. Lagopus .

A. Toes naked, except, possibly, at the base. (B.)

B. Tail more than half as long as the wing ; no ruff or peculiar

feathers on the neck ; tail slightly rounded

2. Dendragapus.

B. Tail about half as long as the wing ; no ruff ; tail graduated

the middle feathers much lengthened..: 6. Pedwccties.

B. Tail about half as long as the wing; neck with a ruff of
straight, stiff feathers 5. Tympanuchus.

1. (Minus virginidnus. (Bob White.)

2. Dendr&gapus canadensis. (Canada Grouse.)

3. Bondsa umbtUus. (Ruffed Grouse.)

4. Lagdpus lagdpus. (Willow Grouse.)

6. Tympanilchus americdnvs. (Prairie Hen.)

Q. Pedioccetes (ped-i-d-se-tes) phaskmSUus. (Sharp-tailed Grouse.)

Family XXXI. PH ASI ANIDJE. (Pheasants.)
Meledgris gaUopdvo. (Wild Turkey.)

Family XXXII. HiEMATOPODID^B]. (Oyster-
Catchers.)

Hcemdtopus patti&tus. (Oyster-catcher.)

Digitized by Google

40

KEY OF BIRDS.

Family XXXIII. APHRIZIDiEL (Surf Birds.)
Arendria inUrpres. (Turnstone.)

Family XXXIV. CHARADRIID^. (Plovers.)

* Plumage speckled on the back ; tarsus much longer than the

middle toe and claw 1. Charadriw.

* Plumage not speckled on the back; tarsus but little longer

than the middle toe and claw 2. AEgialitis.

1. Charddnus.

* Hind toe very short C. squaldrola. (Black-bellied Plover.)

* No hind toe C. dominions . (Golden Plover.)

2. Afyiahtis.

* Wing 6 in. or more long; rump orange-brown.

jE. vodfera . (Kildeer Plover.)

* Wing under 6 in. long ; rump colored like the back. (A.)

A. Bill } in. or more long AS. todsdnia. (Wilson’s Plover.)

A. Bill under } in. long. (B.)

B. All toes distinctly webbed at base

AE. semipalmdta. (King Plover.)

B. Inner toes without webbing AS. meldda. (Piping Plover.)

Family XXXV. SCOLOPACIDA (Snipe.)

* Bill very long and much decurved ; tarsus scutellate only in

front, reticulate behind 16. Nvmemus.

* Bill not strongly decurved; tarsus scutellate in front and
behind. (A.)

A. Toes only 3, hind toe wanting 8. Oalidris.

A. Toes 4, the hind toe present. (B.)

B. Eyes situated far back on the head directly above the ears ;
bill long, with the upper mandible thickened at the tip ;
toes without distinct webbing at base. (K.)

Digitized by vjOO^ 1C

Family XXXV. SOOLOPACID.E.

41

B. Eyes in the usual position ; bill either long or short. (C.)

G. Front toes not webbed, or, at most with one minute web. (J.)

C. Front toes with at least one distinct web. (D.)

D. Tail more than £ as long as wing and graduated 1 in. or
more. 12. Bartramia,

D. Tail not more than J the wing and never graduated more
than i the length of the bill. (B.)

B. Wing less than 4 in. long; bill grooved at tip. ..7. Ereuneies.

B. Wing 4 in. or more long. (F.)

F. Wing about 6 J in. ; bill about 1} in. ; male with a ruff

13. Pavoncella.

F. Bill longer in proportion to the wing. (G.)

Q*. Wing about 4 in. ; bill about 1 in. ; tarsus about as long as
the middle toe and claw 15. Actitis.

G. Wing over 4£ in. long. (H.)

H. Bill slightly broadened at tip ; bill and tarsus about equal
and under 2 in. long ; wing about 5 in 5. Micropalama.

H. Bill slightly broadened ; bill over 2 in. ; tarsus under 2 in. ;
wing 5J-6 in 4. Mdcrorhamphus.

H. Bill not broadened at tip. (I.)

I. Wing 8 in. or more long ; bill 3-5 in. long 9. Limosa.

I. Wing under 8 in. long ; bill slender, not over 2| in. long ;
basal half of primaries not white 10. Totanvs.

I. Wing usually over 8 in. long ; bill stout, not over 2} in.
long; basal half of primaries white 11. Symphemia .

J. Under side of wing shows the inner web beautifully mottled...
14. Tryngites.

J. Inner webs not mottled ; bill longer than middle toe.

6. Trmga.

K. Tibia naked below ; crown striped lengthwise..3. Gattinago.

K. Tibia entirely feathered ; crown banded crosswise. (L.)

L. Three outer primaries narrowed and abruptly shortened

1. Philohela.

"Lm. Quills not narrowed ; first longer than second 2. Scolopax.

Digitized by Google

42

KEY OF BIRDS.

L Phildhela minor. (American Woodcock.)

2. Scdlopax rusttcola. (European Woodcock.)

3. Gatiin&go ddicdta. (Wilson’s Snipe.)

4. Macrorhdmpu8.

* Bill not over 2J in M. grtseus. (Dowitcher.)

* Bill over 2} in. ; western

M. scolopdcem. (Long-billed Dowitcher.)

5. Micropdlama himdntopus. (Stilt Sandpiper.)

0. Tringa.

* Wing 6 in. or more long ; middle pair of tail feathers not

lengthened T. caniUus. (Robin Snipe.)

* Wing less than 6 in long ; middle pair of tail feathers acute

and abruptly lengthened. (A.)

A. Bill, tarsus and middle toe of about equal length. (D.)

A. Bill decidedly longer than the tarsus. (B.)

B. Bill about 1 J in. ; middle toe and claw 1J in. ; tarsus 1 in....

T. rmrUirm . (Purple Sandpiper.)

B. Bill over 1 J in. ; tarsus over 1 in. (C.)

C. Upper tail coverts mostly dusky T. cdptna. (Dunlin.)

C. Upper tail coverts white

T. ferruglnea . (Curlew Sandpiper.)

D. Wing 5 in. or more ; bill over 1 in. ; rump and middle tail

coverts black or dusky T. maculAta. (Jack Snipe.)

D. Wing about 5 in. ; bill not over 1 in. ; upper tail coverts

mainly white. T. fimcollis. (White-rumped Sandpiper.)

D. Wing about 4f in. ; middle tail coverts plain dusky

T. bdirdvi. (Baird’s Sandpiper.)

D. Wing under 4 in. ; tarsus } in

T. minutiUa. (Least Sandpiper.)

7. El'eundtes.

* Bill about } in. Ion g..E. pustttns. (Semi-palmated Sandpiper.)

* Bill about 1 in. long E. occidentdlis. (Western Sandpiper.)

8. OUidris arendria. (Sanderling.)

8. Limdaa .

Digitized by Google

Family XXXVII. PHALAROPODIDJE.

43

* Tail barred with black L.fidoa. (Marbled Godwit.)

* Tail black, with white base and tip.

L. hamdstica. (Black-tailed Godwit.)

10. Tdtanm.

* Wings 7 in. or more ; legs yellow.

T, melanoleilcus. (Greater Yellow-legs.)

* Wings 6-7 in. ; legs yellow T. jldvipes. (Yellow-legs.)

* Wings under 6 in. ; legs dusky.

T. sdit&rius. (Solitary Sandpiper.)

11. Symphdmia semipcdnulta. (Willet.)

19. Bartrdmia longimuda. (Upland Sandpiper.)

13. PavonctUa pugnax. (Ruff.)

14. TryngUes mbruficdUw. (Buff-breasted Sandpiper.)

15. AcCttis maculdria. (Spotted Sandpiper.)

10. Numdniu8.

* Bill over 6 in. long ; wing over 10 in. ; secondaries and quills

of wing rusty cinnamon

N. Umgirdstru. (Long-billed Curlew.)

* Bill 3-4 in. ; wing 9-10 in. ; crown with two broad dusky side

stripes N. hvdsdnicus. (Hudsonian Curlew.)

* Bill 2 3 in. ; wing 8-9 in. ; dusky crown stripes narrow

N. boredlis. (Eskimo Curlew.)

Family XXXVI. RECURVIROSTRIDiE. (Avocets

and Stilts.)

* Hind toe present ; front toes full-webbed 1. Becurvirostra.

* No hind toe 2. HimarUopus.

1. Becurvirostra arneric&na . (Avocet.)

2. HimdntopvA mezic&nus. (Long-shanks.)

Family XXXVII. PHALAROPODIDiE. (Phalaropes.)

* Bill stoutish and with a flattened tip... 1. OrymophUus.

* Bill very slender and not flattened 2. Phalaropm.

Digitized by Google

44 KEY OF BIRDS.

L Crymdphilus fulicdrius. (Red Phalarope.)

2. Phaldropm .

* Membrane along the toes scalloped

P. lobdtus. (Northern Phalarope.)

* Membrane plain P. tricolor . (Wilson’s Phalarope.)

Family XXXVIII. GRUIDiE. (Cranes.)

Oru8.

* Adult white ; tarsus 11 in. or more long.

O. americana. (Whooping Crane.)

* Adult slaty gray ; tarsus less than 11 in. long. (A.)

A. Tarsus over 10 in. ; bill over 5 in

O. mexicdna. (Sandhill Crane.)

A. Tarsus under 9 in. ; bill under 5 in

O. carwdmsix. (Little Brown Crane.)

Family XXXIX. BALLIDiE. (Rails.)

* Forehead with a shield-like homy extension of bill. (B.)

* No homy extension of bill on forehead. (A.)

A. Bill slender, decurved, as long or longer than the tarsus....

1. PaUus.

A. Bill short, under 1 in. long, stout, not decurved..2. Porzana .
B. Toes with broad flap-like, lobed membranes along their edges

5. Phdica .

B. Toes with little or no membraneous edges. (C.)

C. Nostril about J as long as the gonys 3. Ionomis.

C. Nostril over $ as long as the gonys 4. GaUinula.

1. Rdlhis.

*. Wing less than 5 in. long....P. virgini&nus. (Virginia Rail.)
* Wing over 5 in. long. (A.)

A. Plumage generally grayish.... P. crepitans. (Clapper Rail.)

A. Plumage generally brownish or reddish.

M. degam. (King Rail.)

Digitized by Google

Family XL. ARDEIDJ2.

46

2. Porzdna.

* Secondary quills white. P. novcboracingis. (Yellow Rail.)

* Secondaries not white. (A.)

A. Wing over 4 in. long. JP. Carolina. (Carolina Rail.)

A. Wing under 4 in long P.jamaicSnsis. (Black Rail.)

3. Iondmis martinica. (Purple Gallinule.)

4. Oallinula galedta. (Florida Gallinule.)

5. Fblica americ&na. (American Coot)

Family XL. ARDHIDA3. (Herons.)

* Outer toe shorter than the inner toe ; claws lengthened

1. Botavrus .

* Outer toe as long or longer than the inner ; claws short (A.)
A. Bill rather slender; bill 4 times as long as its depth at

base 2. Ardea .

A. Bill stouter 3. Nycticorax .

1. Botaurus.

* Wing 10 in. or more long..P. lentigindsus. (American Bittern.)

* Wing 6 in. or less long. B. etMis. (Least Bittern.)

2. Ardea.

* Wing 11 in. or more long. (C.)

* Wing under 11 in. long. (A.)

A. Bill and tarsus of about equal length ; wing over 8 in..

A. tricolor. (Louisiana Heron.)

A. Bill somewhat longer than tarsus ; tarsus 2} in. or less

A. vir&cen8. (Green Heron.)

A. Bill decidedly shorter than tarsus. (B.)

B. Color pure white ; plumes on back.

A. candidissima. (Snowy Egret.)

B. Color not pure white ; no plumes on back

A . cceritlea. (Little Blue Heron.)

C. Wing 18-20 in. ; color bluish...

A. herddias. (Great Blue Heron A

Digitized by Google

46

KEY OF BIRDS.

C. Wing 14-18 in ; color white

A. egritta. (Great White Egret)

C. Wing 11J-14 in. ; slate color ; head and neck cinnamon

. w4. ruf weens. (Reddish Egret)

3. Nycticorax .

* Bill nearly as long as the tarsus; top and bottom of bill

slightly convex N. nycticorax . (Squawk.)

* Bill much shorter than tarsus ; top and bottom of bill decid-

edly convex...^. violdceus. (Yellow-crowned Night Heron.)

Family XLI. CICONIID-ffi. (Storks.)

Tdntalus locid&tor. (Wood Ibis.)

Family XLII. IBIDID^E. (Ibises.)

* Head of adult wholly naked in front ; plumage of upper parts

not metallic 1. Quara.

* Head naked only in front of the eyes ; plumage of upper

parts metallic or bronzy 2. Plegadis.

1. Qudra dlba. (White Ibis.)

2. Plegadis antumndlis. (Glossy Ibis.)

Family XLIH. PLATALBID^E. (Spoonbills.)
Ajaja (i-i-u-i) ajaja. (Roseate Spoonbill.)

Family XLIY. ANATXDJEL (Ducks, Geese and Swans.)

* Neck as long as the body ; adult entirely white ; wing 20 in.

or more long. (Swans.) 1. Ofor.

* Neck shorter than the body. (A.)

A. Tarsus as long or longer than the middle toe without claw.
(Geese.) (P.)

Digitized by Google

Family XLIV. ANATIDJ2. 47

A. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe without claw. (Ducks.)

(B.)

B. Head crested ; bill nearly cylindrical, only about as wide as
high throughout ; bill with saw-like teeth. (Fish Ducks.)
(O.)

B. Head usually not crested; bill rather broadened, always
wider than high near tip ; lamellae of bill bluntish. (True
Ducks.) (C.)

C. Hind toe with a broad membraneous border or lobe. (Sea
Ducks.) (G.)

C. Hind toe without a distinct membraneous lobe. (River
Ducks.) (D.)

D. Bill decidedly broadened towards the tip 6. Spatula.

D. Bill little, if at all, widened towards the tip. (El.)

El. Tail feathers broad and rounded at tip ; head more or less
crested 8. Aix.

B. Head not crested; tail feathers narrow and rather acute.

(F.)

F. Wing over 10 in. long ; bill about 2 in. ; tail graduated for
more than J its length .....7. Dafla.

F. Wing and bill are either shorter than above, or else the tail
is graduated for less than J its length .....5. Anas.

G. Tail 4J in. or less long, its feathers with narrow webs and
stiff shafts extending beyond the webs ; upper tail coverts
very short (N.)

G. Tail feathers with their bases well covered by the upper
coverts. (H.)

H. Feathers of the forehead at center and feathers at the side
extending on the upper mandible, so as to leave a bare

portion between, J as long as the bill ; no speculum

15. Somaieria.

H. No such extensions of both frontal and loral feathers. (I.)

I. Tail graduated for a less distance than the length of the bill

Digitized by Google

48

KEY OP BIRDS.

from the nostril ; nail at tip of bill less than J its width

at the middle 9. Aythycu

I. Tail graduated for a greater distance than the length of bill
from the nostril. (J.)

J. Bill of the ordinary duck form, neither much enlarged at the
base nor with peculiar appendages at the base or sides. (L.)

J. Bill quite peculiar in form or appendages. (E)

K. Speculum violet ; upper mandible with a side lobe at base..

18. Hietrionicus.

K. Speculum white; upper mandibles with leathery expan-
sions on the sides ; cheeks bristly. 14. (hmptclaimus.

K. Top of bill peculiarly bulging near the frontal feathers and
usually hollowed back of the indistinct nail..l6. Oidenwu

L. Nail of bill large but indistinct ; no speculum ; tail pointed ;
bill black and orange; nostril quite near the frontal
feathers 12. Clangtda.

It. Nail narrow and distinct; nostril near the center of the
length of the bill. (M.)

M. Front of nostril more than £ way from the loral feathers ;

iris yellow 10. Glaudometia

M. Front of nostril not } way from the loral feathers towards

the tip of bill ; iris brown 11. Charitonetta .

N. Nail of bill very small and the lower end abruptly bent

backward; outer toe longer than the middle toe.....

17. Erismaburd.

N. Nail of bill rather large and not abruptly bent backward ;

outer toe shorter than middle toe 18. Nomonyx.

O. Teeth-like serrations of upper mandible very long, sharp

and strongly hooked 19. Merganser .

O. Teeth-like serrations short, blunt and not conspicuously
bent backward ; crest on head high and flattened side-
ways 20. Lophodytes.

P. Serrations on the cutting-edge of upper mandible scarcely

Digitized by Google

Family XLIV. ANATID^E.

49

visible from the side at all ; if visible then only at the

base ; bill, feet and portions of head black. 4. Brarda.

P. Serrations visible from the side for more than £ the length
of bill ; bill and feet pale. (Q.)

Q. Depth of bill at base much greater than j the length of the

top of bill 2. Chen .

Q. Depth of bill at base about £ the length of the top of bill..
3. Anser.

1. Olor.

* Back end of nostril much nearer to the tip of bill than the

front corner of the eye..O. columbi&nus. (Whistling Swan.)

* Back end of nostril about midway between the tip of bill and

the front corner of the eye.. 0. bucciridtor. (Trumpeter Swan.)

2. Chen , .

* Plumage of adult grayish-brown. . C. amdiacem. (Blue Goose.)

* Plumage of adult white C. hyperbdrea . (Snow Goose.)

3. Anser dlbifrom. (White-fronted Goose.)

4. Brdnta.

* Head entirely black ; side of neck with a patch of white

streaks B. bemida. (Brant Goose.)

* Head partly white. (A.)

A. Head mostly black ; a whitish triangular patch on cheek...

B. cancutensis. (Canada Goose.)

A. Head mostly white B. leucdpsis. (Barnacle Goose.)

6 . Amis.

* Bill shorter than the head; ta i l foathoro not acute * ; belly

white ; crown whitish. (D.)

* Bill about as long as the head or longer. (A.)

A. Speculum of wing white; wing about 11 in. long; wing

coverts chestnut ; bill dark A . strdpera. (Gadwall.)

A. Speculum of wing violet with black border ; wing 10-11 in.

long ; bill not very dark. (E.)

A. Speculum of wing green ; bill dark ; wing not over 8 in.
long. (B.)

Digitized by Google

60 KEY OF BIRDS.

B. A white crescent-shaped spot on sides of body in front of

wing ; wing coverts leaden-gray without blue.

A. (mdm&nsis. (Green-winged Teal.)

B. Wing coverts and some of the shoulder feathers sky-blue.

(C.)

O. Hale with a white crescent in front of eye ; head and neck

blackish lead-color A. dtscors. (Blue-winged Teal.)

C. No pure white on head; general color of male purplish-

chestnut. A. cyandptera. (Cinnamon Teal.)

D. Head and neck cinnamon-red with but little if any green....

A . penilope, (European Widgeon.)

D. Sides of head with a broad green patch

A. americdna. (Bald-pate. American Widgeon.)

B. Male with head and neck glossy-green and a white ring

below; female dusky

, A. bdsckas, (Mallard Duck. Tame Duck.)

El. Both sexes like the female of the preceding, but darker ....

A . obschra . (Black Duck.)

8. Spdttda dype&ta. (Spoon-bill Duck.)

7. D&jila acilta. (Pin-tail Duck.)

8. Aix sp&nsa. (Wood Duck.)

9. Ayihya,

* Bill decidedly wider at tip than at base. (B.)

* Bill with the width at the end about equal to the width at base.

(A.)

A. Width of bill nearly £ the length at top

A. arnericdna. (Red Head.)

A. Width of bill about £ the length

A, wrilisndria. (Canvas-back Duck.)

B. Male with an orange-brown ring around neck; speculum

bluish-gray ; female chiefly brown

A.. ooUdris. (Ring-necked Duck.)

B. Speculum white in male ; face white in female. (C.)

C. Wing over 8} in. long ,A . marUa. (Big Scaup Duck.)

Digitized by Google

Family XLIV. ANATIDjE.

61

C. Wing under 8J in. long.... A. affirm. (Lesser Scaup Duck.)

10. GlaitcwnSUa .

* Male with the head uniformly puffy and the gloss green ; spot

before the eye roundish G. dangiila. (Golden Eye.)

* Male with the head somewhat crested and the gloss purplish ;

spot before the eye angular

G. iddindica, (Barrow’s Golden Eye.)

11. ChariUmetta albdola. (Buffle-head.)

12. Cldngula hyemcUis. (Old Squaw. Old Wife.)

13. Histridnicm histridnicus. (Harlequin Duck.)

14. Chmptolaimus (16-mus) labraddrius. (Labrador Duck.) Prob-

ably extinct.

15. SomaUria.

* Feathers on the side of bill extending far beyond those on the

top S. dresseri. (American Eider Duck.)

* Feathers on the top of the bill extending far beyond those on

the side S. spectdbilis. (King Eider.)

10. Oidtmia.

* Wing 10 i in. or more long ; nostril beyond the middle of the

bill ; a white wing patch

0. deglcmdi. (White-winged Scoter.)

* Wing less than 10J in long. (A.)

A. Nostril beyond the middle of the bill; white or whitish

patches on head ; no white wing patch

0. perspicilldta. (Surf Scoter.)

A. Nostril not beyond the middle ; male entirely black ; female

with whitish on throat and sides of head

0. americ&na. (Black Scoter.)

17. Erismatilra ritbida. (Ruddy Duck.)

18. N6mmyx dxminicm. (St. Domingo Duck.)

19. Mergdnser .

* Nostril near the middle of bill ; frontal feathers extend beyond

those on side of bill

M. americdnus . (Merganser. Goosander.)

Digitized by Google

52 KEY OF BIRDS.

* Nostril near base of bill ; frontal feathers not beyond those on
side of bill M. senator. (Red-breasted Merganser.)

20. Loph6dyte8 cumdkUm. (Hooded Merganser.)

Family XLV. SULIDJE3. (Gannets.)
SiUa bassdna. (Common Gannet. Solan Goose.)

Family XLYI. ANHINGID2ES. (Darters.)
Ankinga anhlnga. (Darter. Snakebird.)

Family XLVIL PHALACROCORACIDiE.

(Cormorants.)

Phalacrdcorax.

* Tail of fourteen feathers; pouch on neck notched behind....*.

P. cdrbo. (Common Cormorant. Shag.)

* Tail of twelve feathers. (A.)

A. Wing over 12 in. long

P. dildphus. (Double-crested Cormorant.)

A. Wing under 11 in. long

JP. mexicdnus. (Mexican Cormorant)

Family XLVHI. PBLBCANID-ffl. (Pelicans.)
Pdec&nus erythrvrhynchos. (White Pelican.)

Family XLIX. 7REGATIDA3. (Man-o’-war Birds.)
Fregdta dquila . (Man-o’-war Bird.)

Digitized by Google

Family L. PROCELL ARIIDiE.

53

Family L. PRO CELL ARIID-ffl. (Petrels.)

* Wings under 7 in. long; length under 10 in. (Stormy

Petrels.) (C.)

* Wings over 7 in. long ; length over 10 in. (A.)

A. Under mandible not hooked at tip. (Fulmars.)

1. Fulmarus.

A. Under mandible hooked like the upper. (B.)

B. Bill over f as long as the tarsus. (Petrels.) 3. JEstrdata.

B. Bill usually §-$ as long as the tarsus. (Shearwaters.)

2. Puffinm.

C. Claws flat, obtuse ; tarsus booted, much longer than middle

toe and claw ; upper tail coverts white 6. Oceanites.

C. Claws hooked, acute ; tarsus but little longer than middle
toe and claw. (D-)

D. Tail nearly square ; color sooty-brown with white

4. ProaUaria.

D. Tail forked ; color bluish or grayish with white

5. Oceanodroma.

1. Fulmarus glaci&lis. (Fulmar.)

2. Puffinus .

* Sooty-colored throughout - P. stricUandi. (Sooty Shearwater.)

* Dark above, white below. (A.)

A. Wing 10 in. or less ; under tail coverts mostly white

P. audubdni (Audubon’s Shearwater.)

A. Wing 12 in. or more. (B.)

B. Brownish-ash above; upper tail coverts dark, under ones

light P. bore&lis. (Cory’s Shearwater.)

B. Dark-brown above; upper tail coverts white, under ones
dark P. m&jor, (Greater Shearwater.)

3. JEstrelata hasitcUa. (Black-capped Petrel.)

4. Procdldria pddgica . (Storm Petrel.)

5. Oceanddroma leucdrhoa. (Leach’s Petrel.)

0. OceanUe8 ocednicus. (Wilson’s Petrel.)

Digitized by Google

54

KEY OP BIRDS.

Family LI. STBRCORARIIDiE. (Legers.)

* Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw ; wing 15 in. or more

long 1. MegaLedris .

* Tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw ; wing less than

15 in. long 2. Stercorarins .

1. Megal&tris sJctia. (Skua Gull.)

2. Stercordrius .

* Central tail feathers in adult projecting over 6 in. beyond the

others and sharp pointed

S. Imgumtidus. (Long-tailed Jseger.)

* Central tail feathers projecting less than 5 in. (A.)

A. Central tail feathers broad at tip.

S. ptmulrimis, (Pomarine Jaeger.)

A. Central tail feathers acute at tip

S. parasiticus. (Parasitic Jaeger.)

Family LII. LARIDiE. (Gulls.)

* Bill more or less hooked ; tail generally even ; if forked, the

outer feathers not narrowed or acute pointed ; colors gener-
ally white, with a darker, usually grayish, mantle on back.
(Gulls.) (C.)

* Bill not hooked, at most, slightly curved, the mandibles even ;

tail deeply forked. (Terns.) (A.)

A. Tail with the outer feathers narrow and pointed ; front toes
well webbed ; colors of plumage light. (B.)

A. Tail with the outer feathers broad and rounded ; front toes

but little more than half webbed ; colors dark.

7. Hydrochelidon .

B. Bill dark and stout, its depth at base over £ its length at

top 5. Qdochdidon .

B. Bill less stout, usually quite slender... 6. Sterna.

Digitized by Google

Family LII. LARHXE. 65

0

O. Hind toe very minute or wanting ; tail slightly notched or
even 2. Rissa.

O. Hind toe small. (D.)

D. Tail forked ; bill black with a yellow tip 4. Xenia.

D. Tail even. (B.)

ID. Adults pure white ; tarsus rough behind and about equal to
the middle toe, without claw, in length 1. Oauia

B. Adults white with a darker mantle ; tarsus not very rough
and lafl flJhan middle toe in length 3. Larus.

1. Odvia dlba. (Ivory Gull.)

2. Rissa triddctylcL (Kittiwake Gull.)

3. Ldrus.

* Wing over 14 in. long; head entirely white in adult in

summer. (C.)

* Wing under 14 in. long ; head black or dusky in adult in

summer. (A.)

A. Wing over 12 in. long ; tarsus longer than middle toe and
claw L. atridUa, (Black-headed Gull.)

A. Wing under 12 in. long. (B.)

B. Bill red, with usually a dark band near tip

L.frdnklini, (Franklin's Rosy Gull )

B. Bill black and slender ; wing about 10 in. long

JL. philaddphia, (Bonaparte's Gull.)

C. Primaries pearl-gray, fading to white at tips, no black. (G.)

C. Primaries with white tips and darker, dusky or black spaces
near tips (in young sometimes all dark). (D.)

D. Dark spaces of primaries gray

L.kumheni. (Gray-winged Gull.)

D. Dark spaces of primaries black. (B.)

B. Shafts of primaries white through the dark spaces

L . mdrinus . (Great Black-backed Gull.)

B. Shafts dark like the spaces. (F.)

F. Wing over 16 in. long L . argentcUus, (Herring Gull.)

Digitized by Google

p pi

56

KEY OF BIRDS.

F. Wing under 16 in. long..£. delawarSnsis . (Ring-billed Gull.)

Gh Wing over 16J in. long L. glatitcw. (Ice Gull.)

Gh Wing under 16J in. long ...X. Ieuc6pterus. (Iceland Gull.)
Xbna 8aMnii. (Sabine’s Gull. Fork-tailed GulL)

OilocheMon nildtica. (Gull-billed Tern.)

Sterna.

* Wing over 15 in. long; tail forked less than } its length

S. techegrdva. (Caspian Tern.)

* Wing about 15 in. long ; tail forked for about £ its length

JS. maxima. (Royal Tern.)

* Wing less than 13 in. long. (A.)

A. Head decidedly crested. S. mndvicSnsis. (Sandwich Tern.)

A. Head but little if at all crested ; wing 12 in. or less long.
(B.)

B. Wing under 7 in. long S. antill&rum. (Least Tern.)

B. Wing about 12 in. long ; back sooty-black ; inner webs of

quills dusky 8. fuliginbsa. (Sooty Tern.)

B. Wing 8-12 in. long; back in adult pearl-gray. (C.)

C. Outer tail feathers with inner web dusky, outer web white..

JS. fdrsteri. (Forster’s Tern.)

C. Outer tail feathers with both webs white.

JS. doitgaUi . (Roseate Tern.)

C. Outer tail feathers with inner web white, outer web dusky.

. (D,)

D. Bill red with a blackened tip ; tail but little more than i the

length of wing S. hirundo . (Common Tern.)

D. Bill red throughout ; tail over § the length of the wing

JS. paradteasa. (Arctic Tern.)

7. Hydrochilidon nigra. (Black Tern.)

Family LIH. RHYNCHOPIDAS. (Skimmers.)
JRhynchops nigra. (Black Skimmer.)

Digitized by Google

Family LV. ALCIDJ2.

67

Family LIV. URINATORXDJE. (Loons.)
Urinator.

* Wing over 12} in. long ; head of adult deep greenish-black.

U Amber. (Common Loon.)

* Wing about 12} in. long; top of head bluish-ash; front of

neck blue-black ZJ. drciicus. (Black-throated Loon.)

* Wing under 11} in. ; throat and sides of head bluish-gray ; a

triangular, chestnut throat patch..

UAdmme, (Red-throated Loon.)

Family LY. ALOID2ES. - (Auks.)

* Inner claw much longer and more curved than the others;

tarsus scutellate in front 1. Fratercula.

* Inner claw similar in size and shape to the others. (A.)

A. Bill very short (} in.) and broad ; the angle of chin nearer
to tip of bill than to the nostril ; upper side of bill regu-
larly curved 5. AUe.

A. Bill not so short (1 in. or more) ; the angle of chin nearer
the nostril than to the tip of bill. (B.)

B. Nostril overhung by a homy scale, but visible from the side ;
top of bill straight to near the tip, when it is abruptly
curved downward 2. Cepphus .

B. Nostril more or less completely hidden by dense velvety
feathers. (C.)

C. Tail rounded, the feathers not pointed ; bill only about }
as high at base as long. 3. Uria.

C. Tail graduated, its feathers pointed ; bill much deeper at
base and much flattened sideways; wing 8 in. or more
long ; bill shorter than the head 4. Alca .

1. Fratercula drctica . (Common Puffin.)

Digitized by Google

58

KEY OF BIRDS.

2. Cipphus.

* Greater wing coverts white throughout

C.mdndtii . (Mandtfs Guillemot.)

* Greater wing coverts with their bases £ black

C. gryUe . (Black Guillemot.)

3. Uria.

* Length of lower edge of bill over 1 in

, U. tr6ik. (Common Guillemot.)

* Length of lower edge under 1 in.

TJ. Idmvia . (Thick-billed Murre.)

4. Alca t&rda. (Razor-billed Auk.)

6. Alle dlle. (Dovekie. Sea-dove.)

Family LYI. PODIOIPIDiE. (Grebes.)

* Bill stout and somewhat hooked, its length not quite twice its

greatest depth at base 3. Podilymbus.

* Bill straight and more slender, its length more than twice its

depth at base. (A.)

A. Length of bird over 20 in. ; neck nearly as long as the

body 1. JEchmorphorus.

A. Length under 20 in.; neck much shorter than the body....
2. Cdymbus.

1. JEchm6rphoru8 occidenidlis. (Western Grebe.)

2. Oolymbus.

* Bill about as long as the head ; wing over 7 in. long

C. holboUii . (Red-necked Grebe.)

* Bill much shorter than the head ; wing under 6 in. long. (A.)
A. Bill flattened sideways and thus higher than wide at base...

C. a urttu8, (Homed Grebe.)

A. Bill wider than high at base.. C. nigricollis. (Eared Grebe.)

3. Podilymbus pddiceps . (Pied-billed Grebe. Dab-chick.)

Digitized by Google

Digitized by Google

GLOSSARY.

Acute, Sharp-pointed, as the tip
of a feather.

Barred, With cross-bands of
color.

Bare. The bands of color extend-
ing across quills or feathers.

Booled tarsus. One having its
front covered by a continuous
scale nearly to the toes.

Bristles at rictus. Bristle-like
hairs found at the corners of
the mouth and extending down-
ward.

Cere. A special skin-like cover-
ing over the base of the upper
mandible, extending beyond the
nostrils.

Commissure. The line which
marks the closing of the man-
dibles; the line of the closed
mouth.

Compressed. Flattened sideways.

Convex. With outward-bulging
outline.

Coverts. Small feathers which
hide the bases of the quills, as the
upper and lower coverts of the
wings and tail; also sometimes
used for the covering feathers of
the ears.

Crest. The lengthened feathers
on the tops of the heads of some
birds.

Crissum . The under tail coverts.

Crown. The top of the Dead, not
including the portion next the bill,
called the forehead,

Culmen. The ridge or central line
of the upper mandible.

Deeurved. Curved downward.

Depressed . Flattened above and
below.

Ear tufts. Peculiar tufts of fea-
thers found on some owls in the
region of the ears.

Elevated toe A hind toe which
has its base attached to the tarsus
above the level of the front toes.

Exserted. Exposed or extending
beyond.

Flexible. Bending readily; not
stiff.

Forehead. The part, usually fea-
thered, just above the bill next the
crown.

Forked tail. One deeply notched.

Cape. The opening of the mouth.

Qonys. The central ridge of the
lower mandible from the point to
where two branches form the
rhami.

Graduated tail. One in which the
middle pair of feathers are longest
and each successive pair outward
are gradually shorter.

LameUse. Plate-like processes
found inside a duck's bill.

Lateral. At the side, as the outer
tail feathers or the side toes.

Lobate toes. Furnished with
membraneous flaps along the sides.

Lobes. Rounded projections.

Lore. The space between the eye
and the bill.

Mandibles. The upper and lower
jaws of birds.

Nail of bid. The peculiar added
homy part at the tip of the upper
mandible of ducks.

Nasal. Pertaining to the nostril.
Nasal groove. The groove in which
the nostril is found.

Digitized by Google

GLOSSARY. 61

Nostrils. The openings, usually
near the base, of the upper man-
dible.

Notched bill. One having a nick,
usually near the tip of the upper
mandible.

Obtuse. Somewhat angular but
not sharply so ; forming less than
a right angle.

Ochraceous. An orange-brown or
dull, deep buff.

Olivaceous. A greenish-brown
color like that of oQves.

Pectinated. Having comb-like
notched projections, as the middle
claw of herons.

Plumage. The feathering in
general.

Plumes. Peculiar ornamental fea-
thers found on the heads and backs
of some birds.

Primaries. The outer nine or ten
quills of the wings ; those fastened
to the outer joint or “ hand wing.”
First primary. The first and under
one or the primaries. In amounted
bird the feathers of the body should
be carefully pressed back while
the bird is inverted in order to
determine its length.

Quills. As generally used in bird
books, the stiff pen feathers of the
wings, sometimes restricted to the
primaries and sometimes made to
Include those of the tail also.

Reticulate tarsus . One covered
with small irregularly-shaped
scales, and thus marked with a
network of lines.

RictcU bristles. See bristles at
rictus.

Rictus. The back portion of the
gape of the mouth, often and more

properly made to include the
whole gape.

Rump. The portion of the back
just in front of the upper tail
coverts.

Scutellate tarsus. One covered
with square scales, often in front
only, sometimes in front and
behind.

Secondaries. The long pen fea-
thers of the second joint or forearm
of the wing ; those next the pri-
maries.

Serrations. Notches or saw-like
edges, as those on a duck’s bill.

Speculum. A brightly-colored
spot on the wings of ducks, etc.,
usually consisting of the secon-
daries.

Tarsus. The joint of a leg just
above the toes ; the joint extend-
ing from the toes to the true heel.

Tertials or tertiaries. Properly the
inner quills of a wing, those grow-
ing to the elbow or the humerus ;
often applied to any inner secon-
daries which are peculiar in
length or color.

Tibia. The joint of the leg above
the tarsus; the “drum stick”
joint

Truncate . With a square tip.

Versatile toe. One that can be
used either in front or behind, as
the outer toe of owls.

Web. The thin membrane be-
tween the toes of ducks and many
snipe ; also applied to the lateral
halves of feathers.

Wing bars. The stripes formed by
the peculiarly-colored tips of the
wing coverts.

Digitized by Google

INDEX.

Acanthis 27 Baffle-head « 51 Columbigallina. 88 Fratercula «« 57

Accipiter «. 87 Bunting «..27, 29 Colymbus «.. 58 Fringillidae 23

Actitis 48 Buteo 87 Gompsothlypis... 18 Fulica «... 45

iEchmorphorus.. 58 Buzzard 87, 88 Oontopus 82 Fulmar 53

iBgialitia 40 Calamospiza. 29 Conurus 84 Fulmarus — 53

iEstrelata.....— 53 Calcarius .......... 27 Coot. 45 Gadwall 49

Agelaius. 80 Calidrin.... 42 Cormorant ........ 52 Galeosooptes 16

Abe 50 Camptolaimus... 51 Corvid®. .. 80 GalUnago.. ........ 42

AJaja .......... 46 Caprlmulgid®.... 82 Corvus 80 GallinaTa — 45

Alauda 81 Cardinal!*. ......... 29 Oowbird 80 Gallinule — 45

Alaudid® 81 Carduelis 27 Crane- 44 Gannet 52

Alca 58 Carpodacus. 26 Creeper- 15 Gavia. — „ 55

Alcedinid®. 84 Catbird .«, 16 Crow 80 Gelochelidon «... 56

Alcidae 67 Catharista ...— 88 Crossbill 27 Glaucionetta 5t

Alle 58 Cathartes 88 Crymophilus 44 Gnatcatcher ...... 14

Ammodramus ... 27 Cathartidse 88 Cuckoo 84 Goatsucker 32

Ampelis 22 Ceophloeus 88 Cuculid® 84 Godwit.—... 43

Anas 49 Cepphus 68 Curlew 48 Golden Eye. 51

Anatid® 46 Certhia 15 Cyanocitta 80 Goldfinch .......... 27

Anhinga 62 Oerthiid® ..... 15 Dab chick.......... 58 Goosander..- 51

Anhingid® 62 Ceryle.. 84 Dafila 50 Goose 49, 52

Anger....— 49 Ch®tura 82 Darter. «... 52 Goshawk.......— 37

Anthua 16 Champephilus... 88 Dendragapus 89 Grackle — 80

Antrostomus 82 Charaanid® 40 Dendroica. «.. 18 Grebe 58

AphrMd® ...««.. 40 Charadrius. 40 Dolichonyx 80 Grosbeak .26, 29

Aquila — 87 Charitonetta 61 Dove. 88, 58 Grouse.... 80

Archibuteo 87 Chat 20 Dovekie 58 Gruidffi.— ...... 44

Ardea. 45 Chelidon. 22 Do witcher ........ 42 Gras — «.««« 44

Ardeid® ............ 45 Chen. 49 Dryobates «.. 88 Guam—— 46

Agio. 85 Chewink. 29 Duck. 46, 60, 51 Guillemot. «.. 68

Asturlna. 87 Chickadee. 14, 15 Dunlin.- 42 Guinea.—. 29

Auk....—— 57, 58 Chippv-bird.. 28 Eagle 87, 88 Gull. — —54, 65, 56

Avocet -....- 48 Chonaestes 28 Ectopistes 88 Gyrffalcon-...— . 88

Aythya 60 Chordeiles. 82 Egret...— ...45, 46 Habia..— — — 29

Bartramia ....— 48 Chuck will WId’w 82 Elder, 51 H®matopodid® . 89

Bittern 45 Ciconiid® 46 Elanoldes-....— 87 Hsmatopus ...... 88

Blackbird 29, 80 Circus. 87 Elanus....... 87 Harporhynchus, 16

Bluebird — 18 Gistothorus... ...... 16 Empidonax 82 Harrier — . 87

Bobolink — 80 Clangula 61 Ereunetes-....i.... 42 Hawk ......— .87, 88

Bob White......... 89 Clivicola. ........... 28 Erismatura. 61 Helinaia......— 18

Bonasa 89 Goccothraustes - 26 Falcon - 86, 88 Helmitherus— — 18

Botaurus—.. 45 Coceygus 84 Falconid® 86 Helminthophila, 18

Branta 49 CMaptes. ........... 84 Finch«28, 26, 2S, 29 Heron .-...— 45, 46

Bubo — 86 CMinus 89 Flicker- 84 Ht^perocichla ... 18

Bubonid® 84 Oolumbld® 88 Flycatcher 81, 82 Himantopus. 48

Digitized by Google

INDEX.

63

Histrionicus ...... 511

Humming-bird .. 881
Hydrochelidon.. 56

Ibididse 46

Ibis- 46

Icteridse. 29

Icterus .- 80 1

Ictinia 87

Indigo-bird 29

Ionornis. 45

Jceger 54

Jay.- 80|

Junco

Kingbird. 81, 82

Kingfisher 84

Kinglet 14

Kite 87

Lagopus. 89

Laniidse ............. 22

Lanius 22

Laridse 54

Lark ....16, 80, 81

Lams.. .............. 55

Leucosticte. 27

Limosa 42

Linnet. 27

Long-shanks 48

Longspur 27

Loon 57

Loxia 27

Macrorhampus , .. 42

Magpie- 80

Man-o’-war Bird 52

Meadow-lark 80

Megascops ......... 85

Melanerpes 84

Meleagris.

Meloepiza. 28

Merganser 51,52

Merula 18

Mlcropalama 42

Micropodidse 82

Milvulus 81

Mimas 16

Mniotilta .......... 18

Mniotiltidee. 16

Mocking-bird, 15, 16

Molothrus 80

Motacillidm. 16

Mnrre - 58

Myadestes ......... 14

Myiarchns 82

Night Hawk 82

Nomonvx 51

NonpaiieL. 29 :

Numenios - 48 '

Nuthatch-....^. 15

Nyctala 85

Nyctea.- 85

Nycticorax 46

Oceanites 53

,Oceanodroma.... 53

Oidemia — 51

Old Squaw......... 51

Old Wife 51

Olor 49

Oriole. 80

Otocoris 81

Oven-bird.. 20

Owl 84,

Oyster-catcher ... 89

Paridse 14

Paroquet 84

Parrot -- 84

Parus- 14

Passer 27

Passerella.......... 29

Passerina 29

Pavoncella 48

Pediocsetes 39

Pelecanidm.

Pelecanus. 52

Pelican 52

Perisoreus.. ........ 80

Petrel.
iPetrochelidon.... 22|

Pewee — 82|

Phalacrocoracidee

[Phalacrocorax... 52

Phalarope 43,44

Phalaropodidse - 48

Phalaropus 44

Phasiamdse
{Pheasant.-..
Philohela.......— 42

Phoebe 82

,Pica 80

Picidm 88

Picoides. 84

Pigeon 88

Pinicola 26

Pipilo.. ....... 29

Pipit..; 16

Piranga 28

Plataleidse 46

Plectrophenax.- 27

Flegadis 46

Plover 40

Podilymbus 58

PolioptihL. 14

Poocstes 27

Porzana.....

Prairie Hen 89

Procellaria 58

Procellariidse .... 58

Progne 1

Protonotaria 18

Psittacidse -.. 84

Puffin. 57

Puffinus. 58

iQuiscalus 80

Rail 44,45

Rallldee
Rallus ..
Recurviroetra . ... 43
Recurvirostridse, 48

Red Head. 50

Redpoll 27

Redstart - 21

Reedbird 80

iRegulus. 14

Rhynchophanes, 27
Rhynohopidse.... 56

Rhynchops. 66

Riasa. 65

Robin- 13

Ruff 48

Sandefling 42

.42,48

, ! 82

Scolecophagus — 80

PeucsBa 28 Scolopacidse 40

8colopax ..

Scoter.

Scotiaptex ...

Shag

Shearwater..

Shrike

Sialia

Siskin.

.42
.51
.85
.62
.58
.22
.18

27

Skimmer 56

8kylark .........16, 81

Snakebird ......... 52

Snipe 40, 42

Snowbird 1 28

Somaterla 51

8olitaire 14

Sparrow.. ..27, 28, 29

Spatula 60

Speotyto 85

Sphyrapicus....... 84

Spinus 27

8piza....

8pizella.

Spoonbill 46

Sterna 56

Stilt 43

Stork 46

Strigidse. 85

Stumella.........^. 80

Sula 52

Sulidse — 52

Surf Birds.......... 40

Sumia..- 85

Swallow 22, 23

Swan- 46, 49

SWiftM.HM«.....MM 82

8ylviidse — - 14

Symphemia 48

Symium 85

Tachycineta...... 22

Tanager 23

Tanagridse 23

Tantalus 46

Teal 60

Tern..- 56

Tetraonidse 89

Thrush 18, 14, 20

Thyrothorus ...... 16

Titmouse - 14

Tringa 42

Trocnilidse 83

Trochilus........... 83

Troglodytes 16

Troglodytidse .... 16

Tryngites 43

Turdfdee 18

Turdus. 18

Turkey. 89

Turnstone 40

Tympanuchus.... 89

Tyrannidse.- 81

Tyrannus 81

Una 58

Urinator 67

Urinatoridse 57

Vireo- 21

Vireonidse ......... 21

Warblers... 16, 18-21

Waxwing. — 22

Whip-poor-will « 82

Widgeon 50

Willet 48

Woodcock — 42

Woodpecker. -83, 84

Wren- 15, 16

Xema....M-M 56

Xanthocephalua,80

a 8tercorariidse ..... 64
9teicorarius 54l

zed by GoOgk

8quawk- 46lYellow-legs 48

8telgidopteryx... 28|Yellow-throat. ... 20

•• - "Zenaidura.— 88

Zonotrichia 28

Digitized by Google

Digitized by Google

Digitized by Google