4i2 THE FACTORS OF THE MIND

Their main conclusion, apart from minor modifications,
is essentially the same as that put forward by Spearman in
his well-known chapter on ' Types ' ^([56], pp. 41-54),
namely, that nearly all the familiar antitheses observed by
writers on temperament—extra vert and introvert, objective
and subjective, manic and schizophrenic, explosive and
obstructed—are variants of the same theme, a factor (or
possibly a set of factors) to be discovered by correlating
tests, and identifiable with * perseveration' or * inertia,'
as the " most fundamental of all the concepts involved."
They suggest, however, several minor modifications.
First, whereas Spearman had tentatively identified the
essential type-factor with Mtiller's ' perseverative ten-
dency ' and the ' secondary function ' of Groos, Stephenson
holds it to be more definitely ' volitional/ akin to Webb's
w (' persistence ') and the ' determining tendency' of
Ach. It is this volitional stability, in his view, that the
alleged tests of perseveration (^-tests ') really measure,
not the factor of ' inertia.' Secondly, in their later work
they conclude (rightly in my view) that at least two
factors have to be taken into account in diagnosing the
temperamental characteristics of any individual patient,
namely, p (or w] and /.* The possession of 'high w*
and 'low w9 leads to two distinguishable types, analo-
gous to my c stable * and * unstable ? types respectively.2
The ' fluency-factor * (/) they identify with my second
bipolar factor (i), namely, the tendency to sthenic (aggres-
sive or assertive) emotions and asthenic (repressive or
inhibitive) emotions respectively.3 The possession ofc high

1 The detailed evidence for these conclusions is set out in a series of
' Studies in Experimental Psychiatry' by the same authors published in the
J. Mental Science of the same year.

2 These I attributed to differences in a factor of £ general emotionality '
(<?). This factor, as I have elsewhere pointed out, would seem to represent
the innate basis of Webb's w ([129], p. 254).

8 The term * fluency' is due to Hargreaves [58], who suggested that
it might * indicate inhibition or the reverse,' It would seem, however,
to be an old factor re-named. Thus, Garnett identifies it with a factor
that he had previously demonstrated and named c (' cleverness' [37] ;
cf. Knowledge and Character, p. 137 f.). I regarded it as nearly identical
with * quickness,' which, as measured by ordinary tests, I held to be a
* mixed or joint factor'—a resultant implying both high emotionality and