Emery

1669

Eminent

phenomena of nature only as so many adum-
brations of ideal truths.

The authorized life is the Memoir by James
Elliot Cabot (1887). Other biographical works
are Emerson, by 0. W. Holmes (American Men
of Letters Series, 1885); Emerson in Concord,
by E. W. Emerson, his son (iSSS); The Corre-
spondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo
Emerson, edited by Charles Eliot Norton
(1883). The complete works, including post-
humous material, are published in the River-
side edition, edited by J. E. Cabot (1833-4;
ci vols., 8vo).

Emery is an impure variety of crystalline
corundum, A1302, being mixed with the oxides
of iron, haematite, and magnetite. The large
blocks are reduced to powder, which is then
sifted and graded into various degrees of fine-
ness. The finest flour emery is prepared by
elutriation, hi which the powder is mixed with
a large quantity of water and allowed to stand.
The coarsest grains settle first, the finer par-
ticles being held longer in suspension. Emery
is a purple-black solid, which is next in hard-
ness to the diamond, and hence is used as an
abrading and polishing agent for cutting and
grinding glass, metals, and the less hard of
the gems.

Emetics, in medicine, substances given, in
various ways, to bring about vomiting. They
may be given by the mouth, or hypodermically,
and may act by direct irritation of the stomach,
or indirectly by stimulation of the vomiting
center in the brain.

Emeu.

Emeu, or Emu, one of the running birds,
or RatitCB, and a near relative of the cassowary.
There are two species, Drom&us nova-hollandia
and D. irroratus, both confined to the Aus-
tralian region.

Emigration, a movement of population, in-
spired in the main by economic or personal
reasons. In its broadest sense the word would
apply to the movement of persons from one
part of a country to another, but as commonly
used it means the removal from one country to
another. Emigration first became a notable
movement of population during the i9th cen-
tury. For long it was discouraged by most
European powers through fear of depopula-
tion, but nevertheless it continued to assume
ever larger proportions until in the years just
preceding the Great War it had reached record
figures. The majority of the British emigrants
went to British colonies, with a large number,
mostly Irish, going to the United States. The
Italians went largely to the United States and
South America, and the Scandinavians and
Germans went mostly to the United States.
While Germany, France, and Switzerland un-
doubtedly received annually many thousand
foreign laborers, nevertheless the United States
was the leading immigration country, two
thirds of those who came remaining there
definitely. Like all other aspects of social and
economic life, emigration was deeply affected
by the Great War. Large numbers of emi-
grants returned home during the course of the
conflict and the tide of emigration into prac-
tically all countries ceased for the period of the
conflict. See IMMIGRATION. Consult L. G.
Brown's Immigration (1933); M. R. Davie's
World Immigration (1936).
Emigres, a term applied to those French-
men who left their country in consequence of
the French Revolution. The first considerable
'emigration' followed the fall of the Bastille on
July 14, 1789. These emigres, headed by the
Comte cTArtois, brother to Louis xvi., and Ca-
lonne, an ex-minister of finance, went, some to
England, some to Italy, but the greater num-
ber to the German states on the Rhine frontier.
Emilia, former division of Italy, embracing
the modern provinces of Bologna, Ferrara,
Forli, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna,
and Reggio, all stretching from the Apennines
to the Po and the Adriatic; area, 8,566 square
miles; p. 3,033,113.
Eminent Domain, the power of the state
to appropriate private property for public use.
The Constitution of the United States pro-
vides, in the fifth amendment thereto, that
private property shall not be taken for public
use without just compensation. This provision
is binding upon Congress but not upon the
States. The constitutions of all of the States,
however, except North. Carolina, contain sim-
ilar provisions, and the principle is universally