Mantling

3117

Manufactures

Mantling. See Heraldry.

Mantras, in Hinduism, extracts from the
Vedas. In the degraded form of Hinduism
they are used as mysterious spells for the
purpose of working magic or of averting evil.

Mantua (Italian Mantova), city, capital of
province of same name, Lombardy, Italy, on
th> Mincio, 22 m. s.w. of Verona. The city
is strongly fortified, the river, artificial lakes,
and canals forming part of the scheme of de-
fence. There are Renaissance churches, the

Mantis (Hierodula raptoria).

most important being that of Sant* Andrea,
and the town possesses art treasures of Man-
tegna and Giulio Romano. It was the native
town of Virgil, and there is a Virgilian acad-
emy; p. 36,257.

Manu, a mythical Brahman sage, supposed
to have lived about five centuries before
Christ. He is the reputed author of the
code which bears his name, though it is clear
that the book is the work of more than one
man. The Code of Manu, which was ele-
vated to the dignity of sacred literature long
before it came to be adopted as the basis of
Hindu jurisprudence, is a philosophical trea-
tise on the religious and social obligations of
the Aryan race.

Manual of Arms. When the military re-
cruit has made fair progress in learning the
'position of the soldier' and the various steps,
he is furnished with a rifle (or carbine) and
taught its nomenclature, use, care, and preser-
vation, all of which constitute the manual of
arms, as set forth in the drill regulations of
the several branches of the ^service. See DRILL,
MILITARY.

Manual Training. This term has come to
be accepted as denoting that training of hand
and eye and mind which is not primarily vo-
cational in character, but which has been in-
troduced into school work in order to give
the pupil a better understanding of industrial
life through typical forms of constructive
activity, and to supply a means of expression
essential to normal chilcl life. In American

usage there is a growing tendency to differen-
tiate sharply between manual training as a
feature of general education and specialized
instruction given to selected groups for dis-
tinctly vocational ends. (See INDUSTRIAL
EDUCATION.)
The manual-training movement began in
America with a strong emphasis on drawing
as an art to be taught in the schools. In 1880,
through the efforts of Dr. Calvin A. Wood-
ward, the St. Louis Manual Training School
was opened in connection with Washington
University. The work of this school attracted
wide attention, and its success led to the early
organization of similar schools in other large
cities. The rapid development of this type
of secondary education, which continued for
a number of years after its inception, has re-
sulted in an institution peculiarly American.
Such schools have occupied a somewhat in-
definite educational status, standing as they
do midway between general and vocational
schools, and a tendency has become apparent
of late years to intensify the industrial side
of the curriculum, and to transform such
schools into recognized technical schools.
The introduction of manual training in the
elementary schools came more slowly than in
the high schools. From the upper grades
handwork in various materials gradually
made its way downward in the school, until
manual training in some form has come to
be represented in many progressive cities in
every class of the elementary school. See IN-
DUSTRIAL EDUCATION; TECHNICAL EDUCA-
TION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.—Proceedings of the Na-
tional Education Association; Salomon's
Theory of Educational Sloyd (1896); Dew-
ey's School and Society (1899); Proceedings
of the Eastern Manual Training Association
(1900-1908); The Place of Industries in Edu-
cation (National Education Association,
1910).
Manuel II. (or Manoel), Ex-King o*
Portugal (1889-1932), continued the dynasty
of Braganza, which dated from the close of
the i4th century. He ascended the throne on
Feb 2, 1908, immediately after the assassina-
tion of his father and elder brother, he him-
self being slightly wounded in the attack. In
1910, with the co-operation of the army, a
republic was established, and the young
King, with his family, was forced to flee the
country. They took refuge in England. See
PORTUGAL.
Manufacture*, United States. See
United States, Manufactures.