Revolution
itual fervor and activity in a community or
:listrict, speedily becoming epidemic, and re-
claiming the indifferent and the immoral to
divine grace and consecration. Such out-
breaks of religious zeal as took place during
the Middle Ages in connection with Montan-
ism and the Crusades are fitly enough called
revivals; while the Protestant Reformation of
the sixteenth century, the greatest revival
since the apostolic age, gave rise to the coun-
ter-revival of the Jesuits in the Roman Catho-
lic Church. The term 'revival,' however, was
not commonly employed until after the wide-
spread movement in the first half of the
eighteenth century from which the Metho-
dist churches originated. The revival wl.ich
took place in New England and extended
throughout the Atlantic Coast States, from
about 1734 to 1750, under Jonathan Ed-
wards, Bellamy, and the Tennents, was gen-
erally designated the Great Awakening. In
America there was a revival beginning in
1796 and culminating in 1800 in the Scotch-
Irish revival of Kentucky. The great Ameri-
can revival of 1857-61 began in New Eng-
land, particularly in Connecticut and Massa-
chusetts, and became so widespread as to at-
tain a national character. Another remark-
able revival in 1874-77 originated in the la-
bors of two American evangelists, Moody
and Sankey. Ilie Salvation Army carries
on its work largely by metuods known as re-
vivalistic. Contemporary revivals in Ameri-
ca have been organized under the leadership
of such evangelists as J. Wilbur Chapman,
'Gypsy Smith,' and the late William A.
Sunday. The Oxford Group Movement un-
der the leadership of Frank Buchman has
spread with great rapidity during the last
decade not only.in the United States and
England but in many other countries.
Revolution, a fundamental change in gov-
ernment, or in the political constitution of a
country, effected suddenly and violently, and
mainly brought about by internal causes.
Revolution, American, or the American
War of Independence, the struggle (1775-
^783) by which the thirteen English colonies
in America separated from Great Britain and
became the United States of America. The
fundamental causes of the Revolution were
of two kinds, political and economic. There
were three great differences: (i) a differing
theory and practice of representation; (2)
different ideas of the rights of the individual,
or a disagreement as ^o the extent of govern-
mental power over individuals; (3) conflict-
Revere	3977
the Gift and Estate Taxes. See fin an ri-:.
public; and for the principal sources of
public revenue tariff; taxation; excise
taxes; United States; reports of the United
States Treasury; Social Security; publica-
tions of the United States Chamber of Corn-
Revere, Paul (1735-1818), American pa-
triot, was born in Boston, Mass. He was
one of the party that destroyed the tea in
Boston Harbor, and he was at the head of a
volunteer committee consisting of thirty
young mechanics, who formed a secret so-
ciety to watch the British. When it was
known that the latter intended to move, Re-
vere crossed over to Charlestown, and on
April 18, 1775, the ight before Lexington
and Concord, at a signal rode on to Lexing-
ton and to Lincoln, rousing the minute
men as he went; at Lincoln he was stopped,
but a companion succeeded in reaching Con-
cord. During the war he rose to lieutenant-
colonel of artillery; afterward he returned to
his goldsmith's work; and in 1801 founded
the Revere Copper Company at Canton,
Mass.
Reverend (Latin reverendus, to be re-
spected), a title given generally to the cler-
gy of all denominations. In the Anglican
Church deans are 'Very Reverend,' bishops
'Right Reverend/ and archbishops 'Most
Reverend,'
Reversing Layer, a stratum of incande-
scent vapors enveloping the sun, by the ab-
sorptive action of which the Fraunhofer lines
are produced.
Reversion, in law, denotes the residuary
interest held by one who has granted a limited
estate in certain property to another. A re-
version is a proper legal estate which may be
alienated by deed or will and descends to
heirs. (See estates.)
Reversion, in heredity, a manifestation in
which the characteristics of remote ancestors
are more prominent than those of the im-
mediate progenitors. See heredity,
Revetment is a sheathing, facing, or re-
taining wall, as of masonry or other materi-
als, for protecting a mass or bank of earth,
etc., as in fortifications and river banks.
Review, as a military term, signifies a for-
mal or official inspection of troops or war
vessels.
Revised Statutes.  See Statutes.
Revival of Learning.  See Renaissance.
Revival of Religion, or Religious Re-
vival, a name given to an emergence of spir-