VOLUME X

Peninsular

Peninsular War. For the causes of the
outbreak of hostilities between Britain, Port-
ugal, and Spain on the one part and France
on the other, see SPAIN. Napoleon, hav-
ing come to a fresh understanding with Alex-
ander i. of Russia, at Erfurt, hastened to
Spain, which had been invaded by a British
force under Sir John Moore. The death of
Moore was a disaster, and was followed by
the evacuation of Portugal by the British
troops. In April Sir Arthur Wellesley landed
in the Tagus, in May effected a passage of the
Douro, and on July 27 and 28 fought and
won the battle of Talavera. After the battle
Wellesley, who was continually hampered by
the pride and indolence of the Spaniards,
abandoned Spain, and took up a position
near Almeida. On June 13 Wellington en-
tered Spain, winning Salamanca on July 22,
and occupying Madrid. From August to
September, 1813, Soult endeavored, though
in vain, to prevent Wellington from cross-
ing the Pyrenees, and numerous battles were
fought. The British, however, steadily ad-
vanced, On April 4 Napoleon abdicated,

Penitential Psalms, a group of seven
psalms chosen from the Psalter on account
of the marked penitence they exhibit. 'They
are Psalms 6, 32, 38, 51, 102, 130 and 143, of
which the $ist (the Miserere) may be re-
garded as the most characteristic.

Penitentiary, in the Roman Catholic
Church, is a priest attached to cathedral
churches who considers cases of grave sin
and imposes the appropriate penance.

Penn, William (1644-1718), English Qua-
ker, founder of the colony of Pennsylvania.
The goodwill of Charles uğ and James n, for
Admiral Penn was of great value to his son
and enabled him to protect the Quakers from
persecution, and to obtain the grant of the
province of Pennsylvania. The admiral had
lent to the Crown various sums of money,
and these with his arrears of pay amounted
to over £12,000. Afterwards this debt was
liquidated by the grant to the son of the
province of Pennsylvania. The admiral in-
tended his son to be a man of fashion and
a courtier; but the boy imbibed Whig ideas
in politics and Puritanical ideas in religion at
Wanstead, where he lived with his mother
until his twelfth year, while his father was

Fen*

away at sea. He indulged in athletic sports,
studied fairly well, and no doubt liife father
thought his hopes would be realizedl\J[3uVthe
Quakers as well as the Puritans were irKpx-
ford, and one day young Penn listened to ths
preaching of one Thomas Loe. His natural
serious-mindedness was touched. He was ban-
ished from college, he tells us, because of his
new belief, or protests against what he calls
'that hellish darkness and debauchery.' But
Penn clung to his new faith and the admiral
sent him with some of the gay people of the
court to travel in France. He returned,
speaking French fluently, and to the great de-
light of the admiral, very much of a cavalier.
But one day he went to Cork on some busi-
ness, heard his old friend Thomas Loe preach,
and this tune the doctrine struck home. Penn
joined the Quaker faith and remained in it,
although he retained many of the habits of
the cavalier. He became a controversial writer
of great vigor. The Quakers had for many
years desired a colony or refuge for themselves
in the American wilderness; and in 1680 Penn
applied to the crown for a grant of the land
north of Maryland. Charles n. was glad
enough to establish a distant colony which
would rid England of the troublesome Quak-
ers, and he readily gave Penn a charter
(March 4,1681). Penn was the sole proprietor
and governor. The Quakers flocked to Penn's
colony, which received the name of Pennsyl-
vania, and readily co-operated in establishing
a very liberal government. Philadelphia was
founded and was soon a thriving town with
many inhabitants. Penn became famous
throughout the whole world for his fairness in
dealing with the Indians and the fidelity with
which he kept his promises to them. But his
province, though a great success politically
and a valuable refuge for the Quakers, never
brought in the money returns he expected; on
the contrary, it ultimately involved him in
debt and financial ruin. James n. was de,
throned in 1688, and the Prince of Orange be<.
came king of England as William in. Penn
was in a dangerous position as the friend of
the dethroned and exiled monarch, and was
obliged to seek exile for a time in France.
The government of Pennsylvania was taken
from him. In the reign of Queen Anne he again
appeared at courtt The financial

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