Pennacook

3662

were increasing, and he was imprisoned for
debt until released by subscriptions among
his friends.

Pennacook, an Algonquin Indian word of
uncertain meaning, but probably signifying 'a
twisted place;* historically applied to an In-
dian league or confederation occupying the
adjacent parts of New Hampshire, Maine,
and Massachusetts. During the long period
of intercolonial strife between the French and
the English the Pennacooks were for a time
friendly to the English, but later joined the
French. A few of their descendants are sup-
posed to reside near Saint Francis, Quebec.

Pennant, or Pendant, a long, narrow flag
with two pointed ends. Near the staff is the
'union;' beyond this the 4fly' consists of two
stripes.

William Penn.

Pennell, Joseph (1860-1926), American
artist and author, was born in Philadelphia,
of Quaker descent. While engaged as a rail-
road clerk he studied at the Philadelphia art
schools in etching and illustrating, and
gained a reputation for his etchings of Phila-
delphia scenes before he was of age. In 1881
he began work as an illustrator for the Cen-
tury magazine. He married Elizabeth (Rob-
ins) Pennell (1853), who acted as his literary
collaborator in the preparation of numerous
illustrated books of travel and description.
Together they prepared Modern Illustration
(1895) and Lithography and Lithographers
(1898), and in 1906 a Life of James McNeill
Whistler, done at his request. Mrs. Pennell
also assisted in the preparation of Pen Draw-

Pennsylvania

ing and Pen Draughtsmen (iS8<;), an import-
ant work descriptive of the art at the time of
the books' publication. After 1884 Pennell
resided chiefly in London, where he occasion-
ally gave lectures at the art schools. He
wrote Etchers and Etching (TQIQ) and was
editor (with wife) of Whistler Journal
(1921). See E. Penncll's Life and Letters of
Joseph Pennell (2 vols. 1929)-

Pennine Alps extend from Little St. Ber-
nard to Simplon Pass. But usually the west-
ern portion (Little St. Bernard to Col. Fer-
ret) is termed the chain of Mont Blanc, and
the name Pennines applied to the rest only,

Pennsylvania (named after William
Penn's father; popularly culled the 'Keystone
State'). One of the North Atlantic States, be-
ing one of the Middle States. The Delaware
River markes its entire eastern boundary line,
and its southern boundary is known as 'Ma-
son and Dixon's line.' The surface of the
State is divided into three natural sections
by ranges of the Appalachian Mountains.
The s.c. corner lies in the Coastal Plain and
Piedmont regions, and is generally level; but
it is diversified toward the north and west
by beautiful rounded hills, interspersed with
broad, fertile valleys. The Blue Mountains
arc a continuation of the Kittatinny range of
Northwestern New Jersey and the Shaw-
wangunk Mountains of New York. The
break in the mountains admitting the pas-
sage of the Delaware River is known as the
Delaware Water Gap. The elevated region
between the two main ranges is known as
the Alleghany Plateau. The general elevation
of the Blue Mountains is somewhat less than
2,000 feet, while no peak of this range at-
tains to as much as 2,400 feet. That portion
of the State to the north and west of the
mountain ranges is a broad plateau or table
land, occupying about one-half of the total
area, and having a rolling surface, broken
here and there by low, flat-topped hills,

The drainage of the State is comprised in
three main basins—the Delaware, the Susque-
hanna, and the Ohio. The Delaware flows
along the entire eastern boundary, receiving
as tributaries the Lackawanna, the Lehigh,
and the SchuylkilL The Susquehanna crosses
the State from north to south, making its de-
vious way among the numerous tnountain
ranges and flowing into Chesapeake Bay, The
climate varies considerably in different parts
of the State. The mean temperature of Phil-
adelphia is 32* v. for January and 76° for
July, with extremes of -6° and 103°. At