Pennsylvania

war it was invaded by the Confederates in
1863 and 1864. At Gettysburg, on July 1-3,
1863, one of the decisive battles of the war
was fought. Since the Civil War Pennsyl-
vania has had a remarkable industrial growth,
especially in the coal, oil, and steel industries.
In 1876 the Centennial Exhibition, the first
international exposition in the United States,
was held in Philadelphia, and was attended
by more than 8,000,000 people. In 1889 oc-
curred the flood at Johnstown, in which 2,000
persons lost their lives. In 1897 tnc State
capitol at Harrisburg was burned, causing
a loss of $1,500,000. Following this a new
capitol costing upward of $13,000,000 was
erected. Republican for many years, Penn-

3666_____________________________Penny

Pennsylvania, and reorganized in 1874 under
its present title, with greatly enlarged scope.
Its grounds of over 2,000 acres are occupied
by a campus of 100 acres, 9 model farms, 140
acres for the use of the Experiment Station,
and 100 acres for orchard experiments of the
Department of Horticulture. There arc
Schools of Agriculture, Chemistry and Phys-
ics, Education, Engineering, Liberal Arts,
Mineral Industries, Physical Education and a
Graduate School, a summer session for teach-
ers, correspondence and extension courses,
and the Institute of Animal Nutrition (1007).
Military drill is required in the first two
years. See UNIVERSITY.

Pennsylvania, University of, Mi unde-

University of Pennsylvania: Provost's Tower and dormitories.

sylvania went Democratic in 1934 and 1936;
and Republican in 1938,

Pennsylvania Dutch, or Pennsylvania
German, a High German dialect, spoken
chiefly in the southeastern counties of Penn-
sylvania. It first entered the United States in
1683, when emigrants iron the Lower Rhine,
Alsace, Bavaria, and Saxony, and especially
from the Rhenish Palatinate, Wurtemberg,
and Switzerland, fled before the armies of
Louis xrv., or endeavored to escape persecu-
tion on account of certain religious tenets.
The language is primarily a Franconian dia-
lect of German, although in the course of
time, many English words have been added.
The term 'Dutch* is, however, a misnomer,
and is due merely to the fact that tL-» immi-
grants called themselves Deitsch (i.e., Deutsch,
German). The term 'Pennsylvania Dutch'
is commonly applied to the people who speak
that dialect.

Pennsylvania State College, a non-sec-
tarian, institution for both sexes at State Col-
lege, 12 m, from Bdlefonte, Pa.; founded in
1855 as the Fanners' High School, organ-
ized in 1862 as the Agricultural College of

nominational institution of higher learning in
Philadelphia, founded in 1740 as a chanty
school, reorganized as an academy in 1749,
chartered in 1753 by Thomas and Richard
Pcnn, and again chartered in 1755 as a col-
lege through the influence of Benjamin Frank-
lin. A large number of scholarships and fel-
lowships are offered in undergraduate and
graduate courses. Graduate courses and de-
grees are open to women, as arc also the
courses in Law, Medicine, Dentistry, Educa-
tion, Biology and Music. The School of
Medicine, founded in 1765, was the first in
the United States. Among the buildings
erected in recent years are: the Laboratory of
Anatomy and Biology-Chemistry, the Ma-
loncy Clinic Building, additions to the Uni-
versity Library building, additional Dorm-
itory buildings and the Franklin Society
Building, for publications and administrative
offices. See UNIVKKSITY,

Penny, an Anglo-Saxon silver coin, thinner
and broader than the sceat, which it sup-
planted during the middle or end of the eighth
century. It superseded Roman and Mero-
vingian coinage. Copper was introduced for