Pennypacker

3667

Pensacoia

halfpence and farthings in 1672, for pennies
in 1786.

Pennypacker, Samuel Whitaker (1843-
1916), American public official, was born in
Phcenixville, Pa. He served with the troops
called out to resist the invasion of Pennsyl-
vania in 1863 and in 1902 was elected gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania.

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), the pop-
ular name of a mint common in Europe and
Western Asia. The whole plant has a char-
acteristic fragrance,

Penobscot, a tribe of American Indians
which in early colonial times occupied the
territory along the Penobscot River, the lar-
gest river in Maine.

Penobscot Bay, a bay on the coast of
Maine.

Penology, that branch of criminology
which deals with the punishment of criminals
in both its deterrent and reformative aspects.
Such punishment undoubtedly had its origin
in private vengeance, passing as society devel-
oped, under the authority of the state. Be-
cause of the almost universal practice of im-
prisonment as a punishment for crime, the
emphasis of modern penology is largely upon
prison management. The honor system, has
been tried in certain State prisons, chiefly in
the West. Groups of convicts are sent out to
work on the roads or on farms under some-
what relaxed discipline, being put on their
honor not to attempt escape. In 1932 about
65 per cent of productive prison labor was
under the state-use system. Of the prisoners
not at productive labor, 52,986 were engaged
in various prison duties; 6,658 were on the
sick list; 17,027 were idle. Overcrowding in
prisons is a serious problem. Management of
prisons is a fairly new science, discussed by
Lewis E. Lawes in Sing Sing, by Thomas Mott
Osborne, and by 0. F. Lewis in Development
of American Prisons. The indeterminate sen-
tence system at Elmira Reformatory, depend-
ent on the individual factors of a case, is an
interesting experiment.

Much attention has been attracted by the
system of self-government introduced by
Thomas Mott Osborne at Auburn and Sing
Sing Prisons, New York State. The prisoners
are organized in a Mutual Welfare League,
in which membership is open to all. The
League is in almost complete control of the
discipline, and the prisoners enjoy large priv-
ileges as to correspondence, freedom to see
visitors, recreation, etc. The past century has
witnessed a remarkable advance in the gen-
eral matter of the punishment of criminal of-

fenders. Riots, however, and disorder show
that not all the problems have been solved.
See PRISONS. The State Medium Security
Prison at Wallkill, N. Y. is designed to be an
educational factor. It is a new experiment in
criminal rehabilitation, one of the present
problems of penology being to fit inmates
for gainful employment. Professional penolo-
gists now seem opposed to isolated prisons.
The Georgia penu.1 system, the chain gang,
has met much criticism also, although it is
ably defended.

The psychiatrist is taking a leading place in
modern penology. The factors, individual
and social, which make for the prevention of
crime are now considered more the subject of
research than are the penalties inflicted.

In recent years penologists have advocated
the separation of youthful and first offenders
from the hardened criminals, and some prog-
ress has been made along these lines. The
Federal government has built a prison ori
Alcatraz rock in San Francisco Bay for dan-
gerous and incorrigible criminals. The build-
ing on the huge rock, which is surrounded by
the swiftly running waters of the Golden
Gate, is believed to be absolutely escape-
proof and the prisoners are permitted few of
the privileges common to the average peno-
logical institution.

Penrose, Boies (1860-1921), American
legislator and political leader. In 1897 he
was elected United States Senator, and was
re-elected in 1903, 1909, and 1915. He served
as chairman and member of important com-
mittees in the national Senate and became
the leader of the Republican Party in that
body. For more than two decades, Penrose
was master of the Pennsylvania Republican
machine when that machine ruled the state.
He became chairman of the powerful Finance
Committee of the U. S. Senate and was cred-
ited with guiding the choice of Warren G.
Harding as Republican Presidential nominee
from his sickbed in 1920. He was an im-
portant factor in Republican Presidential
campaigns from 1896 until his death. Penrose
was supposed to have joined with Senator
Thomas Platt of New York in nominating
Theodore Roosevelt for the Vice-Presidency
in 1900 in an effort to get Roosevelt out of
Platt's way in New York State politics.
"Power and Glory," a life of Penrose by
Walter Penrose, was published in 1931.

Pensacoia, city, Florida, county seat of
Escambia co., on Pensacoia Bay, It has a
splendid land-locked harbor. Features of in-
terest are the old ^historic forts. At the old