Philharmonic

3705

Philip

by Zeus that any particular wish they de-
sired would be granted, they begged to be
allowed to serve in the temple and end their
days together. This was granted and at death j
they were transformed into trees standing
side by side.

Philharmonic Societies, now established
in many cities of Europe and America, are
institutions which have for their chief aim
the encouragement and cultivation of instru-
mental music. Among the more important of
these societies in the United States, may be
mentioned the New York Philharmonic Sym-
phony Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Or-
chestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Philidor, Frax^ois Andre Danican
(1726-95), French musical composer and
chess-player, was born in Dreux. His fame
rests on his skill at chess, at which game he
was without a rival.

Philip, the apostle, one of the twelve, be-
longed to Bethsaida in Galilee.

Philip, the evangelist, was one of the seven
so-called 'deacons' chosen to be stewards of
the poor fund in the church at Jerusalem;
but the few known facts of his life are con-
nected with apostolic or missionary work.

Philip I. (1052-1108), king of France, be-
gan to reign in 1060. Before his death Philip
had annexed Vexin and Valois, and had pur-
chased Bourges; he had also given Vennan-
dois to his brother Hugh.

Philip II. (1165-1223), better known as
Philip Augustus, king of France, came to the
throne in 1180. He steadily pursued a policy
of consolidation, checking the great nobles,
and adding fresh territory to his kingdom.
Taking advantage of John's weakness and
unpopularity, he conquered Normandy in
1204, and Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou short-
ly afterward. The victory of Simon de Mont-
fort over the Albigensians and their allies at
Muret in 1213 ensured the final victory of
the French monarchy in Langucdoc. Philip
strengthened and thoroughly reorganized the
central and local administrative arrange-
ments, and established a council of able of-
ficials to aid him in the government. His sup-
port and improvement of the towns was a
marked feature of his reign. Paris made im-
mense progress, and many charters were
granted to other cities. On his death France
was one of the great states of Europe, and
the royal power was firmly established.

Philip IV., called 'Le Bel' (126871314),
king of France, began to reign in 1285. Like
Philip Augustus he was resourceful and un-
scrupulous. For some years he was engaged in

a quarrel with Boniface vni. After an uri
truce, the quarrel burst out again in ijobjj
Boniface issuing the bull Unam Sanctam, in'
which he reasserted his authority. Philip, sup-
ported by the States-general, in 1302 resisted
the Pope, who was imprisoned for a few days
at Anagni in S. Italy. On the election of
Benedict XL the cardinals divided into two
factions, French and Italian; and in 1305 the
former triumphed in the accession of Cle-
ment v., who in 1309 fixed his residence at
Avignon, where the popes remained for some
seventy years. Clement supported Philip in
his suppression of the Knights Templars
(1307-12). Philip strengthened the royal au-
thority, checked feudalism, supported the
middle classes, and first summoned the States-
general. He also increased the power and
duties of the Parlement of Paris, and effected
important changes with regard to the king's
council.

Philip VI. (1293-1350), king of France,
became king in 1328, and was founder of the
Valois dynasty. Shortly after his accession he
avenged the defeat of Courtrai by a victory
over the Flemings at Cassel. Being resolved
to expel the English from the s. of France, he
in 1336 invaded Gascony, supported David
Bruce against Edward in., and persuaded the
Count of Flanders to arrest all English mer-
chants in Flanders. The struggle over the
Breton succession gave Edward a fresh occa-
sion for interference, and in 1346 the French
we^e defeated at Crecy (August 26).

Philip II. (1527-98), king of Spain. Hav-
ing successfully stamped out Protestantism in
Spain, he endeavored to carry out the same
policy in the Netherlands. A revolt ensued,
which icsulted in the independence, under
William of Orange, of the seven United
Provinces. Though Philip defeated the Turks
at Lepanto in 1571, and annexed Portugal in
1580, he failed to conquer England; and the
defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 marked
the beginning of the decline of Spain.

Philip III. (1578-1621), king of Spain, the
the son of Philip rr., was a pious and unam-
bitious man. Under him Spain continued her
downward course, partly in consequence of
the expulsion of the Moors from Spain in
1609, partly through the close alliance with
the Austrian Hapsburgs, owing to which
Spain became involved in the Thirty Years'
War.

Philip, King (?-i676), Indian chief whose
real name was Metacomet, the younger son
of Massasoit, sachem of the Pokanokets, a
tribe living in what is now southeastern