Philippine

3709

Philippine

but there are millions of Independent Cath-1
olics. A number of Protestant denominations
have established flourishing organizations,
which comprise many communicants. There is
an Independent Filipino Church in Luzon. All
the Moros are Mohammedans, and there are,
in some of the most isolated districts, some
800,000 pagan tribesmen. In education, the
American system established by the Philip-
pine Commission in 1901 provided a course
of instruction covering eleven years—4 pri-
mary, 3 intermediate, and 4 secondary. Pub-
lic educational work is under the supervision
of the Secretary of Public Instruction, per-
formed through the Bureau of Education.
Education is free but not compulsory be-
tween the ages of 7 and 14. Pupils are taught
the English language. Several spedal schools,
some of which are particularly for the non-
Christian people, are supported by many
private schools (all grades). About sixty
per cent of the children of school age do not
attend any school. Higher education is pro-
vided for by the University of the Philip-
pines. In Manila there is a university, with
a medical school connected with it. There
are several normal schools, and a number of
schools and colleges under religious orders.
Until the passing of the McDuf&e-Tydings
Act for the recognition of Philippine Inde-
pendence (1934), the United States main-
tained in the Islands an organization of troops
of the United States Army, which included
several regiments of Filipino soldiers. Public
order being maintained by the municipal po-
lice and the Philippine Constabulary. There
are two United States naval stations in the
Philippines, one at Cavite and the other at
Olongapo. One Filipino cadet was appointed
to each class at West Point. On Aug. 29,
1916, the Organic Act of the Philippine Is-
lands (the Jones Law) abolished the Philip-
pine Commission and provided an autono-
mous form of government for the Philippines.
The following officers were appointed by the
President of the United States: Governor
General, who was the chief executive; vice
governor, who served also as secretary of the
Department of Public Instruction; the audi-
tor; the deputy auditor; and the members
of the Philippine Supreme Court. There was
a legislative body of two branches, Philippine
Senate (24 members) and House of Repre-
sentatives (93 members). The six executive
departments were: Interior, Public Instruc-
tion, Finance, Justice, Agriculture and Nat-
ural Resources, and Commerce and Com-
munications* The Governor General, by and

ivith the consent of the Philippine Senate, ap-
pointed the secretaries of departments, who
were all Filipinos. There was a supreme
court, composed of a chief justice and eight
associate justices; and for every organized
municipality and any other places deter-
mined upon by the Philippine Senate there
was one justice of the peace and one auxiliary
ustice. Also, there were twenty-seven judi-
cial districts each having a judge of first
.nstance—except the ninth district, covering
the city of Manila and having six judges,
and the third, fifth, sixth, seventh, fifteenth,
twentieth, and twenty-third having two
each.

The non-Christian or native races may be
divided into three main groups; the Pygmies;
the Indonesians; and the Malays. The Pyg-
mies, or dwarf races, probably constitute
the aborigines of the Islands and are gradu-
ally disappearing before the inroads of civili-
zation. There are three distinct types of
Pygmies, the Negritos, the Proto-Malays, a
straight-haired dwarf type of Mongoloid af-
finity, and the Australoid-Ainus, a dwarf
hairy type intermediate between the abor-
igines of Australia and the Ainus of Japan.
The Pygmies are found in Apayao, the Ilo-
kos mountains, Zambales, East and South
Luzon, the Visayan Islands and Mindanao.
They are mostly nomads or semi-nomads
and live by hunting and trapping. They
number about 55,700. The Indonesians are
a taller race, having marked affinity to the
tall races of southern Asia. They are usually
characterized by a rather light skin, slender
body and aquiline features. They are found
in Northern Luzon, Eastern and Central
Mindanao, Zamboanga, and Sulu. They prac-
tice a crude sort of agriculture, have two
types of houses, one in the tops of tall trees
and the other directly on the ground, and
tattoo their bodies extensively. They num-
ber about 175,000.

The Proto-Malays, who number about
550,000, may be divided into two main
groups: pagans and Mohammedans. Some of
the pagans probably have the greatest sys-
tem of stone-walled terraced rice fields to be
found in the world. The Mohammedan
Malays, who number about 375,000, have
highly developed the industrial arts, being
expert in metal work, wood-carving, and
weaving. They are excellent navigators, and
pearl fishing is an important industry which
has given them world-renown. They carry
on an extensive dry agriculture and raise
many fruits and vegetables. Many read and