Philippines

3711

Philistines

Filipino leader, offered a compromise plan
under which the Islands would be given
wider autonomy and complete independence
at the end of ten years. The McDuffie-Tyd-
ings Law, was signed by President Roosevelt
in March, 1934. This Law, provides among
other things that, after ten years as a com-
monwealth, under the jurisdiction of the U.
S., which includes trade restrictions, the
Philippines will have complete independence,
the Filipinos to present a satisfactory consti-
tution and vote approval of the Law. These
conditions were met by the constitution ap-
proved by President Roosevelt on March 23,
1935, and almost unanimously adopted by
the Filipinos the following May 14. Subject
to it, in 1935, Manuel Quezon and Sergio
Osmena were elected President and Vice-
President of the Commonwealth of the Phil-
ippines, which in the year 1946 would become
the Republic of the Philippines. Japan at-
tacked the Philippines Dec. 1941 and overran
the islands, capturing Manila. May 6 Correg-
idor fell. When Pres, Manuel Luis Quezon
arrived in Washington, D. C., in May, 1942, a
Government-in-Exile was established. In
Sept. 1943 the Japanese set up a puppet gov-
ernment in Manila, with Jose P. Laurel as
President. Pres. Roosevelt promised inde-
pendence after the war. In June 1944 Con-
gress passed a bill extending the terms of Pres.
Quezon and V. Pres. Sergio Osmena until the
Japanese had been driven out. In Aug. Pres.
Quezon died and Osmena became President.
For later developments see World War II
Chronology.

Philippines, University of the, a state-
supported institution of higher learning, in
Manila, P. I. It has colleges of Medicine and
Surgery, Engineering, Liberal Arts, Law,
Veterinary Medicine, and Agriculture.

Philippopolis, or Felibi (Bulg, Plovdiv),
city, Bulgaria. It has several mosques, a
museum, and national library, and is the seat
of Bulgarian, Greek and Catholic bishops;

P. 84,6*.$.

Philippus, Philippus II., generally called
PHILIP OF MACEDON (382-336 B.C.), was born
in Pella. On the death of his brother, Per-
diccas in., in 359, he became regent for his
brother's infant son Amyntas. After a few
months, however, he deposed Amyntas and
usurped the throne. In a year Philip had se-
cured the safety of his kingdom and entered
upon the policy of aggression which char-
acterized his reign.

Philip is one of the greatest personages of
history j but the superior greatness of his

son, and his depreciation by Demosthenes,
have obscured his fame. His purpose was to
unite the small Greek states into a national
confederacy. His desire was to do so by
their consent; but their mutual jealousy,
their passion for autonomy, and their con-
tempt for him and his countrymen, forced
him to attain his end by arms. His success
over the Greek states was due first to his
diplomacy and his judgment of the right
time for action, and secondly to his army.
This was the first national and professional
army known to history; its regiments were
organized on a territorial basis; and his de-
velopment of the phalanx and his heavy
cavalry showed an advance on the tactics of
the time.

2. PHILIPPUS v. (237 to 179 B.C.), was the
son of Demetrius n., and one of the ablest
of Macedonian kings.

3. MARCUS JULIUS PHILIPPUS, emperor of
Rome from 244 to 249 A.D.; his son, of the
same name, shared his power during the last
two years of his reign.

Philistine, a contemptuous epithet for the
unilluminated, popularized by Matthew Ar-
nold (Culture and Anarchy, 1869), is bor-
rowed from the German students, who were
accustomed to apply the term Philister to
the non-academic working classes.

Wendell Phillips, the Abolitionist.

Philistines, a people of Canaan who occu-
pied a long strip of land, from 15 to 20 m.
broad, along the Mediterranean from Ekron
to Egypt. They were relatively well civilized,
proficient in agriculture, metal-working, and
the plastic arts, and of high military capacity,
Though their territory fell within the in-
heritance of Judah, they were not subju-
gated in the Israelite conquest under Joshua,
and they harassed Israel in the time of the