Pigment*;

3734

Pilchard

targets (known as 'Blue Rocks') were substi-
tuted. They are made of pitch and clay, col-
ored blue, are about 3^2 inches in diameter.
The Grand American Handicap, is the chief
event of the kind during the year.

Pigments are the dry powder colors which,
when mixed with suitable vehicles, form oil
or water paints. They are obtained chiefly
L'om minerals, being compounds of metals, as
the oxide, carbonate, silicate, chromate. Other
pigments are obtained from the animal king-
dom—such as sepia, and from the cuttle-fish.
Others again are obtained from the vegetable
kingdom—such, for example, as madder, in-
digo, sap green, and gamboge; while a few
are of a nondescript character—such as as-
phaltum, a kind of pitch.

Pigments, of animals. See Color of
Animals.

Pig-sticking, or wild-boar hunting, a sport
practised in India, Germany, N. Africa, New
Zealand, and other countries. The pig-stick-
ers are mounted on horses, and carry a spear,
about eight feet in length, which is used with
an underhand action.

Pika, or Tailless Hare (Lagomys) a
genus of small rodents related to the hares
and rabbits. In appearance pikas resemble
guinea-pigs, being about the same size. Typ-
ically mountain forms, they are abundant in
the Rocky Mountains (the cony, or little
chief hare, L. princeps) and in the Himalayas.

Pike (Esox Indus), a voracious fresh-water
fish of the family Esocidse, occurring
throughout the northern hemisphere. The
body is narrow and elongated, reaching a
length of from 45 to 46 inches, and a weight
of from 35 to 36 Ibs., or even more. The gen-
us is represented in America by six smaller
species commonly called pickerel, while E.
estor, the great pike of the Great Lakes, is
called 'muskelunge,' or 'maskinonge.' All pos-
sess game qualities and are excellent eating.

Pike, a military weapon, consisting gener-
ally of a long lancehead attached to a wooH-
en pole or an iron spike. The pike has now
been superseded by the more deadly bayonet,

Pike, Albert (1809-91), American poet.
He practised law in Arkansas, and in the
Mexican War he commanded a squadron in
the Arkansaw Calvary Regiment. At the
opening of the Civil War he was Confeder-
ate commissioner to negotiate treaties with
the Indians. From 1866 to 1868 he practised
law in Memphis, Tenn., then removing to
Washington, D. C., where he afterward re-
sided, practising in the Supreme and district

courts. He rose to prominence in Free-
masonry in the U. S., and published Af orals
and Dogma of Freemasonry (1870) and
other Masonic works. 'To the Mockinp-
Bird,' 'The Widowed Heart,1 and 'Dixie' an-
among his best known poems, some of which
reach a high level. His writings were col-
lected as Prose Sketches and Poems (1834),
Nugx, verse (1854), and Poems (1873 and
1881).

Pike, Nicolas (1818-1905), American
naturalist. He removed early in life to
Brooklyn, N, Y., and was the first to identify
mastodon remains discovered in the neigh-
boring town of Jamaica. Through the influ-
ence of Daniel Webster he was appointed U.
S. consul in the island of Mauritius. He pre-
sented to Harvard more than 800 specimens
and drawings of the fish of the Indian Ocean,
and received the special thanks of Prof.
Agassiz.

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery (1779-1813),
American soldier, born at Lamberton, N. J.
In 1805 he was ordered to ascertain the true
source of the Mississippi, and in the course
of the following winter worked his way with
a small party as far north as Cass Lake. He
also explored the Rocky Mountains, one of
whose peaks bears his name.

Pike's Peak, a summit (14,107 ft. high)
of the Rocky Mts., 12 m. w. of Colorado
Springs, Col. It was named after Gen Zeb-
ulon M. Pike.

Pilatus, mountain mass, w. of the s. arm of
Lake of Lucerne, Switzerland, reaches an
altitude of 7,000 ft. A legend placed here
the suicide of Pontius Pilate; but the name
is in reality derived from pileatus, as the
range is often 'capped' by clouds.

Pilchard, or Sardine (Clupea pilchardus),
a European fish belonging to the same genus
as the herring and the sprat. In commerce
the pilchard and the sardine are regarded
as distinct; but the sardine of the French
fisheries is the pilchard in its first year. The
habits are almost exactly the reverse of those
of the herring. The fishery is conducted
during the winter near the shore, the boats
rarely going more than ten miles out. The
young forms appear on the western coasts of
France from May onwards, and have then
a length of from five to seven inches. It is
these young forms which constitute the sar-
dines of commerce. The fish are captured
both in drift-nets and in seines. The sardines
are salted as soon as they are taken into port,
and subsequently cooked in oil, and then