Port Townsend

3800

Portugal

Northern markets with fruit, berries, and
early vegetables; p. 5<^745-

Port Townsend, city, Washington, county
scat of Jefferson co., is situated on Puget
Sound, at its junction with the Strait of Juan
de Fuca. Three forts, Flakier, Casey, and
Worden, equipped with the best modern
armament, guard the harbor, which is one
of the finest in the world. There is trade in
grain, fish, farm and dairy products, live-
stock, lumber, and oil. The surrounding dis-
trict is heavily timbered and rich in agri-
cultural produce. Copper, lime, coal, iron,
and oil are found in the neighborhood; p.
4,683.

Portugal, a small country (republic) on
the w. side of the Iberian peninsula. Its area
is 35,490 sq. m., including Madeira ami the
Azores, which form an integral part of the
territory.

The surface is divided, by tho two great
rivers which rise in Spain and fall into the
Atlantic on the Portuguese coast—the. Tagus
and the Douro—into three well-marked re-
gions. Portugal has a coast line of over 450 m.
and there are several good harbors, the most
important being Lisbon, Oporto, Setubal,
Lagos, and Villa Nova. While the mineral
wealth of Portugal is considerable, lack of
coal and poor transportation facilities have
prevented the development of valuable
mines. The chief minerals' found are copper,
iron pyrites, lead, iron, tin, coal, wolfram,
and sulphur. Large quantities of sea-salt are
exported.

Agriculturef Stock Raising) Fisheries,—
Agriculture is in a backward state, although
it is the chief industry of the people. Cattle-
raising is carried on extensively in tho north,
and sheep, goats, and swine are raised in the
central and southern parts. Fish arc abund-
ant in the rivers and coastal waters, and sar-
dines and tunny fish are largely exported,

Manufactures.—Manufacturing is in a low
state of development, due chiefly to lack of
coal and raw material, and to poor transpor-
tation facilities. The large majority of the,
population is Roman Catholic, Education is
poorly organized, and the number of illiter-
ates large. Instruction is divided into three
classes, primary, secondary, and higher or
special.

The principal Portuguese colonies arc GOa,
Macao, and Timor (part) in Asia; and Cape
Verde Islands, Portuguese Guinea, the islands
of Sao Thomd and Principe, Angola, and
Portuguese East Africa in Africa—the total

area being about 936,264 sq. m. and the total
population G,Sj6,ooo.

Up to 1910 Portugal was a constitutional
monarchy, the last king being Manuel TI. who
succeeded to the throne on the assassination
of his father and elder brother in 3908. On
Oct. 5, 1910, alter a short revolution, a re-
public \v;is proclaimed, with Theophile "Braga
as provisional president, and in 1911 a new
constitution \va> adopted. There arc two
chambers: the National Council with 164
members elected by direct suffrage for three
years, and the Second or Upper Chamber,
with 71 members, elected by the Municipal
Councils and renewable, half at a time, every
three years. The two chambers elect the
president for four years; nnd he is ineligible
for re-election. The Ministry is appointed by
the president and is responsible to Parlia-
ment. Cap., Lisbon. The early history of
Portugal is pretty nearly that of the penin-
sula as a whole. The dominant power wat
Carthage, from the third century B,C, until
the country was subjugated by Rome in
138-72 B.C. In the fifth century A.P. the pen-
insula was overrun by the Alans and Suevi,
and later by the Visigoths, and was con-
quered by the Arabs in 711. Ferdinand of
Castile (1033-65) recovered most of the
country from them. Before the death of the
wise King John, his fourth son, Henry the
Navigator (born 1394), had made his coun-
try celebrated, not only by the capture of
Ccuta, on the n. coast of Africa, in 1415, but
by the geographical discoveries which he en-
couraged, and owing to which the Portu-
guese possessions were enormously increased.
By 1442 Madeira and the Azores were dis-
covered. Trade with the interior of Africa
rapidly increased, and the traffic in slaves be-
came immensely profitable to Portugal. In
the reign of John n. (1481-05), Bartholo-
mew Diaz (i4$6) rounded the Cape of Good
Hope, and discovered a new route to India,
and under his successor, Manuel (1495-
15:1), Vasco dc Guma achieved the passage
by sea to India (1497)1 and Portuguese sail-
ors reached Brazil (1500), When John in.
(1521-7) ascended the throne, Portugal was
at the height of its fame and prosperity*
Hut the introduction of the Inquisition, with
the persecution and expulsion of the Jews,
chocked the development of the country.
After the treaty of Fontuincbleau, Napoleon,
in order to force Portugal to join his Conti-
nental System, sent Junot to take Lisbon,
Junot occupied the country, and the Regent