Portugal

3801

Portuguese

John sailed with all the royal family to Bra-
zil (1807). The consequent French annexation
of Portugal was followed in 1808 by the es-
tablishment of Joseph Bonaparte at Madrid
as king of Spain. But the Spanish people rose,
and Britain sent a force under Arthur
Wellesley to Portugal in 1808. Thus opened
the Peninsular War, which continued till
1814.

For years the throne of Portugal had been
tottering. Not even the riches of Portugal's
colonial possessions could offset the corrup-
tion at home. A strong anti-clerical feeling
existed, and Manuel exhibited pro-clerical
sympathies. The murder of Professor Bom-
barda, a well-known Republican and anti-
clerical leader, led to open insurrection and
on Oct. 4, 1910, Manuel and the Queen
Mother fled, first to Gibraltar, then to Eng-
land ; the soldiers pulled down the royal flag,
and warships bombarded the royal palace.
On Oct. 5 Theophile Braga was chosen pro-
visional president of the Republic. On Oct.
9 Cardinal Netto and about 5,000 monks and
nuns were expelled from the country, taking
refuge in Spain. On Oct. 18, the Govern-
ment issued a decree of exile against the Bra-
ganza dynasty. In 1911 a new constitution,
modelled somewhat upon that of France,
was adopted.

The following years, 1920-26, were char-
acterized by continued unrest and disorder.
Ministry succeeded ministry. Riots and bomb
throwing were a frequent occurrence. In
1926 a dictatorship was established by Gen.
Carmo^a, who was same year chosen Pres-
ident, which office he has held ever since,
having been several times re-elected. Por-
tugal's present constitution was adopted in
1934. The legislature is bicameral. There is
also a Council of State, a Council of National
Defense and a Council of the Colonial Em-
pire. The Premier is given broad powers.
Although Portugal strove to preserve her
neutrality, the seizure of Portuguese Timor by
the Japanese in 1942 threatened to draw her
into World War II on the side of the Allies.

Portugal: Language and Literature—
With the conquest of Southern Spain by Fer-
dinand m. in the i3th century, and the adop-
tion by Alfonso x. of the Mozarabic dialect,
now called Castilian, as the literary language
of his realm, the struggle of the Peninsular
tongues commenced. Of these, Catalan, Val-
encian, Galician, and Portuguese managed to
hold their own in their respective territories
against the newer Castilian speech, which
from the end of the isth century, dominated

the rest of the Peninsula. It is not too much
to say that Diniz did for Portuguese lan-
;uage and letters what Alfonso the Learned
did for Spain. He found a chaotic dialect,
and he left a cultured language. For the next
hundred years poetry flourished in Portugal.
It was the poet Sa de Miranda (b. 1495) who
did most to modernize Portuguese poetry and
drama, though his excessive love for classic
and Spanish forms led him to introduce many
incorrect idioms. The late i5th and i6th
centuries were the golden age of Portuguese
literature. As in Spain, the iSth century
brought to Portugal a loosening of the old
literary fetters under the great reformer
Pombah The wars of the early igth century
checked progress; but after 1853 a great
historical revival took place, of which the
leaders were Herculano, the Viscount de San-
tarem, and Rebello da Silva. In poetry and
belles-lettres the movement was also marked,
and the poets Almeida Garrett, Castilho, and
Mendez Leal produced work which will live.
Portugal has produced of hte poets of high
rank, such as Palmerim and Scares de Passes;
historians worthy to follow Herculano in
Luz Suriano, Latino Coelho, and Oliveira
Martins; while novelists of the newer school
are represented by Ega de Queiros and other
writers of merit.

Portuguese East Africa, a dependency
of Portugal. Known as Mozambique until
1891, it is now divided into the provinces of
Mozambique, Zambesia, and Lorenzo Mar-
ques. Total area, about 301,000 sq. m. Around
Inhambane sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee, rice,
millet, and beans flourish. The low coast-
lands produce cocoanut and other palms, in-
digo, tobacco, coffee, and oleaginous plants.
The higher lands yield timber. Cereals are
grown in the Zambezi delta and the valley of
the Busi. On the Lower Zambesi are sugar
plantations. The chief exports are sugar,
ores, wax, ivory, maize and raw cotton. In
1919 the Treaty of Versailles allotted to Por-
tugal the territory s. of the Rovuma, known
as the Kionga Triangle, formerly a part of
German East Africa; p. 4>995>75o*

Portuguese Guinea, colony of Portugal,
on the w. coast of Africa, lying along the At-
lantic, between 11° 40' and 12° 40' n. lat. It
consists of the low coast and of the Bissagos
Archipelago; area, 13,940 sq. m. The princi-
pal products are was, ivory and hides. The
capital'is Buiarna and the chief port Bissao;
p. (1940) 426,009.

Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia), a
genus of Siphonophora. Structurally, it is a