Presumptic

3825

Pride

inburgh. Near here Prince Charles Edward j
defeated the Royal troops under Sir John j
Cope (Sept. 21, 1745).

Presumption of law is an inference drawn
by the law in certain cases which may either :
be absolutely conclusive and irrebuttable by !
contrary evidence, or hold good only if the i
contrary is not proved. Examples of irre- !
buttable presumptions are that every one
knows the ordinary law of the country or
State, and that persons below seven are in-
capable of committing crime. The second j
class may be illustrated by the presumption j
that persons who have not been heard of for j
seven years or some other period fixed by |
law are dead; that a husband is the father of
his wife's child; that a prisoner is innocent.

Pretoria, city, seat of administration of the
Union of South Africa, and capital of Trans-
vaal prov. Pretoria University 13 located here
and there are iron and cement industries.
Pretoria was laid out in 1855, and named
after Andries Pretorius, first president of the
South African Republic. It succeeded Pot-
chefstroom as the seat of government in
1863. On June $, 1900, it was captured by
Lord Roberts, at the head of the British
army. In 1909 it was made the seat of ad-
ministration of the newly formed Union of
South Africa; p. 96,500.

Prevost, Abbe (1697-1763), Antoine
Francois Prevost d'Exiles, commonly called
the ABBE PREVOST, and immortal as the au-
thor of Manon Lescaut, was born in Hesdin,
France. At twenty-four he joined the Bene-
dictines of St. Maur. In 1728 he published the
first of his novels, the Memoires d'un Horn-
me de Qualite, to which Manon Lescaut
forms a kind of supplement. He was be-
friended by Cardinal de Bissy, and by the
Prince de Conti, whose chaplain he became,
and in thirty years he wrote over a hundred
volumes. Manon Lescaut remains fresh,
charming, and perennial. One feels in this
unique book that it is impossible to say where
reality ends and fiction begins, and it re-
mains to this day unequalled as a truthful
realization of one overmastering passion.

Prevost, Marcel (1862-1941), French
novelist and dramatist, born in Paris. He was
a civil engineer until 1890. His first success as
a novelist was with Le Scorpion (1887). His
earlier works include Mademoiselle Jauffre
(1889); La Cousine Laura (1890). LesDemi-
Vierges (1894) is a study of the effect of a
Parisian education and social life on young
women, and it is for his delineations of
feminine psychology that Prevost is especi-

ally known. Later works include Les Vierges
jortcs (1900); Les Lettres a FranQoise
(1902); L'homme Vierge (1929).

Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole (1829-
70), Trench journalist, was born in Paris.
In 1855 lie was appointed professor of French
literature at Aix. He at once became a con-
tributor to the Journal des Debats and Cour-
rler du Dimanche; and from time to time
h3 published collections of essays on litera-
ture and politics, of which the best is his
Essais sur les Moralistes Fran$ais (1864). He
vas elected to the Academy (1865), and in
1868 visited England. Cn the accession of
Ollivier to power (1870) he allowed himself
to accept the post of envoy to the United
States. Scarcely was he installed when the
war with Germany broke out, and Prcvost-
Paradol, his mind unhinged, committed sui-
cide at Washington. His works include; Essai
de Politiqite c, de Litterature (3 vols., 1859-
63); Quelques Pages d'Histoire Contempo-
raine (1862); La Prance Nouvelle (1868).
Consult Greard's Prevost-Paradol.

Priam, or Priamus, king of Troy at the
time of the Trojan War, was the son of Lao-
medon and Strymo or Placia.

Priapus, in ancient Greek mythology, a
son of Dionysus and Aphrodite. He was es-
pecially worshipped at Lampsacus on the
Hellespont. He represented the reproductive
power and fertility of nature. Rude images
of him often stood in gardens; he was
represented carrying a sickle, and with a large
phallus. Priapus was also regarded as a deit\
of lascivious passion.

Pribylov (Pribilof) Islands, a group of
islands in Bering Sea, Alaska. They are also
known as the Fur Seal Islands. They are a
chief center of seal fishing.

Prickly Heat (MiUaria papulosa), a skin
disease characterized by minute but extreme-
ly irritable red papules formed by hyper-
ajrnia of the sweat glands, The condition
is due to excessive sweating, such as oc-
curs in a hot climate. It seldom calls for
treatment, but when the irritation is very
severe, sponging with an alkaline lotion
gives relief. Those who suffer from prickly
heat should take as little fluid as pos-
sible.

Pride, Thomas (d. 1658), one of the most
resolute of Cromwell's soldiers. On Parlia-
ment showing a tendency to treat with the
king, Pride, under orders from Fairfax, set
a guard round the House of Commons, and
excluded about ninety members favorable to
an agreement (1648). This act became known